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Galileo logo

Galileo (satellite navigation)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Galileo is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) currently beingbuilt by the European Union (EU) and European Space Agency (ESA).

The €5 billion project[1] is named after the Italian astronomer GalileoGalilei. One of the aims of Galileo is to provide a high-precisionpositioning system upon which European nations can rely, independentlyfrom the Russian GLONASS, US GPS, Indian IRNSS system, andChinese Compass systems, which can be disabled in times of war or

conflict.[2]

When in operation, it will use two ground operations centres near Munichin Germany and in Fucino in Italy. In December 2010, EU ministers inBrussels voted Prague in the Czech Republic as the headquarters of theGalileo project.

On 21 October 2011, the first two of four operational satellites werelaunched to validate the system. The next two followed on 12 October 2012, making it "possible to test Galileo

end-to-end".[3] Once this In-Orbit Validation (IOV) phase has been completed, additional satellites will belaunched to reach Initial Operational Capability (IOC) around mid-decade. Full completion of the 30-satellite

Galileo system (27 operational and three active spares) is expected by 2019.[4]

Basic navigation services will be free of charge. Galileo is intended to provide horizontal and vertical positionmeasurements within 1-metre precision, and better positioning services at high latitudes than other positioningsystems. As a further feature, Galileo will provide a unique global search and rescue (SAR) function. Satellites willbe equipped with a transponder which will relay distress signals from the user's transmitter to the Rescue Co-ordination Centre, which will then initiate the rescue operation. At the same time, the system will provide a signal tothe users, informing them that their situation has been detected and that help is on the way. This latter feature is newand is considered a major upgrade compared to the existing GPS and GLONASS navigation systems, which do

not provide feedback to the user.[5] The use of basic (low-precision) Galileo services will be free and open toeveryone. The high-precision capabilities will be available for paying commercial users and for military

use.[citation needed]

Contents

1 History

1.1 Main objectives

1.2 Funding

1.3 Cooperation with the United States

1.4 First experimental satellites: GIOVE-A and GIOVE-B

1.5 Funding again, governance issues2 International involvement

3 Political implications of Galileo project

3.1 Tension with the United States

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3.2 GPS and Galileo

4 Final system description

4.1 Galileo satellites

4.2 Services

4.3 The concept

5 Satellite system5.1 Galileo satellite test beds: GIOVE

5.2 In-Orbit Validation (IOV) satellites

5.3 Full Operational Capability (FOC) satellites

6 Science projects, coins, satellites' names

6.1 Science projects using Galileo

6.2 Coins

6.3 Satellite names

7 See also

8 Notes

9 References

10 Bibliography11 Further reading

12 External links12.1 Official websites

12.2 Other

History

Main objectives

In 1999, the different concepts (from Germany, France, Italy and the United Kingdom) for Galileo were comparedand reduced to one by a joint team of engineers from all four countries. The first stage of the Galileo programmewas agreed upon officially on 26 May 2003 by the European Union and the European Space Agency.

The system is intended primarily for civilian use, unlike the more military-oriented systems of the United States(GPS), Russia (GLONASS), and China (Beidou-1/2, COMPASS). The US reserves the right to limit the signalstrength or precision of GPS, or to shut down public GPS access completely, so that only the US military and its

allies would be able to use it in time of conflict.[6] The European system will only be subject to shutdown for militarypurposes in extreme circumstances. It will be available at its full precision to both civil and military users.

Until 2000 the precision of the GPS signal available to non-US-military users was deliberately severely limited by atiming pulse distortion process known as selective availability, a feature removed from the most recent GPSsatellites.

Funding

The European Commission had some difficulty funding the project's next stage, after several allegedly "per annum"sales projection graphs for the project were exposed in November 2001 as "cumulative" projections (which foreach year projected, necessarily included all previous years of sales). The attention that was brought to this multi-

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billion euro exponentially growing error in sales forecasts resulted in a general awareness in the Commission andelsewhere that it was unlikely that the program would yield the return on investment that had previously been

suggested to investors and decision-makers.[7]

Additionally, following the attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States Government wrote to the EuropeanUnion opposing the project, arguing that it would end the ability of the United States to shut down satellitenavigation in times of military operations. On 17 January 2002 a spokesman for the project stated that, as a result

of US pressure and economic difficulties, "Galileo is almost dead."[8]

A few months later, however, the situation changed dramatically. European Union member states decided it wasimportant to have a satellite-based positioning and timing infrastructure that the US could not easily turn off in times

of political conflict.[9]

