Tool 1

Gender-responsive indicators for water assessment, monitoring and reporting

UNESCO WWAP Toolkit on Sex-disaggregated Water Data

World Water Assessment Programme

United NationsEducational, Scientific and

Cultural Organization

M. Miletto, V. Pangare and L. Thuy

Gender-responsive indicators for water assessment, monitoring and reporting

Tool 1

UNESCO WWAP Toolkit on Sex-disaggregated Water Data

First edition published in 2015 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France.

Second edition published in 2019

© UNESCO 2019

ISBN: 978-92-3-100325-7

This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/IGO/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (www.unesco.org/open-access/termsuse-ccbysa-en).

The present license applies exclusively to the text content of the publication. For the use of any material not clearly identified as belonging to UNESCO, prior permission shall be requested from the copyright owner.

The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization.

Suggested citation: Miletto, M., Pangare, V. and Thuy, L. 2019. Tool 1 – Gender-responsive indicators for water assessment, monitoring and reporting. UNESCO WWAP Toolkit on Sex-disaggregated Water Data. Paris, UNESCO.

Cover photo: Pixabay

Design and layout by Marco Tonsini.

Printed by UNESCO, Paris.

This publication is printed with vegetable inks on FSC Mixed Sources paper, supporting responsible use of forest reserves, 100% recycled, acid-free and chlorine-free.

Acknowledgements 6

Foreword 7

Preface 8

1 Introduction 10

2 Bridging the water data gap 14

2.1 The need for sex-disaggregated water data 15 2.2 Mainstreaming gender and water in the international development agenda 16 2.3 Evolution of sex-disaggregated data and statistics on water – An overview 17 2.4 Water, gender and the Sustainable Development Goals 19

3 WWAP Gender-responsive Indicators 22

4 Conclusions 36

References 38

Annex: WWAP Working Group on Sex-Disaggregated Water Indicators (2014–2015) 40

List of acronyms 42

CONTENTS

6

UNESCO WWAP is deeply indebted to the WWAP Working Group on Gender-sensitive Water Indicators created in 2014 with the special task to develop the WWAP Gender-responsive Water Indicators. This project was led by Francesca Greco, former WWAP Gender Officer, without whom the 2015 WWAP Toolkit on Sex-disaggregated Water Data, on which the current edition is based, would not have been possible.

We would like to thank Francesca Maria Burchi, former Gender and Migration Officer at WWAP; Di Kilsby, Independent Consultant and Gender and Social Inclusion Specialist at the Water for Women Fund Coordinator Team; Paola Piccione, UN Consultant on Gender, Results-based Management and Partnerships; Ilaria Sisto, Gender and Development Officer in Training and Capacity enhancement at the FAO Social Policies and Rural Institutions Division, and Lesha Witmer, Women for Water Partnership (SC member), for their insights and valuable inputs to the current tool with regards to the gender-responsive indicators.

We are grateful to Damiano Giampaoli, Programme Specialist at the UNESCO Division for Gender Equality, and Laura Imburgia, Agriculture, Rural Development and Gender Advisor and Researcher in Livelihoods, Water Resource Management and Gender at the University of Reading, for their in-depth review which greatly contributed to the finalization of the text. We are also grateful to Saniye Gülser Corat, Director of UNESCO Division for Gender Equality for her constant support.

Our special thanks to Alice Aureli, Chief of Section, Groundwater Systems and Settlements, at UNESCO Division of Water Sciences, for her support to test the WWAP Toolkit in field projects led by the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme-IHP.

We wish to acknowledge the work of Joni Seager, author of the Technical Paper, Methodology for sex-disaggregated water assessment, monitoring and reporting, which was published as part of the 2015 WWAP Toolkit on Sex-disaggregated Water Data. The methodology in Tool 2 of the 2019 WWAP Water and Gender Toolkit draws on this paper.

We are also grateful to Diwata Hunziker for her editing skills.

Additional thanks to Théo Lecarpentier, Saunak Singh Ray and Bianca Rizzo, 2018 WWAP interns, who provided essential bibliographical research, data mining and inputs in defining the new indicators.

Finally, our sincere thanks to the Italian Government, who have engaged consistently with UNESCO WWAP and whose financial support to the WWAP Secretariat has made this publication possible.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Coordinator: Stefan Uhlenbrook

Deputy Coordinator and Gender Focal Point: Michela Miletto

Programmes: Richard Connor, Engin Koncagül and Natalia Uribe Pando

Publications: Valentina Abete and Marco Tonsini

Communications: Simona Gallese and Laurens Thuy

Administration and support: Barbara Bracaglia, Lucia Chiodini and Arturo Frascani

IT and Security: Fabio Bianchi, Michele Brensacchi, Tommaso Brugnami and Francesco Gioffredi

Interns: Daria Boldrin, Cora Craigmile Boguña, Charlotte Moutafian, Giulia Scatolini, Bianca Maria Rizzo and Yani Wang

UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) Secretariat

7

Women and men have an equal stake in water management, yet inequalities persist with regards to who participates in, contributes to and benefits from water resources management.

This matters because women make up nearly half of the global population involved in agriculture and food production. They have different household responsibilities, which have an impact on hygiene, sanitation and even public health. Moreover, the lack of water and sanitation diminishes in different ways women’s opportunities for health, education and employment.

Designing any effective action to achieve equality between men and women begins with ensuring the availability of sharp and reliable data. Such sex-disaggregated data is important to inform programmes and policies that mainstream gender as an overarching development issue. Yet only around a third of countries in the world currently collect sex-disaggregated data for water management.

This toolkit, prepared by UNESCO’s World Water Assessment Programme, aims to tackle the information gap on water and gender, as the scarcity of data is a major obstacle to the production of scientific evidence of gender inequality. Following field testing, this second edition contains improved indicators and a refined methodology to better meet the needs of all countries and reflect the realities on the ground.

The overall goal of this publication is to provide the indicators and methodology to build an information stock of internationally comparable data on sex-disaggregated water data. It is only through this data that we can inform policy-oriented action, compare experiences between countries and regions and, crucially, apply concrete solutions in the field.

Gender equality is a human right and one of UNESCO’s two global priorities. It is essential to meet the commitments of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Strengthening gender equality in water management can also strengthen social inclusion, improve environmental sustainability and ensure food security.

This updated toolkit embodies UNESCO’s commitment to human rights and international cooperation in science, by ensuring gender equality in the field of water for a more sustainable, inclusive and peaceful future.

by Audrey AzoulayDirector-General of UNESCO

FOREWORD

Audrey Azoulay

8

When the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted in 2015, it marked a new era in the efforts to shift the world towards a sustainable and resilient path. Today, access to water and sanitation for all (SDG 6) and achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls (SDG 5), are considered major drivers of sustainable development.

Water assessment can only be meaningful with a gender perspective. It is therefore indispensable to identify women’s and men’s different roles and needs in their interaction with water resources, as well as the social and cultural constructions they are based upon. Taking these factors into consideration will improve the management and governance of the world’s water resources for the benefit of all.

The role of women in water management was first recognized at an international gathering of water experts in Dublin, Ireland in January 1992, where the participants declared the following:

“Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water ... [and that] acceptance and implementation of this principle requires policies to address women’s specific needs and to equip and empower women to participate at all levels in water resources programmes, including decision-making and implementation, in ways defined by them” (Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development, Principle 3)

Yet, after more than a quarter of a century, and in spite of their acknowledged and documented critical role in water management for livelihoods, women still remain marginalized from decision-making, have slim control over the use and allocation of water resources, and have marginal access to assets, such as technologies and relevant vocational training.

As a means to address the imbalance between responsibilities and power, and/or rights between men and women, it is paramount to first understand the underlying drivers and the root causes for these discrepancies, and to quantify them so that appropriate changes can be made in the design, planning, monitoring and evaluation of water projects or programmes, as well as in water policies and strategies.

In recognition of these gaps, the 2030 Agenda pledges the need for high-quality, timely and reliable disaggregated data, including by sex, as they are key to ensuring that no one is left behind, and are essential to the measurement of progress in achieving the SDGs.

Considering that data are the lifeblood of decision-making, there is evidence that sex-disaggregated water data are among the least available across the national-level indicators. The lack of sex-disaggregated water data is a major obstacle to the production of scientific evidence on gender inequalities related to water and to the formulation of gender-transformative policies. Investing in ‘engendering’ water contributes to the strengthening of social inclusion, eradicating poverty and advancing environmental sustainability.

by Michela MilettoUNESCO WWAP Deputy Coordinator and Gender Focal Point

PREFACE

9

In this respect and following UNESCO’s global priority on gender equality, WWAP is committed to advancing women’s empowerment and gender equality in the water realm. Its work produces meaningful and significant insights and understanding of the role of women and men in the management of water resources as well as in income-generating opportunities. The creation of clear-cut benchmarks of sex-disaggregated water data is therefore crucial to inform regional, national and transboundary water policies, and to set up gender-transformative strategies in water governance. The accuracy of evidence strengthens women’s claim for a meaningful participation in decision-making mechanisms, access to job opportunities and capacity development.

The key message is vibrant — we urgently need to achieve human rights for all, including gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls in water resources management and governance. In this process, we need to recognize women and girls as agents of change within their communities, and value their knowledge and achievements. This must include decision-making in water-related issues, where we can draw on the leadership of women in formulating equitable water policies also transcending national borders, thus contributing to peace building. Building a better future for all requires the full and equal participation of both women and men in the water realm and the empowerment of all members of society (stakeholders), creating a wellspring for innovation and dynamism.

For all these reasons, in 2014, UNESCO WWAP started a ground-breaking initiative on gender-responsive water assessment, monitoring and reporting, which included the identification of key indicators, the creation of a methodology, as well as guidelines and questionnaires to collect sex-disaggregated water data. Bolstered by the contributions of 35 international experts who were part of the WWAP Working Group on Sex-disaggregated Water Indicators, these elements constituted the first edition of WWAP Toolkit on Sex-Disaggregated Water Data published in 2015. From this date onwards, the WWAP Toolkit has gained official recognition in the international water arena. Funded by the Italian Government since the beginning, it was the first global effort to promote the collection of sex-disaggregated water data, and positioned the first overview of the status of gender equality with regard to access, participation in and contribution to water resources management around the world.

