gender mainstreaming training for agriculture and rural … · 2018-01-11 · assets human natural...
TRANSCRIPT
Gender Mainstreaming Training for Agriculture and Rural Development Investment Programmes
(Joint FAO-IFAD learning event, 2010)
Programme
Day 1 • 1.1 Basic Concepts of Gender • 1.2 Gender mainstreaming in agricultural and rural investment programmes Day 2 • 2.1 Gender analysis and sustainable livelihoods framework • 2.2 SEAGA Framework Profile Livelihoods Analysis Day 3 • 3.1 Gender mainstreaming (GMS) in project design and implementation • 3.2 Impact assessment of GMS in Agricultural Support Programme, Zambia • 3.3 Gender-Sensitive Indicators and the Engendered LogFrame • 3.4 Agri-Gender Statistical Toolkit for the production of sex-disaggregated
agricultural data
1.1 Basic Concepts of
Gender
Analysis of differences
• Country/Region • Ethnic group • Age • Economic class • Religion • Gender ….
Gender
Gender is a central organizing factor
in societies, which can significantly affect the processes of production,
consumption and distribution.
Gender roles ...
• Are socially defined
• Determine social and economic activities
• Reflect biological differences
• Vary according to regions and cultures
• Change over time
Gender analysis
Study of different roles and responsibilities of men and women; their
differentiated access to resources and their priority needs to better understand and
address gender inequalities.
Gender analysis in the context of data
• Division of labor (productive, reproductive and community activities)
• Access to and control over resources and benefits (influencing factors)
• Level of participation in decision-making and power relations
Gender Mainstreaming
Process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action,
including legislation, policies or programmes, in any area
and at all levels.
Gender Equality
Equality between men and women in rights, responsibilities and entitlements. Equal
voice in civil and political life.
Gender Equity
Equity recognizes the differences and accodomates them to prevent the
continuation of an inequitable status quo. It emphasizes fairness in both process and
outcome.
What does using a gender approach mean?
• Understand the specific needs of men and women
• Respond to the differentiated needs of all community members
• Develop the capacities to meet those needs
• Plan and implement sustainable and equitable development policies, programmes and projects
Empowerment
Social
Economic Political
Empowerment Framework
Welfare
Access
Participation
Conscientization
Control
1.2 Gender mainstreaming in agricultural and
rural investment programmes
GMS: elements and applications
Case for GMS: international evidence and Ethiopia
Challenges of GMS
Key elements of gender mainstreaming
Gender equality
G empowerment Gender equity
Fairness and justice
Increasing opportunity of women and men to control
their lives
Equality of outcome
GMS is a process towards achieving gender equality
GMS and project cycle
Identification
Design
Implementation and
monitoring
Evaluation
I. Gender and
livelihoods analysis
II. Gender
strategy and
mechanisms
III. Procedural measures,
indicators, monitoring
IV. Evaluation
and impact
assessment
GMS and investment programmes
Gender equality
Enhanced sustainable and equitable
development impacts
G empowerment Gender equity
Impact
Outcomes
Outputs
Activities
G mainstreaming in
project implementation
G mainstreaming in
project design
Mainstreaming or integration?
Project design
Project concept
Project implementation
Mid term review Impact
Case for GMS: international evidence
MDGs: “ongoing gender inequality continues to hamper momentum on all MDGs, not just MDG3”
G equality and women’s empowerment
healthy, educated, empowered
owning and controlling resources
contributing to decision-making
productivity (agricultural: 10-20%)
poverty reduction and hunger
child nutrition, survival and education
maternal health, HIV
environment
Case for GMS in ARD: Vision for Ethiopia
Middle income country by 2025
Labour within
sector
75% economically active women
45% agric labour
19% landholders
12% credit
9% extension
Rural households 85% population 20% headed by women 20% FHHs have oxen
Issue of efficiency Issues of equity and empowerment
Inherent inequalities
Agricultural sector
43% GDP 90% exports
Rural non-farm sector
33% GDP
Challenges of GMS in Ethiopia
Enabling environment
Policies
National Policy on Women
Constitution
Institutions
Min of Women’s Affairs
Women’s Affairs Depts
Women’s Affairs Bureaus
Legislation
Family Law
Criminal Code
Civil Code
Labour Law
What is the reality?
