King Industries, Inc. High Performance Products for Coatings, Inks, Adhesives and

Sealants

NACURE® & K-CURE® Acid & Blocked Acid Catalysts K-KAT® Non-tin Catalysts for Urethanes NACURE® SUPER CATALYSTS Cationic Cure of Epoxies K-FLEX® Resin Modifiers & Reactive Diluents K-STAY® Rheology Modifiers K-SPERSE® Wetting & Dispersing Additives NACORR® Rust & Corrosion Inhibitors DISPARLON® Thixotropes & Surface Control Additives

King Industries Coatings Additives Division Technology Overview Since 1932, King Industries has been supplying specialty chemical products to a variety of industries that are performance driven with ever changing requirements. This is especially true for the coatings, inks, adhesives and sealant markets, the audience for this product guide. While the brochure covers our standard products, this overview has been designed to give you a summary of our areas of technical expertise and to urge you to contact us if you feel we may be of assistance for your specific product needs. CATALYSIS With over four decades of experience in catalysis, King offers the industry’s broadest spectrum of catalysts including: • Acid and blocked acid (latent) catalysts for amino thermoset systems • Non-tin, mercury-free catalysts for urethanes • Latent and super acid catalysts for the cationic cure of epoxies • Hydrophobic catalysts for the moisture cure of siloxane functional polymers • Powder catalysts for uretdione crosslinked powder coatings and caprolactam blocked isocyanate

powder systems CORROSION INHIBITION King offers ferrous and non-ferrous protection for a wide variety of metals and systems based on three unique platforms: • Sulfonate based rust and corrosion inhibitors • Modified triazole compounds • Amino acid derivatives DISPERSANT TECHNOLOGY Whether organic or inorganic pigments/fillers, King offers a variety of dispersant technologies including: • Solvent free polymeric wetting and dispersing agents for solventless and epoxy systems • Sulfonate based dispersants for non-aqueous, solvent-free and powder systems • Organic wetting/dispersing agents for highly viscous systems such as ceramics, metal pastes and sand-filled epoxies. RESIN MODIFIERS/REACTIVE DILUENTS • Unique polyester polyols based upon low molecular weight, linear, saturated aliphatic structures with

pendant hydroxyl groups • Novel, low molecular weight diols with an all urethane backbone • Acetoacetate functional reactive diluents RHEOLOGY MODIFIERS • Unique sulfonate based modifiers for non-aqueous systems • Polyamide based thixotropes • Hydrophobically modified ethoxylated urethane thickeners for waterborne systems SURFACE CONTROL ADDITIVES In addition to King’s internally developed products, the Disparlon® product line represents over 25 years of a technology alliance with Kusumoto Chemical Ltd. of Japan. The Disparlon line offers a broad range of level-ing, defoaming, anti-popping and anti-cratering additives for aqueous, solvent, solventless, UV and powder systems.

© All materials copyrighted 2010, King Industries, Inc., Norwalk, CT, USA

PRODUCT LINES

SYSTEM

High Solids Waterborne Conventional Powder UV

SECTION I - CATALYSTS

NACURE® & K-CURE® ACID & BLOCKED ACID CATALYSTS 3

K-KAT® NON-TIN CATALYSTS FOR URETHANES 14

NACURE® SUPER CATALYSTS LATENT CURE OF EPOXIES 19

SECTION II - RESIN MODIFIERS/REACTIVE DILUENTS

K-FLEX® SPECIALTY PRODUCTS 25

K-FLEX® POLYESTER POLYOLS 27

K-FLEX® URETHANE DIOLS 29

SECTION III - SPECIALTY ADDITIVES

K-STAY® RHEOLOGY MODIFIERS 21

NACORR® RUST & CORROSION INHIBITORS 31

K-SPERSE® WETTING & DISPERSING ADDITIVES 35

DISPARLON® THIXOTROPES 38

DISPARLON® DEFOAMERS & ANTI-POPPING AGENTS 43

DISPARLON® LEVELING & ANTI-CRATERING ADDITIVES 44

DISPARLON® DISPERSANTS, ANTI-FLOOD & ANTI-FLOAT AGENTS 46

CONTACT INFORMATION: www.kingindustries.com

PAGE

APPLICATION CHART Centerfold

Table of Contents and System Reference Chart

World Headquarters King Industries, Inc. Science Road, CT 06852 USA (800) 431-7900 or (203) 866-5551 (203) 866-1268 coatings@kingindustries.com

European Sales Office King International Europe Noordkade 64, 2741 EZ Waddinxveen The Netherlands +31 182-631360 +31 182-621002 info@kingintl.nl

Asia - Technical Service Dr. Zhiqiang Alex He 42 JLYY - Rich Mond Hill Bo Ai 7th Road Zhongshan, Guangdong, China 528403 +760-88229866 +760-88229896 alex.he@kingindustries.com

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NACURE® & K-CURE® Acid & Blocked Acid Catalysts

Why Use Catalysts? Today’s need for high solids and waterborne coatings requires greater use of high reactivity, low viscosity resins and crosslinkers. Conversion of these systems into tough, chemically resistant, high performance coatings at reduced cure temperatures can be accomplished with the use of a catalyst. Acrylics, alkyds, epoxies and polyesters with reactive functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carbamate, siloxane or amide can be reacted with melamine, urea and benzoguanamine crosslinkers. The proper use of catalysts can facilitate the crosslinking reaction resulting in the following benefits: • Shorter cure schedules • Lower cure temperatures for thermoset high

solids and waterborne coatings • Improved hardness, gloss, humidity

and corrosion resistance • Improved mechanical properties King Industries continues to develop catalysts to meet the ever expanding needs of a rapidly changing market. Free Acid Or Latent Catalyst? While acid catalysts provide the fastest cure and lower curing temperatures, blocked or latent cata-lysts are typically chosen for systems requiring greater package stability. In addition, troublesome catalyst-pigment interaction can be reduced or eliminated with the use of blocked catalysts. As can be seen in the table that follows, King’s cata-lyst line is based upon a variety of acids. The middle column denotes the free acid versions while the far right column shows amine blocked or covalently bonded derivatives for applications requiring extended package stability.

Catalyst By Acid Type

Acid Type Acid Catalysts

Blocked Catalysts

NACURE 155

NACURE 3056 NACURE 3327 NACURE 3483 NACURE 3525

NACURE X49-110

NACURE 1051 NACURE 1323 NACURE 1419 NACURE 1557 NACURE 1953

NACURE 5076 NACURE 5225 NACURE 5414 NACURE 5528 NACURE 5925

K-CURE 1040 K-CURE 1040W

NACURE 4000 NACURE 4054

NACURE 4167 NACURE 4167W NACURE 4575

NACURE 2107 NACURE 2500 NACURE 2501 NACURE 2522 NACURE 2530 NACURE 2547

SO3H

C9H19HO3S

H19C9

DNNDSA Dinonylnaphthalene Disulfonic Acid

DNNSA Dinonylnaphthalene Sulfonic Acid

C9H19

SO3H

H19C9

DDBSA Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid

SO3H

C12H25

p-TSA p-Toluene Sulfonic Acid

CH3

SO3H

Phosphates AAP/PAP Alkyl Acid Phosphates Phenyl Acid Phosphates

Mixed Acids K-CURE 129B NACURE 8924

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The chemical structure of the catalyst, as well as the quantity used, can have a profound impact on film properties such as adhesion, corrosion resistance, flexibility and impact resistance. These observations are apparent not only among varying acid types but also among different products within the same chemical family. The type of crosslinker used will also affect the choice of catalyst. High solids and waterborne coatings are typically formulated with monomeric crosslinkers such as hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine (HMMM) or mixed ether melamine; reaction of these crosslinkers with hydroxy or carbamate func-tional groups is best achieved with strong acid cata-lysts like DNNDSA or p-TSA. More reactive crosslinkers, which are more polymeric but contain high levels of -NH groups, respond better to a weaker acid such as acid phosphates or low dosages of amine blocked sulfonic acids.

Relative Cure Profiles for NACURE Blocked Catalystsfor Amino Crosslinked Systems

N-8924N-2530

N-2500N-2558N-2107

N-3327

X49-110N-5225

N-3525

N-5925

N-3483

N-4575

N-5414

N-4167N-1323 N-1953

N-1419

N-2547

N-5528

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175

Cure Temperature, oC

Coil conditions up to

N-1323, N-1953, N-1419, N-1557

N-2558

Product Offerings

Crosslinking Agent General Acid Category

Acid Types

Fully alkylated monomeric M/F resins: Fully methylated Fully butylated Mixed ethers Urea formaldehyde resins Benzoguanamine resins Glycoluril resins

Strong Acids pKa<1

P-TSA

DNNDSA DDBSA DNNSA

Highly alkylated, high imino M/F resins Partially alkylated polymeric M/F resins

Weak Acids pKa 1-3

Phosphates Metal Salts Carboxylic

Acid

RELATIVE ACID STRENGTH: p-TSA>DNNDSA>DDBSA>DNNSA>Phosphates>Carboxylates

The table above, matches the type of crosslinking agent and the acid catalyst most suitable for each class. King offers a broad selection of catalysts to satisfy almost every possible curing parameter. Relative cure profiles for NACURE Blocked Catalysts are shown below.

Pages 3 & 4

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Catalyst Selection Chart by Application

METAL SUBSTRATES

Solventborne Waterborne CAN

X49-110 Boiling Water Resistance

Solventborne

X49-110 Package Stability

1323 & 1953 High Bake Systems

1419 Corrosion

Resistance

2107 Textured

Finish

Waterborne Solventborne Waterborne Waterborne Solventborne

GENERAL INDUSTRIAL COIL, APPLIANCE

The application charts that follow can be used to arrive at good starting point product recommendations based upon King’s decades of experience in catalysis. However, we strongly recommend, given the complexity of the selection process and the subtle nuances of each individual product, that you take advantage of our Technical Service Department who will be more than happy to assist you. They can be quickly reached either by email: coatings@kingindustries.com or phone: (203) 866-5551 for assistance.

TOPCOATS PRIMERS

3525 Solubility

1051 Corrosion

Resistance

3525 & X49-110 Package Stability

5925* Package Stability

155 Moisture

Resistance

2500 Best Overall

155 Moisture

Resistance

1323 High

Temperatures

1419 Best Overall

155 Best Overall

5076* Best Overall

2500 Best Overall

2500 Best Overall

2547 Best Overall

2558 Blister

Resistance

3525 Adhesion

3525 Adhesion

X49-110 & 3525

Adhesion

2500 Rapid Cure

* Complies with FDA 21 CFR, Sec. 175.300 (b) (3) xii & Xiii (a&b)

1051 Best Overall

X49-110 Package Stability

2500 Best Overall

Catalyst Selection Chart by Application

AUTOMOTIVE

TOPCOATS: Basecoats & Clearcoats PRIMERS PLASTICS

5528 & 5225

Best Overall

Solventborne

2500 Best Overall

2547 Stability

Solventborne

X49-110 Best Overall

155 Best Overall

Waterborne

3525 Solubility & Adhesion

3525 & X49-110

Solubility & Adhesion

2500 Rapid Cure

3525 Intercoat Adhesion

Waterborne

5225 UV Durability

Solventborne Waterborne

2500 Rapid Cure

155 Best Overall

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WOOD & PAPER SUBSTRATES

Solventborne Waterborne

1040W Rapid Cure

Waterborne Solventborne

Solventborne

NON-COATINGS: Adhesives (Sealants) & Inks

Waterborne ADHESIVES (Sealants)

155 Moisture

Resistance

INKS

129B Rapid Cure

2530 Package Stability

155 Moisture

Resistance

129B Rapid Cure

8924 Package Stability

3525 Adhesion

3525 Adhesion

1040W Rapid Cure

1040 Best Overall

1040W Best Overall

1040 Rapid Cure

155 Best Overall

155 Best Overall

155 Best Overall

1040 Rapid Cure

155 Best Overall

155 Best Overall

1051 Moisture

Resistance

Pages 5 & 6

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DNNDSA Blocked Catalysts

NACURE 3327

DNNDSA Isobutanol

Isopropanol

25

6.5 - 7.5

7.40

N/A

107°C

Better solubility than other amine blocked DSA catalysts.

NACURE 3483

DNNDSA Xylene

25

N/A

8.20

10 max.

120°C

Low conductivity for electrostatic spray. High gloss, reduced pig-ment interaction.

NACURE 3525

DNNDSA Isobutanol

Isopropanol 25

7.0 - 8.5

7.65

10 max.

120°C

Better solubility than X49-110, slower curing. Good salt spray resistance and adhesion.

NACURE X49-110

DNNDSA Isobutanol

Isopropanol 25 6.5 - 7.5 7.55 10 max. 90°C

Best overall properties. Excellent water and corrosion resistance, and adhesion.

PRODUCT Acid Type Volatile

% Active

Acid # or pH

lbs./gal. Gardner Color

Minimum Cure*

Attributes/Uses

NACURE 155

DNNDSA Isobutanol

55

112-116

8.16

12 max.

RT

General purpose catalyst. Excel-lent water, detergent and salt spray resistance.

NACURE 3056

DNNDSA Alcohols 50 103-107 8.00 14 max. RT

Cost effective hydrophobic catalyst with excellent salt spray and water miscibility.

DNNDSA Acid Catalysts

DNNDSA Catalysts

Advantages of Dinonylnaphthalene Disulfonic Acid (DNNDSA) catalysts include: • Excellent adhesion properties • Superior corrosion & moisture resistance • Detergent resistance • Excellent for solventborne and waterborne

coatings ADHESION TESTS A polyester/HMMM general industrial enamel cata-lyzed with a blocked DNNDSA catalyst, NACURE X49-110 demonstrates (in the top chart) its superior crosshatch adhesion performance compared to a blocked p-TSA catalyst at a 150°C cure schedule. Enamels were applied to iron phosphated and untreated aluminum panels.

