gearing the economy 1939-42: goering and todt speer 1942-45: the miracle man? the impact of bombing...
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Gearing the economy 1939-42: Goering and Todt
Speer 1942-45: the miracle man?
The impact of bombing 1942-45.
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Connector
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Outcomes
• To know the roles of Goring, Todt and Speer
• To know how the Nazi economy was affected by the war
• To know how the allied bombing affected the economy and war production
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Expansion of War Economy
• Hitler wanted to avoid the problems Germany faced in World War 1
• In 1939 war economy decrees were issued by Hitler outlining vast programmes for every part of war production
• This suggests that the Nazi were going way beyond a European war
• German military expenditure doubled between 1939-1941 and food rationing was introduced from the beginning of the war
• 55% of the population worked in war related projects upto 61% by 1944.
• Consumption declined by 20% in civlian consumption
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Limitations of economic mobilisation
• Wholesale mobilisation did not bring massive results – Submarines increased– Airforce- 8290 in 1939 to 10780 in 1941, low
compared to Britain – When Hitler wanted to invade Russia in 1940
he only had 800 more tanks than when he invaded France
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Why did this happen?
• Many projects were not ready and there were confusion between Nazi leaders over long and short term projects
• This was because a host of different agencies were competing for the same raw materials eg the Ministry of Armaments clashed with the economics, finance and Labour.
• There were a number of groups responsible for armaments, including the office of the Four Year Plan, the armed forces (Luftwaffe, Wehrmacht and navy)
• The armed forces were determined to have the best equipment possible and often chose quantity over quality
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1942-45
• In 1941 Hitler issued a Rationalisation Decree which intended to eliminate waste and inefficiency
• In 1942 Albert Speer was appointed Minister of Armaments, previously he was Hitler’s personal architect
• He used Hitler personal authority to cut through the mass of interests and to implement mass production
• Controls and constraints previously placed on business were relaxed in order to fit in with Nazi and a Central Planning Board was established in 1942, whose members each represented one vital section of the economy
• Speer encouraged industrialists and engineers to join the board but excluded military personal.
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Speer
• Used his personal friendship with Hitler and his personal skills to charm or blackmail other authorities – Employed more women in war factories– Using concentration camp prisoners as
workers – Preventing skilled workers being lost to
military conscription
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Success and limitations
• In 6 months– Ammunition increased 97%– Tank production up 25%– Total arms production up 59%
• But– Gauleiters remained powerful at local levels– The SS remained a law unto themselves in
conquered lands
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Allied Bombing
• After 1942 the Allies began to bomb civilian and industrial targets in Germany, upto then Britain had followed a campaign of strategic bombing, only attacked certain targets
• This was known as area bombing where a certain area would be more or less flattened
• This caused industrial destruction and broke down communications and certainly halted the increase in war production
• When production peaked in 1944 it was at a level well below its full potential
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Effects of bombing
• 24th July a massive raid on Hamburg created a fire storm that killed 30 000 civilians and left one million homeless.
• 13-15 Feb 1945 Dresden was bombed by 1300 heavy bombers dropping 3900 tonnes of bombs destroying 13 square miles of the city
• By 1945– 300 000 Germans were killed– 800 000 were wounded– 3.6 million homes were destroyed.
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Effect of War
• Economy– Lack of food, rationing, clothes production
declined, boots and shoes in short supply, magazines and sweets no longer existed
– Working hours increased, non essetial businesses were closed, many foreigners were used as labour
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Role of women
• Women– Caught between the Nazi’s belief of the
traditional role of women and their need for workers.
– German women encountered considerable hardship working in factories or farms and balancing family roles
• Research – Dissent, youth, churches,