Plans
PASDEP/FYGTP
National Action Plan for Gender Equality
Ethiopian Women Development and Change Package
2.1 Gender analysis and sustainable
livelihoods framework
Key elements of framework
Livelihoods framework
Use of framework
Key elements of livelihoods framework
Livelihood assets: resource base of individual households and communities
Livelihood strategies: range and combination of activities and choices that people make to achieve livelihood goals
Livelihood outcomes: what household members achieve through their livelihood strategies
Vulnerability context and resilience: exposure to stresses and shocks, and ability to withstand and recover from them
Policies and institutions: creating an enabling or disabling environment
Livelihood assets
Human • Family composition • Active labour force • Education • Health status • Skills and knowledge
Social • Kin networks • Farmer groups • CBOs • Political groups • Festive, reciprocal
labour groups
Financial • Savings/debt • Income • Credit • Remittances • Insurance
Natural • Land • Grazing lands • Forests, woodlots • Water resources • Livestock • Fishing • Wild products
Physical • Farm tools, equipment • Seeds, fertilizer • Vet drugs • Buildings • Technical advice
Sustainable livelihoods framework
Livelihood strategies
Farm – home consumption,
market
Off-farm
Non-farm, migration
Other: remittances, pensions
Livelihood outcomes
Food security
Income
Health
Well-being
Asset accumulation
Status
Assets
Human
Natural
Physical
Financial
Social
Broader environment
Policies and institutions
Cultural and social norms
Legislatory, regulatory, enforcement
External shocks and threats
Weather, natural calamities
Economic shocks, prices,
Pests, diseases, environment
Use of livelihoods framework
Understanding
• differences in assets, strategies and outcomes between groups
• causes of vulnerability, movement in and out of poverty
Identifying opportunities to
• reduce vulnerabilities and strengthen resilience
• develop livelihoods and improve outcomes
Basis for gender analysis and GMS in project design
Gender analysis and livelihoods framework
Livelihoods framework
• Assets
• Strategies
• Outcomes
• Policies and institutions
• Vulnerabilities and resilience
Gender analysis
• Access and control over resources
• Access and control over benefits
• Workloads and gender division of labour
• Participation in decision-making
How to do it
• PRA tools
• Stakeholder analysis
• Problem analysis
• Interpreting findings
2.2 SEAGA Framework Profile
Livelihoods Analysis
FIELD INTERMEDIATE
MACRO
FIELD LEVEL
• Food habits
• Social resources
• Natural resources (land forms & uses, locations & sizes, activities)
• Farming systems (on- and off-farm)
• Activities linkages & mobility
• Livelihood strategies (seasonal & daily calendars)
• Crisis coping strategies
• Household composition
• Resource access & control
• Activities & labour intensity
• Expenditure & income sources
• Benefits & consumption
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
• Infrastructure (communication & transport channels)
• Markets
• Services
• Support systems
• Bargaining power
• Contacts & networks
• Labour returns - activity analysis
• Wage rates for men & women
• Price analysis
MACRO LEVEL
• Intra-household gender audit, data for gender sensitive planning
• Natural resources management
• Gender-based roles, rights & obligations
• Work opportunities, trade & local markets
• Traditional/formal law
• Monetary/fiscal policies
• Incentives
• Disaggregation of markets
Livelihood Analysis
• Focuses on how individuals/households make their living and access resources.
• It reveals activities people undertake to meet basic needs and generate income.
• Gender and socio-economic group differences are shown with respect to labour and decision-making patterns.
Key questions :
• How do people make their living? How do the livelihood systems of women and men compare?
• Are households able to meet their basic needs?
