genecdiversityofplantsandanimalsinachangingarcccrgc/igert/assets/pdf/greenlandposters/manthey.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Gene$c Diversity of Plants and Animals in a Changing Arc$c Joseph D Manthey – NSF C-‐CHANGE IGERT Trainee
Department of Ecology and EvoluEonary Biology & Biodiversity InsEtute University of Kansas
Introduc$on Ideally, conservaEon pracEces should protect areas of a species that harbor the most geneEc diversity1. Because sampling geneEc diversity across the range of a species is both Eme and monetarily expensive, these methods are oOen impracEcal; this necessitates a proxy for geneEc diversity when empirical data are difficult to aSain. Recently, VanDerWal and colleagues (2009)2 found a posiEve relaEonship between environmental suitability and abundance in mulEple species. Because larger populaEon sizes tend to exhibit higher levels of geneEc diversity, the aforemenEoned results suggest we may find a relaEonship between environmental suitability and geneEc diversity. Here I invesEgate the relaEonship between environmental suitability and geneEc diversity in ten plant and animal species of the arcEc (Fig. 1, Table 1).
Methods 1) Literature search
§ IdenEfy phylogeographic studies3-‐11 that contain: § Many populaEons sampled § GeneEc diversity informaEon § Locality informaEon (i.e. Lat/Long)
2) Measuring environmental suitability (4-‐step analysis) § Create ecological niche models (ENMs) for each species using
environmental data using the program Maxent12 § Extract environmental data (19 bioclimaEc layers13,14) from points
with geneEc diversity data and 1000 background points from ENMs § Perform a principal components analysis on all points from the ten
datasets § Measure the mulEvariate Euclidean distance to the center of the
niche centroid (closer to 0 = beSer environmental suitability)
3) ProjecEons of future climate scenarios for V. uliginosum and C. tetragona § Two species with strongest correlaEons between environmental
suitability and geneEc diversity were further modeled § Models of environmental suitability for current and two scenarios of
future climate change were created § Using A1b (relaEvely extreme) and B2a (relaEvely
conservaEve) scenarios under HadCM3 model
Results & Discussion § 8 of 10 species (Table 1) indicated a negaEve relaEonship between distance to niche
centroid and geneEc diversity (i.e. beSer environmental suitability = higher diversity).
§ 4 species showed a significant relaEonship (Fig. 2).
§ Species with bigger samples (> 30 populaEons) idenEfied significant relaEonships between geneEc diversity and environmental suitability, suggesEng that many populaEons need to be sampled for the needed power to uncover this relaEonship.
§ V. uliginosum is a food source in the Fort Yukon area of Alaska15 (asterisk in Fig. 3) and shows a slight improvement in this area for environmental suitability.
§ C. tetragona has been used as a wood source in certain areas of Greenland16. This species shows a northward movement of environmental suitability in the future (Fig. 4), with relaEvely low environmental suitability except in high arcEc.
This study idenEfied a negaEve correlaEon between geneEc diversity and environmental suitability. This relaEonship is paramount to more easily understanding the factors influencing arcEc species. Using the correlaEon between geneEc diversity and environmental suitability, conservaEon biologists may be able to infer hotspots of geneEc diversity in focal species for contemporary distribuEons, as well as how these relaEonships may change under varying scenarios of future climate change.
Acknowledgements This research was part of the NSF C-‐CHANGE IGERT class – Climate Change in Greenland and the ArcEc. I would like to thank Andres Lira-‐Noriega and Jorge Soberon for discussion of methodologies and results.
