g8 2011 summit publication

7/23/2019 G8 2011 summit publication

1/101

G8Deauville - France

May 2011

The authoritative magazine for VIPs, delegates and diplomats


2/101


3/101


4/101


5/101


6/101

A note by Franois Delattre, Ambassador of France to the United States

G8-G20 France 2011: New World, New Ideas

The G7 was conceived as a gathering of leadersof the most advanced economies to discuss informallymatters of shared interest. The world has dramaticallychanged since the initial meeting. Russia joined the

group to form the G8, and a handful of developingcountries emerged as full players on the globaleconomic scene. Logically, the September 2009Pittsburgh Summit marked a milestone in the reformof global governance by making the G20 the premierforum for international economic cooperation toreect these new global balances and the growing role

of the emerging countries. Direct, informal and resultsoriented, this is how we envision the new G8.

As the groups chair for 2011, France will organizea back to basics summit on May 26-27 in Deauville,

Normandy, focusing on issues where G8 memberscan have a genuine impact, but carefully avoidingthe duplication of the G20 agenda. We expect thissummit to enable the Heads of State and Governmentof the most advanced economies to conduct directand informal talks. After consulting all the members,President Sarkozy identied three priorities on issues

of common interest for G8 countries.

First focus: The discussion on peace and security issues will be driven by the sweeping changes currentlytaking place in the Middle East and North Africa region. We all support, collectively and individually, the democratictransition in Egypt, Tunisia and beyond. But there is a clear sense among advanced countries that their successin the long term will also depend on our capacity to respond and to foster economic growth and opportunities in

the region. Debating possible options on the table is precisely the kind of discussions that we need to have at apolitical level between G8 leaders. This is really G8 at its best. In addition, hot political issues such as Iran and non-proliferation, the Middle East, Afghanistan and Pakistan, new drug trafcking routes connecting Latin America, West

Africa and Europe, as well as the ght against terrorism will be on the menu of the leaders.

Second focus: New common challenges such as the Internet and green growth. For the rst time, at the

Deauville summit a set of Internet-related issues will be addressed by the Heads of State and Government. Thediscussion will focus on a number of challenges such as Internet access, cyber security and Internet governance.With regard to innovation and green growth, the aim is to come up with concrete measures to develop theseessential new growth and job drivers for our advanced economies.

Third focus: The partnership with Africa. The G8 plays a major role in rallying support for development, especiallyin Africa. It is also an issue of credibility for the G8: we must continue to deliver on our previous commitments tothis continent. A broader G8 meeting including African leaders and representatives of international organizationswill be organized. Discussion will be held on the major political and development challenges. We will take forwardthe exercise launched by the Canadian presidency on monitoring the G8 countries commitments, especially in theareas of health and food security, in a spirit of mutual accountability with African countries.

There is much to do in all three areas under consideration, and one meeting will not be enough, but we feelready to face up to the challenge.

Franois Delattre


7/101


8/101


9/101


10/101

Table of Contents

G8-G20 France 2011: New World, New Ideas 6

A note by Franois Delattre, Ambassador

of France to the United States

Editors Note 12

EDITORIAL 14

Publishers Note 16

What Good are Multilateral Summits? 28

By Kenneth Weisbrode, Contributing Editor, The Diplomatic Courier

The French G8 Summit Agenda: 30

Does it Address the Major Challenges?

By Mark C. Partridge, Contributing Editor, The Diplomatic Courier

Nuclear Reforms in the Wake of Fukushima 34

By Casey Coombs, UN Correspondent, The Diplomatic Courier

Confronting Irans Crusade for Nuclear Power 38

By Michael Gillis, Hinckley Scholar, Hinckley Institute of Politics

Stuxnet, Internet System Flaws and Cyber Attacks: 42

The Perfect Storm?