• How diversified are livelihood activities? Do certain groups have livelihoods vulnerable to problems revealed in the Development Context?
• What are the patterns for use and control of key resources? By gender? By socio-economic group?
• What are the main sources of income/expenditures?
Livelihood Analysis tools
• Resources Mapping - Farming Systems Diagram : all resources and activities of households.
• Benefits Analysis Flow Chart : benefits use and distribution by gender.
• Daily Activity Clocks : division and intensity of labour by gender and socio-economic group.
• Seasonal Calendars : seasonality of women's and men's labour, food and water availability, income and expenditure patterns, and other seasonal issues.
Livelihood Analysis tools (cont.)
• Resources Access and Control Matrix : use/control of resources by gender and socio-economic group, using proportional piling and picture cards.
• Income & Expenditures Matrices : sources of income/expenditures and crisis coping strategies of different socio-economic groups.
• Wealth (Economic) Ranking : to determine the proportion of vulnerable population (i.e. poor). Piling techniques used to determine proportions.
3.1 GMS in project design and
implementation
GMS in project design and implementation
Identification
Design
Implementation and
monitoring
Evaluation
I. Gender and
livelihoods analysis
II. Gender
strategy and
mechanisms
III. Procedural measures,
indicators, monitoring
IV. Evaluation
and impact
assessment
GMS in project design
Output of gender analysis
• Livelihoods, challenges and opportunities • Stakeholders • Needs and priorities
Gender mainstreaming response
Practical gender needs
Basic and material needs
Focus: efficiency
Condition of women and men
Strategic gender needs
Challenge G identities Transform G relations
Focus: equity + empowerment
Position of women
Main elements of gender strategy
Target group
Gender inequalities
Priority needs
Direct and self
targeting
Empowering Enabling
Operational and
monitoring
Impact assessment and evaluation
GMS design and implementation scenarios
GMS in implementation
strong weak
GMS in
technical
design
strong
weak
PCU plays pivotal role between design and implementation
No/low level
In process of
mainstreaming
of gender awareness
High level of gender awareness
gender
Advanced gender mainstreaming
PCU progress in gender mainstreaming
Indicators of GMS in PCU
• shared responsibility
• comprehensive gender plan
• adapted approaches and
activities to improve outreach
• integrated reporting
FBiH
R of Srpska
Armenia
Moldova
Georgia
Albania
Azerbaijan
Macedonia
Romania
Key factors for success
• relevance of gender issues to
main project design
• senior management + staff
No/low level of gender awareness
High level of gender awareness
In process of gender mainstreaming
Advanced gender mainstreaming
None 3 months 8 – 12 months + 2 years
Duration of appointment of gender specialist
18 months
Moldova
Armenia
R of Srpska
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Macedonia
Romania
Albania
FBiH
Key success factor: gender specialist
GMS activities for strengthening project implementation
Operational measures
• PCU
• partners
• service providers
• community
Monitoring and impact
• gender-sensitive indicators
• GMS in logframe
• SDD and GDD data
• impact assessment
3.2
Impact assessment of GMS in Agricultural
Support Programme, Zambia
Gender mainstreaming
Gender equality
Enhanced development impacts
G empowerment Gender equity
G mainstreaming in
project implementation
G mainstreaming in
project design
Impact
Outcomes
Outputs
Activities
GMS process: Context of gender mainstreaming
• Orientation of staff and partners
• GMS in facilitation cycle
• Participation targets (but can become upper
limit)
• Women entrepreneurship training
• Family entrepreneurship training
• Women in leadership, role models
• Female CEOs/facilitators, district
coordinators
Field level activities
Technical training,
skills development
Entrepreneurship:
Farming as a business
Household approach
Household approach
• Individual HH visits by ext officer
• Meet all adult HH members
• Plan and set vision together
• Prepare HH action plan
• Mobilise resources together
‘The household approach, together with the entrepreneurship
training, has made a huge change in our lives. We already had
the technical skills for growing crops but we needed the
household approach to make them work.’