In 2016, the WWAP Toolkit was included as a resource in the technical paper prepared for Parties to the United Nations Framework for Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC). At its 23rd meeting in June 2018, the Inter-Governmental Council of the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme (IHP) endorsed the Toolkit, through Resolution XXIII-2, to be adopted by and disseminated among Member States. These recognitions provided the impetus and motivation to improve the document and produce a new edition.

I am pleased to introduce the 2019 version of the Toolkit: in this edition, we have updated the original key indicators and included new ones consistent with the 2030 Agenda. WWAP was supported by a group of specialists in the fields of gender equality, water resources, agriculture, sanitation, social science, anthropology and transboundary waters, who all provided valuable inputs in the discussion of new priority topics for indicators and the design of the questionnaire. Relevant changes in the indicators (Tool 1) and in the Questionnaire (Tool 4) are in line with the SDGs, and the results of the intra-household surveys undertaken within the Groundwater Governance in Transboundary Aquifers (GGRETA) project, funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and led by UNESCO-IHP. The gender component of the project is developed by UNESCO WWAP.

I urge you to read this new edition, and fully use the knowledge gained in future water assessment programmes and projects, with the hope that it would help to bridge the gap of sex-disaggregated water data in national water statistics and inform evidence-based, gender-transformative actions and policies at regional, national and transboundary levels.

Michela Miletto

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11Introduction

Water assessment can only be meaningful with a gender perspective. Identifying the factors that contribute to the inclusion or exclusion of women and men belonging to different social and cultural groups, and the ways in which they interact with water resources for different uses, could improve the provision, management and conservation of the world’s water resources for the benefit of all. The collection of sex-disaggregated water data is the first step towards a transformative process in achieving the goals of improving gender equality in the management of water resources and water governance.

UNESCO WWAP has created an innovative toolkit for the collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated water data to address the data gap on gender and water issues at the global level. The UNESCO WWAP Toolkit on Sex-disaggregated Water Data (WWAP Water and Gender Toolkit) is designed to assist the UN Member States in:

• Filling the gap of sex-disaggregated water data of national/regional water statistics;

• Creating a gender baseline knowledge related to water at the regional and national level and a global standard for gender-responsive/transformative water assessments;

• Strengthening capacity for the collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated water data, and providing tools to users in different regions and climates;

• Empowering women for their role and contribution in the field of water, which connects all SDGs, with particular focus on the SDGs 6 and 5; and

• Informing national and regional water policy frameworks, plans and strategies to enable gender-transformative actions to achieve the 2030 Agenda.

The work on the first edition (2015) of the WWAP Water and Gender Toolkit started in 2014 with the creation of the WWAP Working Group on Sex-disaggregated Water Indicators, a team of 35 international gender experts (see Annex), who identified 40 gender-sensitive priority indicators.

WWAP’s Water and Gender Indicators were first recognized during the Gender, Development and Water Conference in South Africa in 2014, and since then, the Toolkit has gained official recognition in the international water arena (Box 1).

The 2015 Toolkit has been tested in different regions in cooperation with national authorities, research institutes and international organizations. The intra-household surveys were carried out in Namibia and Botswana in the context of the GGRETA project1 funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and led by UNESCO-IHP.

The Toolkit constitutes the core of the WWAP capacity development programme on gender analysis for water resources assessments and projects. As part of WWAP’s capacity development efforts, several trainings on the collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated water data took place in several countries in Europe, Latin America and Southern Africa. The Toolkit has also been used by practitioners in Asia.

1 The Toolkit was tested by WWAP for the first time in the area of the Stampriet Transboundary Aquifer System as part of the Groundwater Governance in Transboundary Aquifers (GGRETA), an SDC-UNESCO-IHP project.

“Evidence shows that investing in the nexus between water and gender is crucial to achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. In fact,

enabling fair access and control of water resources is necessary to achieve women’s empowerment and gender equality worldwide. These innovative

tools and indicators are designed to help decision makers adopt data-driven, gender-transformative water policies and reach those left behind.”

Corat Saniye Gülser, Director, UNESCO Division for Gender Equality

12 Water and Gender Series

The positive response of the Member States with regard to the usefulness of the 2015 Water and Gender Toolkit inspired the development of a second edition. Along with lessons learnt in the field during

the testing of the WWAP methodology, the international acknowledgement of the interlinkage between the Goals and Targets of the 2030 Agenda served as an important driver for the new 2019 edition of the 2015 WWAP Toolkit.

In this edition, a set of new conceptual indicators aligned with the 2030 Agenda were introduced, notably in the categories of human rights-based water resources management, water and education, indigenous knowledge and community water rights, migration, displacement, and climate change. Significant revisions were made in the other Tools, particularly in the Guidelines (Tool 3) and Questionnaire (Tool 4), where new

and current questions have been simplified and made more specific, to further increase its applicability in the field. As such, it is worthwhile to follow the common thread that runs through the indicators covered in this Tool and the questionnaire in Tool 4, and through the methodology and guidelines described in Tools 2 and 3, respectively.

The 2019 edition of the WWAP Water and Gender Toolkit consists of four tools:

Tool 1 – Gender-responsive indicators for water assessment, monitoring and reporting provides a list of conceptual gender-responsive indicators covering the following priority topics:

1. Gender-responsive water governance;

2. Safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene;

3. Gender-specific knowledge resources;

4. Transboundary water management;

5. Water for agricultural uses;

6. Water for industry and enterprise;

7. Human rights-based water resources management;

8. Water, migration, displacement and climate change;

9. Indigenous and traditional knowledge, and community water rights; and

10. Water education and training.

The WWAP Water and Gender Toolkit has been tested in different regions . . . and constitutes the core of the WWAP capacity development programme

YEAR OFFICIAL RECOGNITION/ENDORSEMENT

2014 WWAP indicators recognized by the African Ministers' Council on Water (AMCOW) to be used in water assessments and monitoring

2015 WWAP Toolkit adopted in the Global Environment Facility’s (GEF) International Water Learning, Exchange and Resources Network (IW:LEARN) to support international water projects

2016 WWAP Toolkit included in the Guidelines for Gender and Climate Change of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

2016 WWAP Toolkit is officially recognized by the 60th Commission on the Status of Women (CSW60)

2018WWAP Toolkit is endorsed by the 23rd Inter-Governmental Council of the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme (IHP) (Resolution XXIII-2)

Box 1 Official recognition of the WWAP Toolkit on Sex-disaggregated Water Data

13Introduction

Tool 2 – Methodology for the collection of sex-disaggregated water data describes the methodology and its conceptual pillars for the collection of sex-disaggregated water data.

Tool 3 – Guidelines on the collection of sex-disaggregated water data considers the data collection methods covering the needs and focus areas of a broad range of users, making it applicable in different regions of the world.

Tool 4 – Questionnaire for the collection of sex-disaggregated water data lists over 400 questions, and suggests a methodology for the collection of data on the ten priority categories, which can be tailored according to the scope of interest.

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15Bridging the water data gap

Water is indispensable for all productive activities in the sectors of agriculture, industry and energy generation, just as it is imperative to the existence and health of ecosystems, and to all life that depends on them. Likewise, access to clean water is a prerequisite to meeting basic human rights.

Water embraces every aspect of life and is deeply connected to cultural, social, economic and spiritual systems. It is within these same systems that gender relations come into play and influence the different ways in which water is accessed, conserved and managed. The acknowledgement of the relationship between gender and water is crucial to achieving progress on water security and gender equality, and to the achievement of the SDGs.

The management of household sanitation and hygiene, which is often women’s responsibility, is central to the safeguard of public health and private dignity. The lack of access to water and sanitation impacts health, education, employment, income and empowerment of women and girls, as well as men and boys in very different ways. Girls often do not attend school or may suffer psychological stress due to the lack of access to safe and improved water, sanitation and hygiene facilities in rural communities (Sommer et al., 2014; Hirve et al., 2015). Moreover, a survey based on data from 2015 and published in 2017 by the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) showed that in eight out of ten households, women and girls are primarily responsible for water collection. It is a time-consuming task when water is available off-premises, thus limiting their attendance at school, as well as accessibility to further education and future career options (WHO/UNICEF, 2017).2 Furthermore, a rudimentary level of sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income countries can compromise women’s health and survival during childbirth (WHO/UNICEF, 2015).

Women represent almost half of the workforce in agriculture and food production (FAO, 2012), yet have limited or no access to land and water rights. The 2012 edition of the United Nations World Water Development Report underlines that when women are unable to acquire or control water for agricultural production, both local and global food production are put at risk (WWAP, 2012).

In most spheres of life, political and economic leadership is unequally shared between men and women, leading to gender disparities in terms of benefits from economic and social development, and to the lack of women’s participation in water governance and decision-making processes. In this context, the relationship between gender and water, and the recognition of women’s roles in the management and conservation of water resources, is often not reflected in policy-making, or in the concession of rights to productive resources for women.

One of the key stumbling blocks to achieving a more robust gender-integrated national and international water policy regime is the lack of comparable data on gender-related water indicators. The last decades witnessed an explosion in the volume of data on countless issues, both due to the emerging of new technologies and new data sources (i.e. citizen-generated data). Unfortunately, with some

2 Study based on data from 61 countries.

The need for sex-disaggregated water data2.1

16 Water and Gender Series

exceptions (Pfeiffer et al., 2018; Prasetya et al., 2018), the suitability of these data for gender analysis is somewhat limited. Often, it is not disaggregated by sex and/or has methodological limitations, such as a small sample size, unreliable data collection methods or lack of comparability.