By Ryan Paul, Hinckley Scholar, Hinckley Institute of Politics

How the International Community 46

Beefs Up Pressure on Somali Pirates

By Sigurd Neubauer, Washington,

DC based International Affairs Specialist

In Defense of Afghan Refugees and Asylum Seekers 50

By M. Ashraf Haidari, Diplomat, Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs

What President Bush Got Right and Wrong in Iraq 54

By Rami Turayhi, Contributor, The Diplomatic Courier

Bringing Change to Developing Countries 58

Modus Operandi: Optimizing Government

Operations Through Capacity Building

By Philip H. de Leon, President, Trade Connections International, LLC

Getting On the Highway to IP Harmony 62

Ambassador James P. Cain and Kenneth S. Chang,

Partners Kilpatrick & Stockton LLP

Meeting Promises: 66

A Call for Moving Forward at the G8 Summit

Monique Perry Danziger, Communications Director,

Global Financial Integrity

The Digital Divide: Reinventing Rural Community 68

Experience through Internet Access

By Tisah M. Quarnberg, Jonathan A. Muir, Brady Alex Currit

and Ralph B. Brown, Brigham Young University

Humanitarian Organizations and the Economic

Downfall Policy Implications

and What the Future Holds

By Andrew Reeve, Hinckley Scholar, Hinckley Institute of Politics

The Global Economics of Obesity

By Lisa Gable, Executive Director,

Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation

G8 Should Deliver on Aid Pledges

to Sub-Saharan Africa

Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and Rudi von Arnim,

Assistant Professor of Economics at the University of

Utah and Hinckley Scholar, Hinckley Institute of Politics

The G8 Africa Partnership Must Face

the Challenge of China

By David K. Schneider, Professor of Chinese Studies

at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Promoting Economic and

Political Liberty and Womens Equality in Africa

By Michelle D. Bernard, Chairman, Founder, President and CEO,

the Bernard Center for Women, Politics & Public Policy

Helping the South Sudanese Diaspora Return Home

By Sheldon Wardwell, Hinckley Scholar, Hinckley Institute of Politics

Tools of Engagement:

Winning the Social Media War Expanding dialogue

can help develop and restore trust

By Sheldon Wardwell, Hinckley Institute of Politics

Tunisia: Perfect Storm for Reform?

By Abdulwahab Alkebsi, Regional Director for Africa

and the Middle East, Center for International Private Enterprise

Increasing Access to Workforce-Ready Talent:

A Look at the Partnership for Lebanon

By Christopher K. Bramwell, America-Mideast Education

and Training Services, Inc. (AMIDEAST)

Social Media and Rethinking

The Clash of Civilizations.

By Graig Klein, Contributor, The Diplomatic Courier

Modernization of Russia: Real or a Pipedream?

By Richard Rousseau, Professor, Azerbaijan

Diplomatic Academy in Baku


11/101


12/101

Welcome to the 37th G8 Summit in Deauville, France

When the Group of Eight (G8) leaders meet in Deauville, France this May they will be confronted with a litanyof issues. With food prices at record levels, a nuclear meltdown in the horizon, a still-lagging global economy, anda string of revolutions in the Middle East, this G8 is confronted once again with challenges impossible to tackle inthree days.

As is customary with every rotating presidency, this year the French Presidency put forth its list of priorities

early, but some issues not already on the list are surely going to be discussed at the leaders gathering in Deauville.The Internet and Green Growth. This is the rst time that a set of Internet-related issues will be addressed

by the Heads of State and Government. Drawing a road map for international cyber security and deciding uponconsumer protection regulations becomes increasingly urgent, as 20% of global GDP is expected to come fromthe Internet economy by 2030.

If anyone is poised to blaze the trail for Internet security it is the Group of 8, as their economic futures aredependent upon communication infrastructures and their countries are home to the largest companies of theInternet economy.

While were reimaging our international economic incentives, the ambition is to simultaneously invest equallyin green growth. Strengthening our international cooperation in these initiatives will propel the global knowledgeeconomy into the high-gear necessary for confronting our upcoming challenges.

The Peace and Security Component. Peace and security will be an essential element of the Frenchpresidency of the G8. In addition to political issues such as Iran, the Middle East, Afghanistan, Pakistan and non-

proliferation, the French presidency will focus on new drug trafcking routes connecting Latin America, West Africaand Europe, along with ghting terrorism, particularly in the Sahel.

Tackling the Pandoras box of unfolding drama in the Middle East within a three-day summit is certainlychallenging. Remembering that a foundational objective of the G8 is to counter terrorism and work toward thenon-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the worlds leaders should leave this years meetings with atleast a few proposed plans of action to consider for increasing international security in the region.

And despite continuing turmoil in the earthquake aftermath, Japan will be in attendance, seeking to strengthenpartnerships in order to bolster recovery efforts.