The European Union and the European Space Agency agreed in March 2002 to fund the project, pending a reviewin 2003 (which was completed on 26 May 2003). The starting cost for the period ending in 2005 is estimated at€1.1 billion. The required satellites (the planned number is 30) will be launched between 2011 and 2014 and thesystem will be up and running and under civilian control from 2019. The final cost is estimated at €3 billion,including the infrastructure on Earth, which is to be constructed in 2006 and 2007. The plan was for privatecompanies and investors to invest at least two-thirds of the cost of implementation, with the EU and ESA dividingthe remaining cost. An encrypted higher-bandwidth Commercial Service with improved precision would beavailable at an extra cost, with the base Open Service freely available to anyone with a Galileo-compatible

receiver. Costs for the project have run 50% over initial estimates.[10]

Cooperation with the United States

In June 2004, in a signed agreement with the United States, the European Union agreed to switch to a modulationknown as BOC(1,1) (Binary Offset Carrier 1.1) allowing the coexistence of both GPS and Galileo, and the futurecombined use of both systems.

The European Union also agreed to address the "mutual concerns related to the protection of allied and U.S.

national security capabilities."[11]

First experimental satellites: GIOVE-A and GIOVE-B

The first experimental satellite, GIOVE-A, was launched in 2005 and was followed by a second test satellite,GIOVE-B, launched in 2008. Once this In-Orbit Validation (IOV) phase has been completed, additional satelliteswill be launched. On 30 November 2007 the 27 EU transportation ministers involved reached an agreement that it

should be operational by 2013,[12] but later press releases suggest it was delayed to 2014.[13]

Funding again, governance issues

Early 2007, the EU had yet to decide how to pay for the system and the project was said to be "in deep crisis" due

to lack of more public funds.[14] German Transport Minister Wolfgang Tiefensee was particularly doubtful aboutthe consortium's ability to end the infighting at a time when only one testbed satellite had been successfully launched.

Although a decision was yet to be reached, on 13 July 2007[15] EU countries discussed cutting €548m ($755m,

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Although a decision was yet to be reached, on 13 July 2007[15] EU countries discussed cutting €548m ($755m,£370m) from the union's competitiveness budget for the following year and shifting some of that cash to other partsof the financing pot, a move that could meet part of the cost of the union's Galileo satellite navigation system.European Union research and development projects could be scrapped to overcome a funding shortfall.

In November 2007, it was agreed to reallocate funds from the EU's agriculture and administration budgets[16] and

to soften the tendering process in order to invite more EU companies.[17]

In April 2008, the EU transport ministers approved the Galileo Implementation Regulation. This allowed the €3.4bn

to be released from the EU's agriculture and administration budgets.[18] This will allow the issuing of contracts tostart construction of the ground station and the satellites.

In June 2009, the European Court of Auditors published a report, pointing out governance issues, substantial delays

and budget overruns that led to project stalling in 2007, leading to further delays and failures.[19]

In October 2009, the European Commission cut the number of satellites from 28 to 22, with plans to order theremaining six at a later time. It also announced that the first OS, PRS and SoL signal will be available in 2013 andthe CS and SOL some time later. The current budget for the 2006–2013 period planned for €3.4 billion was also

considered as insufficient.[20] The think tank Open Europe has estimated the total cost of Galileo from start tocompletion, and then running it over a 20-year period, at a €22.2 billion, which will be borne entirely by taxpayers.Under the original estimates (from 2000) this cost would have been €7.7 billion, of which only €2.6 billion was to

be borne by taxpayers and the rest by private investors.[21]

In November 2009, a ground station for Galileo was inaugurated near Kourou (French Guiana).[22]

The launch of the first four in-orbit validation (IOV) satellites was planned for the second half of 2011, while thelaunch of full operational capability (FOC) satellites is planned to start in late 2012.

As of March 2010 it was verified that the budget for Galileo would only be available to provide the 4 IOV and 14

FOC satellites by 2014, with no funds currently committed to bring the constellation above this 60% capacity.[23]

Paul Verhoef, the then current satellite navigation program manager at the European Commission indicated that thislimited funding would have serious consequences commenting at one point "To give you an idea, that would meanthat for three weeks in the year you will not have satellite navigation" in reference to the currently proposed 18vehicle constellation.