• Share benefits together
• Review progress together
• Basis for gender empowerment
• Basis for VCT, HIV/AIDS planning
Index of gender empowerment
Variables
• Basic capacity
• Control over resources
• Access to finance
• Technical skills + application
• Entrepreneurship skills + application
• Advanced farming or enterprise
• Control over income
• Leadership
• Reduction in workloads
Index
Level: Traditional
Level 2: Aware
Level 3: Self-confident
Level 4: Emerging
Level 5: Successful
Levels of gender empowerment
• Limited gender awareness
• No access to finances
• No leadership
• Man attends most meetings, training & exposure visits
But
• Willingness to change
• Joint decision making
• Joint ownership of assets
• Separate fields, separate incomes
• Men cultivate and market cash crops
• Women provide labour for cash crop
• Women cultivate subsistence crops and engage in petty trading
I: Traditional II and III: Aware and self-confident
Gap analysis: Levels II and III
0
0.5
1Basic capacity
Control over resources
Access to finance
Technical skills + application
Entrepreneurship skills +
applicationAdvanced farming or enterprise
Control over income
Leadership
Reduction in workloads
Level II
Level III
Levels of gender empowerment: IV and V
• Joint participation in training, visits
• Women’s enterprise/service provider
• Women’s participation in new skills areas
• Members of savings group/coops
• Joint property ownership
• Women’s leadership of groups
• Involvement in marketing cash crops/livestock
• Labour saving technologies
• Participation in decision making
• Men’s participation in HH tasks
Gap analysis: Levels IV and V
0
0.5
1Basic capacity
Control over resources
Access to finance
Technical skills + application
Entrepreneurship skills +
applicationAdvanced farming or enterprise
Control over income
Leadership
Reduction in workloads
Level IV
Level V
Analysis of G empowerment by ASP participation
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Level I Level II Level III Level IV Level V
Nu
mb
er
of
HH
s
ASP-indiv HH visits
ASP-ordinary HHs
Non-ASP
GMS process: Programme level
• Limited capacity building:
staff, support entities
• Limited responsibility for
GMS – TORs at all levels
• GMS not internalised in all
technical areas, other
studies
• ASP principles & pillars
• Gender policy and
guidelines
• PMU gender focal point
• Draw on experiences of
earlier project
GMS process: Management Info System
Danger of cross-cutting issues:
‘Always there but not treated in any depth’
• Logframe: absence of gender
targets
• Failure to utilise SDD: no gender
analysis, no response to findings
• Loss of detail: aggregation of SDD
• Weak reporting: lack of capture of
success stories and good practices
• Logframe indicators to
be sex disaggregated
• Collection of sex
disaggregated data
• Gender mentioned in
all reports
3.3
Gender-Sensitive Indicators (GSIs) and the Engendered LogFrame
Ilaria Sisto Gender, Equity and Rural Employment Division
Information management system
• Collect accurate/systematic statistics on rural men and women to ensure active participation of all stakeholders in planning and decision-making
• Understand women and men’s role in social, cultural and economic development and promote gender-balanced policies
What are GSIs?
Gender-sensitive indicators (GSIs):
used to monitor gender-related progress or change over time.
Ex. ratio between No. of working hours of women vs men to
manage water resources
Gender-Sensitive Data
• Sex-Disaggregated Data: data collected according to physical attributes (sex, age)
• Gender-Disaggregated data (GDD): analytical indicators derived from sex-disaggregated data on socio-economic attributes (roles and responsibilities)
Types of GSIs
• Impact & output indicators
• Quantitative & qualitative indicators
Indicators of Empowerment
• Legal empowerment
• Political empowerment
• Economic empowerment
• Social empowerment
Importance of GSI
• Demonstrate socio-economic & gender-sensitive changes over time
• Facilitate formulation of efficient responses
• Help ensure gender mainstreaming in projects and programmes
• Assess and measure the progress towards gender equality
Gender Analysis Question
CSD Sub-theme Indicator
Who does what? Role of Women M/F ratio labor force
Who owns what? Ownership of Agricultural Land
Female share agric. holdings
Who has access to/controls what?
