gender differences little difference for psychoses most very gender specific women = 2/3 of...
TRANSCRIPT
GENDER DIFFERENCES
• LITTLE DIFFERENCE FOR PSYCHOSES• MOST VERY GENDER SPECIFIC• WOMEN = 2/3 OF DEPRESSION, ANXIETY,
DISTRESS, SUICIDE ATTEMPTS, ALMOST ALL EATING DISORDERS
• MEN = 2/3 OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG PROBLEMS, 4X SUICIDES, 5X VIOLENCE, ALMOST ALL GAMBLING
• OVERALL RATES EQUAL
FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENCE
• ARE MALE AND FEMALE EXPRESSIONS OF MENTAL ILLNESS FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENTS?
• E.G. EATING DISORDERS AND GAMBLING COMPARABLE SEX-TYPED EXPRESSIONS?
• E.G. DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOLISM
REASONS
• CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS ABOUT GENDER ROLES
• WOMEN INTERNALIZE
• WOMEN EXPECTED NOT TO EXTERNALIZE
• MEN EXTERNALIZE
• MEN EXPECTED NOT TO INTERNALIZE
FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENCE
• EXPECT AFTER STRESSFUL EVENTS WOMEN’S DEPRESSION, BUT NOT ALCOHOL USE, GOES UP
• MEN’S ALCOHOL USE BUT NOT DEPRESSION GOES UP
• LITTLE EVIDENCE, THOUGH
IMPLICATIONS
• SHOULD USE MULTIPLE OUTCOMES TYPICAL OF EACH SEX
• WHEN HAVE BOTH MALE AND FEMALE OUTCOMES, FEWER DIFFERENCES IN MENTAL HEALTH
TREATMENT DIFFERENCES
• WOMEN ABOUT 2/3 OF OUTPATIENTS
• MEN ABOUT 60% OF INPATIENTS
INPATIENT TREATMENT
• MEN MORE LIKELY THAN WOMEN TO BE INPATIENTS
• MEN’S SYMPTOMS MORE TROUBLESOME AND VIOLENT
• MEN DELAY TREATMENT
• MEN’S TREATMENT OFTEN INVOLUNTARY
OUTPATIENT TREATMENT
• WOMEN MORE LIKELY TO DEFINE SELVES AS HAVING PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
• WOMEN MORE LIKELY TO SEEK MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT
• WOMEN MORE LIKELY TO REMAIN IN TREATMENT - PATIENT ROLE
SUMMARY
• ROLES AND EXPECTATIONS, AS WELL AS PERSONS, ARE IMPORTANT
• TO SOME EXTENT, SIMILAR ROLES MEAN SIMILAR RATES OF MENTAL ILLNESS
TYPES
• DO MEN AND WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENT TYPES OF M.I.?
• YES, WOMEN MORE LIKELY TO BE DEPRESSED AND ANXIOUS, MEN TO DRINK AND BECOME VIOLENT
TREATMENT
• MEN HAVE MORE INPATIENT, WOMEN HAVE MORE OUTPATIENT
• DUE TO GENDER ROLES
RECENT CHANGES
• 1950 – MARRIED COUPLES 80% OF ALL HOUSEHOLDS; 2000 – 50%
• 10X GROWTH OF COHABITATION SINCE 1970
• HUGE GROWTH OF DIVORCE IN 1960s-1970s, STABLE SINCE THEN
RECENT TRENDS
• PEOPLE DELAYING MARRIAGE UNTIL LATE 20’S
• HUGE GROWTH OF PEOPLE LIVING ALONE – NOW 26% OF TOTAL
• MARRIAGE WEAKENING?
THREE QUESTIONS
• HOW IS MARRIAGE RELATED TO MENTAL HEALTH?
• HOW IS DIVORCE RELATED TO MENTAL HEALTH?
• ARE MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE DIFFERENT FOR MEN AND WOMEN?
I. TRADITIONAL VIEW
• MARRIAGE IS GOOD FOR MENTAL HEALTH
• INTERPERSONAL - SOCIAL SUPPORT, EMOTIONAL SECURITY, INTIMACY
• SOCIAL INTEGRATION - TIES TO COMMUNITY
BENEFITS OF MARRIAGE
• ECONOMIC WELL-BEING - MARRIED EARN MORE (WOMEN + $12,000; MEN + $7,000)
• HEALTH BEHAVIOR - MARRIED FEWER RISKIER BEHAVIORS, MORE HEALTH PROMOTIVE BEHAVIORS
II. BENEFITS OF MARRIAGE DATED
• CHANGES IN SOCIAL NORMS• FREEDOM AND AUTONOMY• STAYING SINGLE AND GETTING
DIVORCED NOT STIGMATIZED• RISE OF COHABITATION• MORE CHILDREN OUT-OF-WEDLOCK
- 34% IN U.S.(VS. 5% IN 1960); 50% IN SCANDANAVIA
III. FEMINIST VIEW
• ADVANTAGES ONLY FOR MEN
• MARRIAGE SOURCE OF OPPRESSION FOR WOMEN
• ROLE OVERLOAD
• CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE
MARRIAGE AND DISTRESS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
SM
SW
MM
MW
• BOTH MEN AND WOMEN BENEFIT
• MEN BENEFIT MORE
• SELECTION?