In July 2010 the European Commission estimated further delays and additional costs of the project to grow up to€1.5-€1.7 billion and moved the estimated date of completion to 2018. After it's completed, the system will need to

be subsidised by governments at €750 million per year.[24] An additional €1.9 billion was planned to be spent

bringing the system up to the full complement of 30 satellites (27 operational + 3 active spares).[10][25]

In December 2010 EU ministers in Brussels voted Prague, in the Czech Republic, as the headquarters of the

Galileo project.[26] In January 2011, infrastructure costs up to 2020 were estimated at €5.3 billion. In that samemonth, Wikileaks revealed the opinion of Berry Smutny, the CEO of the German satellite company OHB-System.

He is quoted saying that Galileo "is a stupid idea that primarily serves French interests".[27] The BBC understood€500 million (£440M) would become available to make the extra purchase, taking Europe's version of GPS from

18 operational satellites in the next few years to 24.[28]

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Galileo launch on a Soyuz

rocket, 21 October 2011

The first two Galileo In-Orbit Validation satellites were launched by Soyuz ST-

B flown from Guiana Space Centre on 21 October 2011,[29] and the remaining

two on 12 October 2012.[30]

All further satellites will have Full Operational Capability (FOC). 22 are now on

order, with the first due to be launched in 2013.[31]

International involvement

In September 2003, China joined the Galileo project. China was to invest€230 million (US$302 million, GBP 155 million, CNY 2.34 billion) in the

project over the following years.[32]

In July 2004, Israel signed an agreement with the EU to become a partner in the

Galileo project.[33]

On 3 June 2005 the EU and Ukraine signed an agreement for Ukraine to join

the project, as noted in a press release.[34]

As of November 2005, Morocco also joined the programme.

On 12 January 2006, South Korea joined the programme.

In November 2006, China opted instead to independently develop the Beidou navigation system satellite navigation

system.[35] When Galileo was viewed as a private-sector development with public-sector financial participation,European Commission program managers sought Chinese participation in pursuit of Chinese cash in the short termand privileged access to China's market for positioning and timing applications in the longer term. However, due tosecurity and technology-independence policy from European Commission, China was, in effect, dis-invited fromGalileo and without a return of its monetary investment, a decision that was reinforced by China's move to build itsown global system, called Beidou/Compass. At the Munich Satellite Navigation Summit on 10 March, a Chinesegovernment official asked the European Commission why it no longer wanted to work with China, and when

China's cash investment in Galileo would be returned.[36]

On 30 November 2007, the 27 member states of the European Union unanimously agreed to move forward withthe project, with plans for bases in Germany and Italy. Spain did not approve during the initial vote, but approved itlater that day. This greatly improves the viability of the Galileo project: "The EU's executive had previously said that

if agreement was not reached by January 2008, the long-troubled project would essentially be dead."[37]

On 3 April 2009, Norway too joined the programme pledging €68.9 million toward development costs andallowing its companies to bid for the construction contracts. Norway, while not a member of the EU, is a member

of ESA.[38]

Political implications of Galileo project

Tension with the United States

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Letter from Paul Wolfowitz to the

Ministers of the EU states from

December 2001 as part of the US-

lobbying campaign against Galileo

Galileo is intended to be an EU civilian GNSS that allows all users accessto it. GPS is a US military GNSS that provides location signals that havehigh precision to US military users, while also providing less preciselocation signals to others. The GPS had the capability to block the"civilian" signals while still being able to use the "military" signal (M-band).A primary motivation for the Galileo project was European concern thatthe US could deny others access to GPS during political

disagreements.[9]

Since Galileo was designed to provide the highest possible precision(greater than GPS) to anyone, the US was concerned that an enemycould use Galileo signals in military strikes against the US and its allies(some weapons like missiles use GNSS systems for guidance). Thefrequency initially chosen for Galileo would have made it impossible forthe US to block the Galileo signals without also interfering with their ownGPS signals. The US did not want to lose their GNSS capability withGPS while denying enemies the use of GNSS. Some US officials became

especially concerned when Chinese interest in Galileo was reported.[39]

An anonymous European official claimed that the US officials implied thatthey might consider shooting down Galileo satellites in the event of amajor conflict in which Galileo was used in attacks against American

forces.[40] The EU's stance is that Galileo is a neutral technology,available to all countries and everyone. At first, EU officials did not wantto change their original plans for Galileo, but have since reached acompromise, that Galileo was to use a different frequency. This allowed the blocking/jamming of one GNSS systemwithout affecting the other, giving the US a greater advantage in conflicts in which it has the electronic warfare upper

hand.[41] However, the frequency difference also makes it possible to jam GPS without affecting Galileo.