Property DNNDSA N X49-110

p-TSA (25%, Amine)

Cure Schedule: 15 minutes @ 150°C

Pencil Hardness H-2H 2-3H

Adhesion to Phosphated CRS 96% 24%

Property DNNDSA NACURE 3525

DDBSA (Blocked Cat.)

Pencil Hardness H-2H H-2H

Pendulum Hardness 116 116

Adhesion to Untreated Aluminum

90% 20%

Cure Schedule: 15 minutes @ 150°C

The adhesion advantages of DNNDSA are also evident when compared to DDBSA. A significant improvement was observed when crosshatch adhesion tests were conducted on untreated aluminum panels

* Cure Schedule: 30 minutes - Resin/Urea (60/40 ratio)

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DNNSA Catalysts

Catalysts based on Dinonylnaphthalene (Mono) Sulfonic Acid (DNNSA) offer the following advan-tages: • Hydrophobic catalyst • Excellent corrosion resistance • Overbake resistance • Excellent resistance to telegraphing • Excellent substrate wetting properties • Help reduce conductivity in coating • Excellent for primers and coil coating

applications In the photographs to the left, resistance to telegraphing of surface imperfections over oily substrates is demonstrated. A skin cream containing oil was applied to the hand and imprinted onto the steel test panel prior to coating with a high solids acrylic enamel. DNNSA catalysis improves wetting and reduces telegraphing of metal surface variations.

NACURE 1051*

DNNSA 2-Butoxyethanol

50

60-64

8.16

N/A

125°C

Best water and corrosion resistance. Recommended for high temperature applications on metal.

DNNSA Acid Catalyst PRODUCT Acid Type

Volatile %

Active Acid # or pH

lbs./gal. Gardner Color

Minimum* Cure

Attributes/Uses

NACURE 1323

DNNSA Xylene

21

6.8 - 7.5

7.43

N/A

150°C

High temperature applications. Excellent solubility in aromatic and aliphatic solvents.

NACURE 1419

DNNSA Xylene/MIBK

30

N/A

7.74

N/A

150°C

Electrostatic spray. High bake applications for water, detergent and salt spray resistance.

NACURE 1557

DNNSA Butanol

2-Butoxyethanol

25

6.5 - 7.5

7.56

N/A

150°C

Resolves solvent popping in thick films. Excellent humidity and detergent resistance.

NACURE 1953

DNNSA Butanol

2-Butoxyethanol

25

6.5 - 6.9

7.48

N/A

150°C

High bake amino crosslinked systems such as coil coatings and metal decorating.

DNNSA Blocked Catalysts

Resistance to Telegraphing

0.32% p-TSA 0.9% DNNSA

* Cure Schedule: 30 minutes - Resin/Urea (60/40 ratio)

Pages 7 & 8

* NACURE 1051 is an excellent catalyst for anodic acrylic electrocoating.

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DDBSA Catalysts

Some of the key benefits of using Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid (DDBSA) catalysts include: • Broad solubility • High gloss • UV resistance • Excellent compatibility in high solids and

waterborne coatings • Excellent for automotive basecoats

and topcoats

DDBSA Acid Catalyst PRODUCT Acid Type

Volatile %

Active Acid # or pH

lbs./gal. Gardner Color

Minimum Cure*

Attributes/Uses

NACURE 5076

DDBSA Isopropanol

70

130-140

8.27

4

RT

Complies with FDA 21 CFR, Sec. 175.300 (b) (3) xii & xiii (a&b)

NACURE 5225

DDBSA Isopropanol

25

6.0 - 7.0

7.40

2

120°C

Best solubility in high solids enamels. Good solubility in aliphatic solvents.

NACURE 5414

DDBSA Xylene

25

N/A

8.30

4

130°C

Excellent electrostatic spray (non-aqueous). Good intercoat adhesion. Blister resistant.

NACURE 5528

DDBSA Isopropanol

25

7.0 - 8.0

7.50

2

120°C

Broad solubility. Excellent color stability.

NACURE 5925

DDBSA Isopropanol

25

7.0 - 7.5

7.50

2

120°C

Complies with FDA 21 CFR, Sec. 175.300 (b) (3) xii & xiii (a&b)

DDBSA Blocked Acid Catalysts

Solubility of DDBSA Catalysts

NACURE NACURE

5076 5225 Water S S

Alcohols S S Glycols S S

Glycol Ethers S S Glycol Ether Acetates S S

Esters S S Ketones S P

Aromatic Hydrocarbons S S Aliphatic Hydrocarbons S S

Key: S=Soluble P=Partial

* Cure Schedule: 30 minutes - Resin/Urea (60/40 ratio)

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p-TSA/Mixed Acid Catalysts

Catalysts based on para-Toluene Sulfonic Acid (p-TSA) or alkane sulfonic acid blends offer the following benefits: • Fastest cure response • Low temperature cure • Excellent UV resistance • Excellent gloss • For solventborne and waterborne

coatings

p-TSA and Mixed Acid Catalysts PRODUCT Acid Type

Volatile %

Active Acid # or pH

lbs./gal. Gardner Color

Minimum Cure*

Attributes/Uses

K-CURE 1040

p-TSA Isopropanol

40

130-140

8.25

1

RT

Highest gloss. Fast cure. Excel-lent weathering and exterior durability.

K-CURE 1040W

p-TSA Water

40

130-140

9.40

2

RT

As above, non-flammable for waterborne applications.

K-CURE 129B

Mixed Acids Methanol/n-Butanol

50

200-210

8.90

1

RT

Fastest cure. Wood and paper coatings.

p-TSA and Mixed Acid - Blocked Catalysts NACURE 2107

p-TSA Isopropanol

25

8.0 - 9.0

7.57

1

90°C

Good metal mark resistance.

NACURE 2500

p-TSA Isopropanol

26

6.0 - 7.0

8.15

1

80°C

Low temperature cure. Excellent stability.

NACURE 2501

TSA Methanol

Isopropanol

25

6.0 - 7.2

8.01

1

80°C

Slightly higher resistivity than 2500. Better ketone solubility.

NACURE 2530

p-TSA Methanol

Isopropanol

25

5.7 - 6.5

7.90

1

80°C

Low temperature cure. Low tendency to yellow or wrinkle.

NACURE 8924 (Formerly XC-8224)

Mixed Acids Water 25 8.5

9.1 1 RT Balance of rapid cure/stability in waterborne formulations.

NACURE 2547

p-TSA Water 25 8.6 9.18 1 90°C

Easy incorporation into aqueous systems

NACURE 2558

P-TSA Ethylene Glycol 25 4.0 9.60 1 90°C

Effective in controlling wrinkling, popping & blistering in HS sys-tems

The graph to the left demonstrates the low temperature cure capabilities of a blocked p-TSA catalyst as measured by pendulum hardness. The coating is a high solids polyester/HMMM clearcoat formulation that was baked at three different temperatures for 15 minutes. Superior hardness develops at 200-225°F bakes when the p-TSA catalyst is used.

* Cure Schedule: 30 minutes - Resin/Urea (60/40 ratio)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

DDBSA p-TSA

Pend

ulum

, cyc

les

200°F 225°F 250°F

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Phosphate Catalysts

Weak acid catalysts based on phosphate chemistries are recommended for: • Partially alkylated, high imino and polymeric

melamine crosslinkers • Hybrids and carboxy-epoxy coatings • Siloxane crosslinking They offer: • Excellent gloss and chemical resistance • Excellent adhesion properties The graph to the right compares the adhesion advan-tage that NACURE 4000 shows in comparison to two commercial phosphate catalysts when used to cata-lyze an acrylic/polymeric melamine clearcoat.

Phosphate Acid Catalyst PRODUCT Acid Type

Volatile %

Active Acid # or pH

lbs./gal. Gardner Color

Minimum Cure*

Attributes/Uses

NACURE 4000 (Formerly XC-C207)

Alkyl Acid Phosphate 100 650 11.8 1 80°C

Broad solubility and excellent adhesion, Good package stability.

NACURE 4054 Alkyl Acid

Phosphate 50 155-165 7.59 1 110°C Excellent adhesion. Siloxane crosslinking.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Phos. A Phos.B N-4000

% A

dhes

ion

NACURE 4167

Acid Phosphate Isopropanol Isobutanol

25

6.8 - 7.5

7.16

2

80°C

Blocked phosphate for high NH/polymeric melamines. Siloxane crosslinking.

NACURE 4167W (Formerly XP-297)

Acid Phosphate Water

Isopropanol

25

6.5 - 7.5

8.20

2

90°C

Aqueous systems using high NH/polymeric melamines.

NACURE 4575

Acid Phosphate Methanol Butanol

25

7.0 - 8.0

8.30

2

100°C

High gloss. Superb storage stability with polymeric amino resins.

Phosphate Blocked Catalysts

NACURE 9206

Metal Chelate 78 8.9 120°C

Thermal cured epoxy-carboxyl or epoxy-anhydride reactions.

* Cure Schedule: 30 minutes - Resin/Urea (60/40 ratio)

% Adhesion to Aluminum

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Formulating Information

Catalyst Selection When choosing catalysts, the following factors should be considered: • Type of coating (primer, basecoat or topcoat)? • What is the cure schedule - time and temperature? • What type of crosslinker is being used? • What is/are the binder resin type(s) and ratio(s)? e.g. Polyester/HMMM at 75/25 • What is the substrate to be coated? • What is the coating film thickness? • What shelf life does the coating require? Given the broad range of catalysts available, King’s technical service staff stands ready to assist you in choosing the right product to customize your formulation. Simply email them with the answers to the above questions at coatings@kingindustries.com or call 203-866-5551. Formulating Tips In general, the time and temperature conditions of cure will determine the correct catalyst for the application. Strong acids with typical pKa strengths of approximately 0.5-0.7 should give equivalent rates of cure at equal molar concentrations of the acid group. Blocked catalysts will demand higher temperatures for full activation, and the pKa of the blocking agent attached to the acid will also influence the rate of reactivity. The charts which follow on the next page provide general information on typical catalyst use levels by acid type based on a 30 minute cure schedule for a typical binder resin/HMMM ratio of 75/25. A ladder study of catalyst levels should be conducted to optimize the formulation. Do not over catalyze. Using too much catalyst can be a costly mistake and one that can cause film properties to suffer significantly.

Pages 11 & 12

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Formulating Information - Use Levels

Catalysts - Typical Use Levels The charts below can be used as a starting point guideline. The suggested cure schedules are based upon a 30 minute cure for typical Resin/HMMM (75/25 ratio) coatings.

The percentage of catalyst shown is as supplied based on total resin solids. Once a schedule is established, a ladder study should be conducted to optimize the formulation.

Acid Catalysts - Typical Use Levels

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

1.25

1.5

1.75

2

2.25

2.5

2.75

80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210

N-1051 (DNNSA)

N-155 (DNNDSA) K-1040 (pTSA) N-5076 (DDBSA)

Blocked Catalysts - Typical Use Levels

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

6.5

60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210

Blocked DNNSABlocked DNNDSA or DDBSA

Blocked pTSA

Cure Temperature, °C

Cure Temperature, °C

Cat

alys

t Use

Lev

el, %

by

Wei

ght

Cat

alys

t Use

Lev

el, %

by

Wei

ght

K-KAT® Non-Tin, Mercury-Free Urethane Catalysts K-KAT® catalysts are metal compounds that are designed to accelerate the reaction of polyols with isocyanates. These catalysts are more environmentally acceptable than catalysts that contain tin or mercury. K-KAT catalysts are used in a wide range of urethane applications including coatings, elastomers and in prepolymer synthesis.

K-KAT catalysts additionally offer a number of performance advantages, including: • Selectivity in the presence of moisture

(less gassing) • Improved pot life/cure time relationship • Mercury-like cure profile in elastomers • Less toxic than tin and mercury catalysts • Catalysis of secondary hydroxyl groups • Cold temperature cure response

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Tin alternative (coatings)

K-KAT XK-614 Add to polyol side Efficient/Selective

K-KAT 6212 Add to NCO side

Selective

K-KAT XK-614 Efficient Selective

K-KAT 4205 Selective

Fast tack free time

K-KAT XK-614 Efficient

Most stable

K-KAT XK-602 Uretdione

Crosslinked

K-KAT 348 Efficient

Non-yellowing

Powder Solventborne

2K Polyurethane

K-KAT Catalyst Selection Chart - Coatings

Waterborne

Prepolymer Synthesis

K-KAT 348 Efficient

Non-persistent

K-KAT XC-9213 Selective

Non-persistent

K-KAT 348 Efficient

Non-yellowing

Solventborne

1K Blocked NCO

Pages 13 & 14

K-KAT Catalysts for Coatings K-KAT Metal Use Levels

(% on resin solids) Attributes

348 Bi carboxylate 0.03 -1.0 Similar to DBTDL—effective in 2K and blocked isocyanate coatings

5218 Al Chelate 1.0 - 2.0 Excellent 2K urethane pot life when used with 2,4-pentanedione.

XK-602 Metal Complex 1.0 - 5.0 Designed for uretdione crosslinked powder coatings.

XK-614 Metal Complex 0.5 - 3.0 Most versatile. Effective in 2K waterborne, 2K solventborne and blocked isocyanate systems. Can also be effective in urethane elas-tomer and epoxy systems.