Over the past three decades, however, academics, policy-makers and practitioners have forged a common understanding about the necessity of bringing sex-disaggregated analyses in the water sector. Efforts to diminish or close the gender gap are gaining momentum, but it is crucial to have sex-disaggregated data in order to evaluate the progress made and map out the way for future work. Gender-related statistics and information must be available for policy-makers to be able to accurately assess the situation and develop appropriate, evidence-based responses and policies. Such data must be collected and analysed within the policy-making process, ideally covering several years to track changes and take corrective action (OECD, n.d.).

Mainstreaming gender and water in the international development agenda

2.2

Interest in the gendered nature of water and sanitation has long been on international institutional agendas — from the 1977 United Nations Water Conference at Mar Del Plata, which called for special emphasis on the role of women in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) (United Nations Water Conference, 1977), to the International Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade (1981–1990), where the importance of involving both women and men in the management of water and sanitation was first stated (UN, n.d.a). Table 1 gives a historical overview of this evolution. Since the early 1990s, however, the issue became more prominent (UN, 1990; Fong et al., 1996; Rathgeber, 1996), as proven by the plethora of declarations of support from government agencies and state officials for gender inclusion in the water and sanitation sector’s assessment and planning.

Nowadays, almost all of the key global frameworks, commitments, declarations and action plans on water and sanitation mention the importance of including gender considerations in their overall field of vision. From the Dublin commitments in 1992 (ICWE, 1992) to the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation in 2002 (WSSD, 2002), through the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Statement on the right to water (ECOSOC, 2002). From 2012 onwards, the Parties to the UNFCCC consider ‘gender and climate change’ as a stand-alone agenda item under the Conference of the Parties (COP) and Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) (UNFCC, n.d.) and in 2017, the Gender Action Plan was launched (UNFCC, 2018). In 2015, the new 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was presented to UN Member States, marking a milestone for the inclusion of a stand-alone SDG on water (SDG 6) and on gender (SDG 5) in the international agenda. Nevertheless, most of these commitments have yet to influence the real practice of policy-making and priority-setting (UN DESA/UNW-DPC, 2009; Seager, 2010; Fletcher and Schonewille, 2015). Despite the countless number of gender and inclusion strategies within the water management sector, a clear gap remains evident between policies and practice and, most importantly, on the field, where progress remains limited. Until now, women are rarely included in water-related decision-making at all levels (UNIDO, 2015).

17Bridging the water data gap

YEAR OFFICIAL RECOGNITION/ENDORSEMENT

1977 United Nations Water Conference at Mar Del Plata – Mar Del Plata Action Plan

1981–1990 International Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade

1992 International Conference on Water and the Environment – Dublin Statement

1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development – Rio Declaration

2000 United Nations Millennium Declaration and Millennium Development Goals

2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development – Johannesburg Plan of Implementation

2003 United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – Statement on the Right to Water

2005–2015 International Decade for Action “Water for Life”

2006 Resolution 61/143 on the Intensification of Efforts to Eliminate All Forms of Violence Against Women

2010 Creation of UN Women, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women

2012 United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC) — Gender and climate mainstreamed in the Conference of the Parties (COP) and Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI)

2015 United Nations Sustainable Development Summit — Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

2017 UNFCCC COP 23: Establishment of Gender Action Plan

2018–2028 International Decade for Action on Water for Sustainable Development

Table 1. Timeline of major international commitments and actions to integrate gender in water policy and management

At the start of the International Year of Freshwater in February 2003, the Interagency Network on Women and Gender Equality (IANWGE) decided to establish an Interagency Gender and Water Task Force, and invited the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) to serve as Task Manager. In 2009, UN DESA convened an expert group meeting to assess the state of sex-disaggregated data. This meeting marked a turning point as it highlighted, for the first time in history, the pressing need for sex-disaggregated data in the water and sanitation sector. The expert group identified a lengthy list of “gender-disaggregated water and sanitation indicators currently unrepresented or under-represented” (UN DESA/UNW-DPC, 2009, p. 15). Echoing the UN DESA call, scholars and practitioners have reinforced the case for prioritizing the collection of sex-disaggregated data on water and the identification of priority indicators. The Gender and Water Alliance, for example, described sex-disaggregated data collection as a key component of a ‘minimum agenda’ for making a difference in water management (CA/GWA/BE, n.d.). The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) identified the ‘unavailability of sex-disaggregated data’ as one of the main reasons for the gap between policy commitments on water and gender and actual practice (IFAD, 2007). While it is also important for impact evaluation, process documentation, and success and failure analysis of water policies, the lack of sex-disaggregated data makes it “difficult to reach robust conclusions on which policies can best assure poor women’s reliable access to water for their lives and livelihoods” (Ray, 2007, p. 441).

Evolution of sex-disaggregated data and statistics on water – An overview

2.3

UNESCO WWAP Water and Gender Toolkit18

A global review of national gender statistics programmes undertaken in 2012 by the UN DESA’s Statistics Division in collaboration with the UN regional commissions showed that out of 126 responding countries, only 13 per cent had a specific budget allocated to gender statistics within the overall national budget for statistics, 47 per cent relied on ad hoc/project funds and the remaining 39 per cent had no funds at all (UN DESA, 2014). It may therefore not come as a surprise that in 2013, a report of the Statistical Commission of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) on the state of gender statistics platforms, which are gathered by national governments around the world, revealed that sex-disaggregated water statistics are amongst the least available.

Globally, nearly 80 per cent of countries regularly produce sex-disaggregated statistics on mortality, labour force participation, and education and training. However, less than a third of the countries disaggregate their statistics by sex on informal employment, entrepreneurship, violence against women and unpaid work (Data2X, 2014). In an attempt to close this gap, the UN Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Gender Statistics (IAEG-GS) has compiled a ‘minimum set’ of 52 gender indicators and divided them into three groups according to their conceptual clarity, international standards and regular production (UNSD, 2012). Educational indicators, followed by health, stand out in terms of clarity, comparability and country coverage, whereas indicators in other domains are poorly available and have inadequate coverage. In a recently released study, Bridging the Gap (Open Data Watch/Data2X, 2019), an analysis was undertaken of 104 gender-relevant indicators from the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), UN Women and the SDGs according to development domain. The study revealed that in sub-Sahara African countries, 48 per cent of gender-relevant indicators were missing or lacking sex-disaggregated data, whereas in international databases this figure stood at 22 per cent.

“Under the water and sanitation category, data is available from the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF on access to improved drinking water and sanitation in female - and male-headed households and water collection roles. Also under this category, sex-disaggregated data is available from UNICEF’s Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) on time spent on water collection, and sex-disaggregated data is available from The World’s Women produced by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs on water collection and time burdens, deaths associated with unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene issues, and water-related extreme climate events.” (UN Environment, n.d.). Since 2016, the Global Gender and Environment Outlook (GGEO), a collaborative project between the UN Environment and strategic partners to bring gender issues to the heart of environmental assessment and decision-making, has carried out a review and assessment of available data at the intersection of gender and environment. Seventeen indicators were identified, providing the most geographically comprehensive sex-disaggregated, environment-relevant data, which was grouped into five categories: i) agricultural work and food security; ii) access to land and non-land assets; iii) water and sanitation; iv) health impacts of outdoor and indoor air pollution; and v) female participation in environmental institutions and education (UN Environment, n.d.). In the same year, the World Bank published The Little Data Book on Gender, a quick reference on global sex-disaggregated data and statistics based on world development indicators of more than 200 countries (World Bank, 2016).

An extensive compilation of national and international gender statistics, on the other hand, is carried out by the Global Gender Statistics Programme, which acts as a platform for the dissemination of developments in the field of gender statistics and promotes the inclusion of gender statistics into all fields of statistical activities. The programme is implemented by the UNSD and coordinated by the IAEG-GS, which concentrates on examining emerging and unaddressed key gender issues and related data gap with the aim to develop proposals on how to fill these gaps (UNSD, n.d.). The indicators are defined based on five domains as per United Nations Statistical Commission Decision 42/102, in 2013 (UNSD, 2017).

19Bridging the water data gap

Water, gender and the Sustainable Development Goals

2.4

In 2016, UN Women, found that almost 80 per cent of indicators to monitor SDGs related to gender mainstreaming lacked adequate data, and that better generation, prioritization and use of gender data was required (UN Women, 2016). As a result, the same year, UN Women launched the “Making every woman and girl count” (MEWGC), a public-private initiative to address the urgent need to increase the availability of accurate information on gender equality and women’s rights in order to inform policy- and decision-making by 2020. The initiative provides technical and financial support to countries to improve the production and use of gender statistics in order to monitor the implementation of gender equality commitments defined in the 2030 Agenda (UN Women, 2017). A number of agencies, such as The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), also report on the development of (often regional) sex-sensitive indicators related to the role of women in agricultural water management or to the monitoring and evaluation of projects and policies (FAO, n.d.a).

In 2015, a new development agenda succeeded the Millennium Development Agenda and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It boasts 17 (see Box 2) which each contain a list of targets and its own indicators. About one quarter of all SDG indicators (53 out of 230) explicitly or implicitly address gender equality (UN, 2017). Insofar as SDG 5 makes direct mention of gender — “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls” — targets of other SDGs also make reference to an abundance of gender-related issues, including valuing unpaid work, eliminating child/forced marriage and violence against girls and women, greater participation by women in public life and institutions, equal rights to economic resources and assets, and using information and communication technology to help empower women (Data2X, 2017). Thus, it can be concluded that gender equality has been recognized as a prerequisite and a means for the achievement of the SDGs and the Agenda 2030 as a whole.