GPS and Galileo

One of the reasons given for developing Galileo as an independent system was that position information from GPScan be made significantly inaccurate by the deliberate application of universal Selective Availability (SA) by the USmilitary; this was enabled until 2000, and can be re-enabled at any time. GPS is widely used worldwide for civilianapplications; Galileo's proponents argued that civil infrastructure, including aeroplane navigation and landing, shouldnot rely solely upon a system with this vulnerability.

On 2 May 2000, SA was disabled by the President of the United States, Bill Clinton; in late 2001 the entity

managing the GPS confirmed that they did not intend to enable selective availability ever again.[42] Though SelectiveAvailability capability still exists, on 19 September 2007 the US Department of Defense announced that newer

GPS satellites would not be capable of implementing Selective Availability;[43] the wave of Block IIF satelliteslaunched in 2009, and all subsequent GPS satellites, do not support SA. As old satellites are replaced in the GPSBlock IIIA program, SA will cease to be an option. The modernisation programme also contains standardisedfeatures that allow GPS III and Galileo systems to inter-operate, allowing receivers to be developed to utilise GPSand Galileo together to create an even more precise GNSS system.

Final system description

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Comparison of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo

and Compass (medium earth orbit)

satellite navigation system orbits with the

International Space Station, Hubble Space

Telescope and Iridium constellation orbits,

Geostationary Earth Orbit, and the nominal

size of the Earth.[a] The Moon's orbit is

around 9 times larger (in radius and length)

than geostationary orbit.[b]

Galileo satellites

30 in-orbit spacecraft (including 3 spares)

Orbital altitude: 23,222 km (MEO)3 orbital planes, 56° inclination, ascending nodes separated

by 120° longitude (9 operational satellites and one active

spare per orbital plane)

Satellite lifetime: >12 years

Satellite mass: 675 kg

Satellite body dimensions: 2.7 m × 1.2 m × 1.1 m

Span of solar arrays: 18.7 m

Power of solar arrays: 1.5 kW (end of life)

Services

The Galileo system will have five main services:

Open access navigation

This will be available without charge for use by anyone with

appropriate mass-market equipment; simple timing, and

positioning down to 1 metre.

Commercial navigation (encrypted)

High precision to the centimetre; guaranteed service for which

service providers will charge fees.

Safety of life navigationOpen service; for applications where guaranteed precision is essential. Integrity messages will warn of errors.

Public regulated navigation (encrypted)

Continuous availability even if other services are disabled in time of crisis; Government agencies will be main

users.

Search and rescue

System will pick up distress beacon locations; feasible to send feedback, e.g. confirming help is on its way.

Other secondary services will also be available.

The concept

Each satellite will have two rubidium atomic clocks and two passive hydrogen maser atomic clocks, critical to anysatellite-navigation system, and a number of other components. The clocks will provide an accurate timing signal toallow a receiver to calculate the time that it takes the signal to reach it. This information is used to calculate theposition of the receiver by trilaterating the difference in received signals from multiple satellites.

For more information of the concept of global satellite navigation systems, see GNSS and GNSS positioningcalculation.

Satellite system

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GIOVE-A was successfully

launched 28 December 2005.

Galileo satellite test beds: GIOVE

In 2004 the Galileo System Test Bed Version 1 (GSTB-V1) project validatedthe on-ground algorithms for Orbit Determination and Time Synchronisation(OD&TS). This project, led by ESA and European Satellite NavigationIndustries, has provided industry with fundamental knowledge to develop the

mission segment of the Galileo positioning system.[44]

GIOVE-A is the first GIOVE (Galileo In-Orbit Validation Element) test

satellite. It was built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL), and

successfully launched on 28 December 2005 by the European Space

Agency and the Galileo Joint. Operation of GIOVE-A ensured that Galileo

meets the frequency-filing allocation and reservation requirements for the International Telecommunication

Union (ITU), a process that was required to be complete by June 2006.

GIOVE-B, built by Astrium and Thales Alenia Space, has a more advanced payload than GIOVE-A. It was

successfully launched on 27 April 2008 at 22:16 UTC (4.16 am Baikonur time) aboard a Soyuz-FG/Fregat

rocket provided by Starsem.

A third satellite, GIOVE-A2, was originally planned to be built by SSTL for launch in the second half of 2008.[45]

Construction of GIOVE-A2 was terminated due to the successful launch and in-orbit operation of GIOVE-B.