Use of Farm Machinery
M/F ratio equip. use
Who has access to/controls what?
Use of Fertilizer M/F HH fertilizer use
Who has access to/controls what?
Use of Ag. Pesticides M/F HH ratio pesticide use
Core set of GSI
Criteria for Indicators Selection
• Sex-disaggregated;
• Developed in participatory manner;
• Relevant to user’s needs;
• Technically sound
• Measure trends over time;
• Easy to understand and use.
How to Develop GSI
• Identify gender issues
• Assess data needs
• Establish a baseline
• Monitor GSI over time
Gender-sensitive Indicators
• Developing GSIs requires the inputs and experience of farmers, agricultural planners and researchers and policy-makers.
• GSI make it possible to monitor gender-differentiated changes over time; and gender-based contributions to sustainable development
Engendered Logframe
Engendering the logframe is about identifying
and accounting for gender in planning,
monitoring, and evaluating research and
development work
The Engendered Logframe Approach 2.5.2
Who participates in the project and why?
Are the needs of men and women known and/or
addressed?
Is there a complementary or competing agenda among
beneficiaries?
Do beneficiaries participate in the project M&E?
Were women analyzed as a separate group and together
with men (identify/negotiate)?
Process behind the Engendered Logframe
The Engendered Logframe Approach 2.5.7
Basics of Engendered Logframe
Gender analysis in the logframe
Identifies women’s/men’s needs in determining impact and outcome
Collects and uses sex-disaggregated data in indicators and reliable sources of data
Identifies gender roles/relations with particip. methods: beneficiaries as active stakeholders
Incorporates resources brought to the project by its beneficiaries
The Engendered Logframe Approach 2.5.8
Row 1: Impact
The Engendered Logframe Approach 2.5.11
Summary Indicators Verification Assumptions
Impact Do gender
relations
influence the
project impact?
What measures
can verify the
achievement of
the gender-
responsive
impact?
Are data for
verifying the
impact sex-
disaggregated and
analyzed in terms
of gender? What
gender analysis
tools will be used
(e.g. in impact
assessment)
What are the
important external
factors necessary
for sustaining the
gender-responsive
impact?
Row 2: Outcome
The Engendered Logframe Approach 2.5.11
Summary Indicators Verification Assumptions
Outcome Does the project have gender- responsive outcome(s)?
What measures can verify the achievement of the gender- responsive outcome(s)?
Is the data for veri-fying the project purpose sex-disaggregated and analyzed in terms of gender? What gender analysis tools will be used (e.g., in Rapid Rural Appraisal xercises)?
What are the important external factors necessary for sustaining the gender-responsive outcome(s)?
Row 3: Outputs
The Engendered Logframe Approach 2.5.12
Summary Indicators Verification Assumptions
Outputs Is the distri-bution of benefits taking gen-der roles and relations into account?
What measures can verify that the project benefits both women and men, and the different types of women engaged in or affected by the project?
Are data for verifying project outputs sex-disaggregated and analyzed in terms of gender? What gender analysis tools will be used (e.g. in participatory field evaluations)?
What are the important external factors necessary for achieving project benefits (specifically, benefits for women; youth)?
Row 4: Activities
The Engendered Logframe Approach 2.5.13
Summary Indicators Verification Assumptions
Activities Are gender issues clari-fied in the implementation of the pro-ject (e.g., in workplans)?
Inputs:
What goods and services do the beneficiaries contribute to the project?
Are contributions from women and men accounted for?
Are external inputs accounting for women’s access to and control over these inputs?
Are data for verifying project activities sex-disaggregated and analyzed in terms of gender? What gender analysis tools will be used (e.g., in monitoring the activities)?
What are the important external factors necessary for achieving the activities, and especially to ensure the continued engagement of men and women participating in the project?