4205 Zr chelate 1.0 - 2.0 Good pot life, recommended for 2K coatings. Selective catalysis (less gassing).

6212 Zr chelate 0.3 - 1.0 Selective coating/elastomer catalysis (less gassing). Good elastomer gel profile. Add to NCO.

A209 Zr chelate 0.05 - 1.0 Selective coating/elastomer catalysis (less gassing). Good elastomer gel profile. Add to NCO.

XC-9213 Zr Chelate 0.05 - 1.0 In addition to uses in pre-polymer synthesis, XC-9213 is used in cast elastomers as an alternative to Hg catalysts.

K-KAT Catalysts for Elastomers XK-604 Mixed carboxylate 0.1 - 0.5 Very good gel profile in ambient cure 2K urethane elastomer systems.

XK-617 Mixed carboxylate 0.1 - 0.5 Excellent gel profile in ambient cured 2K urethane elastomer systems. Slightly less selective than XK-604.

XK-618 Mixed carboxylate 0.1 - 0.5 Best gel profile in ambient cured 2K urethane elastomer systems. Less selective than XK-617.

XK-601 Bi carboxylate 0.5 - 1.5% Blocked isocyanate coatings and elastomers.

K-K

AT® U

RE

THA

NE

CAT

ALY

STS

Hg alternative (elastomers)

K-KAT XK-618 Best Compatibility

K-KAT XK-617

K-KAT XK-604 Best Selectivity (less gassing)

K-KAT Catalyst Selection Chart - Elastomers & Epoxy Systems

Cure Profile (Closest to Hg)

Epoxies*

K-KAT® 602 Powder

K-KAT® 614 SB & 100% Solids

K-KAT® 614 SB & 100% Solids

Amide (DICY)

Acid Anhydride

* Please see NACURE® SUPER Catalysts (Page 18) for additional products for epoxy catalysis.

K-KAT Performance In Coatings

K-KAT 348 is a bismuth carboxylate that can be used in blocked isocyanate and two component urethane systems offering: • Properties comparable to tin catalysts • Excellent exterior durability • Non-yellowing characteristics • Excellent gloss retention • Catalysis of secondary OH groups K-KAT XK-601offers: • Improved hydrolytic stability over

K-KAT 348 XK-601 is recommended for blocked isocyanate systems and e-coat applications.

Bismuth Carboxylates K-KAT 348 & XK-601

Zirconium Chelates K-KAT 4205, 6212, A209 and XC-9213

Aluminum Chelate K-KAT 5218

K-KAT 4205 and 6212 are zirconium chelates used in 2K urethane coatings. Advantages include: • Fast cure, selective catalysis (less gassing) • Suitability for extreme conditions such as

cold or humidity • Excellent exterior durability • Good pot life K-KAT 4205 is unique in that it can be added to the polyol side. It is recommended for use in solvent-borne 2K coatings. K-KAT 6212 must be added to the isocyanate com-ponent. It is recommended for 2K waterborne sys-tems and 2K high solids coatings and RIM applica-tions where plural component and in-line mixing systems are used.

K-KAT 5218 can be used in both baked and ambient cured 2K urethane systems offering: • Synergy with pot life extenders such as

2,4 - Pentanedione • Excellent exterior durability

Metal Complex for Powder Coatings K-KAT XK-602

K-KAT XK-602 is designed to provide lower curing temperatures in uretdione crosslinked powder coatings. It can also be used to cure caprolactam blocked isocyanate powder coatings. Advantages include: • Lower cure temperatures • Non-yellowing • Excellent gloss retention • Excellent exterior durability

Uretdione/Polyester Catalysis

0

50

100

150

200

250

No Catalyst 2.5% K-KAT XK-602

20'/160 C. 20'/200 C.Cure:

ME

K R

ubs,

2X

Pages 15 & 16

K-K

AT® U

RE

THA

NE

CATA

LYS

TS

K-KAT XK-614 is a zinc complex catalyst for ure-thane coatings. Advantages include: • Excellent hydrolytic stability • Excellent pot life in 2K WB urethanes • Selective catalysis of the polyol/isocyanate

reaction in the presence of moisture • Excellent film properties K-KAT XK-614 has demonstrated excellent hydro-lytic stability and an increased tendency to selec-tively accelerate the polyol/isocyanate reaction in the presence of moisture. These two characteris-tics make K-KAT XK-614 suitable for 2K water-borne urethane coating systems. A good indicator of pot life, or workable time, of a 2K waterborne urethane paints is gloss of cured films cast with aged paint. After the two compo-nents are combined, the aging process begins in the pot as polyol and water compete for free isocy-anate groups. Gloss of films cast with aged paint is reduced as more water reacts with isocyanate in the pot. The graph below demonstrates superior selectivity of K-KAT XK-614 in a white 2K waterborne ure-thane system. The graph plots gloss of films cast immediately after mixing and films cast on hour intervals after mixing.

GLOSS STUDY - K-KAT XK-614/DBTDL 2K Waterborne Urethane

K-K

AT® U

RE

THA

NE

CAT

ALY

STS

Hardness development of ambient cured films cast immediately after mixing is illustrated in the graph below. Hardness of the films catalyzed with K-KAT XK-614 and DBTDL was similar after one day, but the K-KAT XK-614 film developed higher hardness after three and seven days.

HARDNESS STUDY - K-KAT XK-614/DBTDL 2K Waterborne Urethane

0102030405060708090

0 1 2 3 4 5

X K- 6 14 D B TD LN o C at alyst

Film Age - Hours

60°

Glo

ss

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 3 7

XK-614 DBTDL no cat

Metal Complex for HS & WB Coatings K-KAT XK-614

K-KAT Performance In Coatings

Film Age - Days

Pen

dulu

m H

ardn

ess,

Cyc

les

K-KAT XK-604, K-KAT XK-617 and K-KAT XK-618 K-KAT XK-604, K-KAT XK-617 and K-KAT XK-618 are organometallic complexes that are environmen-tally acceptable alternatives to toxic mercury catalysts. Advantages include: • Excellent gel profile in elastomeric systems • Contain no mercury, tin or lead • Efficiency • Cost advantage The graph below depicts gel profiles of a polyether triol/MDI prepolymer system. The profile of the system catalyzed with K-KAT XK-618 approaches the organomercury catalyzed profile. Similar gel pro-files are possible with K-KAT XK-604 and K-KAT XK-617. Moisture content of 2K urethane elastomers should be minimized to avoid gassing. However, some degree of moisture being present is often inevitable. Of the three, K-KAT XK604 would be recommended if gassing is a concern.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

0 10 20 30 40

Time (min.)

Visc

osity

(Pa.

s)

K-KAT XK-618

Mercury Catalyst

K-KAT Performance In Elastomers

K-KAT XK-618 Catalyst Compatibility LMW Diols

Competitor A

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Hg Catalyst XK-604 XK-617 XK-618

% C

atal

yst

There is a potential cost advantage with K-KAT XK-604, K-KAT XK-617 and K-KAT XK-618 compared to commercially available mercury catalysts. The catalyst levels used in the gel profile study are illustrated in the graph below. These catalyst levels provided similar gel times. Along with lower dose requirements, the K-KAT catalysts have a lower price compared to com-mercial mercury catalysts.

GEL PROFILE STUDY - Catalyst Concentration Polyether Triol/MDI Prepolymer

Urethane elastomer formulations are often modi-fied with low molecular weight chain extending diols to enhance certain properties. A commonly used low molecular weight diol is 1,4-butanediol. Compatibility of metal carboxylate catalysts in 1,4-butanediol is limited. As demonstrated in the image below, K-KAT XK-618 is much more compatible with 1,4-butanediol compared to a bismuth carboxylate catalyst. K-KAT XK-618 can be used in non-foam applications provided a very low moisture content is maintained.

K-K

AT® U

RE

THA

NE

CATA

LYS

TS

Pages 17 & 18

GEL PROFILE STUDY - K-KAT XK-618 Polyether Triol/MDI Prepolymer

NACURE® SUPER - Latent Catalysts for the Thermal Cure of Epoxy Resin Systems

King has developed NACURE Super catalysts for the thermal cure of epoxy resins, and NACURE metal chelates for the epoxy-carboxy or epoxy-anhydride crosslinking reaction. These catalysts permit the formulation of room temperature stable, heat reactive coatings, which offer the following advantages : • Formaldehyde-free formulations • Up to 100% solids • Cure as low as 80°C • No volatile reaction products • Low shrinkage • High chemical resistance • Excellent mechanical properties

NACURE SUPER The NACURE Super catalysts are based on very strong acids, such as hexafluoroantimonate or triflic acid and can be used in conjunction with cycloaliphatic epoxies, glycidyl ester and glycidyl ether resins. Polymerization of the epoxy resin occurs via a cationic mechanism, thus allowing reaction with hydroxyl, lactone, oxetane or vinyl functional groups. High solids or solventless coatings for high speed or low temperature applications can be obtained using this technology. NACURE Super catalysts are formulated for use in solvent-free, high solids and waterborne coatings. Catalysts based on hexafluoroantimonate (NACURE 7231) cannot be used in waterborne systems.

Product Selection for Epoxy Catalysis

NA

CU

RE

® L

ATE

NT

& S

UP

ER

CAT

ALY

STS

FO

R E

PO

XY

Amide (DICY)

Acid Anhydride

Epoxy Hydroxyl

K-KAT® 602 Powder

K-KAT® 614 SB & 100% Solids

K-KAT® 614 SB & 100% Solids

NACURE SUPER A218

NACURE 9206 Epoxy Carboxyl and

Anhydride

NACURE SUPER 7231

Best Overall SB & 100% Solids

NACURE SUPER A233

Solventborne

NACURE SUPER A202

Waterborne

*K-KAT® product information can be found starting on page 14.

Formulating Considerations Solvent Compatibility - NACURE Super 7231 is a solid catalyst, and predilution with propylene carbonate is recommended. Other suitable solvents include acetone, methanol and citrate esters. Solutions are less stable than the solid catalyst and changes in formulation stability on ageing can occur. If a precut is kept for an extended period of time, there will be a noticeable color shift. Therefore, it is recommended that all precuts be made and used as needed. Precutting in epoxy functional diluents is not recommended. Sensitivity - Due to the strength of these acids, they are sensitive to basic materials. Thus, cure can be inhibited by basic substrates, pigments or resins. Avoid the use of nitrogen bearing compounds. It has been observed that A202, A218 and A233, are less sensitive than 7231 to substrate inhibition. Ambient Cure - NACURE Super catalysts are designed for thermal cure (80°C and above). Although products like A218 have demonstrated cure at ambient temperatures, the concentrations required do not make this a cost-effective approach.

Coatings Stability - Given the highly reactive nature of the Nacure Super catalysts, under certain conditions coating stability may suffer. In these instances, stability can be improved by addition of a weak base such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to the formulation in the range of 0.2 - 3.2%. If added in excess, cure will be hindered. As with all catalysts, a cure ladder study is recommended to optimize both cure and stability. NACURE Epoxy-Carboxyl Catalysts NACURE XC-9206 is a metal chelate catalyst for the reaction of epoxy groups with carboxyl, anhydride or phenolic groups. It offers exceptional stability at room temperature and fast cure at ele-vated temperatures. In comparison to amine hardeners it does not promote yellowing and the films have improved resistance properties. Additional Offerings King offers additional catalysts for epoxy systems under its K-PURE® tradename. Found on King’s website, this family of catalysts, developed for the electronics industry, include non-antimony catalysts with higher activation temperatures and higher purity.

NA

CU

RE

® LATEN

T & S

UP

ER

CATA

LYS

TS FO

R E

PO

XY

Pages 19 & 20

NACURE® Super Catalysts for Epoxy Polymerization PRODUCT

Composition % Active

Specific Gravity 25°C

Form Typical Use Levels (catalyst solids on total resin solids)

DSC* Activation

Temperature

Attributes/Uses

NACURE SUPER A202

Metal Salt of Triflic Acid in Water

25

1.19

Clear Liquid

0.1 - 2%

90°C

Catalyst for various ring opening polymerization reactions, elec-tronic encapsulations, castings and WB epoxy dispersions.

NACURE SUPER A218

Metal Salt of Triflic Acid

in n-Butanol

25

1.02

Clear Liquid

0.01 - 3%

90°C

Catalyst for various ring opening polymerization reactions, elec-tronic encapsulations, castings, 2K coatings.

NACURE SUPER A233

Amine Salt of Triflic Acid in

Water/Solvent

60

1.16

Amber Liquid

0.01 - 3%

160°C

Cationic heat cure of inks, adhe-sives and coatings.

NACURE SUPER 7231

Ammonium Antimony

Hexafluoride

100

1.54

White Crystals

0.01 - 3%

90°C

Cationic heat cure of inks, adhe-sives and coatings. Cycloaliphatic resins - Cure temperature > 80°C.

NACURE 9206 for Epoxy-Carboxyl Curing NACURE 9206

Metal Chelate

78

1.07

Tan/Clear Liquid

0.03 - 3%

__

Thermal cured epoxy-carboxyl or epoxy-anhydride reactions. Automotive clearcoats, can and coil coatings. Cure temp. >120°C

* DSC - Differential Scanning Calorimeter - Ramp 40°F increment per minute to 600° F . Catalyst concentration - 1% solids on epoxy solids. Cycloaliphatic diexpoxide with epoxy equivalent weight 131-143.

Formulating Considerations

K-STAY® Rheology Modifiers K

-STA

Y® R

HE

OLO

GY

MO

DIF

IER

S

PRODUCT Composition % Active

Treat Levels

Attributes/Uses

For Solvent-borne Systems

K-STAY 501

Calcium Sulfonate Light Aromatic Naphtha

50

0.5 - 3%

For solventborne systems, including polyester/melamine, acrylic/melamine, alkyd/melamine, 2K urethanes and epoxies.