The partnership with Africa. The G8 has always prioritized African developmental issues, and this year will beno exception considering the unrest spreading across the entire continent. The group will focus on how to increase

African capabilities to deal with regional crises and new common threats, as well as how to assist development inthe failing states. I would like our double presidency to prioritize Africa, said French President Sarkozy at a recent

Press Conference.Food Security. Food price volatility has tripled over the last 20 years. This is all the more extraordinary whenyou consider that agricultural production will need to have increased 70% by 2050 to feed what will by then be ninebillion people on our planet. Rising food prices have already caused instability in a number of nations, and whilethey werent the cause of political outbreaks in Northern Africa they certainly didnt help.

President Sarkozy told reporters January 24 in Paris that If we dont do anything [about rising food prices],we run the risk of food riots in the poorest countries and a very unfavorable effect on global economic growth.

Lifes Certainties. On the long untouchable tax havens, 600 tax transparency and information exchangeagreements have been signed since April 2009. Thirteen countries have waived banking secrecy for tax purposes.

And we will have the rst evaluations from the Global Forum on national legal frameworks so that we can start

making decisions.Our presidencys ambition is simple: we live in a new world, so we need new ideas, said President Sarkozy.

This new world is marked primarily by an extraordinary change in the balance of world economic powers.

Ana C. Rold

Editor-in-Chief

* Kaeleigh Forsyth contributed to this note.

G8

mmit 2011

12


13/101


14/101

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Ana Carcani Rold

EXECUTIVE EDITORS

Kirk L. Jowers

Courtney H. McBeth

MANAGING EDITOR

Rochelle M. Parker

CONTRIBUTORS

Abdulwahab Alkebsi

Rudi von Arnim

Michelle D. Bernard

Chris Bramwell

Ralph Brown

Ambassador James P. Cain

Congressman Jason ChaffetzKenneth S. Chang

Casey Coombs

Kaeleigh Forsyth

Monique Perry Danziger

Philip H. de Leon

Ambassador Lisa Gable

Michael Gillis

M. Ashraf Haidari

Graig Klein

Sigurd Neubauer

Ryan Paul

Mark C. Partridge

Richard Rousseau

Andrew Reeve

David K. Schneider

Jomo Kwame Sundaram

Rami Turayhi

Ambassador Pierre Vimont

Sheldon Wardwell

Kenneth Weisbrode

GRAPHICS DIRECTOR

Henri de Baritault

COVER DESIGN

Ellesse Sorbonne

LEGAL

The G8 Summit Magazine is a yearly publication independent of political afliations or agendas published by

The CAT Company. The articles in the G8 Summit Magazine represent the views of their authors and do not

necessarily reect those of the editors and the publishers. While the editors assume responsibility for the

selection of the articles, the authors are responsible for the facts and interpretations of their articles. Authors

retain all legal and copy rights to their articles. None of the articles can be reproduced without the permission

of the editors and the authors.

EDITORIAL


15/101


16/101

Publisher

The CAT Company IncG8 Summit Magazine Company LtdThe CAT Company Inc

President

Chris Atkins

Advisory Board

Peter AtkinsChris AtkinsJennifer Latchman

Graphic Design and Art direction

Henri de BaritaultFounder intro60.com

President of SalesMike Nyborg

Sales ExecutivesChris AtkinsDoug LambertGuy FurlJessica LaneJohn ArmeniLloyd MurrayMike Nyborg

Ray BakerHinckley Institute of Politics - University of Utah

Director

Kirk JowersIntern Manager

Courtney McBethCommunication and Outreach Coordinator

Rochelle McConkie

Thanks ToAna Carcani RoldDiplomatic Courier

Hinckley Institute of Politicsintro60.com

Special Thanks To

Marie-Helene GlonProfesseure de francais

diplome de luniversite de la Sorbonne, Paris

Doug BreitmayerHead of IT

David CastletonK Street Media

Web Master

In Memorandum

Mark Marshall (1961-2010)President of sales

Dear Summit Readers,

I would like to take this opportunity to thankall those involved for their dedication in helpingmake this a successful 15th issue of the G8Summit publication.

The CAT Company is the only enduringpublishing company in the eld, having published

a G8 Summit publication for 15 consecutiveyears, continuing the tradition and continuing toget great recognition as the Summits foremostpublisher.