References 1Evans SR, BC Sheldon. 2008. Interspecific paSerns of geneEc diversity in birds: correlaEons with exEncEon risk. ConservaEon Biology 22: 1016-‐1025. 2VanDerWal J, LP Shoo, CN Johnson, SE Williams. 2009. Abundance and the environmental niche: environmental suitability esEmated from niche models predicts the upper limit of local abundance. The American Naturalist 174: 282-‐291. 3Galbreath KE, JA Cook, AA Eddingsaas, EG DeChaine. 2011. Diversity and demography in Beringia: mulElocus tests of paleodistribuEon models reveal the complex history of arcEc ground squirrels. EvoluEon 65: 1879-‐1896. 4Weksler M, HC Lanier, LE Olson. 2010. Eastern Beringian biogeography: historical and spaEal geneEc structure of singing voles in Alaska. Journal of Biogeography 37: 1414-‐1431. 5Galbreath KE, JA Cook. 2004. GeneEc consequences of Pleistocene glaciaEons for the tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus) in Beringia. Molecular Ecology 13: 135-‐148. 6Sonsthagen SA, SL Talbot, KT Scribner, KG McCracken. 2011. MulElocus phylogeography and populaEon structure of common eiders breeding in North America and Scandinavia. Journal of Biogeography 38: 1368-‐1380. 7Wennerberg L, G Marthinsen, JT Lioeld. 2008. ConservaEon geneEcs and phylogeography of southern dunlins (Calidris alpine schinzii). Journal of Avian Biology 39: 423-‐437. 8Eidesen PB, T Carlsen, U Molau, C Brochmann. 2007a. Repeatedly out of Beringia: Cassiope tetragona embraces the ArcEc. Journal of Biogeography 34: 1559-‐1574. 9Ehrich D, IG Alsosa, C Brochmann. 2008. Where did the northern peatland species survive the dry glacials: cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) as an example. Journal of Biogeography 35: 801-‐814. 10Westergaard KB, IG Alsos, M Popp, T Engelskjon, KI Flatberg, C Brochmann. 2011. Glacial survival may maSer aOer all: nunatak signatures in the rare European populaEons of two west-‐arcEc species. Molecular Ecology 20: 376-‐393. 11Eidesen PB, IG Alsos, M Popp, O Stensrud, J Suda, C Brochmann. 2007b. Nuclear vs. plasEd data: complex Pleistocene history of a circumpolar key species. Molecular Ecology 16: 3902-‐3925. 12Phillips SJ, RP Anderson, RE Schapire. 2006. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distribuEons. Ecological Modelling 190: 231-‐259. 13obtained from the Worldclim database (www.worldclim.org): Annual mean temperature, mean diurnal temperature range, max temperature of warmest month, min temperature of coldest month, annual precipitaEon, precipitaEon of warmest quarter, precipitaEon of coldest quarter 14Hijmans RJ, SE Cameron, JL Parra, PG Jones, A Jarvis. 2005. Very high resoluEon interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. InternaEonal Journal of Climatology 25: 1965-‐1978. 15Mathews RF. 1992. Vaccinium uliginosum. In: Fire Effects InformaEon System [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research StaEon, Fire Services Laboratory (Producer). Available: hSp://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ (Accessed February 2012). 16Moerman DE. 1998. NaEve American Ethnobotany. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Table 1 – Species in this study (Species), population sample size (N), regression equation (RE), Pearson’s correlation (R2), Pearson Product Moment Correlation of ungrouped data two-sided significance (p). X and Y variables in the regression equation are as shown in Figure 2. Species N RE R2 p Animals Spermophilus parryii 33 y = -0.0128x + 0.1364 0.150 0.026 Microtus abbreviatus 8 y = -0.0401x + 0.3969 0.388 0.099 Microtus oeconomus 14 y = -0.0089x + 0.3031 0.053 0.431 Somateria mollissima 11 y = -0.0003x + 0.0059 0.171 0.207 Calidris alpina 8 y = -8E-5x + 0.0022 0.012 0.800 Plants Cassiope tetragona 62 y = -0.0080x + 0.1184 0.215 < 0.001 Rubus chamaemorus 41 y = -0.0041x + 0.1273 0.094 0.051 Sagina caespitosa 14 y = -0.0161x + 0.1139 0.227 0.085 Arenaria humifusa 11 y = 0.0101x + 0.0414 0.136 0.264 Vaccinium uliginosum 54 y = -0.0067x + 0.1809 0.338 < 0.001
Figure 2 (Above) – RelaEonship between distance to niche centroid and geneEc diversity in four species with a significant relaEonship between the two variables. Cassiope tetragona (A), Rubus chamaemorus (B), Spermophilus parryii (C), and Vaccinium uliginosum (D).
Figure 1 (Above) – 256 populaEon samples (map) and 10 species used (photos) in this study. Note: only one Microtus species shown. Species with red dots were invesEgated further under scenarios of climate change (see Methods).
Figures 3 (leO) and 4 (below) – Maps of distance to niche centroid for V. uliginosum in Alaska (Fig. 3) and C. tetragona in Greenland (Fig. 4) under different condiEons: A) contemporary, B) 2080s using a relaEvely extreme model of climate change (A1), and C) 2080s using a more conservaEve model of climate change (B2). Equidistant breaks were used to visualize distance to niche centroid, where blue, green, yellow, orange, and red span the breaks from nearest to furthest from the niche centroid. In Fig. 3, the asterisk represents the Fort Yukon area, where this plant is used as a local food source. In Fig. 4, gray areas indicate ice sheets.