Associative Thickeners For Waterborne Systems

K-STAY 730

HEUR Thickener Water

50 0.5 - 4% High shear thinning, used to increase low and medium shear viscosity. Well suited for high film build, spray applied applications.

K-STAY 740

HEUR Thickener

100 0.2 - 1% Supplied as solid free flowing powder. Shear thinning, provides increase to low and medium shear rate viscosities. Easy to handle.

* HEUR - Hydrophobically Modified Ethoxylated Urethane Thickener

K-STAY rheology modifiers are available for both solventborne and waterborne coatings. Specifically: K-STAY 501 based on unique sulfonate technology for non-aqueous pigmented systems. The 700 Series based on Hydrophobically Modified Ethoxylated Urethane Associative Thickeners (HEUR) for waterborne systems. Both types offer shear thinning capabilities for spray, dip, roller or brush application. K-STAY 501 is designed to prevent sag and settling without affecting gloss in non-aqueous pigmented systems. It is effective in both ambient and high tem-perature systems. Supplied as a pourable fluid, it can be used in high gloss applications with little or no ef-fect on the final gloss of the system.

Advantages of K-STAY 501: • Improves sag resistance • Reduces pigment settling • No effect on gloss • Pourable - easy to handle The K-STAY 700 Series has been designed to offer formulators of waterborne systems a range of products to obtain a specific rheological profile and performance attributes. Advantages include: • Excellent sag control • Zero VOC’s • Ease of incorporation • Pseudoplastic profile • Liquid and 100% solid free flowing

powder products • Good sprayability

Product Selection Chart

Solvent Based Systems

K-STAY 501 Liquid Overbased Sulfonate

Rheology Modifier Industrial Coatings

Powder Product Liquid Product

Waterborne Systems

K-STAY 730 Liquid HEUR Industrial and Maintenance

Coatings

K-STAY 740 Powder HEUR

Paint, Caulk and Sealants

K-S

TAY® R

HE

OLO

GY M

OD

IFIER

S

Pages 21 & 22

EASY TO POUR K-STAY 501 K-STAY 501’s pseudo-plastic rheology increases low shear viscosity to pre-vent settling and sagging, but maintains low vis-cosity during application. Unlike most thixotropic additives that give inconsistent properties in dip coatings, K-STAY 501 will impart the same vis-cosities independent of previous shear profiles. At higher shear rates such as brush, spray, roll, etc., the network resulting from K-STAY 501 breaks down, system viscosity is reduced, but im-mediately reforms when shear is reduced. This “shear thinning” characteristic allows for low appli-cation viscosity and good atomization when

spray applied. After application, the viscosity in-creases to prevent sagging. Use Levels & Incorporation K-STAY 501 is typically used at concentrations of 0.5% to 3% on total formula weight. Higher levels can be used where maximum film build is required. K-STAY 501 is best incorporated at the pigment dispersion stage or can be conveniently post added. Performance K-STAY 501 was evaluated against other common rheology modifiers in a polyester melamine bake coating at their recommended use levels .The K-STAY 501 modified coating had the best gloss and best sag resistance. Performance is shown in the table below.

K-STAY 501 for Solventborne Systems

Performance Criteria K-STAY 501 Organoclay Oxidized Polyethylene Fumed Silica

Use level, % 1 1 2 1

Sag, 350°C 6 mil 3 mil 1.5 mil 1.5 mil

60° Gloss 93 44 88 47

Brookfield Viscosity - 6 rpm, cPs 1800 440 360 940

Brookfield Viscosity - 60 rpm, cPs 530 250 270 370

Shear Thinning Index - STI 6/60 3.4 1.8 1.3 2.5

700 Series for Waterborne Systems

The graph below illustrates the rheological profiles of the K-STAY 700 Series for waterborne systems. The bottom brown line represents the control formulation.

As shown, adding a low to medium shear thickener (K-STAY 740) provides some shear thinning and is suitable for coatings applications, i.e. roll, brush or dip. Adding a high shear thinning modifier (K-STAY 730) provides excellent spray properties.

K-STAY 700 Series Rheology Profiles

K-STAY 730 K-STAY 730 is a zero VOC, hydrophobically modified urethane thickener with pseudoplastic characteristics. It is ideally suited for high film build, spray applied formulations. K-STAY 740 K-STAY 740 is 100% solids free flowing powder. It complies with FDA 21 CFR 175.105 for (indirect contact such as adhesives for food packaging) and 175.300 for direct contact coatings. It is ideal for use in paints, caulks and sealants.

Incorporation

K-STAY 730 can be added in grind or let-down where predilution with water will ease incorporation.

K-STAY 740 can be added directly to the pigment grind. If post-added, it is recommended to prepare a pourable gel prior to addition.

K-STAY 730 - for spray applications

K-STAY 740 - for roll, dip, flow and brush applications

Control

Visc

osity

Shear Rate

Adhesives Aerospace Appliances Automotive

Primers

NACURE & K-CURE CATALYSTS 1040, 155 1040W, 155, 3525

1051, 1323, 1953 X49-110, 3525

X49-110, 3525 155, 3525, X49-110

NACURE SUPER CATALYSTS XC-7231, A218 A233, A202, XC-7231,

K-KAT CATALYSTS 348, XK-604, 6212, A209 5218, 6212, A209, XK-614 348, XK-602 6212, A209

K-FLEX POLYESTER POLYOLS 188, A308, XM-332, 188, A308,

188, A307, XM-332 188, A308,

188, A307, XM-332 188, A308,

188, A307, XM-332, A308 188, A308

K-FLEX URETHANE DIOLS & SPECIALTIES 7301, XM-B301, UD-350W, XM-B301,

7301, XM-B301, 320W, 350W, XM-B301, 7301

320, 320-100 320W, 350W

320 320W, 350W

K-STAY RHEOLOGY MODIFIERS 740 501 501, 730

K-SPERSE DISPERSANTS A503, A504 152, A503, 6501, 6502 152, A503

NACORR CORROSION INHIBITORS 1151, 1552, 1352, 1652 6401, 6402

1552, 1151 1352, 1652

DISPARLON THIXOTROPES 6100, 6200, 6100, 6200 6900-20X, PFA-231 AQ-600, AQ-607

DISPARLON DEFOAMING UVX-188, 189,190 OX-60, OX-70 1970, LAP -10 AQ-501

DISPARLON LEVELING LCN 400, L-1984 LCN 400, L-1984 LHP-91, LHP-95, AQ-200 UVX 35, 36, 39

APPLICATIONS (A-H)

APPLICATIONS (I-Z)

Inks Maintenance Marine

Metal Decorating Paper

NACURE & K-CURE CATALYSTS 155, 1051 155, 3525, 1040W

X49-110, 155, 1040 155, 3525, 1040W

NACURE SUPER CATALYSTS XC-7231 A233, A202

XC-7231, A218, A233 A202, XC-7231

K-KAT CATALYSTS 4205, 5218, 6212, A209, XK-614

4205, 5218, 6212, A209 XK-602

K-FLEX POLYESTER POLYOLS 188, A307, XM-332 188, A308, 188, A307

188, A308, XM-332 188, A308

188, A307, XM-332 188, A308,

188, A308, XM-332 188, A308,

K-FLEX URETHANE DIOLS & SPECIALTIES 320-100 350W

XM-B301, 7301 350W

320 320W, 350W,

320, 320-100 320W, 350W,

K-STAY RHEOLOGY MODIFIERS 730 730

K-SPERSE DISPERSANTS 131, 152, A504 152, A503 152, A503, 6501, 6502 A504

NACORR CORROSION INHIBITORS 1352, 1552, 1352, 1652 1151, 1552, 1352, 1652 1151,1552, 1352, 1652, 6401, 6402

DISPARLON THIXOTROPES 6900-20X, AQ-607, AQ-610

F-9030, 6500, 6650, 6700 AQ-607, AQ-610,

6900-20X, PFA-231

DISPARLON DEFOAMING OX-60, OX-70 LAP-10, LAP-20 UVX-188,189,190

DISPARLON LEVELING UVX-35, 36, 39 L-1983, L-1984 LCN 400, L-1984 PL 545, UVX 35,36,39

APPLICATION - QUICK REFERENCE CHART

Solvent Based Waterborne Powder UV SYSTEM KEY (Font Color)

Automotive Basecoat/Topcoat

Can Coil (PCM) E-Coat Elastomers/Foam General Industrial

5225, 5528, 2500, 3525 2500, 5225, 2547

5076, 5925, 155, 3525 2500, 2558, 3525

1323, 1419, 1953, 2107 2500, X49-110, 3525

1051, NACORR 1552 Acrylic Anodic

2500, 155, X49-110 2547, 2500, X49-110, 3525

XC-7231 XC-7231, A218, A233, A202, XC-7231, A233, XC-7231

348, 4205 6212, A209, XK-614

348 348, XK-601 348, XK-604, XK-618 4205, 5218, 6212, A209 XK-602

188, A307, XM-332, A308 188, A308,

188, A307, XM-332 188, A308

A307, 148, XM-332 188, A308

188, 148, A308 188, A308

188, A308, XM-332 188, A308

188, 148, XM-332, A308 188, A308,

320 320W, 350W

320 320W, 350W

320 320W, 350W

501 501, 730

A503, A504 152, A503 152, A503, 6501, 6502

1352, 1552 1352, 1552 1151, 1552, 1352, 1652 6401, 6402

6900-20X, PFA-231 AQ-600, AQ-607

6100, 6200 6900-20X, PFA-231 AQ-600, AQ-607, 6100, 6200

OX-60, 881 LAP -10 OX-60,OX-70,UVX188,189,190

LHP-91, LHP-96, AQ-200 PL-545

LCN 400, L-1984 LCN 400, L-1984, AQ-200, PL 545, UVX-35, 36, 39

While not all inclusive, this quick reference chart has been designed to offer two starting point product choices by application - solvent based systems (font-black), waterborne (font-blue), powder (brown font) and UV (purple - font). Please refer to each product section for additional choices, systems and selection criteria.

Prepolymers Refinish Resin Synthesis Sealants Stain/Varnishes Wood

155, 1040 155, 1040W

1040, 155 1040W, 155

2500, 5225 2547, 155

XC-7231 XC-7231, A218, A233, A202 XC-7231, A233, XC-7231

6212, A209, 6212, A209 4205, 6212, A209, XK-614 XK-604, A209 348, XK-604, XK-618

188, A308, XM-332 188, A308

188, A307, XM-332 188, A308

188, A308, XM-332 188, A308

A307, A308 188, A308

188, A308, XM-332 188, A308

320-100 320-100

XM-B301, 7301

320-100 XM-B301, 7301

320, 320-100 320W, 350W

501

A503, A504 152, A503

1151, 1552 1352, 1652

6900-20X, PFA-231 AQ-600, AQ-607

6500, 6200 6100

A671-EZ, 670-20M AQ-607, AQ-610

A671-EZ, 670-20M AQ-607, AQ-610

OX-60, OX-70, UVX 188, 189, 190

1950 1950, LAP-30

LHP 90, 95 UVX 35, 36, 39

UVX 35, 36, 39 LAP-10,20,30 UVX 35, 36, 39

K-FLEX® Polyester Polyols, Urethane Diols and Specialty Modifiers

K-FLEX® describes three distinct product lines of specialty polyols and resin modifiers consisting of the following chemistries: K-FLEX POLYESTER POLYOLS are based upon low molecular weight linear, saturated, aliphatic structures with pendant hydroxyl groups.

K-FLEX URETHANE DIOLS are novel, water soluble, low molecular weight diols with an all-urethane backbone. K-FLEX SPECIALTY PRODUCTS include two 100% active, acetoacetate functional reactive dilu-ents. K-FLEX XM-B301 and 7301 are particularly effective in epoxy/polyamide primers and systems crosslinked with amino resins or polyisocyanates.

K-F

LEX®

RE

SIN

MO

DIF

IER

S

PRODUCT SELECTION CHARTS

Melamine/Urea Crosslinked Systems

K-FLEX 188 Plastics

Adhesion

K-FLEX 148 Flow & Leveling

K-FLEX 7301 Corrosion

Resistance

K-FLEX UD-320W/350W

Flow & Leveling Adhesion

Hardness and Co-solvent

Replacement

K-FLEX 188 Hardness Flexibility

K-FLEX A308 Lower VOC

K-FLEX XM-332 Lowest VOC

Primer

2K Urethanes

K-FLEX UD-320W/350W

Flow & Leveling Hardness

Co-Solvent Replacement

K-FLEX A308 More Hydrophobic

Better Flexibility

K-FLEX 188 Best Exterior

Durability Hardness &

Flexibility

K-FLEX A308 Best Mar/Scratch

Resistance

K-FLEX XM-332 Lowest VOC

K-FLEX UD-320W/350W

Co-Solvent Replacement Higher Gloss

Waterborne Solvent Based

Topcoat/Clearcoat

Solvent Based

Solventless Waterborne Cast Elastomers (2K Polyurethane)

SOLVENT BASED

2K Epoxy, Primers and

Adhesives

K-FLEX B301 Most

Hydrophobic

K-FLEX 7301 Lighter Color

Lower Viscosity

K-FLEX 188 Exterior Durability Balance Hardness

and Flexibility

K-FLEX A308 Softer - Lower VOC

Good Balance Hardness/Flexibility

K-FLEX XM-332 Lowest VOC

K-FLEX A307 Lowest NCO

Demand

K-FLEX A308 Good Balance

Hardness/Flexibility

K-FLEX XM-332 Softer

Lowest VOC

K-FLEX 188 Most Hydrophobic

Best Hydrolytic Stability

K-FLEX A308 Easier

Incorporation

K-FLEX 188 Most Resilient

Highest Bayshore Rebound

K-FLEX A308 Good Resilience

Softer Lower VOC

K-FLEX XM-332 Softest

Lowest VOC Energy Absorbing

Solvent Based

Solvent Based Waterborne

Basecoat

Waterborne

K-FLEX® Reactive Diluents Key features include: • Reduced induction time & faster cure • Excellent adhesion • Improved salt fog wet adhesion • Improved humidity resistance • VOC and viscosity reduction • Elimination of solvent popping and pinholes • Faster low temperature cure epoxy/amine

K-FLEX XM-B301 and 7301 are low viscosity, acetoacetate functional reactive diluents with excellent compatibility with a wide range of resins. They can be used in solvent based systems. They are primarily recommended for use in 2-component epoxy coatings and adhesives. They are particularly effective in epoxy/polyamine and epoxy/polyamide systems.