For each of the SDG targets, the IAEG-SDGs proposed indicators that were approved by the UN Statistical Commission at its forty-seventh session in March 2016; monitoring efforts have since been put in place (ECOSOC, 2015). In keeping with the findings of UN Women, which identified safe sanitation and equality in basic sanitation needs as a key gateway to gender equality (Burt et al., 2016), the WHO and UNICEF Update Report of 2017 highlighted the importance of effective gender-responsive programming in the WASH sector as a major contributor to the progress in gender equality through increased participation and voice in decision-making and management by women. Moreover, it may catalyze the improvement of WASH results through a more effective management and functioning of water supply, reductions in open defecation and improved hygiene in schools (UNICEF, 2017; WHO/UNICEF, 2017).

Despite the fact that gender equality and gender-related issues form a non-negligible part of the SDGs, the recently published monitoring report from UN Women, Turning Promises into Action: Gender Equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, pointed out that progress for women and girls remains unacceptably slow. It found that “new data and analysis underlines that, unless progress on gender equality is significantly accelerated, the global community will not be able to keep its promise” (UN Women, 2018, p. 73). The need to improve the collection of gender-related data, statistics and analysis can be used to hold governments, companies and other stakeholders accountable for their commitments, or the lack thereof, to gender equality.

UNESCO WWAP Water and Gender Toolkit20

The adoption of the SDGs in 2015 was a big leap forward and raised the bar for the consideration of gender in WASH, through the formulation of SDG 5, as well as for the collection of sex-disaggregated data. This is further stipulated by Target 17.8, which calls “to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts.”3

Without data, it is difficult to make effective analytical assessments of the comparative situation of women and men in different communities or parts of the world (UN DESA/UNW-DPC, 2009). Without sex-disaggregated data, it is not possible to fully measure progress towards the achievement of the SDGs. “If data are not available on a topic, no informed policy will be formulated; if a topic is not evident in standardized databases, then, in a self-fulfilling cycle, it is assumed to be unimportant” (Seager, 2015, p. 15). One of the many challenges in producing gender statistics is that they are often seen as addressing a ‘women’s issue’, becoming marginalized instead of mainstreamed, with no clear institutional arrangements in place to coordinate their production and with limited resources dedicated to data collection and dissemination.

Box 2. Sustainable Development Goals*

Goal 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere

Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

Goal 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

Goal 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

Goal 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

Goal 8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

Goal 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries

Goal 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Goal 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

Goal 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

Goal 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

Goal 17 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

3 Please visit: sustainabledevelopment.un.org

21Bridging the water data gap

The 2018 SDG 6 Synthesis Report on Water and Sanitation of UN-Water states that the biggest step towards achieving SDG 6 will come from recognizing the interconnected nature of the water and sanitation goal, where progress on one goal will be impossible without progress on the other goals and vice versa. The connection between SDG 6 and SDG 5 is more perceptible through the intrinsic link between gender and water (UN, 2018) (see Table 2). In this regard, the UN Women publication, Turning promises into action, stresses how gender equality is central to the achievement of all 17 SDGs and argues for an integrated and rights-based approach to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda (UN Women, 2018). Where resources, power and norms are unequally distributed among communities, or even households, the disadvantaged are all too often women, children and vulnerable groups.

PRIORITY TOPICS RELATED SDGs

Gender-responsive water governance

Safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)

Gender-specific knowledge resources

Transboundary water management

Water for agricultural uses

Water for industry and enterprise

Human rights-based water resources management

Water, migration, displacement and climate change

Indigenous and traditional knowledge, and community water rights

Water education and training

Table 2. List of WWAP priority topics for indicators and related SDGs

3 WWAP GENDER-RESPONSIVE INDICATORS

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23WWAP Gender-responsive indicators

WWAP GENDER-RESPONSIVE INDICATORS

The WWAP Gender-responsive Indicators are designed to be applicable and relevant across all regions, in diverse situations, needs and aspects of water use and management, taking into account data within reasonable resource limits. The indicators are clustered under different topics and sub-topics, which are intended to support the collection of quantitative and qualitative data and information. The diversity of topics provides users from different regions and with different interests in water with the flexibility to select the most relevant indicators, depending on the purpose for which sex-disaggregated water data is being collected and the available resources. Users can either select an entire topic, or pull out indicators from different topics and prepare their own list. The list of indicators, because of its flexible nature, has been crafted to be as comprehensive as possible. Each indicator describes the type of information that would need to be collected and is supported by corresponding questions that can be found in the Tool 4 – Questionnaire for the collection of sex-disaggregated water data.

UNESCO WWAP Water and Gender Toolkit24

1a Gender-responsive water policy frameworks

1a.i. Number and percentage of regional, national, sub-national and sectoral water policy frameworks that are gender-sensitive/responsive/transformative4 and status of implementation (such as planning phase, early implementation, and full implementation).

1a.ii. Percentage of national, sub-national, sectoral budget allocations, and procedures5 for integrating gender concerns in water policy frameworks.

1a.iii. Measures for creating public awareness regarding gender-specific content in water policy frameworks; evidence of implementation of measures.

1b Gender-responsive management in water governance institutions6

1b.i. Number of Female/Male (F/M) staff in different job positions (levels), job field, and salaries (scales) in (a) national ministries that deal with water resources,7 and (b) in public/private utilities and commissions for water-related services.8

1b.ii. Nature of measures for improving gender parity, equity9 and redressal mechanisms10 in Human Resources (HR) policies of (a) national ministries that deal with water resources,11 and (b) public/private utilities and commissions for water-related services;12 evidence of implementation of these measures, and perception13 of F/M staff with regard to these measures.

1b.iii. Participation by F/M staff (position)/board members/committee members in decision-making processes in (a) national ministries that deal with water resources,14 and (b) public/private utilities and commissions for water- related services;15 reasons for participation/non-participation; proportion of F/M participation; number of gender- specific16 decisions adopted resulting from contributions made by F/M participants.

4 Gender-sensitive water policy: the water policy framework identifies and acknowledges the existing differences and inequalities between women and men; Gender-responsive water policy: the water policy framework identifies and acknowledges the existing differences and inequalities between women and men AND articulates policies and initiatives which address the different needs, aspirations, capacities and contributions of women and men; Gender-transformative water policy: the water policy framework implements actions and initiatives that challenge existing discriminatory policies and/or practices and carries out changes for the betterment of quality of life for all (UNESCO, 2014).

5 Such as multi-stakeholder consultation.6 Water ministries and public/private utilities and commissions contracted/mandated to manage and supply drinking water, sanitation and hygiene services,

irrigation water, wastewater treatment and management, renewable energy production services (such as hydropower, management of reservoirs, etc.).7 Such as drinking water, sanitation, wastewater, watershed management, irrigation, environment.8 Public/private utilities contracted/mandated to manage and supply drinking water, sanitation and hygiene services, irrigation water, wastewater treatment and

management, renewable energy production services (such as hydropower, management of reservoirs, etc.).9 Equity in “recruitment; training and mentoring; retention and work-life balance” (UNESCO, 2014, p. 48).10 Redressal mechanisms for complaints against discrimination and harassment, including sexual harassment in the work place.11 Such as drinking water, sanitation, wastewater, watershed management, irrigation, environment. 12 Public/private utilities contracted/mandated to manage and supply drinking water, sanitation and hygiene services, irrigation water, wastewater treatment

and management, renewable energy production services (such as hydropower, management of reservoirs, etc.). 13 Includes opinions, personal experience, any other evidence from a personal source.14 Such as drinking water, sanitation, wastewater, watershed management, irrigation, environment.15 Public/private utilities contracted/mandated to manage and supply drinking water, sanitation and hygiene services, irrigation water, wastewater treatment and

management, renewable energy production services (such as hydropower, management of reservoirs, etc.).16 Gender-sensitive/responsive/transformative decisions in general and decisions addressing specific gender issues in particular.

1. GENDER-RESPONSIVE WATER GOVERNANCE

1a1b

25WWAP Gender-responsive indicators

1b.iv. Presence of F/M job positions (such as Gender Focal Point) responsible for gender policy and gender concerns in (a) national ministries that deal with water resources,17 and (b) public/private utilities and commissions for water- related services;18 contribution of these staff positions to gender-specific decisions/actions.

1b.v. Procedures for coordination between (a) national ministries that deal with water resources,19 (b) public/private utilities and commissions for water-related services,20 with the national ministry/agency for women’s welfare, and actions taken to improve water services for F/M consumers as a result of this coordination.

1c Gender-responsive implementation of water programmes and projects

1c.i. Percentage of budget allocation, and procedures for collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated social, economic and livelihoods data of local populations when planning for national, sub-national and sectoral water programmes and projects; number of programmes and projects that followed these procedures.

1c.ii. Number and percentage of national, sub-national and sectoral water projects21 that integrated quantitative and qualitative gender-specific outcomes, results and impact indicators in Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) systems; accountability mechanisms; and status of achievement/non-achievement of these outcomes and results with reasons.

1c.iii. Number and percentage of national, sub-national and sectoral water projects22 that include social and environmental safeguards to protect local F/M livelihoods; use of sex-disaggregated data in planning safeguards, nature of these safeguards and accountability mechanisms to ensure implementation.

1d F/M participation in local or community, formal and informal water institutions

1d.i. F/M membership with position23 and responsibility24 in local or community, formal25 and informal26 institutions, for managing irrigation or water supply.

1d.ii. Participation by F/M members (with position) in decision-making meetings in local or community, formal and informal institutions, for managing irrigation and water supply; reasons for participation/non-participation; proportion of F/M participation; number of gender-specific27 decisions adopted resulting from contributions made by F/M members.

1d.iii. Presence and role of local women’s groups/organizations/self-help groups28 receiving technical and/or financial support from government/non-government organizations for managing local drinking water or irrigation schemes.

