GBC PANDO TECH YR 1ANATOMY TEST 1 NOTES

AXIAL SKELETON

• skull

• rib cage

• vertebral column

• pelvis

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Upper Extremity:

• clavicle

• scapula

• humerous

• ulna and radius

• carpals

• phalanges

Lower Extremity:

• femur

• tibia and fibula

• tarsels

• phalanges

CARDINAL PLANES

Median Sagittal Plane:• The vertical plane that divides the body into equal LEFT

and RIGHT halves.

Sagittal Plane:• Any vertical plane that divides the body into LEFT and

RIGHT pieces.

CARDINAL PLANES• Frontal (Coronal) Plane:• The frontal plane that divides the body into FRONT and

BACK pieces.

• Horizontal Plane:• The horizontal plane that divides the axial skeleton into

TOP and BOTTOM pieces.

DIRECTIONAL and COMPARTIVE TERMS (NB: relative to anatomical pos.)

Anterior (Ventral):• Nearer to or at the front of

the body

Medial:• Toward the median, in the

frontal plane

Posterior (Dorsal):• Nearer to or at back of the

body

Lateral:• Away from the median, in

the frontal plane

DIRECTIONAL and COMPARTIVE TERMS (NB: relative to anatomical pos.)

Distal (refers to appendages):• Far or further from the

trunk’s centre of mass• Further from the attachment

of a limp or structure

Inferior (caudel):• Below• Away from the head or

toward the lower part of an axial structure

Proximal (refers to appendages):• Near or closer to the trunk’s

centre of mass• Nearer to the attachment of

a limb or structure

Superior (cephalic, cranial):• Above• Toward the head or upper

part of an axial structure

DIRECTIONAL and COMPARTIVE TERMS (NB: relative to anatomical pos.)

Deep:• Away from or beneath the

surface of the body

Superficial:• Toward or on the surface of

the body

i.e.: • Volar/Palmar: flexor

surface of forearm, wrist, hand

• Plantar: sole of foot• Dorsal: back or posterior

aspect• Dorsum: back of hand/foot

DIRECTIONAL and COMPARTIVE TERMS (NB: relative to anatomical pos.)

Contralateral:• Other side of the body• Usually the sound side

Ipsilateral:• Same side of the body • Usually the effected side

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• Describes the movement of one body segment relative to

another.• Each will have an axis and a plane of motion.

PLANES AND AXES OF MOTION• Motion of any body part can be described as traveling

through or in a plane of motion and about an axis.

• A plane of motion is an imaginary, flat surface through which a body part moves.

• An axis of motion is an imaginary straight line which is perpendicular to the plane about which the body part moves.

CORONAL [frontal] (M-L) AXIS AND SAGITTAL PLANE OF MOTION• The axis is located in the frontal and horizontal plane. It is

directed horizontally and mediolaterally.

• The coronal axis has a sagittal plane of motion (remember sagittal plane divides body into left and right).

• i.e.: Flexion / Extension of the shoulder.

• Pg 18 of textbook

SAGITTAL (A-P) AXIS & FRONTAL PLANE OF MOTION• The axis is located in the sagittal and horizontal plane. It

is directed horizontally and anteroposterioly.• The sagittal axis has a frontal plane of motion.

• i.e.: aB/aDduction of the shoulder

• Pg 19 of textbook

LONGITUDINAL AXIS &HORIZONTAL PLANE OF MOTION• The axis is located in the frontal and sagittal plane. It is

directed vertically and superioinferiorly.• The longitudinal axis has a transverse plane of motion.

• i.e.: Internal / External rotation of the shoulder (not elbow).

• Pg 20 textbook

SAGITTAL (A-P) AXIS &FRONTAL PLANE OF MOTION• The axis is located in the sagittal and horizontal plane. It

is directed horizontally and anteroposterioly.• The sagittal axis has a frontal plane of motion.