PRODUCT

Composition

Equivalent

Weight (Active Hydrogen)

Viscosity

25°C (cPs)

Attributes/Uses

K-FLEX XM-B301

100% Active Reactive Diluent

190 1,100 Most hydrophobic.

K-FLEX 7301

100% Active Reactive Diluent

150 Lower viscosity and lighter color. 125

K-FLEX XM-B301 Performance K-FLEX XM-B301 was used to modify an epoxy polyamide formulation (King Formulation EAP-1). The study monitored the effect on induction time, cure and potlife as well as film properties. A sum-mary can be found in the tables that follow.

K-FLEX XM-B301 Effect On Cure Epoxy/Polyamide Modification

% Modification on Total Resin Solids

Control 0%

3%

6%

Induction Time (mins) to good appearance

90

40

40

Time to Double Viscosity (hrs) 5 3 2

*Surface Dry Time (hours) 9.8 7.2 4.2

Effect On Film Properties

Knoop Hardness 22.6 15.0 17.9

Impact Strength (in./ lbs) Forward/Reverse

40/5

50/10

50/20

Salt Fog (mm creep) Cold Rolled Steel, 350 Hrs. Galvanized, 672 Hrs.

13 10

12 4

8 3

XM-B301 has demonstrated the following advan-tages in a solventless 2K epoxy adhesive formula-tion (King Formulation EAP-4). • Improved lap shear strength to metallic and

non-metallic substrates • Faster bond strength development

Lap Shear Strength, PSI - 2.5% Modification Substrate Control + 2.5% K-FLEX B-301

Cast Iron 816 1739

Polished Steel 1593 1974

Copper 1073 1662

ABS 350 892

Styrene 434 695

Bond Strength Development, PSI 4 hours 939 1397

24 hours 943 1375

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* Pot life could be extended with the use of ketones.

Pages 25 & 26

K-F

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K-FLEX® Polyester Polyols HOCH2 ⎯ R ⎯CH2OOC—/W\—COOCH2—R—CH2OH

Use in Coatings K-FLEX polyester polyols are used primarily as modifiers for acrylic, alkyd, epoxy and polyester formulations with melamine or polyisocyanate crosslinkers. Typical modification levels are 5 to 15% on total resin solids. The low molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution of K-FLEX polyesters allow the formulation of higher solids coatings. Primary hydroxyl groups provide high reactivity for lower temperature cure. K-FLEX polyester polyols are used to: • Increase film flexibility while maintaining hardness • Improve resistance properties • Reduce VOC’s - increase solids • Achieve higher crosslink density • Improve cure adhesion

PRODUCT

Composition

Hydroxyl # On Solids

Viscosity 25°C (cPs)

Attributes/Uses

K-FLEX 188

100% Active Polyester Polyol

230

10,000

Improves flexibility, salt spray and humidity resistance while maintaining hardness. Highest reactivity. Excellent adhesion to many substrates including plastics. Highly recommended for 2k urethane applications.

K-FLEX A308

100% Active Polyester Polyol

260 1,500 Similar to 188 but the low viscosity combined with the higher hydroxyl number gives good hardness and adhesion while allowing lower VOC levels. Best mar/scratch resistance.

K-FLEX 148

100% Active Polyester Polyol

235

3,750

Improves flexibility, and gloss. Increase sol-ids at lower viscosity. Good flow and leveling. Excellent intercoat adhesion properties.

K-FLEX A307

100% Active Polyester Polyol

140 5,400 Flexibility modifier for acrylic/isocyanate and acrylic/melamine systems. The low hydroxyl number minimizes the crosslinker demand.

Tg

-32˚C

-59˚C

-42˚C

-50˚C

K-FLEX XM-332

100% Active Polyester Polyol

265 400 -68°C Lowest viscosity for lowest VOC. Softest films.

Solubility in Exempt Solvents K-FLEX polyester polyols have proven to be 100%soluble at all ratios for a variety of exempt solvents including: OXSOL® 100* (p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride), PC (propylene carbonate), DMC (dimethyl carbonate), acetone and TBA (t-butyl acetate).

PHOTO: Solubility comparison in Oxsol 100 of K-FLEX 188 and A308 to two commonly used polyester resins.

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Coatings: Isocyanate Crosslinked Systems K-FLEX polyester polyols are effective modifiers for most 2-component polyurethane systems. Perform-ance advantages include lower VOC, improved adhesion, increased flexibility and elongation, higher tensile strength, humidity resistance and abrasion resistance. For example, the table below details the VOC reduction and improvement of mechanical properties of a high solids 2K acrylic polyurethane system, modified with 16% K-FLEX 188 (King Formulation API-5).

K-FLEX polyesters and urethane diols can be added to the grind or letdown with no special incorporation techniques. To formulate a high solids pigment grind, the addition of at least 5% of a high solids acrylic resin is recommended in combination with a K-SPERSE dispersant. Isocyanate Ratios The high hydroxyl number of K-FLEX products necessitates a careful calculation of the isocyanate ratio to assure complete crosslinking of the polyol hydroxyl groups. A NCO:OH ratio of 1.04:1.00 to 1.10:1.00 is typical. K-FLEX A307 has the lowest isocyanate demand.

Performance Control 2K Acrylic/ PU

16 % K-FLEX 188 Modification

VOC, lbs/gal. 3.28 3.02

Tensile Strength (psi)

2,900 3,300

% Elongation 22.7% 51.8%

Taber Abrasion Resistance

119 (mg loss)

87 (mg loss)

Adhesion Studies K-FLEX polyester polyols have demonstrated excel-lent adhesion to many substrates including many plastics. K-FLEX 188, A307 and A308 were found to have excellent adhesion to Xenoy®*, ABS, RIM, RRIM, SMC, PVC and polycarbonate using both an HMMM crosslinker and HDI isocyanurate crosslinker. * Xenoy® is a registered trademark of SABIC Innovative Plastics

In addition to the mechanical properties shown in the table that follows, K-FLEX 188 offers excellent optical clarity and transparency as shown in the photo to the left.

Mechanical Properties

K-FLEX 188

K-FLEX A308

Tensile Strength, psi (ASTM D 412) 3,093 2,108

Modulus, psi (ASTM D 412) 3,800 2,900

Strain at max, (%) (ASTM D 412) 137 134

Shore A (ASTM D 2240) 95 75

Shore D (ASTM D 2240) 65 45

Bayshore Rebound (ASTM D 2632) 43 18

K-FLEX XM-332

778

1,100

50

75

40

10

K-FLEX polyester polyols have proven to be ef-fective in cast elastomers where a combination of optical clarity and mechanical properties are sought.

Use In Coatings

Melamine Ratio Due to the high hydroxyl number of K-FLEX 148, 188, A308 and XM-332, a ratio of K-FLEX / HMMM of 60 / 40 is normally recommended. This provides a 1 / 1 equivalent of hydroxyl group to methylol group, assuming an equivalent weight of 160 g/eq for HMMM. Properties may be ad-justed for higher hardness with a lower K-FLEX / HMMM ratio or improved flexibility with a higher K-FLEX / HMMM ratio. K-FLEX A307 has a lower crossliner demand and therefore does not require the higher levels of HMMM. Adjustments in melamine levels should be made based on equivalent weights for other types of melamines.

Use In Cast Elastomers

Formulating With K-FLEX Modifiers

K-FLEX 188

Pages 27 & 28

K-F

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K-FLEX Urethane diols are low molecular weight (MW) diols with an aliphatic urethane backbone and a narrow MW distribution. They allow the formula-tion of higher solids, lower VOC waterborne (WB) coatings. They have been developed to help achieve VOC compliance with the added benefit of improved film performance. Their low molecular weight provides a higher crosslink density yielding harder films with greater exterior durability. The urethane diols are useful in various industrial systems, such as: • Amino crosslinked systems • 2-component polyurethanes • Blocked Isocyanates • Prepolymer synthesis The K-FLEX UD aliphatic urethane backbone provides excellent hydrolytic stability. It also allows the incorporation of aliphatic urethane functionality possible without the use of isocyanates. K-FLEX urethane diols are soluble in water and most polar organic solvents, in the absence of surfactants, neutralizing amines and co-solvents. They are not soluble in more hydrophobic solvents like aliphatic hydrocarbons or aromatics. However, varying levels of hydrophobic solvents can be tolerated depending on the solubility parameters of the other solvents present.

Advantages In Waterborne Systems • Replace volatile co-solvents with a

non-volatile reactive diol • Lower VOC (higher solids) • Higher film build without an increase in

viscosity • Improved flow and leveling • More continuous film/higher gloss • Improved resistance properties • Higher hardness • Improved wet adhesion • Improved stain resistance • Anti-skinning thermoset dip Lowering VOC’s In Waterborne Systems K-FLEX UD-320W was used to replace 2-butoxyethanol co-solvent in a Joncryl 540 / HMMM white baking enamel at 5% and 15%. This co-solvent replacement resulted in significant VOC reductions, as can be seen below:

PRODUCT

Composition

On Solids

Hydroxyl Acid Number Number

Viscosity

25°C (cPs)

Attributes/Uses

K-FLEX UD-320W UD-350W

88% Active Urethane Diol In Water 350 < 1 8,000 (320W)

4,000 (350W)

Water soluble in absence of surfactants, amines and co-solvent. Higher solids, improved flow, gloss, hardness and resistance properties. UD-350W for optimum storage stability.

K-FLEX UD-320

82% Active Urethane Diol in Propylene Glycol Mono-Methylether Acetate

350 <1 9,000

Increases application solids and hardness. Improves chemical resistance, exterior durability and hydrolytic stability.

K-FLEX UD-320-100

100% Active Urethane Diol

350 <1 7,000 at 50°C

Prepolymer synthesis. For water or solvent. Preparation of polyester urethanes.

Modification Level % on Total Resin Solids

No Modification

5% UD-320W

15% UD-320W

VOC (g/l) 192 66 50

K-FLEX® Urethane Diols H O O C N N C O

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Advantages In Solventborne and Solventless Systems • Higher solids (lower VOC) • Higher hardness • Improved resistance to humidity, QUV and

exterior exposure • Improved resistance to solvents and

chemicals • Greater viscosity stability Performance In Solventborne Systems Even with low level K-FLEX UD-320 modification, a decrease of VOC is possible while boosting performance of the overall formulation Low level modification of melamine crosslinked systems resulted in harder films with improved QUV resistance and exterior durability. Modification of 2-component polyurethanes provided harder and more flexible films with improved exterior durability.

Improved Flow/Leveling & Higher Gloss The water solubility of the urethane diol provides improved wetting over various substrates, as well as, improved flow and leveling. The end result is higher gloss waterborne coatings as can be seen below.

HMMM Baking Enamels, Gloss Improvement Gloss 60º/20º, % Reflectance

% K-FLEX UD-320W On TRS

System 0% 10% 15%

Joncryl 540 Acrylic Emulsion (King Formulation UDW-12)

84/15 92/29 93/73

Kelsol 3961-B2G-75 Chain Stopped Alkyd (King Formulation UDW-15)

91/65 94/76 —

Acrysol WS-68 Water Reducible Acrylic (King Formulation UDW-4)

90/67 89/69 89/74

Joncryl 540 - BASF Resins, Kelsol 3961-B2G-75 - Reichhold, Inc. Acrysol WS-68 - Dow Chemical

HMMM Crosslinked Baking Enamels Resistance Properties 11% K-FLEX Modification On Total Resin Solids

System

Humidity Resistance (350 hrs) 60º Gloss*

Salt Spray (350 hrs) Blister/mm creep**

Boiling Water Resistance (1 hour) Blister

Polymac WR 72-7203 Water Reducible Polyester

Control 5 4D/2 8D

UD-350W 59 4F/1 10

Kelsol 301-W-39 Water Reducible Polyester

Control 79 4D/10 6D

UD-350W 82 4D/3 10

* ASTM D 2247, ** ASTM B 117, D=Dense, F=Few, M=Medium, Blisters: 10 = no attack. Polymac 72-7203 - Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Kelsol 301-W-39 - Reichhold, Inc.

Performance - Waterborne Systems

Improved Resistance Properties The urethane backbone of the urethane diols provides excellent hydrolytic stability for long term storage in waterborne formulations. This excellent hydrolytic stability also provides improvements in the humidity, salt spray and boiling water resistance of fully crosslinked films. The results shown at the top of the next column, demonstrate these improvements for two waterborne polyester/HMMM baking enamels.