17 Such as drinking water, sanitation, wastewater, watershed management, irrigation, environment.18 Public/private utilities contracted/mandated to manage and supply drinking water, sanitation and hygiene services, irrigation water, wastewater treatment and

management, renewable energy production services (such as hydropower, management of reservoirs, etc.).19 Such as drinking water, sanitation, wastewater, watershed management, irrigation, environment.20 Public/private utilities contracted/mandated to manage and supply drinking water, sanitation & hygiene services, irrigation water, wastewater treatment and

management, renewable energy production services such as hydropower, management of reservoirs, etc.21 Projects such as provision of drinking water and sanitation; wastewater treatment; dams and reservoirs and provision of irrigation; hydropower generation;

management and conservation of environment including forest, wetland, coastal marine ecosystems. 22 Idem.23 Ordinary member/committee member/board member.24 Technical maintenance, upkeep, day-to-day operations.25 Registered organizations/legal entities such as water users’ associations.26 Non-registered groups of community members/farmers.27 Gender-sensitive/responsive/transformative decisions.28 Women’s groups may or may not be specific to water. Details will be covered in Tool 4 – Questionnaire for the collection of sex-disaggregated water data.

1b1c

1d

UNESCO WWAP Water and Gender Toolkit26

2a Household access to safe water for drinking and domestic use

2a.i. Number of F/M registered subscribers/consumers/users connected to piped water supply disaggregated by geographical location of the house29 within the survey area.

2a.ii. Number of households not connected to piped water supply disaggregated by sex and age of the head of the household, and geographical location of the house within the survey area.

2a.iii. Number of households collecting/fetching water for drinking/domestic use from protected/unprotected sources of water30 disaggregated by sex and age of the head of the household, and geographical location of the house within the survey area.

2a.iv. Number of households purchasing water for drinking/domestic use from water vendors on a regular basis disaggregated by sex and age of the head of the household.

2b Intra-household responsibility and decision-making

2b.i. Division of responsibility by sex, age and position in the household for collecting/fetching or acquiring/ purchasing, transporting, storing, and making water safe for drinking/domestic use; unpaid time spent on these tasks.

2b.ii. Perception of F/M household members regarding time spent on collecting/fetching water; social and community interactions while fetching, type of constraints in fetching water; personal willingness/unwillingness to connect to piped water supply; positive/negative implication of subscribing to piped water supply.

2b.iii. Perceptions and opinions of household members disaggregated by sex and age regarding intra-household decision-making (including resolution of disagreements) about allocation of water for different uses,31 water use efficiency,32 and re-use,33 if any, in the household.

2c Household access to safe sanitation and hygiene

2c.i. Willingness and ability of F/M household members to allocate household budget to build and maintain a sanitation facility including a handwashing facility with soap and water.34 Reasons for unwillingness.

2c.ii. Intra-household F/M usage and perception of 1) usefulness, 2) accessibility, 3) quality (cleanliness, hygiene, amount of water for cleaning) of the existing sanitation and hygiene facility (specify type of facility) and washing area.

2c.iii. Number of households connected/not connected to a sewage network or an alternate means of sewage disposal (specify type of system) disaggregated by sex and age of the head of the household and geographical location of the house35 in the survey area; F/M reasons for connecting/not connecting to a sewage network or an alternate means of sewage disposal.

2c.iv. F/M access to formal/informal credit or government/non-government subsidies for: a) building and maintaining a sanitation facility including a handwashing facility with soap and water, b) building and maintaining a sewage disposal system.

29 Location refers to the neighbourhood/community/locality within the city/town/peri-urban/rural area/village. This is an indicator for social inclusion.30 Such as rivers, lakes, ponds, wells and tanks, disaggregated by location of the house.31 Such as quantity allocated for bathing, washing, laundry, cooking, home gardens. 32 Such as reducing wastage, saving water, closing taps, repairing leakage, using flush tanks and washing machines that require less water.33 Such as using wastewater for the garden.34 SDG Indicator 6.2.135 Neighborhood/community/locality within the city/town/peri urban/rural area/village.

2. SAFE DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE (WASH)2a

2b2c

27WWAP Gender-responsive indicators

2d Access to safe sanitation and hygiene in communal and public places

2d.i. F/M perceptions and concerns regarding the 1) availability; 2) accessibility; 3) quality (cleanliness, hygiene, amount of water for cleaning); and 4) safety36 for F/M adults/children/elderly/differently abled, of shared (located outside the home) or communal sanitation and hygiene facilities, by geographical location in the survey area.

2d.ii. Number of primary, secondary and high schools (with geographical location) having separate sanitation and hygiene/washing facilities for boys and girls and F/M teachers/staff including safe disposal of used menstrual materials; F/M perceptions and concerns about 1) availability; 2) accessibility; 3) quality (cleanliness, hygiene, amount of water for cleaning); and 4) safety37 of these facilities.

2d.iii. Perception of F/M staff regarding the availability and access at ‘normal intervals’ of sanitation and hygiene facilities in the workplace, and safe waste and wastewater disposal.

2d.iv. F/M perceptions and concerns about the 1) availability; 2) accessibility; 3) quality (cleanliness, hygiene, water for cleaning); and 4) safety38 for F/M adults/children/elderly/differently abled, of water, sanitation and hygiene services in public places (such as markets, hospitals, tourist places, town squares), by geographical location in the survey area.

2d.v. F/M perceptions and concerns of the 1) availability; 2) accessibility; 3) quality (cleanliness, hygiene, water for cleaning); and 4) safety39 for F/M adults/children/elderly/differently abled, of water, sanitation and hygiene services in camps for refugees, migrants, asylum seekers and displaced people(s).

3a Documents and publications related to gender and water

3a.i. Number and type of gender-specific Declarations/Position Papers/Guidelines resulting from major international, regional and national water-related meetings and conferences disseminated in public domains; evidence40 of access and feedback from F/M readers/users, policy makers, governance institutions.

3a.ii. Number of reports41 and audio-visuals disseminated in the public domain that contain gender-specific results of water programmes, projects and actions from UN agencies, and international/regional/national organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), foundations, academia; evidence42 of access and use of these documents and feedback from F/M users.

3a.iii. Number of water-related flagship publications (international, regional, national) having gender-specific content (in the area of study or work) produced by UN agencies, and international/regional/national organizations, NGOs, foundations and academia available in the public domain; evidence43 of access and use of the publications and feedback from F/M users.

36 Measures for safety include adequate lighting, distance from the house, latches on toilet doors, presence of security guards or sanitation staff, protection from violence and sexual harassment, etc.

37 Idem.38 Idem.39 Idem.40 Downloads from websites, references in publications, inclusion in policy frameworks, use in project planning and implementation.41 Evaluation reports/annual reports/best practices/M&E methodologies/gender budgeting methodologies.42 Downloads from websites, references in publications, inclusion in policy frameworks, use in project planning and implementation.43 Idem.

2d

3. GENDER-SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE RESOURCES

3a

UNESCO WWAP Water and Gender Toolkit28

3b Outputs from water-related scientific panels and advisory boards

3b.i. Number of documents, messages and advisories of scientific panels and advisory bodies including those related to climate change adaptation and mitigation that include water-related gender-specific content; their dissemination and use.

3b.ii. F/M membership with positions and area of work on nationally, regionally and internationally convened water- related scientific panels and advisory boards, including those related to climate change adaptation and mitigation.44

3b.iii. Participation/non-participation with reasons, by F/M members (position) in decision-making meetings in nationally, regionally and internationally convened water-related scientific panels and advisory boards, including those related to climate change adaptation and mitigation;45 proportion of F/M participation; and number and nature of gender-specific46 decisions, documents, messages, advisories, resulting from F/M contribution.

4a Gender-responsive governance in national47/international48 water authorities and commissions that deal with transboundary waters

4a.i. Number and percentage of transboundary water projects and programmes that collected and reviewed sex-disaggregated social, economic, livelihoods data in the transboundary basin, sub-basin, region/area, and consultations with F/M in local populations before planning for infrastructure investments; reasons for reviewing/not reviewing sex-disaggregated data of and consultations with local populations.

4a.ii. Participation by F/M staff/board members/committee members with a position in decision-making processes in national/international water authorities and commissions that deal with transboundary waters; F/M reasons for participation/non-participation in the decision-making process; proportion of F/M participation; and number and nature of gender-specific49 decisions resulting from F/M contribution to decision-making.

4a.iii. Presence and nature of procedures for participation by F/M members of local communities in decision- making in transboundary water management (TWM); number and nature of gender-specific decisions/actions as a result of this participation.

4b Gender-responsive transboundary water programmes and projects

4b.i. Number and percentage of transboundary water projects and programmes that collected and reviewed sex-disaggregated social, economic, livelihoods data in the region/area, and consultations with F/M in local populations before planning for infrastructure investments; reasons for reviewing/not reviewing sex-disaggregated data of and consultations with local populations.

4b.ii. Number of TWM agreements, projects and programmes that included either cooperation mechanisms or social and environmental safeguards to protect local F/M livelihoods. Nature of the cooperation mechanisms and safeguards; accountability mechanisms for ensuring implementation; and status of implementation.

44 Climate change adaptation and mitigation will be treated separately in Tool 4 – Questionnaire for the collection of sex-disaggregated water data.45 Idem.46 Gender-sensitive/responsive/transformative decisions.47 Such as national level River Commissions.48 Such as Joint River Commissions.49 Gender-sensitive/responsive/transformative decisions.

3b

4. TRANSBOUNDARY WATER MANAGEMENT

4a4b

29WWAP Gender-responsive indicators

4c Impact of transboundary water actions and projects on F/M members of local communities

4c.i. Perception of F/M members of local communities regarding the impacts on local water resources (surface water bodies and aquifers), ecosystems and livelihoods as a result of TWM actions, programmes and projects.

4c.ii. Number of F/M members (with age and position) in local households migrating seasonally or permanently due to impact on local water sources as a result of disputes over shared water resources at national, sub-national and international levels.

4c.iii. Number and nature of actions by F/M members of local communities and social groups, towards the mitigation or solution of social or political conflicts related to transboundary waters.

5a Access to irrigation

5a.i. Number of irrigated and non-irrigated farms, with size and type of F/M land ownership rights and tenure, in the survey area or region.