The CAT Company continues to increasethe exposure of the magazine with help fromthe massive growth of digital technology, usingScribd.com, Android and iPhone apps.

As a result of the high quality of our publi-cations, we are truly honored to be chosen topublish the ofcial APEC/CEO Summit magazine

for the APEC 2011 USA host committee.

I hope you enjoy our magazine and we lookforward to seeing you in Cannes for the G20Summit and the APEC Summit in Hawaii thisNovember.

Yours Sincerely

Chris AtkinsPublisher and Founder, CAT Company Inc.

Chris Atkins

Publishers Note


17/101


18/101

Hyundai Reveals New Brand Direction & StatementAt the 2011 Detroit Motor Show

- Hyundai denes

new brand concept asModern Premium

- 3-door coupe Velo-

ster and Curb concept

vehicle embrace new

attitude

- Hyundai to satisfy

new values by creating

new possibilities withnew thinking about

our customers and our

cars, says Vice Chair-

man Chung

Hyundai Motor Company, the

worlds fastest-growing auto-

motive company by brand, of-cially announced its new brand

direction and statement today at

the 2011 North American Inter-

national Auto Show in Detroit.

New thinking.

New possibilities.

Hyundai new brand statementwill be New Thinking. New Possi-bilities. This encompasses Hyun-dais new brand concept, ModernPremium, which aims to providecustomers with emotional value andexperiences beyond expectationsthrough new thinking and new pos-sibilities. The new brand directionalso captures the spirit of changeat the automaker, which has showndramatic growth in all areas of busi-ness.

Today, customers do notbelieve that expensive cars with

unnecessary technology are pre-mium, Euisun Chung, Vice Chair-man of Hyundai Motor said during aspeech at the Detroit motor show.Instead, they want their core needsfullled at an accessible price and

with a car that exceeds their ex-pectations; a car that reects their

values and the times in which theylive.

Hyundai is not just a com-pany that makes cars. Hyundai is acompany that creates new possibili-ties. Our goal is not to become thebiggest car company. Our goal is tobecome the most-loved car com-pany and a trusted lifetime partnerof our owners, said Vice ChairmanChung.

While traditional premium isusually linked with high prices for


19/101

the privileged few, Hyundais `Mod-ern Premium concept is based onthe idea that high quality does not

necessarily require a high price fora limited class. Hyundai will offerhigh-end, high-quality values at asurprisingly attainable price andvalues that customers never expe-rienced or expected. This will notbe limited to just the product, butthroughout Hyundais entire busi-ness, operations and services.

Hyundais new thinking andchange in attitude has already beenapplied in various areas with proven

results, such as the highly-success-ful Hyundai Assurance Programlaunched in the U.S. market last

year and the 2011 Sonata, whichshook up the mid-size family sedansegment with its dynamic `uidic

sculpture designs and unrivalledpowertrain package. Genesis,which won the prestigious North

American Car of The Year awardin 2009, also redened luxury with

its attainable price compared toits award-winning powertrain andadvanced audio and conveniencefeatures.

Now, at the 2011 North Ameri-can International Auto Show inDetroit, Hyundai unveils its latestcreations that capture this spirit:

Veloster, a three-door compactcoupe that brings innovation to the

segment. Veloster offers a coupedesign with the functionality of ahatch and a unique third door onthe passenger-side for easy rear-seat access.

Hyundai will also display itsHCD-12 Curb concept vehicle inDetroit, while at the recent 2011Consumer Electronics Show (CES)in Las Vegas, the automakerlaunched its global telematics brand

Blue Link and other independentlydeveloped in-vehicle technologies,presenting its advanced vehicleinformation technology systems tothe world.

* More detailed press releases

on Veloster, Curb and Blue Link

available.

Advertisement


20/101

Hyundai Proclaims Vision 2020and Introduces New Group CI

Together for a betterfuture

- Hyundai Motor

Groups new vision en-

compasses Hyundais

determination to rmly

establish itself as glob-

al leader

- Hyundai announcesve core values to re-

alize its vision for the

next decade, along

with the new group CI

(Seoul, Korea) Hyundai Motor

Group today unveiled its new

corporate vision named Vision

2020 that will guide the auto-

motive group for the next de-

cade, as well as its new Group

logo.