Solventborne & Solventless Systems

Pages 29 & 30

Use In Coatings

NACORR® Rust & Corrosion Inhibitors Introduction King Industries’ NACORR® Rust & Corrosion Inhibitors provide formulators the means to impart corrosion resistance to aqueous, non-aqueous and powder systems. NACORR can be used as the primary corrosion inhibitor or in combination with environmentally friendly anticorrosive pigments. They are compatible with a wide variety of resins used in primers and direct to metal topcoats for a multitude of industrial applications. Benefits include: • Improved corrosion protection in

clearcoats and highly pigmented systems • Liquid materials make for easier

incorporation • Synergy with anti-corrosive pigments to

replace chromates and other environmen-tally unacceptable anti-corrosive pigments

• Improved pigment dispersion and gloss when added to the pigment grind (for solventborne coatings)

• Enhanced cure rates of amino crosslinked systems, especially with zinc salts, NACORR 1551 and 1552

NACORR's are metal or amine salts of a hydropho-bic sulfonic acid. They are available in different solvents to accommodate the broad range of coating technologies currently used. Standard solvents are Mineral Spirits or 2-Butoxyethanol.

Mechanism The NACORR molecules have a polar metal sul-fonate group and a long hydrophobic tail. The NACORR products prevent corrosion by two distinct mechanisms including:

• Polar metal sulfonate is attracted to the metal substrate where it helps to electrically passivate any potential anodic sites. • The hydrophobic tail is oriented outward away from the metal substrate, excluding water from any potential anodic sites. This eliminates the electro-lyte, one of the 4 required elements for corrosion (anode, cathode, conductor and electrolyte).

NA

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Metal Substrate

Coating

Anode

Hydrophobic Barrier Layer Created by NACORR

WATERBORNE SOLVENTBORNE POWDER

NACORR 1352 General Purpose Alkyd & Urethane

NACORR 1652 Improved Compatibility

With Water NACORR 1652 Synergy With

Heavy Metal Free Pigments

NACORR 1552 Best Synergy With Zinc Anticorrosive

Pigments

NACORR 1754 Metal-free

NACORR 1151 Best Corrosion Performance

NACORR 6401 Epoxy Polyester

NACORR 4426 Emulsions

NACORR Selection Chart by System

NACORR 6402 Urethane Polyester

Cementitious Products

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Pages 31 & 32

PRODUCT

Sulfonate

Solvent

%

Active

Attributes/Uses

Comments

NACORR 1151

Barium Mineral Spirits 50 Best compatibility in solvent based systems.

Best for low pH systems.

NACORR 1352

Calcium 2-Butoxyethanol 50 Excellent in waterborne applications.

Available in mineral spirits as 1351.

NACORR 1552*

Zinc 2-Butoxyethanol 50 Excellent adhesion. Excellent for solvent based primers.

Catalytic in amino systems.

NACORR 1652

Magnesium 2-Butoxyethanol 50 Hardest films in thermoset coatings.

Available in mineral spirits as 1651.

NACORR 1754

Amine 2-Butoxyethanol n-Butyl Alcohol

35 Excellent compatibility in water based systems.

Effective in emulsions and dispersions.

NACORR 4426

Sodium Complex Polymer/Water

NA Excellent in water based emulsion systems.

Effective on steel, galvanized and aluminum.

NACORR 6401

Zinc NA 50 Free flowing powder for easy incorporation.

Silica carrier. Especially designed for powder coatings.

NACORR 6402

Calcium NA 50 Free flowing powder for easy incorporation.

Silica carrier. Especially de-signed for powder coatings.

NACORR Performance

Performance - Waterborne Systems

This formulation is indicative of the level of per-formance that can be achieved in the salt fog exposure test using 3% (on total formulation weight) NACORR 6401 in a hybrid polyester/epoxy powder system. (King Formulation CI-302)

500 Hours Salt Fog Exposure (ASTM B 117) Iron Phosphated Steel

Control + 3% NACORR 6401

Performance - Powder Systems

In the above air dry alkyd water reducible systems, a noticeable improvement in salt spray resistance over iron phosphated steel was shown with the addition of 2% NACORR liquid corrosion inhibitors.

NACORR liquid organic corrosion inhibitors provide improved corrosion resistance alone in coatings formulations. They allow the formulation of anticorrosive systems without anticorrosive pigments as may be required for high gloss direct to metal topcoats and clearcoats.

Control NACORR 1151 NACORR 1351 NACORR 1651

* NACORR 1552 is an excellent catalyst and corrosion inhibitor for anodic acrylic electrocoating. NA = Not Applicable

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NACORR Synergy With Anti-corrosive Pigments

FORMULATION System Type Synergy With NACORR

CI-101 WB Acrylic Primer Halox® SZP-391 (strontium zinc phosphosilicate) 1351 & 1651

CI-102 WB Acrylic Primer Halox® SW-111 (strontium phosphosilicate) 1651 & 1652

CI-103 WB Acrylic Primer Boroguard® ZB (zinc borate) 1351 & 1651

CI-104 WB Acrylic Primer Busan® 11M-1 (barium metaborate) 1351 & 1651

CI-106 WB Acrylic Primer Nalzin® 2 (zinc hydroxy phosphate) 1754

CI-107 WB Acrylic Primer Wacor® ZBP-M (borate modified zinc phosphate) 1651

CI-108 WR Alkyd Topcoat Nalzin® 2 (zinc hydroxy phosphate) 1352 & 1754

CI-109 WR Alkyd Primer Novinox® PZ-02 (zinc phosphate) 1552

CI-110 WR Epoxy Ester Primer Heucophos® ZPA (zinc aluminum phosphate hydrate) 1754

CI-112 WB Polyurethane Primer Heucophos® ZZMP (zinc molybdenum phosphate hydrate) 1352 & 1552

CI-113 WR Alkyd Primer Halox® SW-111 (strontium phosphosilicate) 1151 & 1651

CI-120 WB Acrylic Primer Heucophos® ZBZ (basic zinc phosphate silicate hydrate) 1352, 1552 & 1652

CI-121 WB Acrylic Primer Heucophos® ZPZ (basic zinc phosphate hydrate) 1352, 1552 & 1652

CI-201 HS Chain Stopped Al-kyd Wacor® ZBP-M (borate modified zinc phosphate) 1352 & 1652

CI-206 Polyester/HMMM Coil Shieldex® AC-3 (calcium ion exchanged silica gel) 1551 & 1754

CI-207 Polyester OEM Primer Halox® SZP-391 (strontium zinc phosphosilicate) 1351

Performance - Synergy With Anti-corrosive Pigments In Waterborne Systems

To achieve the level of corrosion resistance found with chromates and other environmentally unac-ceptable anti-corrosive pigments, the NACORR products are often used synergistically with more environmentally friendly anti-corrosive pigments.

Please find below a table of King Industries, Inc. formulations demonstrating synergy with a wide variety of commonly used anti-corrosive pigments, including: borates, phosphosilicates and phos-phates.

WB Acrylic Primer - 500 Hours Salt Spray Strontium Phosphosilicate & NACORR 1652

Control Strontium Phosphosilicate

Strontium Phosphosilicate & 2% NACORR 1652

King Formulation CI-102 demonstrates the syner-gistic effect of NACORR 1652 with a strontium phosphosilicate in a waterborne air dry acrylic primer. Please note the improved corrosion resis-tance of the anti-corrosive pigment compared to the control. The use of NACORR 1652 in synergy with the anti-corrosive pigment provides a significant improvement in the corrosion resistance.

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Pages 33 & 34

Use Levels & Incorporation

Generally, addition levels of 1-3% based on total weight of the paint are effective in enhancing corrosion protection. Due to the polarity of the metal sulfonate, highly pigmented systems or pigments with high surface areas may require higher levels of NACORR. This is due to the affinity of NACORR for the pigment surface. If active pigments are reduced or eliminated, they should be replaced with inert pigments to maintain solids and critical pigment volume concentrations. The NACORR products are based on a variety of different metal salts. The NACORR metal salts appear to be very system specific. Some work better than others, depending on the resin system, type of anti-corrosive pigment, and other formulation components. It is best to evaluate several of the NACORR products in your formulation to find the best performing product. Once a product is selected, it can be optimized by conducting a ladder study to determine a use level that best meets your performance needs.

SYSTEM Incorporation Method

Solvent Based Can be post added with mild agitation or added to mill base.

Water Reducible

With Water In Mill Base If possible, remove water from base and add it to the letdown. Otherwise post-add under high agitation.

No Water In Mill Base Add 0.5 -1.0% to mill base by premixing the NACORR, solvent and resin prior to pigment. Add balance to letdown prior to any water addition.

No Co-solvents Post-add under high agitation during letdown prior to any water addition.

With Co-solvents Premix with coalescing solvent prior to addition. A typical ratio of 1:1 is recommended. Next add mixture under high agitation prior to any water addition.

With Co-solvents & Amines Premix with coalescent and amine. Add under high agitation prior to any water. A typical starting ratio for premix is: 50% Nacorr, 45% coalescent and 5% amine by weight.

Powder Dry blend with the premix at 1% to 3% based on total weight.

Emulsions, Colloids & Dispersions

Performance - Synergy With Anti-Corrosive Pigments In Solvent Based Systems

The photos to the right demonstrate the improve-ment in wet adhesion of the salt spray panels when NACORR 1352 is combined with the anti-corrosive pigment in a solvent based chain stopped TOFA air dry alkyd primer. The NACORR liquid organic corrosion inhibitor was added at a 2% level as supplied on total formula-tion weight.

+ Calcium/Zinc Phospho-molybdate

+ NACORR 1352 Control

Synergy - Air Dry Alkyd Primer NACORR 1352 and Calcium/Zinc Phospho-molybdate

King Formulation (CI-201)

K-SPERSE® Dispersants for Non-Aqueous Systems

K-SPERSE additives are highly effective amine free dispersing agents for organic and inorganic pig-ments used in non-aqueous and solvent-free coat-ings and inks. They can be categorized into three distinct groups: K-SPERSE Liquid Monomeric Dispersants – These liquid products were designed as cost effective dis-persants in a wide variety of formulations. They can be utilized with a broad range of resins including acrylics, alkyds, bitumen, epoxies, polyesters and polyurethanes. K-SPERSE 152 can be used with commercial polymeric dispersants that require the use of a synergist. Advantages include: • Widest range of solubility (alcohols to

aliphatic hydrocarbons) • Low dosage – highest pigment loading • Low cost • Better color development and gloss • Fast dispersion time • Hydrophobic - Not moisture sensitive

KSPERSE Powder Dispersants – These mono-meric dispersants supplied in powder form were developed for dispersing pigments into powder coatings and other solventless systems. Advantages include: • Ease of use - free flowing powder • Improved hiding power at low film

thickness • Low cost

K-SPERSE Polymeric Dispersants – These liquid polymeric dispersants were developed as dispers-ants for “hard-to-disperse” organic and carbon black pigments used in solventborne and solvent- free liquid formulations. • Best jettness with carbon black • Simplicity of use - no need for synergist • No effect on cure of amino resins or

isocyanates - amine free

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K-SPERSE Selection Chart

ORGANIC & INORGANIC PIGMENTS and FILLERS

K-SPERSE 5100 Epoxies and Polyesters

K-SPERSE A503 General Purpose

Polyesters and Acrylics

K-SPERSE A504 Solventless Systems

K-SPERSE 152 General Purpose

K-SPERSE 6501 General Purpose

Solventborne Systems Solventless Systems

K-SPERSE 131 Zinc-free

No catalytic effect

K-SPERSE 6502 Zinc-free

No catalytic effect

ORGANIC PIGMENTS

POLYMERIC DISPERSANTS

MONOMERIC DISPERSANTS

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PRODUCT Composition %

Active lbs./gal. Attributes/Uses

Monomeric Dispersants

K-SPERSE 131

Calcium Sulfonate Mineral Spirits 50 7.7

Use in formulas containing driers/accelerators including alkyds, urethanes and epoxies.

K-SPERSE 152

Zinc Sulfonate 2-Butoxyethanol

50

8.3

General purpose. Can be used at 1/3 to 1/2 the level of typical commercial dispersants. Synergist for competitive polymeric dispersants.

K-SPERSE 152/MS

Zinc Sulfonate Mineral Spirits

50

7.9

Mineral spirits version of K-Sperse 152.

Powder Dispersants

K-SPERSE 6501

Zinc Sulfonate Precipitated Silica

55

NA

Free flowing powder developed specifically for powder and solvent-free systems.

K-SPERSE 6502

Calcium Sulfonate Precipitated Silica 55 NA

Free flowing powder developed specifically for powder and solvent-free systems.

Polymeric Dispersants

K-SPERSE A503

Polymeric Dispersant Butyl Acetate 40 7.9

General purpose for use in solvent based coatings, inks and pigment concentrates.

K-SPERSE A504

Polymeric Dispersant 100 8.5

For use in 100% solids formulations including coatings, inks, pigment concentrates and plastics

K-SPERSE 5100

Polymeric Wetting & Dispersing Agent 100 9.4

Solvent-free dispersant for epoxy and polyester systems.

* Also available in HAPS free solvent, propylene glycol normal propyl ether, and PAO - Polyalphaolefin, NA = Not applicable

High Efficiency K-Sperse monomeric products are designed for use in non-aqueous systems. These easy to use liquid products are effective at 50 to 75% lower loading than other dispersants. They are particu-larly efficient at dispersing TiO2 and iron oxides. The table below shows the typical K-Sperse 152 use levels compared to other dispersants based on the manufacturers’ recommendations.

Comparison: Weight % on Pigment

Pigment K-Sperse 152

Other Dispersants*

Phthalo Blue 3.5% 10 - 33%

Transparent Iron Oxide

5% 7 - 30%

Iron Oxide 1.5% 2.5%

Chromopthal Red 8% 12 -15%

Titanium Dioxide 0.6% 1.2%

Furnace Black 7 - 35% 100%

Channel Black 7% 17 - 100%

* Hyperdispersant, Polymeric and Amphoteric

Carbon Black

K-SPERE Performance

Better Color Development Higher color strength can be obtained with the use of K-Sperse 132 & 152. Black dispersions were pre-pared using K-Sperse 152, a polymeric dispersant and an amphoteric dispersant to tint a white base to determine the color strength developed by each after milling for 8 hours in a steel ball mill.