5a.ii. Number of F/M holders of irrigation water rights in (a) formal surface and groundwater irrigation schemes; (b) informal, community/group irrigation schemes; and/or (c) permits for private groundwater withdrawal for irrigation; F/M perception of the a) tariff structure, b) schedule and quantity of water supply, c) safety for women irrigators.50

5a.iii. Number of F/M farmers engaged in urban/peri-urban agriculture51 with average size of plots and accessibility to paid and unpaid irrigation with source of water.

5a.iv. Number of households with sex and age of head of the household that access irrigation water free of charge from freshwater sources, such as rivers, lakes and aquifers; type of irrigation system.

5a.v. F/M perceived changes in irrigation water quantity and quality, if any, with causes, such as climate variability, climate change, increased withdrawal, pollution; effect on crop productivity; and type of adaptation strategies used, such as crop diversification, rainwater harvesting systems, and improving soil moisture conservation.

5a.vi. F/M access to sources of formal and informal credit (banks, cooperatives, self-help groups, social networks, moneylenders, etc.) for improving irrigation, including rainwater harvesting measures.

5a.vii. F/M access to extension52 support, including incentives, for adopting sustainable water and soil management practices,53 and reducing the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides.

50 Questions related to sextortion are covered in Tool 4 - Questionnaire for the collection of sex-disaggregated water data.51 Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) can be defined as the growing of plants and the raising of animals within and around cities. Urban agriculture

provides employment and incomes for poor women and other disadvantaged groups and contributes to food security (FAO, n.d.b.).52 Extension is a process of working with farmers to improve the productivity of agriculture (FAO, n.d.c.).53 Including crops requiring less water, drought resistant crops, techniques for improving soil moisture.

4c

5. WATER FOR AGRICULTURAL USES

5a

UNESCO WWAP Water and Gender Toolkit30

5b F/M paid and unpaid labour in agriculture and irrigation

5b.i. F/M paid/unpaid labour with wages and tasks in the construction and management of local/community level irrigation systems (traditional or recent).

5b.ii. Intra-household F/M division of unpaid labour by crop and season in irrigated and non-irrigated or rainfed agriculture54 in the area of study.

5b.iii. F/M wage labour, by crop and season, in irrigated and non-irrigated or rainfed agriculture in the area of study (farm level or community level) with respective tasks and wages.

5c Intra-household decision-making

5c.i. Participation by F/M members in intra-household decision-making regarding allocation of financial resources for improving irrigation (with type of irrigation).

5c.ii. F/M participation in intra-household decision-making in the prioritization and use of water for different uses on the farm, such as for crops, livestock, aquaculture, and participation in the value chain (value addition to crops such as processing of produce55).

6a Gender-responsive management in water-related industries and enterprises

6a.i. Number of large- and small-scale water-related industries and enterprises56 managed/owned by F/M.

6a.ii. Number of F/M employees in different job positions and type of job or field, including labour, with respective salaries/wages in water-related industries57 and enterprises.

6a.iii. Nature of measures for gender parity, equity58 and redressal mechanisms59 in HR policies of water-related industries and enterprises; perception60 of F/M employees with regard to these measures and redressal mechanisms; and evidence of implementation of these measures.

6a.iv. Participation by F/M employees/board members/committee members with position in decision-making processes; F/M reasons for participation/non-participation in decision-making; proportion of F/M participation; and number and nature of gender-specific61 decisions resulting from F/M contributions.

6a.v. Presence of women’s associations/unions in water-related industries and enterprises and their role in improving gender equality in the industry/enterprise.

6a.vi. Number of actions to improve water use efficiency62 and wastewater management63 in the industry or enterprise as result of contributions by F/M staff and technicians.

54 “Rainfed agriculture produces much of the food consumed globally and by poor communities in developing countries. It accounts for more than 95% of farmed land in sub-Saharan Africa; 90% in Latin America; 75% in the Near East and North Africa; 65% in East Asia; and 60% in South Asia. Though many farmers in rainfed areas capture and store water for use as supplemental irrigation, millions more are entirely dependent on rainfall.” (IWMI, n.d.).

55 Increasing the value of the produce by processing, packaging, quality assurance. For example, selling wheat flour instead of wheat grain, packaged fruit juice instead of fruit.

56 Such as small and large dairy, food and beverages, small-scale tanning and dyeing, plant nurseries, water supply and sanitation enterprises, energy production.57 Idem.58 Equity in “recruitment; training and mentoring; retention and work–life balance” (UNESCO, 2014).59 Complaints against discrimination and harassment, including sexual harassment in the work place.60 Includes opinions, personal experience, any other evidence from a personal source.61 Gender-sensitive/responsive/transformative decisions.62 Methods employed to conserve water and prevent wastage, adopting techniques to reduce water usage in processing or reducing wastewater generation.63 Appropriateness and adequacy of the method of disposal and/or re-use such as removal of pollutants, percentage of the presence of residual chemicals.

5b

6. WATER FOR INDUSTRY AND ENTERPRISE

6a5c

31WWAP Gender-responsive indicators

6b Access to income and credit for F/M managers of water enterprises

6b.i. Perception of F/M owners of water-related enterprises with regard to quantity and quality of water available (purchased and free) and tariff structure for the purchase of water.

6b.ii. F/M access to credit from different sources (banks, financial institutions, government and non-government funds) for investing in setting up/managing/improving large and small-scale water-related industries and enterprises.64

6b.iii. Number of F/M small-scale entrepreneurs having a sustainable income from the provision of water delivery/ sanitation/wastewater management services.

7. HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT65

7a Gender-responsive governance framework and implementation of the human rights to water

7a.i. Evidence of State ratification, commitments and implementation of actions,66 related to human rights charters relevant to water and sanitation67 in water policy frameworks, and policies of public/private utilities and commissions for water services, such as water allocation priorities for water, sanitation and hygiene, and creating accessibility for the most vulnerable. (F/M who are differently abled, in migrant and displaced populations, refugee camps and shelters, Indigenous Peoples, ethnic minorities, vulnerable neighbourhoods, communities and localities).

7a.ii. Transparency in water delivery services for F/M consumers including information about water delivery schedules, periods of non-availability, water tariffs, etc. by neighbourhood/community.

7a.iii. Access for F/M consumers to mechanisms for redressal of complaints (such as technical, billing, repairs); effectiveness and promptness of redressals; and processes for contribution to decision-making and feedback regarding water service delivery.

7a.iv. Reports of discrimination by sex and cultural, or any other identity (physical, social or economic), in access to water supply and sanitation by location/neighbourhood/community.

7a.v. Presence and nature of mechanisms and systems for accountability, inspection and penalties for ensuring maintenance and safety of water, sanitation and hygiene facilities in communal and public places, including schools, workplace, hospitals, markets, town squares, tourist places, etc.; evidence of implementation of these systems.

64 Such as small and large dairy, food and beverages, small-scale tanning and dyeing, plant nurseries, water supply and sanitation enterprises, energy production.65 On 28 July 2010, through Resolution 64/292 (UNGA, 2010), the United Nations General Assembly explicitly recognized the human rights to water and sanitation

and acknowledged that clean drinking water and sanitation are essential to the realisation of all human rights. The resolution, adopted by consensus by the Human Rights Council, affirms that the right to water and sanitation are part of existing international law. This body has therefore confirmed that these rights are legally binding upon States. States Parties to the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights can no longer deny their responsibility to provide safe water and sanitation for all individuals.

66 Actions include measures taken for the implementation of policies.67 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) (Arts. 11 and 12); the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination

against Women, adopted in 1979 (Art. 14 (2)); International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 161 concerning Occupational Health Services, adopted in 1985 (Art. 5); the Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted in 1989 (Arts. 24 and 27 (3)); the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted in 2006 (Art. 28).

6b7a

UNESCO WWAP Water and Gender Toolkit32

7b Availability, affordability, acceptability and quality of water68 for F/M consumers

7b.i. Level of satisfaction of F/M consumers regarding quantity69 and quality70 of water available from piped water supply to the household, disaggregated by geographical location within the study area.

7b.ii. Affordability of water tariffs71 for F/M consumers; proportion of income spent and sex and intra-household position of the household member who pays the water bills.

7b.iii. Number of households that purchase water on a regular basis from water vendors; proportion of income spent; and sex and intra-household position of the household member who pays for the water, disaggregated by geographical location of the house within the study area.

7b.iv. Impact on health of household members disaggregated by sex and age, due to poor water quality, sanitation, and wastewater disposal by geographical location of the house within the study area.

7b.v. Sex and age of the household member who collects water from a common or shared water source; distance to common or shared water source (common tap, common well or handpump) from the house; lenght of time taken to collect water; and number of people fetching per water source.72

7b.vi. Social, physical and economic impact on household members disaggregated by sex and age when the quantity of water is not sufficient73 for drinking/domestic use; source of water (piped water/common or shared source); and reasons for insufficiency of water.

7b.vii. Level of availability, accessibility and affordability of/to water source for F/M who are differently abled, in migrant and displaced populations, refugee camps and shelters, Indigenous Peoples, ethnic minorities, by location/ neighbourhood/community/displacement or refugee settings.

8 WATER, MIGRATION,74 DISPLACEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE75

8i. Number of household/community members disaggregated by sex and age who have permanently migrated, displaced or relocated due to impact on freshwater systems, coastal ecosystems, groundwater caused by climate vulnerability76 or climatic variability77 in the survey area.

68 Availability, affordability, acceptability and quality of water as mandated under the human rights to water.69 Quantity should be between 50 and 100 litres per person per day (UN, n.d.b).70 “The appearance, taste and odour of drinking water should be acceptable to the consumer. Water that is aesthetically unacceptable can lead to the use of water

from sources that are aesthetically more acceptable, but potentially less safe.” (WHO, 2017, p. 219).71 Water cost should not exceed 3% of household income (UN, n.d.b).72 Water source has to be within 1 000 meters from home; collection time should not exceed 30 minutes.73 The water supply for each person must be sufficient and continuous for personal and domestic uses. These uses ordinarily include drinking, personal

sanitation, washing of clothes, food preparation, personal and household hygiene. www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/human_right_to_water.shtml74 Migration from rural to urban and versa, within rural or urban locations, within the country or outside.75 Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. This usage differs from that in

the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which defines ‘climate change’ as: “a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods” (IPCC, 2007a, p. 78).