The GIOVE Mission[46][47] segment operated by European Satellite Navigation Industries is exploiting theGIOVE-A/B satellites to provide experimental results based on real data to be used for risk mitigation for the IOVsatellites that will follow on from the testbeds. ESA organised the global network of ground stations to collect themeasurements of GIOVE-A/B with the use of the GETR receivers for further systematic study. GETR receivers aresupplied by Septentrio as well as the first Galileo navigation receivers to be used to test the functioning of thesystem at further stages of its deployment. Signal analysis of GIOVE-A/B data has confirmed successful operationof all the Galileo signals with the tracking performance as expected.

In-Orbit Validation (IOV) satellites

These testbed satellites were followed by four IOV Galileo satellites that are much closer to the final Galileo satellitedesign. The Search & Rescue feature is not installed. The first two satellites were launched on 21 October 2011

from Guiana Space Centre using a Soyuz launcher,[48] the other two on 12 October 2012.[49] This enables keyvalidation tests, since earth-based receivers such as those in cars and phones need to "see" a minimum of four

satellites in order to calculate their position in three dimensions.[49] Those 4 IOV Galileo satellites were constructedby Astrium GmbH and Thales Alenia Space. Once this In-Orbit Validation (IOV) phase has been completed, theremaining satellites will be installed to reach the Full Operational Capability.

Full Operational Capability (FOC) satellites

On 7 January 2010, it was announced that the contract to build the first 14 FOC satellites was awarded to OHBSystem and Surrey Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL). Fourteen satellites will be built at a cost of €566M

(£510M; $811M).[50] Arianespace will launch the satellites for a cost of €397M (£358M; $569M). The European

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Commission also announced that the €85 million contract for system support covering industrial services requiredby ESA for integration and validation of the Galileo system had been awarded to Thales Alenia Space. ThalesAlenia Space subcontract performances to Astrium GmbH and security to Thales Communications.

In February 2012, an additional order of eight satellites was awarded to OHB Systems for €250M ($327M), after

outbidding EADS Astrium tender offer. Thus bringing the total to 22 FOC satellites.[51]

Science projects, coins, satellites' names

Science projects using Galileo

In July 2006 an international consortium of universities and research institutions embarked on a study of potential

scientific applications of the Galileo constellation. This project, named GEO6,[52] is a broad study oriented to thegeneral scientific community, aiming to define and implement new applications of Galileo.

Among the various GNSS users identified by the Galileo Joint Undertaking,[53] the GEO6,[54] project addressesthe Scientific User Community (UC).

The GEO6[55] project aims at fostering possible novel applications within the scientific UC of GNSS signals, andparticularly of Galileo.

The AGILE[56] project is an EU-funded project devoted to the study of the technical and commercial aspects oflocation-based services (LBS). It includes technical analysis of the benefits brought by Galileo (and EGNOS) andstudies the hybridisation of Galileo with other positioning technologies (network-based, WLAN, etc.). Within theseproject, some pilot prototypes were implemented and demonstrated.

On the basis of the potential number of users, potential revenues for Galileo Operating Company or Concessionaire(GOC), international relevance, and level of innovation, a set of Priority Applications (PA) will be selected by theconsortium and developed within the time-frame of the same project.

These applications will help to increase and optimise the use of the EGNOS services and the opportunities offeredby the Galileo Signal Test-Bed (GSTB-V2) and the Galileo (IOV) phase.

Coins

The European Satellite Navigation project was selected as the main motif of a very high value collectors' coin: theAustrian European Satellite Navigation commemorative coin, minted on 1 March 2006. The coin has a silver ringand gold-brown niobium "pill". In the reverse, the niobium portion depicts navigation satellites orbiting the Earth.The ring shows different modes of transport, an aeroplane, a car, a container ship, a train and a lorry, for whichsatellite navigation was developed.

Satellite names

The first satellites bear the names of eleven-year-old Thijs from Belgium and nine-year-old Natalia from Bulgaria,who are the first winners of the European Commission's Galileo children's drawing competition. Competition

winners from the remaining 28 member states will name the satellites which will be launched until 2019.[57]

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Austrian 25€ European Satellite

Navigation commemorative coin,

back

Satellite Name Date Launch Vehicle

Galileo-IOV PFM Thijs ( ) 2011-10-21 Soyuz-2-1b Fregat-MT

Galileo-IOV FM2 Natalia ( ) 2011-10-21 Soyuz-2-1b Fregat-MT

Galileo-IOV FM3 David ( ) 2012-10-12 Soyuz-2-1b Fregat-MT

Galileo-IOV FM4 Sif ( ) 2012-10-12 Soyuz-2-1b Fregat-MT

Galileo-IOV PFM, FM2, FM3, FM4 (http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/galileo-iov.htm) Galileo Competition(http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/satnav/galileo/drawing-competition/index_en.htm)