• i.e.: Hip aB/aDduction

• Pg 21 textbook

LONGITUDINAL AXIS &HORIZONTAL PLANE OF MOTION• The axis is located in the frontal and sagittal plane. It is

directed vertically and superioinferiorly.• The longitudinal axis has a transverse plane of motion.

• i.e.: Hip Int / External rotation

• Pg 22 textbook

DEGREES OF FREEDOM vs.UNI/BI/TRI-PLANAR MOTION• One degree of freedom = uniplanar motion, hinge joint

(phalanges, ankle), which may or many not be in one of the 3 cardinal planes.

• If the motion is in ne of the cardinal planes, then the axis will be parallel to the remaining 2 cardinal planes.• i.e. shoulder flex / extension: sagittal plane of motion, with a

coronal (M/L) axis which is parallel to the transverse & frontal plane• i.e. interphalangeal, 2nd, 3rd, 4th rays

DEGREES OF FREEDOM vs.UNI/BI/TRI-PLANAR MOTION• If the motion is present in more than one cardinal plane,

then bi- or tri-planar motion will result (2 or 3 planes)

• i.e. subtalar pronation / supination: 1 degree of freedom (single axis or hinge joint) with motion in all 3 cardinal planes

• i.e. ankle, midtarsal, 1st and 5th rays

DEGREES OF FREEDOM vs.UNI/BI/TRI-PLANAR MOTION• Two degrees of freedom = 2 independent axes of motion,

each providing one plane of motion (bi-planar)

• i.e. metatarsalphalangeal condyloid joints• Flex / extension• aBd / aDduction

• Pg 24 textbook

DEGREES OF FREEDOM vs.UNI/BI/TRI-PLANAR MOTION• Three degrees of freedom = 3 independent axes of

motion, each providing one plane of motion (Triplanar)• i.e. hip and shoulder ball / socket joints

• Flex / extension• aBd / aDduction• Int / external rotation

The more perpendicular an axis becomes to a cardinal plane, the more of that plane of motion it will have.

i.e. inversion / eversion and then, secondly, in transverse planar motion (aB / Add)

i.e. plantar / dorsiflexion SEE PG 24 TEXTBOOK

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• Flexion:

• Is to BEND and make a DECREASED angle between the bones or parts of the body adjacent to a joint

• Usually in the sagittal plane and in the anterior direction

• Extension:• Is to STRAIGHTEN a bent part or INCREASE angle between the

bones or parts of the body adjacent to a joint• Usually in the sagittal plane and in the posterior direction

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• BUT THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS:

• Shoulder flexion & extension = sagittal plane

• Lateral flexion:• Flexion of the trunk away from the median plane in the coronal

plane (left or right)• Results in a decreased angle between the trunk and the

corresponding thigh

• Plantar flexion:• Bending of the foot about the ankle, such that it moves downward

in the sagittal plane

• Pg 26 textbook

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• Dorsiflexion:

• Flexion of the foot upward, decreasing the angle between the anterior aspect of the leg and the dorsal aspect of the foot

• Sagittal plane of motion

• Digital flexion (CMC, MCP, IP):• Bending of the phalanges inward, decreasing the angle between

the palmar aspect of the fingers and palm of hand

• Digital extension (CMC, MCP, IP):• The opposite movement

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• Thumb flexion (CMC, MCP, IP):

• Bending of thumb inward, decreasing the angle between the palmar aspect of the thumb and the midline of the hand

• Thumb extension (CMC, MCP, IP):• The opposite movement

• Hyperextension (recurvatum):• Extension beyond what is physiologically normal (see pg 28

textbook)

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• aBduction:

• Movement of a body part away from the median to the coronal plane

• There are exceptions

• aDduction:• Movement of a body part toward the median in the coronal plane• There are exceptions

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• FINGER aBduction

• Coronal planar movement away from a stationary axis through the long axis of the middle finger

• FINGER aDduction:• Coronal planar movement toward a stationary axis through the long

axis of the middle finger

• THUMB aBduction:• Sagittal planar movement anteriorly away from the palm

• THUMB aDduction:• Sagittal planar movement posteriorly toward the palm PAGE 30

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• Toe aDduction:

• Transverse planar movement toward a stationary axis through the long axis of the third toe

• Toe aBduction:• Transverse planar movement away from a stationary axis through the

long axis of the third toe

• Wrist aDduction (ulnar deviation):• Movement of the hand in the coronal plane such that it moves closer to

the ulnar side of forearm

• Wrist aBduction (radial deviation):• Movement of the hand in the coronal plane such that it moves closer to

the radial side of forearm

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• Forefoot aBduction:

• Movement of the foot about a vertical axis in the horizontal plane such that the toes move away from the median

• Forefoot aDduction:• Movement of the foot about a vertical axis in the horizontal plane

such that the toes move toward the median

• Pg 32 text

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• Foot INVERSION:

• Movement of the foot about its long axis in the frontal plane so the the sole faces inward medially

• i.e. A-P / sagittal plane pg 33 textbook

• Foot EVERSION:• Movement of the foot about its long axis in the frontal plane so that

the sole faces outward laterally• i.e. moves in frontal plane – pg 33 textbook

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• Foot Open Chain Pronation (lose soup):

• Non-weight bearing• Triplanar movement of the foot about the subtalar joint• Calcaneus articulates relative to the talus

• Calcaneal:• Eversion• Dorsiflexion• Forefoot aBduction

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• Open Chain Supination (hold soup):

• Non-weight bearing• Triplanar movement of the foot about the subtalar joint• Calcaneus articulates relative to the talus

• Calcaneal• Inversion• Plantarflexion• Forefoot aDduction

• (talus + calcaneous = subtalar joint)• Pg 34 textbook

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• Closed chain pronation

(more critical to alignment):• Weight bearing

• Ankle-foot complex:• Calcaneal eversion• Forefoot aBduction• Talar Adb & Pflex

• Knee:• Flexion & valgus (lateral or

distal end)• knocked knee – vs. bow-legged:

varus

• Also can be ankle or calcanus

• Hip:• Internal rotation & flexion

Causes:• Knee & hip flex• Angle b/t tibia & talus doesn’t

chain

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• Closed Chain Supination:

• Weight bearing

• Ankle-Foot Complex:• Calcaneal inversion• Forefoot aDduction• Talar aBd & Dflex

• Knee:• Extension & varus (bow-legged)

• Hip:• External rotation & extension

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• Wrist Circumduction (is 2 degrees):

• Movement of a segment so that its free end traces a circle in space, forming a cone with the apex at the base of the segment

• Simultaneous flex / ext & aBd / aDd

• Other joints capable of circumduction:• Shoulder• Hip• MCP

• Pg 37 textbook

• Opposition:• Circumduction and flexion of thumb pad as it is brought to touch

another finger pad

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• Scapular aBduction:

• Upward rotation of glenoid fossa / lateral angle

• Scapular aDduction:• Downward rotation of glenoid fossa / lateral angle• Associated with shoulder aB / aD

• This motion takes place in frontal plane

• Pg 37 textbook

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• Scapular Protraction:

• Forward rotation of glenoid fossa / lateral angle sliding over the rib cage

• Scapular retraction:• Opposite motion, where the medial scap borders move toward the

median

• This motion takes place in the horizontal plane

• Pg 37 textbook

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• Scapular elevation:

• Movement of shoulder girdle superiorly

• Scapular depression:• Movement of shoulder girdle inferiorly

• This motion takes place in frontal plane

• Pg 38 textbook

MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION• Internal (medial) rotation:

• Rotation of a segment about its long axis such that the anterior side of the segment moves toward the median

• Hip is moving

• External (lateral) rotation:• Rotation of a segment about its long axis such that the anterior

side of the segment moves away from the median• Hip is moving

• Pg 38 textbook

• This motion takes place through the hip joint

LOWER EXTREMITY DEFORMITIES

• Refer to textbook pages 39-44.