Based on Hyundai MotorGroups new management philoso-phy Realize the dream of mankindby creating a new future throughingenious thinking and continu-ously challenging new frontiers, theGroup proclaimed Together for abetter future as its vision.

Hyundai Motor Group, led byHyundai Motor Co. and formedin 2000, has achieved remark-able growth in all areas related tothe automobile sector, includingproduction of cars, vehicle material,parts, auto nance and logistics. In

particular, the opening last year ofits blast furnaces at its eco-friendlyintegrated steel mill, Hyundai SteelCo., further strengthened theGroups status as a comprehensive

automotive manufacturer.

To note, Hyundai has made agiant leap forward in brand valueover the last ten years thanks toits focus on quality management,advancing from the worlds 10thlargest car maker in 2000 to theNo. 5 position in 2010.

As a result of relentless effortand continuous global manage-ment, Hyundai Motor Group nowhas 42 afliates compared to 10

in year 2000, while its total assetjumped 219 percent to 115 trillionwon from 36 trillion won in the sameperiod. The total number of em-ployees worldwide also increased81 percent to about 177,000 from98,000 in 2000.

Furthermore, with the recentacquisition of Hyundai Engineer-ing & Construction (Hyundai E&C),

Hyundai Motor Group will have 50afliates, 126 trillion won in assets

and about 184,000 employeesworldwide.

Hyundai Motor Groups newvision, Together for a better future,expresses its will to create ultimatevalue and promote harmoniousgrowth for all stakeholders througheco-friendly management and re-spect for mankind.

Along with the Group vision,Hyundai Motor Group also an-nounced its vision and strategiesfor its three core sectors. By addingthe construction sector to its cur-rent driving forces, the automotiveand steel sectors, Hyundai MotorGroup will be able to enhance itsglobal presence and contribute to abetter society and economy.

Vision & Strategies

Automotive Vision

Vision slogan: Lifetime partnerin automobiles and beyond

To become a trusted lifetimepartner of our customers, we willbring a new perspective to auto-mobiles through innovative mobilitysolutions based on human-centric,eco-friendly technologies andservices.


21/101

Advertisement

Hyundai Begins Construction for Plant in Brazil

Steel Vision

Vision slogan: Leading thenew era of steel

As an eco-friendly, resource-circulating company, we will leada new era in the steel industry by

providing high value-added prod-ucts and services and realizingworlds best competitiveness basedon cooperative relations with ourstakeholders.

Construction Vision

Vision slogan: We buildtomorrow

As a global leading provider ofhigh-value engineering solutions,

we will create the foundation for abetter life through cross-businesssynergy and convergence withfuture technologies.

Core Values

Hyundai Motor Group unveiledve core values that will help imple-ment the companys new manage-ment philosophy:

Customer: The customerwill be top priority in all corporate

values.

Challenge: Hyundai wi l l al-ways explore new possibi l i t ies,refusing to be complacent.

Collaboration: Create synergyamong all stakeholders and con-

cerned parties.

People: Create a corporateculture that respects talent.

Globality: A combination ofGlobal + Ability, signifying Hyundaisstrive to become a globally respect-ed enterprise based on diversebackgrounds.

Group CI

The Corporate Identity rep-resents Hyundais managementphilosophy to Realize the dreamof mankind by creating a newfuture through ingenious thinkingand continuously challenging newfrontiers.

The word Hyundai, rising fromthe oceans horizon, symbolizesthe challenging and innovative spiritand the condence of the Hyundai

Motor Group.

The main color, `Hyundai Blue,embodies hope, possibility andtrust. The straight line representsthe unwavering, indomitable senseof responsibility, the will to ac-complish, and the compassion for

humanity. The ultimate message isthe bright future that Hyundai willunfold.

Established in 1967, Hyundai

Motor Co. has grown into the

Hyundai Motor Group which has

ranked as the worlds fth-largest

automaker since 2007 and includes

more than two dozen auto-related

subsidiaries and afliates. Hyundai

Motor, which has six manufacturing

bases outside of South Korea, soldapproximately 3.6 million vehicles

globally in 2010. Hyundai vehicles

are sold in 186 countries through

some 5,300 dealerships and

showrooms. Further information

about Hyundai Motor and its

products is available at www.

hyundai.com.