See also

Binary Offset Carrier modulation – the modulation family used in GalileoCommercialization of space

European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service

MBOC- Multiplexed Binary Offset Modulation

Multilateration – the mathematical technique used for Galileo positioning

Notes

a. ^ Orbital periods and speeds are calculated using the relations 4π²R³ = T²GM and V²R = GM, where R = radius oforbit in metres, T = orbital period in seconds, V = orbital speed in m/s, G = gravitational constant ≈

6.673 × 10−11 Nm²/kg², M = mass of Earth ≈ 5.98 × 1024 kg.

b. ^ Approximately 8.6 times when the moon is nearest (363 104 km ÷ 42 164 km) to 9.6 times when the moon isfarthest (405 696 km ÷ 42 164 km).

References

1. ^ "Galileo navigational system enters testing stage" (http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,16304096,00.html). Deutsche

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1. ^ "Galileo navigational system enters testing stage" (http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,16304096,00.html). DeutscheWelle. Retrieved 13 October 2012.

2. ^ "Why Europe needs Galileo" (http://www.esa.int/esaNA/GGG0H750NDC_galileo_0.html). ESA. 12 April 2010.Retrieved 21 April 2010.

3. ^ "Galileo: Europe's version of GPS reaches key phase" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19933989). BBC. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.

4. ^ Launch of first 2 operational Galileo IOV Satellites (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/satnav/galileo/satellite-launches/index_en.htm). Ec.europa.eu (21 October 2011). Retrieved on 29 October 2011.

5. ^ "What is Galileo?" (http://www.esa.int/esaNA/GGGMX650NDC_galileo_0.html). ESA. 11 April 2010. Retrieved21 December 2010.

6. ^ Jaizki Mendizabal Samper, Roc Berenguer Pérez, and Juan Meléndez Lagunilla. GPS & Galileo : Dual RF Front-end Receiver and Design, Fabrication, and Test. ISBN 978-0-07-159870-5.

7. ^ Van Der Jagt, Culver "Galileo: The Declaration of European Independence" a presentation at the Royal Instituteof Navigation 7 November 2001

8. ^ Ian Sample Europe and US clash on satellite system(http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2003/dec/08/world.internationaleducationnews). Guardian.co.uk. 8 December2003. Retrieved 29 October 2011.

9. ̂a b Johnson, Chalmers (2008). Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic. Holt. p. 235. ISBN 0-8050-8728-1.

10. ̂a b Taverna, Michael A. (1 February 2011). "Completing Galileo To Cost $2.5 Billion"(http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news/awst/2011/01/24/AW_01_24_2011_p39-284139.xml). Aviation Weekly.

11. ^ Christine Johnson U.S., EU to Sign Landmark GPS-Galileo Agreement(http://dublin.usembassy.gov/ireland/gps_galileo.html). dublin.usembassy.gov. U.S.-EU Summit: County Clare 25–26 June 2004

12. ^ "'Unanimous backing' for Galileo" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7120041.stm). BBC. 30 November2007. Retrieved 19 April 2010.

13. ^ "Commission awards major contracts to make Galileo operational early 2014"(http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/7&language=en). 7 January 2010. Retrieved 19April 2010.

14. ^ EU: Galileo project in deep 'crisis'(http://web.archive.org/web/20070511011357/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/TECH/05/08/galileo.troubles.ap/index.html). CNN. 8 May 2007

15. ^ MSN.com (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19750947/)

16. ^ EU agrees 2008 budget to include Galileo financing(http://web.archive.org/web/20071225004015/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1195858921.15).EUbusiness.com – business, legal and financial news and information from the European Union. 26 November2007

17. ^ "Galileo 'compromise' is emerging" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7109971.stm). BBC News. 23November 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2010.

18. ^ "Galileo legal process ticks over" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7335833.stm). BBC News. 7 April 2008.Retrieved 3 May 2010.

19. ^ European Court of Auditors – Special Report on the management of the Galileo programme's development andvalidation phase (http://eca.europa.eu/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/2760294.PDF)

20. ^ Europe Cuts Galileo Sats Order (http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=space&id=news/Gal102609.xml&headline=Europe%20Cuts%20Galileo%20Sats%20Order). AviationWeek (26 October 2009). Retrieved 29 October 2011.