76 Vulnerability to climate change is the degree to which geophysical, biological and socio-economic systems are susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse impacts of climate change (Füssel and Klein, 2006). The term ‘vulnerability’ may therefore refer to the vulnerable system itself, e.g., low-lying islands or coastal cities; the impact to this system, e.g., flooding of coastal cities and agricultural lands or forced migration; or the mechanism causing these impacts, e.g., disintegration of the West Antarctic ice sheet (IPCC, 2007b).

77 Climate variability refers to variations in the mean state and other statistics (such as standard deviations, statistics of extremes, etc.) of the climate on all temporal and spatial scales beyond that of individual weather events. Variability may be due to natural internal processes within the climate system (internal variability), or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external forcing (external variability) (IPCC, 2007a).

7b8

33WWAP Gender-responsive indicators

8ii. Perception of household/community members disaggregated by sex and age about how the impact on freshwater systems, coastal ecosystems, groundwater caused by climate vulnerability78 or climatic variability79 in the survey area affects the sustainability of livelihoods, and fulfilment of subsistence needs.

8iii. Number of household/community members disaggregated by sex and age, migrating seasonally due to decreasing quantity and quality of water for drinking/domestic use and for sustaining livelihoods resulting from climate vulnerability; perception of F/M in the households and community regarding social/physical/economic impact of seasonal migration.

8iv. Number of household/community members disaggregated by sex and age migrating seasonally or relocating due to extreme weather events (excessive precipitation, extreme drought, cyclones); perception of F/M in the households and community regarding social/physical/economic impact of migration/relocation.

8v. Number of household/community members disaggregated by sex and age migrated or migrating seasonally due to perceived intra-household stress arising from effects of climate vulnerability (such as water scarcity); details of intra- household stress and impact on the household.

8vi. Perception of F/M members of the household regarding changes in gendered tasks, roles and responsibilities within the household, when some members of the household migrate seasonally or permanently, or are voluntary/ involuntary displaced and others remain (feminization of agriculture, fetching water from common taps, domestic tasks, working for wages).

9a Access to customary water80 rights for F/M members in the community

9a.i. Numbers of F/M members of the community accessing their customary rights to land and water for different uses;81 types of F/M individual and community customary rights to water sources in the survey area; changes over time in access and recognition of F/M water rights with reasons; inter-generational transfer of F/M water rights; and discriminatory practices, if any.

9a.ii. Intra-household acceptance and recognition of F/M customary land and water rights; changes over time with reasons; current status of F/M water rights; and discriminatory practices if any.

9b F/M traditional knowledge, practices and roles in water management

9b.i. F/M traditional/indigenous knowledge, practices, experiences and skills related to water resources management, sharing of water and water allocation priorities between individuals and communities; inter-generational transmission of knowledge and practices in the household and community.

78 Vulnerability to climate change is the degree to which geophysical, biological and socio-economic systems are susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse impacts of climate change (Füssel and Klein, 2006). The term ‘vulnerability’ may therefore refer to the vulnerable system itself, e.g., low-lying islands or coastal cities; the impact to this system, e.g., flooding of coastal cities and agricultural lands or forced migration; or the mechanism causing these impacts, e.g., disintegration of the West Antarctic ice sheet (IPCC, 2007b).

79 Climate variability refers to variations in the mean state and other statistics (such as standard deviations, statistics of extremes, etc.) of the climate on all temporal and spatial scales beyond that of individual weather events. Variability may be due to natural internal processes within the climate system (internal variability), or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external forcing (external variability) (IPCC, 2007a).

80 “Customary law consists of the customs and practices accepted by members of indigenous groups as binding upon them ... Customary water rights are frequently rooted in customary land law, i.e., the body of rules and practices which govern access to and tenure of land.” (Burchi, 2005, pp. 32–33).

81 Drinking water, domestic use, agriculture, livelihoods (such as fishing).

8

9. INDIGENOUS AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, AND COMMUNITY RIGHTS

9a9b

UNESCO WWAP Water and Gender Toolkit34

9b.ii. F/M traditional roles, intra-household and in the community, for managing water resources; changes over time with reasons; and F/M perceptions regarding the changes in roles.

9b.iii. F/M perception of acceptance/non-acceptance/acknowledgement of traditional/indigenous knowledge, experience and skills related to water management within and outside the community; recognition by government authorities; and inclusion/non-inclusion in water policy frameworks.

9b.iv. F/M perception regarding the importance and relevance of local knowledge, local innovation and conservation practices in agriculture and water-related livelihoods in the context of climate change and variability.

9b.v. F/M participation in decision-making processes in traditional, community-based management systems; changes over time with reasons; and discriminatory practices, if any.

10a F/M access to skill development for career enhancement

10a.i. Official policies of (a) national ministries that deal with water resources,82 (b) in public/private utilities and commissions for water-related services,83 (c) water-related industry and enterprise with regard to provision of technical and vocational training84 for F/M staff/employees for skill development and career enhancement in different job positions and type of jobs; evidence of implementation of the policies; and feedback from F/M staff/employees.

10a.ii. Number of F/M staff/employees with job position receiving or received water management training (technical85 and vocational86) in (a) national ministries that deal with water resources,87 (b) public/private utilities and commissions for water-related services,88 (c) water-related industry and enterprise; and feedback on the usefulness of the training from F/M staff/employees.

10b Gender sensitization training

10b.i. Number of F/M staff/employees in different job positions participating in gender-sensitive/responsive training events in (a) national ministries that deal with water resources89, (b) in public/private utilities and commissions for water-related services,90 (c) water-related industry and enterprise; feedback on the usefulness of the training from F/M staff/employees.

82 Such as drinking water, sanitation, wastewater, watershed management, irrigation, environment.83 Public/private utilities contracted/mandated to manage and supply drinking water, sanitation and hygiene services, irrigation water, wastewater treatment and

management, renewable energy production services (such as hydropower, management of reservoirs, etc.).84 “Technical and vocational education is used as a comprehensive term referring to those aspects of the educational process involving, in addition to general

education, the study of technologies and related sciences, and the acquisition of practical skills, attitudes, understanding and knowledge relating to occupations in various sectors of economic and social life.” (UNESCO, n.d.).

85 Apprenticeship Training (AT), Vocational Education (VE), Technical Education (TE), Technical-Vocational Education (TVE), Occupational Education (OE), Vocational Education and Training (VET), Professional and Vocational Education (PVE), Career and Technical Education (CTE), Workforce Education (WE), Workplace Education (WE), etc., as applicable (UNESCO, n.d.).

86 Idem.87 Such as drinking water, sanitation, wastewater, watershed management, irrigation, environment.88 Public/private utilities contracted/mandated to manage and supply drinking water, sanitation and hygiene services, irrigation water, wastewater treatment and

management, renewable energy production services (such as hydropower, management of reservoirs, etc.).89 Such as drinking water, sanitation, wastewater, watershed management, irrigation, environment.90 Public/private utilities contracted/mandated to manage and supply drinking water, sanitation and hygiene services, irrigation water, wastewater treatment and

management, renewable energy production services (such as hydropower, management of reservoirs, etc.).

9b

10. WATER EDUCATION AND TRAINING

10a

10b

35WWAP Gender-responsive indicators

10b.ii. Number of F/M staff and students in formal, vocational and technical educational institutions who have received gender equality training, with type of training and duration; feedback on the usefulness of the training from F/M trainees.

10b.iii. Number and type of gender sensitization/awareness-raising events/campaigns/communication materials through media, promoted and made available to the community and public at large; by public/private agencies.

10b.iv. Perception of members in the community, disaggregated by sex and age, about the quality of content and method of communication used in gender sensitization/awareness-raising events/campaigns/communication materials promoted through media by public/private agencies.

10c F/M access to formal, informal and vocational water education, training and employment

10c.i. Number of F/M students enrolled (current or past) in water-related science and technical/vocational courses in formal and informal education/training institutions, such as universities, colleges, technical training institutes/ technical and vocational education and training (TVET), specifying topic, level and duration.

10c.ii. Number of F/M alumni of formal and informal education/training institutions working in the water sector with type of job, salary and type and term of employment.

10c.iii. Number of F/M alumni of formal and informal education/training institutions teaching water-related subjects, with topics and level of experience in formal and informal education/training institutions.

10c.iv. Perception of F/M staff and students regarding constraints, if any, faced in access to water-related education and technical/vocational training.

10c.v. Reports by F/M staff and students regarding discrimination (based on gender, culture, or other criteria) faced in finding or keeping employment in the water sector after completion of education/training.

10c.vi. Number and type of schools (boys’ school/girls’ school/mixed sex school) and level (primary/secondary/high) that include in the curriculum education regarding water use and management with a gender perspective; perception of F/M students regarding the inclusion of the subject/course in the curriculum.

10d F/M access to skill development at community level

10d.i. Number of F/M farmers and community members who have received technical training related to water management from government/non-government institutes or organizations; constraints to participation by F/M trainees; and reasons and solutions for constraints.

10d.ii. Number of F/M members in the community who have received technical training related to construction and maintenance of piped water systems for drinking water (pipelines, fixing taps, wells, etc.), and are actually using it in their job or daily activities.

10d.iii. Number of F/M members in the community who have received technical training related to construction and maintenance of irrigation systems (channels, pipes, pumps etc.) and are actually using it in their job or daily activities.

10d.iv. Number of F/M members in the community who have received technical training related to water quality monitoring (wells, springs, rivers, etc.) and are actually using it in their job or daily activities.

10b

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37Conclusions

UNESCO WWAP is committed to advancing women’s empowerment and gender equality in water resources management and governance, in full alignment with the UNESCO global priority on gender equality. To this purpose, WWAP has developed a methodology to tackle the global data gap on water and gender.