Analysis Engendered Logframe
The Engendered Logframe Approach 2.5.13
Logframe Level
Strategic Gender Element
Analytical Tool
Impact Policy responsiveness
Institutional analysis and mapping
Outcomes Gender needs Practical and strategic needs
Outputs Gender division of benefits
Benefits profile
Activities Gender roles and relations
Triple-role framework
Inputs Access to and control over resources
Resource picture cards
Process &
Participants
Explicit action on gender dimensions of project impact
and outcomes
Gender policy used in support of analysis
Sex-disaggregated data and gender indicators
Participation of beneficiaries in evaluation
Clear mechanism for gender analysis
Gender-responsive Evaluation
The Engendered Logframe Approach 2.4.10
3.4
AGRI - GENDER STATISTICAL TOOLKIT
for the production of sex-disaggregated agricultural data
Developed by:
Diana Tempelman Senior Officer, Gender and Development
FAO Regional Office for Africa, Accra
78
79
AGRI - GENDER DATABASE a statistical toolkit for the production of
sex-disaggregated agricultural data
RESULT OF:
• Nearly 2 decades collaboration FAO & NBS-s in Africa
• “joint-venture” with N = 100+ statisticians
• Support of N = 10,000+++ men and women farmers responding to census / survey Q.
80
AGRI-GENDER DATABASE / TOOLKIT
INTRODUCTION
Data Items SECTION 1 SECTION 2
1 Agricultural population and households Questionnaire Table
2 Access to productive resources Questionnaire Table
3 Production and productivity Questionnaire Table
4 Destination of agricultural produce Questionnaire Table
5 Labour and time-use Questionnaire Table
6 Income and expenditures Questionnaire Table
7 Membership of agricultural/farmer organisations Questionnaire Table
8 Food security Questionnaire Table
9 Poverty indicators Questionnaire Table
81
EXAMPLES of news “gender-relevant” results from WCA 2000 and 2010
• Analysis of demographic data
• Access to productive resources
• Credit, labour and time-use
• Poverty indicators
82
Guinea
85+
80 - 84
75 - 79
70 -74
65 - 69
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 -19
.10 - 14
.5 - 9
> 5
Male Female Scale maximum = 800000
Guinea – Labé Region
85+
80 - 84
75 - 79
70 -74
65 - 69
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 -19
.10 - 14
.5 - 9
> 5
Male Female Scale maximum = 90000
Demographic data (1) Guinea
FEMINISATION AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
DATA
83
‘Standard’ format demographic data questions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
If column 3, code 1
S/N
Full name (Starting with the head of household)
Is the member of the household a holder 1 = Yes 2 = No
Holder ID
Type of holding 1 = Crop 2 = Livestock 3 = Both
Sex 1 = Male 2 = Female
Relation to the head of household 1 = Head Etc
Age in completed years
Code Code Code Code
01
02
03
04
05
Etc.