21. ^ "The EU's Galileo satellite project could cost UK taxpayers £2.6 billion more than originally planned"(http://www.openeurope.org.uk/media-centre/pressrelease.aspx?pressreleaseid=142) (Press release).openeurope.org.uk. 17 October 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2010.

22. ^ Inauguration of site of Galileo station at Kourou (http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEMYN6TP82G_galileo_0.html),official website of esa

23. ^ Initial Galileo Validation Satellites Delayed (http://www.spacenews.com/civil/100310-initial-galileo-validation-satellites-delayed.html). Spacenews.com (10 March 2010). Retrieved 29 October 2011.

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satellites-delayed.html). Spacenews.com (10 March 2010). Retrieved 29 October 2011.

24. ^ "EU Expects Galileo Project Costs to Explode"(http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,721761,00.html). Spiegel. 2011.

25. ^ "Galileo's navigation control hub opens in Fucino"(http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM4JMSRJHG_index_1.html#subhead5). ESA. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 20December 2010.

26. ^ Prague To Host EU Satellite Navigation Agency(http://www.rferl.org/content/prague_galileo_agency/2245066.html) – Radio Free Europe, 13 December 2010

27. ^ OHB-System CEO Calls Galileo a Waste of German Tax Payer Money(http://www.aftenposten.no/spesial/wikileaksdokumenter/article3985655.ece) Date 22 October 2009.Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 29 October 2011.

28. ^ "Europe's Galileo sat-nav in big cash boost" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13871198). BBCNews. 22 June 2011.

29. ^ Arianespace website (http://www.arianespace.com/news-mission-update/2011/vs01-success.asp).Arianespace.com. Retrieved 29 October 2011.

30. ^ Arianespace website (http://www.arianespace.com/news-mission-update/2012/964.asp). Arianespace.com.Retrieved 12 October 2012.

31. ^ "Galileo: Europe's version of GPS reaches key phase" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19933989). BBC. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.

32. ^ China joins EU's satellite network (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3121682.stm) – BBC News, 19September 2003

33. ^ Israel joins Galileo. The Israel Entity MATIMOP, on the way to becoming a Member of the Galileo JointUndertaking (http://web.archive.org/web/20070709225405/http://www.eu-del.org.il/hebrew/6180%20press%20release%20Israel%2018052005.pdf). eu-del.org.il. 18 May 2005

34. ^ Press release (http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/05/666&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en). Europa.eu (3 June 2005).Retrieved 29 October 2011.

35. ^ Marks, Paul. "China's satellite navigation plans threaten Galileo" (http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10472-chinas-satellite-navigation-plans-threaten-galileo.html). NewScientist.com. Retrieved 19 November 2006.

36. ^ China was dis-invited from Galileo (http://www.spacenews.com/policy/100312-officials-poised-remove-chinese-payloads-galileo.html)-spacenews.com, 12 March 2010

37. ^ "'Unanimous backing' for Galileo" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7120041.stm). BBC News. 30November 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2010.

38. ^ Norway joins EU's Galileo satnav project(http://www.gpsdaily.com/reports/Norway_joins_EUs_Galileo_satnav_project_999.html). GPSdaily.com. 3 April2009. Retrieved 29 October 2011.

39. ^ "EU, U.S. split over Galileo M-code overlay"(http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BPW/is_12_13/ai_n27579865). GPS World. FindArticles.com. December2002. Retrieved 9 December 2008.

40. ^ "US Could Shoot Down EU Satellites if Used by Foes in Wartime" (http://www.spacedaily.com/news/milspace-04zc.html). AFP. 24 October 2004. Retrieved 9 September 2008.

41. ^ Giegerich, Bastian (2005). "Satellite States – Transatlantic Conflict and the Galileo System"(http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/7/2/1/4/pages72145/p72145-1.php). Paperpresented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu,Hawaii, Mar 05, 2005. Unpublished Manuscript.

42. ^ Selective Availability(http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/navservices/gnss/gps/policy/availability/index.cfm). Retrieved 31 August 2007.

43. ^ "DoD Permanently Discontinues Procurement of Global Positioning System Selective Availability"(http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=11335). DefenseLink. 18 September 2007. Retrieved17 December 2007.

