ge 541 lecture 10
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GE 541 Lecture 10. Air Pollution: Policies & Implementation. Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965. 3 Major Revisions - 1970 - 1977 and - 1990 Amendments. 3 Different Approaches. A. National technology mandates on auto manufacturers - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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GE 541 Lecture 10
Air Pollution: Policies & Implementation
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Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965
3 Major Revisions - 1970 - 1977 and - 1990 Amendments
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A. National technology mandates on auto manufacturers
(Emission Control Systems) and oil companies (Market Cleaner Funds)
B. Mandates on state governments to curb motorist’s auto use & maintain emission control systems in working order
C. Requirements that transport infrastructure investments be consistent with NAAQS.
3 Different Approaches
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Policies have achieved important successes
Between 1970 & 1995 VMT doubled, but all auto emissions declined on a vehicle mile basis
Ambient air quality has improved in SMSAs
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Still Air Quality still a challenge
EPA has new standards for ozone and particulate matter
Also GHG issue
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An assessment of the effectiveness of these policies
Have all three elements of US strategy contributed to effectiveness
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Strategy: 1. Successful
2. Changing personal behavior?
3. Useful
Overall
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Impacts of Air Pollutants
Ozone - lung tissues & functions
PM - respiratory problems
CO - O2 delivery to blood
Lead - affects major organs, especially in children
Nox - lungs & respiratory functions
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Regulatory Standards
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) - set exclusively on the basis of their effects on human health, permitting CB considerations, among others, to come into play only in the choice of policies to achieve the health- based standards.
EPA periodically reviews the standards.
Ozone & PM standards reviewed in 1997.
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Total Vehicle Miles Traveled and Highway Vehicle Emissions, 1970 - 95
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Great Success
Between 1970 & 1996
Lead Emissions by 98%CO by 31%VOC by 38%
However,Agg. Nox by 8% (declined on per mile basis)Particulates by 137%
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Non Attainment Areas
1990 1997
92 (ozone) 59 (ozone)
42 (CO) 28 (CO)
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Vehicle Miles more than 100% (1970 - 95%)
Between 1970 - 95CO emissions 39% by VMT 72%Nox 0.9% 55%PM 34% 70%Lead 99.9% > 99.9%
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Percentage Change in Transportation Emissions for Selected Major Metropolitan Areas, 1985 - 94
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Every SMSA has benefited in the 1985 - 94 era
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Federal Emission Standards for Passenger Cars (grams per mile)
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Gasoline Cars (1994 standards) designed to meet 1994 standards, emit
97% less HC
96% less CO
88% less Nox
73% less PM
than the uncontrolled vehicles prior to 1960s cars
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Technology - Forcing Strategy
- Mass production of catalytic converters
- 50,000 mile useful lives
- Auto industry resistant this pace
- Adjustments made
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However, many SMSAs could not meet NAAQS under 1977 amendments
1990 amendments enacted under Bush I
(Reagan government objected)
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1990 Act - a new round of emissions reductions
1990 law (like its predecessors) authorized California to impose stricter standards
Emissions < than Tier 1 (1990 law)
Zero emission vehicles by 1998, 10% market share by 2003.
Other states can opt out for California standards
California standards for 40% of auto market
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National Low Emitting Vehicles (NLEV)
Recent push for hybrid & electric vehicles
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Fuel Standards
1990 act banning lead by 1995
also ‘oxygenated’ fuel in winter to reduce CO in NAAsand ‘reformulated’ gasoline in summer to reduce HC
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A small number of firms targeted - significant change in product technology
Sound and fury - litigation & negotiation
Job loss & inflation vs. improved air quality
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Cost Effectiveness of Technology Measures in Reducing Hydrocarbon Emissions (dollars)
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Early control efforts highly cost effective - also gasoline reformulations
California cars and alternative vehicles - higher costs for them
Experimental technologies different
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Changing driver behavior
Reducing use difficult
Vehicle maintenance progress - better success
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Transportation Controls
- Parking supply restrictions
- Taxes & surcharges on parking
- Downtown access restrictions
- Mandatory I & M for emission control devices
- Retrofit of vechiles with control devices
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Such policies highly controversial
Many states refused to submit transport control plans
EPA developed plans for 19 SMSAs (that had policies many states would not buy)
Difficulty in implementing such policies
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Congress enacted amendments restricting EPA’s authority to use price-based policies (road user tolls & parking surchages)
EPA abandoned Federal Control Plans
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1990 Act gave states latitude in drawing up implementation plans - but had two penalties
Two Sanctions:
- Denial of Federal Highway Aid - Imposition of stricter new-source offset requirements
Threat of funds loss if transportation plans inconsistent with air quality
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1990 Act strengthened by 1991 ISTEA (Intermodal SurfaceTransportation Efficiency Act)
ISTEA provided core financial support & provided institutional processes to achieve them
The balance between regulatory ambitions and economic - technical realism (1990 act) reinforced by ISTEA
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1. Employee Commute Option Program - initially mandatory, later voluntary
2. I & M Program
But nobody wanted to try congestion pricing demonstration program
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Behavioral Change Policy
Difficult to sustain viable threats against non-compliance
Voluntary programs (ride-sharing, telecommuting, improved transit, compressed work week) - here some compliance
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Cost-Effectiveness of Transportation Control Measures in Reducing Hydrocarbon Emissions(dollars)