84
Demographic data (2) - NIGER
Average FFH: smaller but more dependents
Average size and dependency ratio of agricultural households by sex of Head of Household at regional and national level
Source: RGAC 2004-2007, Niger
Male HoHH Female HoHH
Region
Average size Dependency
ratio Average size
Dependency ratio
AGADEZ 5,5 0,87 4,0 0,90
DIFFA 5,8 0,84 3,6 0,92
DOSSO 7,6 0,82 4,4 0,89
MARADI 7,7 0,95 3,9 0,96
TAHOUA 6,6 0,86 4,3 1,16
TILLABERY 8,3 0,83 4,5 0,99
ZINDER 5,9 0,85 3,7 1,07
NIAMEY 6,1 0,69 4,8 0,65
Total 6,9 0,86 4,0 1,03
DATA
85
Demographic data (3) Tanzania
labour constraints in headed HH
Male active / sex of HoHH Selected
regions Male HoHH Female HoHH
Dodoma 1.1 0.3
Mtwara 1.0 0.5
Iringa 1.1 0.2
Mbeya 1.1 0.3
Mara 1.0 0.5
Tanzania 1.1 0.4
Active male members / sex of HoHH, Tanzania
DATA
86
Section 2 : Inventory of plots of agricultural holdings (NIGER)
Identification
Plots, farms
Family name & first name of
Plotmanager
Sex of Plot manager
Type de plot
management
Plot culture history
Type of culture
Type of land tenure
Type of Relief
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Male 1 Individual 1 cultivated 1 Cul, pur 1 1 Inheritance 1 Plane
Female 2 Collective 2 fallow 2 Cult, mixed 2 2 Purchase 2 valley bottom
3 renting or crop sharing
2 slope
4 Loan
5 Gift
Field
Plot Write first and family name of Plotmanager,
starting with the HoHH
6 Other
|____|____|
|____|____| |____| |____| |____| |____| |____| |____|
|____|____|
|____|____| |____| |____| |____| |____| |____| |____|
Access to productive resources (1) LAND
87
LAND Collective management / Head of HH
Male holder: Area under collective management per
type of acquisition - NIGER3%
1%
7%
1%
5%
83%
Inherited
Purchased
Share-cropping
Loan
Gift
Other
Female holder: Area under collective management
per type of acquisition - NIGER
5%9%
11%
0%
6% 69%
Inherited
Purchased
Share-cropping
Loan
Gift
Other
DATA
88
LAND Individual
management / active HH members
Male sub-holder: Area under individual management
per type of acquisition at national level - NIGER
10%2% 1%
2%
9%
76%
Inherited
Purchased
Share-cropping
Loan
Gift
Other
Female sub-holder: Area under individual
management per type of acquisition at national level,
NIGER
12%1%
35%
48%
3%
1%
Inherited
Purchased
Share-cropping
Loan
Gift
Other
DATA
89
Section 2 : Number of sedentary animals par kind and sex of owner
Code Kind of animal, sex and age Total number Number owned by women
1 2 3 4
10 Cattle
11 Female |____|____|____| |____|____|____|
12 Male |____|____|____| |____|____|____|
13 Castrated male |____|____|____| |____|____|____|
30 Sheep |____|____|____| |____|____|____|
40 Goat |____|____|____| |____|____|____|
Household level question
Access to productive resources (2) ANIMALS
90
Source: RGAC 2004-2007, Niger
Sedentary animals / type of animal / sex of owner, Niger
cattle sheep goats
Men Women Men Women Men Women
77.7 % 22.3 % 60.3 % 39.7 % 45.5 % 54.5 %
DATA
91
Ownership chicken / sex of owner, Niger
Chicken
Repartition des poulets par proprietaire au niveau
du Niger
32%
46%
22%
Femmes
Hommes
Enfants
DATA
Source: RGAC 2004-2007, Niger
92
Access to productive resources (3.1) CREDIT
Q 13.1: During the year 2002/2003 did any of the household members borrow money for agriculture? Yes or no
Q 13.2 If yes, then give details of the credit obtained during the agricultural year 2002/2003 (if the credit was provided in kind, for example by the provision of inputs, then estimate the value)
93
Credit details Source “a”
Use codes to indicate source |__|
Provide to Male=1, Female=2 |__|
S/N
Use of credit
Tick boxes below to indicate the use of the credit
13.2.1 Labour
13.2.2 Seeds
13.2.3 Fertilisers
13.2.4 Agrochemicals
13.2.5 Tools/equipment
13.2.6 Irrigation structures
13.2.7 Livestock
13.2.8 Other ………………………………
Source of credit 1 = Family, friend or relative 2 = Commercial bank
3 = Cooperative 4 = Savings and credit soc. 5 = Trader/trade store
6 = Private individual 7 = Religious organisation/NGO/Project 8 = Other (specify) ………………………
Access to productive resources (3.2) CREDIT
94
Female HoHH use credit to hire labour -
Chart 7.5 Percent of Households that have access to Credit by sex of
Household Head
0
10
20
30
Labour Seeds Fertili -
zers
Agro-che
micals
Tools /
Equip
ment
Irrigation
Structures
Livestock Other
Use of Credit
Per
cen
t
Male Headed Female Headed
DATA
to purchase seeds
TANZANIA
95
Time-use, Ethiopia Source: Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Enumeration Miscellaneous Questions – 2001/02 (1994 E.C.)