- Hyundai holds

groundbreaking for

150,000 units-a-year

plant in Piracicaba,

Brazil

- New plant will pro-

duce exclusive models

for region starting in 2H

2012

- Brazilian plant will

be Hyundais gateway

to Central and South

American markets

Hyundai Motor Company,South Koreas largest automaker,started construction on its seventhoverseas plant in Piracicaba, SaoPaulo state, to actively respondto soaring demand in one of theworlds fastest growing marketsand to bring its manufacturing pres-ence in so-called BRIC countriesfull circle.

The groundbreaking ceremonyfor Hyundai Motor Brazil (HMB) wasattended by over 300 VIPs, includ-ing Sao Paulo Governor Geraldo

Alckmin, Sao Paulos former Gov-ernor Alberto Goldman, PiracicabaMayor Barjas Negri and other gov-ernment ofcials, executives and


22/101

Advertisement

employees of Hyundai Motor andits parts suppliers, as well as localdealers and media members.

Brazil is growing into oneof the worlds biggest economic

powers through stable economicgrowth and increased foreigninvestment, and the state of SaoPaulo is the heart of Brazils econ-omy, Jong-Woon Shin, HyundaiMotors Vice Chairman, said duringhis welcome remarks. HyundaiMotor, together with its suppliers,will create new jobs and contributeto Brazils auto industry. Our newplant, Hyundai Motor Brazil, willproduce and sell only the best qual-

ity cars to strengthen the trust thatBrazilian consumers have shown inour products.

Hyundai, which is investing atotal of US $600 million in the plant,aims to start production in the sec-ond half of 2012, eventually reach-ing a maximum capacity of 150,000units annually.

The rst model to be produced

at HMB will be a small hatchback

specically designed for the Centraland South American market. Ad-ditional models will be added after2013, depending on the marketsituation and demand. All thesecars will be ex-fuel cars (which can

run on both gasoline and ethanol),as 90 percent of cars in Brazil runon this type of fuel.

The plant, which is located 160km northwest of Sao Paulo city, willbe built on a 1.39 million squaremeter site, while the plant will havea oor space of 69,000 square

meters, featuring complete vehicleproduction facilities such as stamp-ing, welding, painting, assemblyand module lines.

Piracicaba, which has a popula-tion of 380,000, is located in SaoPaulo state, which is central toBrazils automobile industry. Thestate and city governments have

provided Hyundai with a wide rangeof incentives such as free use ofland, support in infrastructure suchas roads and some tax breaks.

Furthermore, to secure thehighest quality, Hyundai Motor willenter the market with eight reli-able parts suppliers, as it has doneat other overseas manufacturingbases. By doing so, Hyundai Motoranticipates that it will create about3,800 new jobs, including jobs

created at its plant and at its partssuppliers.

Hyundai Motor will apply itsextensive plant construction knowl-edge to Brazil. Hyundai has set upsuccessful manufacturing basesin other emerging markets suchas India, China and Russia, not tomention its plants in the U.S., theCzech Republic and Turkey. Hyun-dais greeneld investment experi-ence in diverse markets will ensure

that HMBs critical start-up phasewill proceed smoothly in all areasof operation, from manufacturingto administration and communityrelations.

Hyundai Motor sold about80,000 units in Brazil last year, a 19percent increase from 2009. Whilethe i30 was the best-selling car inits segment, Hyundais eye-catch-ing ix35 and Sonata also boostedsales momentum upward. Increas-ing sales of its premium lineup,such as the Azera luxury sedanand Veracruz, has also helpedenhance Hyundais brand image inthe market. Hyundai expects salesto continue growing in 2011, aimingat sales of about 93,000 units inBrazil.

Hyundais presence in theregion has gradually expanded overthe years and will reach a climax in

2014, when the 2014 FIFA WorldCup takes place in Brazil. Hyun-dai has an 11-year association withFIFA, serving as the ofcial automo-tive supplier to all FIFA-sanctionedevents around the world. Hyundai iscurrently one of FIFAs top partnersand has extended its strategicsponsorship agreement with FIFA tocover the 2022 FIFA World Cupin Qatar.