44. ^ Galileo System Test Bed Version 1 experimentation is now complete(http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEM6KYP3K3E_index_0.html), ESA News release, 7 January 2005

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(http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEM6KYP3K3E_index_0.html), ESA News release, 7 January 2005

45. ^ GIOVE-A2 to secure the Galileo programme (http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM8LNN0LYE_index_0.html), ESANews release, 5 March 2007

46. ^ GIOVE mission core infrastructure (http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEMWL4N0LYE_index_0.html), ESA pressrelease, 26 February 2007.

47. ^ One year of Galileo signals; new website opens (http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEMUGJRMTWE_galileo_0.html),ESA press release, 12 January 2007.

48. ^ Soyuz carrying Galileo satellites launched (http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/world/262547/soyuz-carrying-galileo-satellites-launched). Bangkok Post (21 October 2011). Retrieved 29 October 2011.

49. ̂a b "Galileo: Europe's version of GPS reaches key phase" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19933989). BBC. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.

50. ^ Amos, Jonathan (7 January 2010). "EU awards Galileo satellite-navigation contracts"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8442090.stm). BBC News.

51. ^ Dunmore, Charlie (1 February 2012). "UPDATE 1-OHB beats EADS to Galileo satellite contract -sources"(http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/01/eu-satellite-contract-idUSL5E8D14XW20120201). Reuters.

52. ^ gnss-geo6.org (http://www.gnss-geo6.org/)

53. ^ galileoju.com (http://www.galileoju.com)

54. ^ gnss-geo6.org (http://www.gnss-geo6.org/)

55. ^ gnss-geo6.org (http://www.gnss-geo6.org/)

56. ^ galileo-in-lbs.com (http://www.galileo-in-lbs.com/)

57. ^ European children will name Galileo satellites constellation – Press release, 1 September 2011(http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/11/999&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en). Europa.eu (1 September 2011).Retrieved 29 October 2011.

Bibliography

The Galileo Project – Galileo Design consolidation, European Commission, 2003Guenter W. Hein, Jeremie Godet, et al.: Status of Galileo Frequency and Signal Design(http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/doc/galileo_stf_ion2002.pdf), Proc. ION (http://www.ion.org/)GPS 2002.Dee Ann Divis: Military role for Galileo emerges (http://www.globalsecurity.org/org/news/2002/020514-gps.htm).GPS World, May 2002, Vol. 13, No. 5, p. 10.Dr Richard North: Galileo – The Military and Political Dimensions. 2004.Jaizki Mendizabal; Roc Berenguer; Juan Melendez (2009). GPS and Galileo (http://books.google.com/?id=t1lBTH42mOcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=GPS+and+GALILEO#v=onepage&q&f=false). McGraw Hill.ISBN 978-0-07-159869-9.

Further reading

Psiaki, M. L., "Block Acquisition of weak GPS signals in a software receiver", Proceedings of ION GPS2001, the 14th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Salt

Lake City, Utah, 11–14 September 2001, pp. 2838–2850.Bandemer, B., Denks, H., Hornbostel, A., Konovaltsev, A., "Performance of acquisition methods for

Galileo SW receivers", European Journal of Navigation, Vol.4, No. 3, pp 17–9, July 2006Van Der Jagt, Culver W. Galileo : The Declaration of European Independence : a dissertation (2002).CALL #JZ1254 .V36 2002, Description xxv, 850 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. + 1 CD-ROM

External links

11/5/13 Galileo (satellite navigation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation) 14/14

Official websites

European GNSS Supervisory Authority (GSA) (http://www.gsa.europa.eu/) – EuropaOfficial website (http://www.esa.int/esaNA/galileo.html) – ESA

Other

The GEO6 project (http://www.gnss-geo6.org/) – EU-funded project devoted to the investigation in

scientific applications using GNSS, particularly GalileoPacific Project (http://www.prs-pacific.eu/) – Pacific

Great project (http://www.greatproject.org/) – EU-funded project to develop Galileo Receivers for MassMarket Applications

Agile project (http://www.galileo-in-lbs.com/) – EU-funded project devoted to the analysis of LBSapplications and how Galileo will contribute to enhance them

u-blox 6 Galileo GPS chips and modules (http://www.u-blox.com/en/u-blox-6-technology.html) – Receiverchips and modules to simultaneously track GPS (Glosnass) and Galileo satellites

NTLab Galileo + GPS + Glonass chips (http://www.ntlab.com/) – First chips to simultaneously track GPS,Galileo and Glonass satellites.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galileo_(satellite_navigation)&oldid=580041814"Categories: Time signal radio stations European Space Agency European space programmes Galileo Galilei

Satellite navigation systems Transport and the European Union Space policy of the European Union

Wireless locating

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