Adults Children S/N
Activity Male
(code) Female (code)
Boys (code)
Girls (code)
21.1 Tilling |__| |__| |__| |__|
21.2 Sowing |__| |__| |__| |__|
21.3 Weeding |__| |__| |__| |__|
21.4 Harvesting |__| |__| |__| |__|
21.5 Feeding/Treating |__| |__| |__| |__|
21.6 Milking |__| |__| |__| |__|
21.7 Marketing of agricultural products |__| |__| |__| |__|
21 How much time do men and women spend in the household on each of the following agricultural activities? Use the codes given below the table
Codes: 1 = Not participated 2 = One fourth of the time (1/4) 3 = One half of the time (1/2)
4 = Three fourth of the time (3/4) 5 = Full time 6 = Not applicable
96
Chart 5.17 Percent of Households by Type of Labour - MALE Headed
Households
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Land Clearing
Soil Preparation by HandSoil Preparation by Oxen / Tractor
PlantingWeeding
Crop ProtectionHarvesting
Crop ProcessingCrop Marketing
Cattle RearingCattle Herding
Cattle MarketingGoat & Sheep Rearing
Goat & Sheep HerdingGoat & Sheep Marketing
MilkingPig Rearing
Poultry KeepingCollecting Water
Collecting FirewoodPole Cutting
Timber Wood CuttingBuilding / Maintaining Houses
Making BeerBeekeeping
FishingFish Farming
Off - farm Income Generation
Ty
pe o
f L
ab
ou
r
Percent
Head of Household Alone Adults Males Adult Female
Adults Boys Girls
Boys & Girls All Household Members Hired Labour
Chart 5.18 Percent of Households by Type of Labour
- Female Headed Households
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Land Clearing
Soil Preparation by HandSoil Preparation by Oxen / Tractor
PlantingWeeding
Crop ProtectionHarvesting
Crop Processing
Crop MarketingCattle Rearing
Cattle HerdingCattle Marketing
Goat & Sheep RearingGoat & Sheep Herding
Goat & Sheep MarketingMilking
Pig RearingPoultry Keeping
Collecting WaterCollecting Firewood
Pole CuttingTimber Wood Cutting
Building / Maintaining Houses
Making BeerBeekeeping
FishingFish Farming
Off - farm Income Generation
Ty
pe o
f L
ab
ou
r
Percent
Head of Household Alone Adults Males Adult Female
Adults Boys Girls
Boys & Girls All Household Members Hired Labour
Division of Labour, Tanzania
DATA
97
Food security / Poverty indicators Tanzania
Source: United Republic of Tanzania – Agricultural Sample Census 2002/2003- Small holder/Small Scale Farmer Questionnaire: Section 34
Code 34.6.3 1 = Never 3 = Sometimes 6 = Always 2 = Seldom 4 = Other
34.6.1
Number of meals the household normally has per day
|__|
34.6.2
Number of days the household consumed meat last week
|__|
34.6.3
How often did the household have problems in satisfying the food needs of the household last year (code)
|__|
98
Food security
Frequency of food shortages, Tanzania
Chart 9.4 Percent of Male and Female Headed
Households by Frequency of Facing Food Shortages
0
10
20
30
40
50
Never Seldom Sometimes Often Always
Frequency of Food Shortage
Per
cen
t of
Hou
seh
old
s
Male Female
A higher percent male-headed HHs never has food shortage.
A higher percent of female-headed HHs has often or always food shortages.
The same pattern appears in the regions.
DATA
99
Link to the agri-gender toolkit
BROCHURE: http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/k8472e/k8472e00.pdf, TOOLKIT ITSELF: http://www.fao.org/gender/agrigender/en