Hyundai, which exported itsrst car to South America 1976 (thePony, to Ecuador), has been carry-ing out a variety of Corporate SocialResponsibility (CSR) activities in theregion, including building housesand xing public facilities, as well

as delivering donations in Brazilto contribute to the local commu-nity. Earlier this year, Hyundai senta third round of its Happy MoveGlobal Youth Volunteers group toBrazil.

Established in 1967, Hyundai

Motor Co. has grown into the

Hyundai Motor Group which has

ranked as the worlds fth-largest

automaker since 2007 and includes

more than two dozen auto-related

subsidiaries and afliates. Hyundai

Motor, which has six manufacturing

bases outside of South Korea, sold

approximately 3.6 million vehicles

globally in 2010. Hyundai vehicles

are sold in 186 countries through

some 5,300 dealerships and

showrooms. Further information

about Hyundai Motor and its

products is available at www.

hyundai.com.

For more media information on

Hyundai Motor and high-resolution

product photos, please go to:

www.cisionwire.com/hyundai-mo-

tor-company


23/101


24/101

Hyatt Regency Paris-MadeleineYour Parisian Residence in the City of Light

Hyatt Regency Paris-

Madeleine, a ve-star

boutique hotel, is

nestled in a convenient

and bustling area of the

8th district in the cen-

tre of Paris.

Situated on the typically Parisian

Boulevard Malesherbes, this luxury

hotel is close to the citys mostimportant fashion streets, amongthem Faubourg Saint-Honor, Rue

Royale and Boulevard Haussmann,home to the department storesPrintemps and Galeries Lafayette.

Hyatt Regency Paris-Made-leine is also near the citys iconicattractions of Opra Garnier,Place de la Madeleine, Place de laConcorde, the river Seine and theChamps-Elyses.

Glamorous, chic and sophis-ticated, Hyatt Regency Paris-

Madeleine offers 86 rooms andsuites. The hotel specialises ina discreet personalised service,with particular attention paid toeach guests individual preference.

La Chinoiserie

La Chinoiserie, spectacularlyredecorated by the talented Frencharchitect Pascal Desprez, sets thesophisticated tone for the entire hotel.

Rich sofas and a contemporarydecor inuenced by tones of blackand silver, and subdued illuminationcreates areas for discreet, personalgatherings enveloped in a soothingatmosphere, making this a specialplace to experience the personallycreated menu prepared withexpertise by Chef Frdric Charrier.

La Chinoiserie is the ideallocation for a moments respitebetween shopping expeditions. A

large number of celebrities havediscovered the elegance of a club onthe Left Bank of Paris here amongthe most prestigious addresses forluxury shopping. A place where,in the evenings, candlelight andan open replace create a magical

atmosphere for joyful gatherings offriends or, perhaps, the most secretof rendezvous.

Caf M & Champagne Bar

Continuing in the spirit ofglamour and professionalism,Pascal Desprez introduced a new

decor and atmosphere to Caf Mwith the elegant tones of a loungebar, featuring natural wood, darkdrapes, and accents of black andgold. During the evenings, Caf Mtransforms into a champagne bar,offering an unrivalled selection ofcocktails and champagnes.

Our barman, Alexis Martinez,has personally selected a menu thatfeatures the best champagnes fromthe biggest names in champagne

production, and welcomes guests todiscover the exclusivity of productsfrom Selosse and Gratien, the mostreputable Champagnes in Paris.

Banquet Rooms

Meeting rooms and banquetingareas offer the perfect space forevents.


25/101


26/101

Advertisement

All rooms are designed byPascal Desprez following thetheme for the entire hotel. Anyevent, party or conference enjoys astreamlined decor and outstanding

service, perfect for privacy andconcentration.

All banqueting rooms arealso equipped with the latest intechnology and services. They alsooffer extensive banqueting menusdesigned by Chef Frdric Charrier,and available for breakfast, lunch,dinner and cocktail occasions.

In each of hotels rooms, four

lighting levels are monitored topersonalise the atmosphere ofguests events, from businessmeetings or audiovisual eventsto dinners and cocktails. A videoprojector is installed in the largestroom, while all the other areas haveplasmascreen TVs with networkhook-up available. UnlimitedInternet access and mini bar facilitiesare at guests disposal, while, fortheir security and comfort, a safeand cloakroom are available.