K-SPERSE 152 Polymeric Disp. B Amphoteric Disp. A

K-Sperse 152 - Synergist and Catalytic Effects K-Sperse 152 is very effective as a synergist with polymeric dispersants to optimize carbon black and red shade phtalo blue dispersions. Formulators should be aware of a possible catalytic effect with K-Sperse 152. The zinc in K-Sperse 152 may complex with the driers and accelerators used in air oxidized paints. K-Sperse 152 can also contribute to the cure response in thermoset HMMM systems. K-Sperse 131/132 should be used in place of K-Sperse 152 to avoid these catalytic effects.

Pages 35 & 36

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K-Sperse Polymeric Dispersants Performance The accompanying photograph shows a comparison of color development after 4 hours of mixing. A Quinacridone red pigment dispersion was added to a white tint base in order to compare the color development between the various dispersants.

K-SPERSE Powder Products

1

10

100

1000

10000

TiO2 (R960) TiO2 (R900) Lamp Black

Control K-5100

K-SPERSE Powder Products (6501/6502) They demonstrate similar performance to the liquid monomerics and should be added at the pre-mix stage of production typically at 1 to 10% as supplied on total pigment weight.

K-SPERSE Polymeric Dispersants

K-Sperse Polymeric Dispersants K-Sperse A503 and A504 are acid functional (amine free) dispersants that do not require a synergist as some commercial polymeric dispers-ants do. K-Sperse A503 is a good general purpose dispersant for organic pigments, and was designed to provide optimum jettness of carbon blacks and simplicity of use. K-Sperse A504 was designed for solventless systems. Advantages include: • Best jettness with carbon black • Increased potlife in 2k urethanes • Small effect on melamine cure rates • Excellent flood float resistance K-SPERSE 5100 K-SPERSE 5100 is a solvent-free dispersing agent for solventborne and solvent-free systems. It is particularly effective in 100% solids epoxy systems. This low molecular weight polymer con-tains hydroxyl and carboxyl functionality and is recommended for both organic and inorganic pigments/fillers. It can be used as the sole dispersing resin or as a modifier for resins with poor wetting characteristics. The graph below demonstrates the effectiveness of K-SPERSE 5100 to disperse white and black pigments in a 100% solids, epoxy resin. The pigment to binder ratio was: White: 1:1, Black: 7:1. K-Sperse levels were at 5% on pigment for the TiO2 and 50% for the black.

K-SPERSE Polymeric Performance

Fast Color Development The test results as evidenced in the photo- graph to the left show that K-SPERSE A503 (center) provides faster color development.

Disp. A-1

K-SP A503

Disp. B

Excellent Flood/Float Resistance When tested in a gray melamine baking system, K-SPERSE A503 provided excellent flood/float resistance when compared to three competitive dispersants.

Disp. A-1 K-SPERSE A503

Disp. A-2 Disp. B

Gray Melamine Baking System

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DISPARLON® Additives for Surface Control and Thixotropy

Introduction The Disparlon trade name is applied to a series of functional additives used in paint, ink, adhesive and sealant markets worldwide. Major product types include, thixotropes, defoamers and surface control agents. Originally designed for solvent systems, the Disparlon line has expanded in recent years to include high performance additives used in aqueous, powder and UV systems.

Disparlon additives are manufactured by Kusumoto Chemicals Ltd. of Tokyo, Japan. Through a technology partnership spanning over two decades, King Industries, Inc. serves as the exclusive sales, technical service and marketing arm in North and South America.

DISPARLON® is a registered trademark of Kusumoto Chemicals Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.

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DISPARLON® Thixotropes Introduction Disparlon thixotropes offer today’s formulators a wide choice of unique products for conventional, high solids and aqueous coatings, as well as specialty additives for inks, adhesives, gel-coats, sealants and caulks. Their primary advantages over other types of thixotropes (organo-clay, castor wax or fumed silica) are: • Superior shear thinning • Non-seeding • Maximum anti-sagging/anti-settling • Excellent stability on aging • Superior performance in high gloss systems Disparlon anti-sag and anti-settling agents can be characterized into two functional types: NON-PIGMENT DEPENDENT - These types of thixotropes, which include polyamide powders and

Pastes, function by forming a three dimensional network. Since these thixotropes are non-associative by nature, they do not require the presence of pigments or fillers to function. These thixotropes can be used in pigmented or clear systems. PIGMENT DEPENDENT - These products are dependent on the type and level of pigment in the formulation, since they adsorb onto pigment surfaces to provide thickening efficiency. Also included in the pigment dependent type are “Hybrids”, polyamide waxes that are coated with pigment dependent polyethylene waxes. These “Hybrids” offer excellent pigment suspension plus sag control. .

NON-PIGMENT DEPENDENT TYPE Magnification of Disparlon 6900-20X under an electron microscope, illustrative of polyamide based thixotropes.

PIGMENT DEPENDENT TYPE Magnification of Disparlon 4200-10 under an electron microscope showing oxidized poly-olefin particles that will absorb on the surface of pigments and other thixotropes.

Types Of Thixotropes

“HYBRID” PIGMENT DEPENDENT Magnification of Disparlon NS-30 under an electron microscope showing polyamide coated with oxidized polyolefin.

Powder thixotropes (100% active) require heat and/or hydrogen bonding to activate. By heating these thixotropes to the appropriate temperature in the formulation using good agitation, the polyamide will swell and disperse (activate), and provide very

Disparlon Powder Polyamide Thixotropes

efficient thickening. Hydrogen bonding from materials such as amine functional and hydroxyl functional solvents and resins will help lower the activation temperature. Products are available for coatings, sealants and adhesives.

PRODUCT Composition Volatile Solids % Form

Additive Level By Total Weight

Attributes/Uses

DISPARLON 6100*

Polyamide _ 100% Powder

0.5 - 3.0%

Sag/Slump control. Lowest activation temperature. Designed specifically for adhesives and sealants.

DISPARLON 6200*

Polyamide _ 100% Powder

0.5 - 3.0%

Sag/Slump control. Low activation temperature. Designed specifically for adhesives and sealants.

DISPARLON 6500

Polyamide _ 100% Powder

0.5 - 2.0%

Sag control. Most versatile. General purpose coatings and sealants.

DISPARLON 6600

Polyamide _ 100% Powder

0.5 - 2.0% Sag control with improved recoatability for coatings, such as epoxy primers.

DISPARLON 6650

Polyamide _ 100% Powder

0.5 - 2.0% Cost effective sag control with improved recoatability for coatings, such as epoxy primers.

DISPARLON 6700

Polyamide _ 100% Powder

0.5 - 2.0% Sag control in heavy-duty paints. Particu-larly effective in 100% solids epoxies and epoxy coatings containing polar solvents.

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DISPARLON 6500 Activation Temperature:

60°C to 65°C in solvent or monomer 90° to 110°C in resins

For use in coatings and sealants

DISPARLON 6100 Activation Temperature: 30°C to 60°C

Lowest activation temperature MMA adhesives and sealants

Sealants & Adhesives Lower activation temperatures

Coatings Better recoatability

DISPARLON 6200 Activation Temperature: 40°C to 60°C

Low activation temperature Sealants and adhesives

DISPARLON 6600 Activation Temperature: 60°C to 70°C High efficiency, maintenance coatings

DISPARLON 6650 Activation Temperature: 60°C to 70°C Cost effective, maintenance coatings

DISPARLON 6700 Activation Temperature: 60°C to 70°C

High solids and 100% solids epoxy

Powder Thixotropes Selection Chart

The polyamide powder thixotropes need to be activated (swelled and dispersed) in the system. Add the powder to the pigment grind portion of the formulation. While grinding the pigments, allow the temperature of the grind to rise to the temperatures shown in the selection chart above. Once at the “activation temperature” continue to grind for 15 minutes to get full activation of the polyamide.

After activating the polyamide, it is generally best to mix slowly during the first 20ºC of cool down. The slow mixing during cool down will give the system the most uniform and reproducible rheology. Please note, these materials will activate at lower temperatures than shown in the chart when in the presence of alcohols or amines, due to increased hydrogen bonding.

Powder Thixotropes Incorporation

Disparlon Preactivated Polyamide Thixotropes

PRODUCT Composition Volatile Solids % Form

Additive Level By Total Weight

Attributes/Uses

DISPARLON A603-20X

Pre-activated Polyamide Wax

Xylene 20% Paste

0.5 - 5.0% Moisture cure urethane systems.

DISPARLON A650-20X

Pre-activated Polyamide Wax

Xylene Alcohols

20% Paste

0.5 - 5.0%

Primers and industrial maintenance coatings. Best efficiency in thick films.

DISPARLON A670-20M

Pre-activated Polyamide Wax

Mineral Spirits Alcohols

20% Paste

0.5 - 5.0%

DIY and industrial stains for good anti-settling of pigments. DIY varnishes for suspension/spacing of flattening pigments.

DISAPRLON A671-EZ

Pre-activated Polyamide Wax

Mineral Spirits Alcohol

10% Paste

0.5 - 5.0%

Easier to use version of A670-20M.

DISPARLON 6900-20X

Pre-activated Polyamide Wax

Xylene Alcohols

20% Paste

0.5 - 1.5% anti-settling 1.0 - 5.0% anti-sagging

General purpose. Best gloss in thin films & clears or with metallic and pearlescent pigments.

DISPARLON F-9030

Pre-activated Polyamide Wax

Benzyl Alcohols

30% Paste

0.4 - 4.0% 100% solids epoxy systems and epoxy floor paints.

DISPARLON PFA-231

Preactivated Polyamide Paste

Hydrocarbons, Ethanol/IPA

20% Paste

1.0 - 5.0% Haps-free version of 6900-20X.

The preactivated polyamide thixotropes are ready to use. They do not require heat for activation, and can be added directly to the formulation. These materials can be used in clear as well as pigmented systems, and offer good anti-sag and anti-settling properties. The preactivated polyamides are most

commonly used in coatings such as aerosol paints, clear coats, architectural stains, and maintenance coatings. They can also be used to orient metallic pigments and flattening pigments in oil modified urethanes.

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Preactivated Thixotropes Selection Chart

DISPARLON 6900-20X General Purpose

10 micron particle size Best in films <1 mil

Best appearance in clears

DISPARLON PFA 231 HAPS-free version of 6900-20X

DISPARLON A650-20X 20 micron particle size

Best in films over 1 mil, most efficient

DISPARLON F-9030 20 micron particle size

Use in 100% solids epoxies

DISPARLON A603-20X 20 micron particle size

Alcohol-free version of 6900-20X Moisture cure urethanes

DISPARLON A670-20M 20 micron particle size Satin & flat oil modified

DIY urethanes and stains

DISPARLON A671-EZ 20 micron particle size Easier incorporation

DIY urethanes and stains

Preactivated Thixotropes Incorporation

The preactivated pastes are best added to the end of the grind and dispersed with good agitation before the letdown step. Additionally, 6900-20X, A650-20X and A670-20M can be incorporated using a method known as master batching. This method involves pre-dispersing the paste in a resin/solvent

medium (4 parts resin/1 part solvent/1 part Disparlon). This allows for easier incorporation into systems that either don’t have a pigment grind, or can not be mixed with adequate agitation. Please refer to individual technical data sheets for more information.

DYI - Urethane & Stains Moisture Cured Urethanes

Disparlon Pigment Dependent Thixotropes

PRODUCT Composition Volatile Solids % Form

Additive Level By Total Weight

Attributes/Uses

DISPARLON 4200-10

Oxidized Polyethylene

Xylene 10% Liquid

1.0 - 5.0%

All non-aqueous pigmented systems. Anti-Settling Agent. Complies with FDA 21CFR Section 175.300 (b) (3) xii & xiii (a) & (b).

DISPARLON 4200-20

Oxidized Polyethylene

Xylene 20% Paste

0.3 - 1.0%

All non-aqueous pigmented systems Anti-Settling Agent. Complies with FDA 21 CFR Section 175.300 (b) (3) xii & xiii (a) & (b).

DISPARLON NS-30

Oxidized Polyethylene

with Polyamide

Xylene 15% Paste

1.0 - 5.0%

For polyamide side of 2K epoxy maintenance coatings. Not recommended for high gloss coatings. Anti-sag & anti-settle.

DISPARLON F-9050

Oxidized Polyethylene

with Polyamide

Low Volatility Diluent

20% Paste

1.0 - 5.0%

VOC free anti-sag and anti-settling agent.

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Additive Type: A: Blank B: EVA Copolymer Wax (10% Xylene) C: DISPARLON 4200-10 D: DISPARLON 6900-20X E: DISPARLON 6900-20X/4200-10 F: Organo Clay (1) G: Organo Clay (2) H: Organo Clay (3) I: Fumed Silica Formulation: Acrylic melamine metallic base coat. 2 weeks after adjusting viscosity to 15 sec., #4 FORD Cup A B C D E F G H I

Performance Comparison

Oxidized Polyolefin Anti-settling Agent

Hybrid Thixotrope Anti-setting and Anti-sagging

DISPARLON 4200-20 Use in epoxies, acrylics and urethanes

DISPARLON NS-30 Use in maintenance coatings and

2K epoxies - amide side

DISPARLON 4200-10 Use in epoxies, acrylics and urethanes

Liquid: can be post-added

DISPARLON F-9050 VOC free

Excellent pigment suspension

This type of thixotrope imparts rheology by setting up a network structure with pigments, fillers, and even particle swelling thixotropes. These thixotropes

are designed for pigmented systems only and help control flood/float, prevent settling and provide good sag resistance properties.