The UNESCO WWAP Toolkit on Sex-disaggregated Water Data fulfils a need for practical tools for freshwater assessments using gender-responsive indicators to gather qualitative and quantitative sex-disaggregated water data. It has received official recognition in the international arena as a pioneering effort for bringing the issue to the forefront of the international water agenda.

The 2019 edition of the UNESCO WWAP Toolkit on Sex-disaggregated Water Data shows direct relevance to the achievement of SDG 5 on gender equality and women and girls’ empowerment, and of SDG 6 on ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Both Goals have profound linkages with other SDGs and directly address SDG 17 with particular reference to Target 17.18 on disaggregated data.

Tool 1 contains the conceptual ‘WWAP Indicators for Sex-disaggregated Water Data Collection’ on ten different priority topics. New indicators aligned with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development have been introduced, notably in the categories of human rights-based water resources management, water and education, indigenous knowledge and community water rights, migration, displacement and climate change.

Sex-disaggregated water data can inform policies and contribute to achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment through transformative actions. This Toolkit is a useful instrument that aims to set global standards for the collection of sex-disaggregated data related to water. It may be considered a means to gradually close the gender data gap and to speed up the achievement of the gender-related goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

With this publication, WWAP contributes to the strengthening of gender equality and women empowerment in water resources management and governance and to the reinforcement of social inclusion, sustainable development and water security for a more peaceful future.

UNESCO WWAP Water and Gender Toolkit38

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Open Data Watch/Data2X. 2019. Bridging the Gap: Mapping Gender Data Availability in Africa. Technical Paper. Open Data Watch/Data2X. www.data2x.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Bridging-the-Gap-Technical-Report-Web-Ready.pdf

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UNESCO WWAP Water and Gender Toolkit40

WWAP Working Group on Sex-Disaggregated Water Indicators (2014–2015)

• Kusum Athukorala, Chair of Sri Lanka Water Partnership, Founding Member of Women for Water Partnership;

• Elisabetta Aurino, Research Fellow at School of Public Health Imperial College London, Research Associate at Oxford University;

• Susan Bazilli, Director of International Women’s Rights Project;

• Alice M. Bouman-Dentener, Honorary Founding President of the Women for Water Partnership, Member Steering Committee of European Water Stewardship;

• Marcia Brewster, President of United Nations Association – United States, Consultant on water resources and gender issues;

• Angela Calvo, Associate Professor at University of Turin;

• Alice Centrone, Consultant on gender and rural development, Researcher General Directorate for Development Cooperation – Italian Cooperation;

• Moa Cortobius, Programme Officer at UNDP Water Governance Facility, Gender Focal Point at Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI);

• Emily Deschaine, Networking and Knowledge Management, Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC);

• Anton Earle, Director at African Regional Centre, Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI);

• Asma El Kasmi, UNESCO Chair “Water, Women and Decision Power”, Al Akhawayn University Ifrane;

• Amber Fletcher, Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Regina;

• Christiane Froelich, Postdoc researcher, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at Hamburg University;

• Giovanna Gioli, Research Group ‘Climate Change and Security’ (CLISEC), Hamburg University, Co-founder of the international Gender, Climate Change and Conflict Network (GCCN);

• Frederique Holle, Policy Officer, Women for Water Partnership;

• Inga Jacobs, Senior Researcher at Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR);

ANNEX

41Annex

• Eiman Karar, Executive Director for Management of Water Resources, Water Research Commission (WRC);

• Evelyne Lyons, Independent Consultant in environmental services sector;

• Aishwarya Nair, Assistant Project Manager at Golder Associates, Editor-in-Chief wH20 Journal on Gender and Water;

• Vasudha Pangare, Independent Consultant on social development and member of Gender and Water Alliance (GWA);

• Carolyn Sachs, Professor of Rural Sociology and Women’s Studies, Head of the Department of Women’s Studies at Penn State University;

• Viviana Re, Marie Curie Research Fellow, National Engineering School of Sfax (ENIS);

• Rosemary Rop, Water and Sanitation Specialist, World Bank;

• Joni Seager, Professor and Chair, Global Studies Department, Bentley University;

• Ilaria Sisto, Gender and Development Officer at FAO;

• Lyliose Umupfasoni, Programme Officer of Eastern Africa Subregion at African Ministerial Council on Water (AMCOW), Director of Environment and Forestry, Ministry of Natural Resources;

• Barbara Van Koppen, Principal Researcher in Poverty, Gender and Water, Southern Africa Regional Program, International Water Management Institute (IMWI);

• Tom Williams, Programmes Director and Regional Group Director, International Water Association (IWA);

• Lesha (B.M.) Witmer, Independent Expert on Water Governance and Sustainable Development, Steering Committee Member of the Women for Water Partnership; and

• Claudia Wendland, Water and Sanitation Specialist at Women in Europe for a Common Future (WECF).

UNESCO WWAP Water and Gender Toolkit42

COP Conference of the Parties

JMP WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation

ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

F/M Female/Male

GGRETA Groundwater Resources Governance in Transboundary Aquifers

IAEG-GS UN Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Gender Statistics

M&E Monitoring and evaluation

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

NGOs Non-governmental organizations

SBI Subsidiary Body for Implementation

SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation

SDGs Sustainable Development Goals

TWM Transboundary water management

UN DESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

UNESCO-IHP United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization- International Hydrological Programme

UNESCO WWAP United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization World Water Assessment Programme

UNFCCC United Nations Framework for Climate Change Convention

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

UNSD United Nations Statistics Division

WASH Water, sanitation and hygiene

WHO World Health Organization

LIST OF ACRONYMS

Tool 1

Gender-responsive indicators for water

assessment, monitoring and reporting

Tool 2

Methodology for the collection of

sex-disaggregated water data

Tool 3

Guidelines on the collection of

sex-disaggregated water data

Tool 4

Questionnaire for the collection of

sex-disaggregated water data

Sex-disaggregated indicators for water assessment, monitoring

and reporting

Sex-disaggregated indicators for water assessment, monitoring and reporting

Joni Seager

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United Nations

World Water

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The United Nations World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) has launched a ground-breaking project, ‘Gender Sensitive Water Monitoring Assessment and Reporting’, to develop and test the methodology for collection and analysis of key sex-disaggregated water data. The project will prove the value of sex-disaggregated data, provide strong support for the monitoring of post-2015 development goals, build capacity for collection of sex-disaggregated water data at the national level, make the case (to national leaders and policy-makers) for gender mainstreaming and create baseline knowledge related to water, from which gender progress can later be evaluated.

WWAP provides in this technical paper a priority set of gender-sensitive indicators and related methodology, which, together with a guideline on how to collect sex-disaggregated data and a questionnaire for field inquiry, form the complete toolkit produced under the project. The Guideline and the Questionnaire are available on the WWAP website.

The comprehensive list of priority gender-sensitive indicators described in this technical paper fall under five broad topics: i) water governance, ii) safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene, iii) decision-making and knowledge production, iv) transboundary water resources management, and v) water for income generation for industry and agriculture. More specifically, the indicators relate to women's water empowerment and participation in water decision-making, income generation, and unaccounted for water-related working hours. The paper also provides a comprehensive methodology for collecting data and information.

A 2013 survey by the UN Statistical Commission revealed that gendered water data was among the least available of national-level indicators: 45.2 per cent of countries do not produce any gender statistics related to water. WWAP’s project will help countries change these statistics.

Government of Italy Regione Umbria

ISBN: 978-92-3-100119-2

9 789231 001192

Guidelines on how to collect sex-disaggregated water data

Guidelines on how to collectsex-disaggregated water dataVasudha Pangare

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United Nations

World Water

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United Nations

Cultural Organization

Questionnaire for collecting sex-disaggregated water data

United Nations

Cultural OrganizationUni

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Questionnaire for collectingsex-disaggregated water data

WWAP Working Group onSex-Disaggregated Indicators

United Nations

World Water

Assessment

Programme

2019 UNESCO WWAP TOOLKIT ON SEX-DISAGGREGATED WATER DATA

2015 WWAP TOOLKIT ON SEX-DISAGGREGATED WATER DATA

The scarcity of sex-disaggregated data is a major obstacle to the production of scientific evidence on gender inequality. The UNESCO WWAP Toolkit on Sex-disaggregated Water Data aims to provide a methodology and concrete instruments to close the information gap on water and gender, inform water policies and help implement gender-transformative actions.

The new edition of the Water and Gender Toolkit forms part of WWAP’s initiative on gender-responsive water assessment, monitoring and reporting, and belongs to the Water and Gender Series. The 2019 Toolkit has been produced in light of the success of the 2015 edition, which received official recognitions on multiple occasions, and was endorsed by the 23rd Inter-Governmental Council of the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme (IHP) (Resolution XXIII-2) to be used and disseminated in Member States.

The 2019 edition is inspired by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It addresses the interconnections between the Sustainable Development Goals and incorporates the lessons learnt from the tests undertaken in the field using the 2015 Toolkit.

Tool 1, Gender-responsive indicators for water assessment, monitoring and reporting contains new ‘conceptual’ indicators on crucial topics related to water, including human rights-based approach, education, climate change, migration and displacement, and indigenous knowledge.

Tool 2, Methodology for the collection of sex-disaggregated water data, describes the methodology and its conceptual pillars for the collection of sex-disaggregated water data.

Tool 3, Guidelines on the collection of sex- disaggregated water data, reports on data collection methods. It covers the needs of different users and are applicable in different contexts and regions of the world.

Tool 4, Questionnaire for the collection of sex-disaggregated water data, contains a comprehensive list of over 400 questions to collect the information related to the conceptual indicators of the ten priority topics defined in Tool 1.

With this Toolkit, WWAP contributes to the strengthening of gender equality and women empowerment in the water sector for a more sustainable, water secure, inclusive and peaceful future.

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