Pigment Dependent Thixotropes Incorporation

For best results, these thixotropes should be added to the grind portion of the formulation at 40°C to 70°C

with the exception of DISPARLON 4200-10, which can be added to the letdown or post added.

Pigment Dependent Thixotropes Selection

The DISPARLON AQ Series of anti-settling and pigment orientation agents are recommended for use in waterborne coatings, inks, varnishes and stains. They are extremely shear thinning, which allows for easy application by spray, dip, brush or

Disparlon Thixotropes for Aqueous Systems

roller, while maintaining excellent anti-settling in the container. The AQ Series is designed to suspend dense materials such as metallic, pearlescent and iron oxide pigments, while maintaining low “in can” viscosity.

PRODUCT Composition Volatile Solids % Additive Level Attributes/Uses

DISPARLON AQ-600

Polyamide

Water 7% Propylene Glycol Mono Methyl Ether

20% Gel

0.5 - 3.0% Water reducible systems.

DISPARLON AQ-607

Polyamide

Water 5% Propylene Glycol

Mono Butyl Ether

17% Gel

0.5 - 3.0%

Dispersions and emulsions. General purpose. Best compatibility.

DISPARLON AQ-610

Polyamide

Water 4% Propylene Glycol

17% Gel

0.5 - 3.0%

Dispersions and emulsions.

DSPARLON AQ-870

Polyamide Water 8% 2-ethylhexanol

N, N, trimethylethanolamine

15% Viscous

0.5-3.0% Water reducible systems. Liquid version of AQ-600.

DISPARLON AQX-60

Polyamide Water

15% Paste

0.5 - 3.0% Co-solvent free version of AQ-607.

DISPARLON AQX-61

Polyamide Water 15% Paste

0.5 - 3.0% Co-solvent free version of AQ-610.

Excellent Anti-Settling Excellent Pigment Orientation Excellent Sag Control

Blank 2% AQ-600

Blank 2% AQ-600

15 µ 24 µ 35 µ 43 µ 55 µ

Blank With 3% AQ-600

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DISPARLON AQ-600 Water reducible systems

DISPARLON AQ-607 Dispersions and emulsions

General purpose

DISPARLON AQ-870 Liquid version of AQ-600

DISPARLON AQX-60 Co-solvent free version of AQ-607

DISPARLON AQX-61 Co-solvent free version of AQ-610

AQ Series Thixotropes Incorporation

AQ Series Performance

These anti-settling agents can be incorporated into the system in the following way: • Mix the AQ with water (4 parts water/1 part AQ),

at low to medium shear for 20 minutes, and add to the batch with good mixing.

For best results, the water should be preneutralized and care should be taken to mix without vortexing to the blade.

DISPARLON AQ-610 Emulsions and dispersions

Water Reducible Systems Emulsions and Dispersions

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PRODUCT Composition Volatile Solids % Form

Additive Level By Total Weight

Attributes/Uses

DISPARLON 1950

Vinyl Polymer Mineral Spirits

20% Liquid

0.1 - 0.8% Long oil alkyds for architectural coatings.

DISPARLON 1970

Acrylic Polymer Xylene Mineral Spirits

40% Liquid

0.2 - 1.5% Baking enamels: automotive, coil.

DISPARLON OX-60

Acrylic Polymer Xylene 50% Liquid

0.2 - 0.8%

Acrylic and polyester coatings.

DISPARLON OX-70

Acrylic Polymer Toluene Mineral Spirits

30% Liquid

0.2 - 0.8%

Epoxy coatings.

DISPARLON LAP-10

Acrylic Polymer Naphtha n-Butyl Acetate

20% Liquid

0.3 - 2.0%

All high solids systems. Select based on coating polarity. Coil coatings.

DISPARLON LAP-20

Acrylic Polymer n-Butyl Acetate 20% Liquid

0.3 - 2.0% All high solids systems. Select based on coating polarity. Intermediate polarity coatings.

DISPARLON LAP-30

Acrylic Polymer n-Butyl Acetate

20% Liquid

0.3 - 2.0% All high solids systems. Select based on coating polarity. High polarity coatings.

A comparison of defoaming, leveling, anti-cratering and anti-popping additives as arranged by polarity is shown below. The products are acrylic and vinyl based and give excellent recoatability. The OX series is designed to release air from the coating.

The L Series and LCN-400 are leveling agents. The LHP series eliminates cratering due to surface contamination by lowering the surface tension of the coating. The LAP series eliminates popping in high solids and coil coatings.

1950 Long Oil Alkyds

OX-70 Epoxies

OX-60 Acrylics & Polyesters

L-1983 Epoxies

L-1982 Epoxy Phenolic Can Coatings

LCN-400 General Purpose

L-1984 Polyesters

Acrylics

1970 High Solids Polyester

Coil Coatings

L-1980 Polyesters

L-1985-50 Acetone

Alcohol Ctg.

LAP-10 High Solids Ctgs. General Purpose

LAP-20 High Solids Ctgs.

LAP-30 High Solids Ctgs.

LHP-90

Wetting & Leveling Primers & Topcoats

LHP-95 Wetting & Leveling Primers & Topcoats

LHP-91 Best surface wetting

Topcoats

LHP-96 Best surface wetting

Topcoats

Defoaming

Leveling

Anti-popping

Anti-cratering

MODIFIER’S FUNCTION

Less Polar More Polar

Lower surface tension Polyacrylate

Lowest surface tension Silicone Modified

Polyacrylate

Surface Tension Modifiers for Solventborne Systems Selection Chart

Defoamers for Solventborne Systems

Anti-popping Agents for Solventborne Systems

Pages 43 & 44

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PRODUCT Composition Volatile Solids %

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Attributes/Uses

DISPARLON L-1980

Acrylic Polymer _ 100% Liquid

0.1 - 0.5%

Polyesters, can, coil. Complies with FDA 21 CFR*

DISPARLON L-1982

Acrylic Polymer _

100% Liquid

0.1 - 0.5%

Epoxy phenolic can coatings.

DISPARLON L-1983

Acrylic Polymer _ 100% Liquid

0.1 - 0.5%

Epoxy coatings. Complies with FDA 21 CFR*

DISPARLON L-1984

Acrylic Polymer _ 100% Liquid

0.1 - 0.5%

Most versatile. Acrylic and polyester based coatings. Automotive coatings. Complies with FDA 21 CFR*

DISPARLON LCN-400

Acrylic Polymer n-butyl acetate

50% Liquid

0.1 - 1.0% General purpose, cost effective, easy to use.

DISPARLON L-1985-50

Acrylic Polymer Toluene 50% Liquid

0.1– 1.0%

Coatings containing very polar solvents, such as ethanol, methanol, or acetone.

DISPARLON LHP-90

Vinyl Polymer

Naphtha Ethyl acetate

N-Butyl alcohol

50% Liquid

2.0%

Excellent substrate wetting and leveling. Silicone free.

DISPARLON LHP-91

Vinyl Polymer Silicone Modified

Naphtha Ethyl acetate

N-Butyl alcohol

50% Liquid

2.0%

Silicone modified polyacrylate.Best substrate wetting for automotive urethanes based on polyesters, acrylics.

DISPARLON LHP-95

Acrylic Polymer Naphtha

50% Liquid

2.0%

Excellent wetting and leveling. Silicone free.

DISPARLON LHP-96

Acrylic Polymer Silicone Modified

Naphtha

50% Liquid

2.0%

Silicone modified polyacrylate. Best substrate wetting for automotive urethane clearcoats. FDA 21 CFR*

DISPARLON AQ-200

Acrylic Polymer 2-Butoxyethanol 20% Liquid

0.2 - 1.0%

Leveling agent for water reducible and emulsion baking systems.

DISPARLON AQ-7120

Silicone Acrylic Polymers

2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol

30% Liquid

0.5 - 1.5% Excellent wetting and leveling with ex-cellent recoatability.

DISPARLON AQ-501

Vinyl Polymer Surfactants

Petroleum Naphtha

85% Liquid

0.3 - 1.0% Anti-popping agent for water reducible and emulsion baking systems.

DISPARLON PL-540

Vinyl Polymer Castor Oil Derivative

100% Powder

0.5 - 3.0% Excellent non-yellowing properties for white and low color systems.

DISPARLON PL-545

Vinyl Polymer Castor Oil Derivative

100% Powder

0.5 - 3.0%

General purpose leveling. Complies with FDA 21 CFR*

Leveling Agents for Solventborne Systems

Anti-cratering Agents for Solventborne Systems

AQ Series Surface Tension Modifiers for Aqueous Systems

PL Series Surface Tension Modifiers for Powder Systems

* FDA 21 CFR Section 175.300 (b) (3) xii & xiii (a & b)

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Defoaming in Wet Urethane Acrylate Clearcoat

Disparlon UVX Series Additives for UV Systems

PRODUCT Composition Solids % Form

Additive Level By Total Weight

Attributes/Uses

DISPARLON UVX-188

Vinyl Polymer 100% Liquid

0.5 - 1.0% For use in cationic epoxy based UV systems.

DISPARLON UVX-189

Vinyl Polymer 100% Liquid

0.5 - 1.0% General purpose. For use in cationic epoxy and acrylic based UV systems.

DISPARLON UVX-190

Vinyl Polymer 100% Liquid

0.5 - 1.0% For use in acrylic based UV systems.

DEFOAMERS

LEVELING ADDITIVES

DISPARLON UVX-35

Vinyl Polymer 100% Liquid

0.5 - 1.0% For use in highly polar UV systems.

DISPARLON UVX-36

Vinyl Polymer 100% Liquid

0.5 - 1.0% For use in acrylic UV systems.

DISPARLON UVX-39

Vinyl Polymer 100% Liquid

0.5 - 1.0% For use in cationic epoxy and acrylic UV systems.

DISPARLON UVX-270

Acrylic Silicone Polymer

100% Liquid

0.5 - 1.0% Fluorocarbon replacement. For use in cationic epoxy and acrylic UV systems.

DISPARLON UVX-271

Acrylic Silicone Polymer

100% Liquid

0.5 - 1.0% Fluorocarbon replacement. For use in cationic epoxy and acrylic UV systems.

DISPARLON UVX-272

Acrylic Silicone Polymer

1000% Liquid

0.5 - 1.0% General purpose, fluorocarbon replacement. For use in cationic epoxy and acrylic UV systems.

WETTING ADDITIVES

Elapsed Time (90 Minutes)

A comparison of solvent-free defoaming, leveling, and wetting additives as arranged by polarity is shown below. The UVX series is designed

Surface Tension Modifiers for Solventborne Systems Selection Chart

UVX-190 Epoxies

UVX-189 General Purpose

UVX-188 Acrylics UVX-35

Highest Polarity

UVX-36 Acrylics

UVX-39 General Purpose

L-1983 Epoxies

UVX-270

UVX-271

UVX-272 General Purpose

specifically for use in UV formulations. The prod-ucts are based on acrylic, vinyl and silicone acrylic polymers and give excellent recoatability.

Less Polar More Polar

Lowest surface tension Acrylic Silicone Copolymer

KEY: MODIFIER FUNCTION Defoaming Leveling Wetting

Control UVX-189 Comp. B

Wetting Comparison Urethane Acrylate Clearcoat - 50µ on Polypropylene Film

BLANK UVX-270 Fluorocarbon

UVX Performance

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WARRANTY OF INFORMATION The conditions of your use and application of our products, technical assistance and information (whether verbal, written or by way of product evaluations), including any suggested formulations and recommendations, are beyond our control. Therefore, it is imperative that you test our products, technical assistance and information to determine to your own satisfaction whether they are suitable for your intended uses and applications. Such testing has not necessarily been done by King Industries, Inc. (“King”). The facts, recommendations and suggestions herein stated are believed to be reliable; however, no guaranty or warranty of their accuracy is made. EXCEPT AS STATED, THERE ARE NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS OR OTHERWISE. KING SHALL NOT BE HELD LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES. Any statement inconsistent herewith is not authorized and shall not bind King. Nothing herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use any product(s) in conflict with patents covering any material or its use. No license is implied or granted under the claims of any patent. Sales or use of all products are pursuant to Standard Terms and Conditions stated in King sales documents.

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PRODUCT Composition Volatile Solids % Form

Additive Level By Total Weight

Attributes/Uses

Anti-flood & Anti-float

DISPARLON KS-273N

Amine Salt of Polyester with Acrylic Polymer

Xylene 45% Liquid

0.2 - 1.0%

Mixed organic and inorganic pigments. Prevents flocculation.

DISPARLON KS-873N

Anionic Surfactant Xylene 45% Liquid

0.2 - 1.0%

Mixed organic and inorganic pigments. Prevents flocculation.

Dispersants

DISPARLON DA-325

Amine Salt of Polyester Phosphate Ester

- 100% Liquid

1-20% -Pigment weight (Inorganic Pigments/Fillers) 30-100% Pigment weight (Organic Pigments/Carbon Black)

Solvent-free. Dispersing of organic pigments.

The Disparlon dispersing agents are formulated for effectiveness, depending upon the pigment type and the system’s polarity, to: • Improve color strength and gloss • Prevent flocculation • Reduce grinding time • Reduce-eliminate flood & float problems

While all products are well suited in eliminating floating problems, each has specific strengths in terms of other characteristics such as the prevention of flooding and Bernard cell formation, as well as imparting superior pigment wetting and stabilization of the pigment dispersion. Dispersants should be added to the vehicle before pigment addition; KS-273N and KS-873N can be post added.

Disparlon Dispersants & Anti-flood/Anti-float Additives

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