The smallest room, Manhattan,reects the hotels professional-ism in terms of condentiality and

discretion. This room can cater toup to six people and enjoys naturallight with a view of the boulevard.

MEating Performance concept

Today, as performance is linkedclosely to the notion of speed,Hyatt Regency Paris-Madeleine hasdeveloped a non-stop meeting

concept.

MEating Performance has beencreated to answer the growingneeds of companies that approachhotels to organise their meetings,seeking rst and foremost luxurious

space, efcient service and benets

that meet their needs.Business guests can experience

this non-stop meeting special offer

for just 105 per person, includingbento boxes prepared by ChefFrdric Charrier, a candy bar anda mini bar.

The bento boxes, prepared

according to the season, featuremixed salads, sandwiches (Clubsandwiches and wraps), a fruitsalad and macaroons from Ladure.Practical, quick and modern,this makes guests lunches bothdelicious and energising!

In addition, the set-up displayedbefore the beginning of the meetingassures guests total autonomy, aswell as exibility and complete con-centration.

Spa Kraskin Esthetics

Reinforcing its luxury positioning,Hyatt Regency Paris-Madeleinerecently launched a unique Spaoffer in collaboration with KraskinEsthetics.

As part of its efforts to provideguests with tailor-made services, thehotel has partnered with KraskinEsthetics to develop a special beautyoffer featuring specic esthetic

rituals that involve high performanceand wellness.

This new brand of excellenceoffers a menu of facials and full-bodytreatments, combining the bestformulas of Advanced Researchat LOreal and novel techniquesfor exceptional results and deepwell-being.

Created two years ago,

Kraskin Esthetics has positioneditself as the leading brand in themarket for esthetic treatments andconrms the success of todays

selective implantation.

As a result of the collaboration,customers have at their disposal acomplete spa menu offering mixedfacial care (New Youth), bodytreatments (Body Immersion) andexpress treatments. This turnkeyservice reects the hotels desire to

meet and exceed the expectationsof increasingly demanding guests.

Treatments are provided athe Spa, which is open daily andoffers a fully redecorated treatmentroom, a tness room equipped

with modern machines, a sauna, asteam room, two cloakrooms and arelaxation room.


27/101


28/101

What Good are Multilateral Summits?

By Kenneth Weisbrode, Contributing Editor, The Diplomatic Courier

Few people pay much attention to summitsnowadays. The attention they get comes more oftenthan not from the street antics of those protesting them.

Theres simply no comparing them to other multilateral

gatherings: the Olympics or the World Cup, for example,which are watched by millions around the globe.Perhaps this is how it should be: discussions among

the worlds leaders cannot be subject to constantpopular approval. And, unlike sporting events, they arenot meant to result in winners and losers, but insteadin the advancement of mutual agreement on particularquestions.

All this is true in theory, at least. Todays multilat-eral summits are so stage-managed as to give theimpression that they are nothing more than photo op-portunities. And who needs any more of those?

Yet the world would be worse off without them. For

there has yet to appear another means for the leadersof the world to manage expectations on a collective,global basis, in spite of all that has been said and writtenabout the power of informal networks and associationsin communicating directly to societies in the age of theInternet. The latter has transformed much of diplomacy,to be sure. But face-to-face meetings of the worlds topleaders are still considered vital to what in the past wascalled world order and today goes by the name ofglobal governance.

Accordingly, these summits are as symptomatic ofthe state of the world as they are essential components

of it. In other words, they are as much as they do.Another way to understand this distinction is to invokethe old dual nature of republican government: electedlegislatures and executives are both representative andrepresentational of the will of the people. That is, they tryto represent both the interests of those who elect themand the idea of what an elected representative should do.

In recent years the latter form of representation hasincreasingly overtaken the former in many countries.

This trend is just as apparent internationally. Do thetopics and problems discussed at the G8 represent thetrue interests and concerns of people around the world?How real and denitive are the usual designations of such

representation: rich countries, developing countries,Asian nations, and so forth? Are not most delegatesto the G8 and the G8 itself just as preoccupied withpromoting a certain image of global governance as theyare with actually governing the globe?

An empiricist would answer that it is impossible toseparate the two roles. Hence the usage of a singlewordrepresentto signify both. Maybe that is also asit should be. If the G8 were to deny its symbolic role itwould be accused of hypocrisy; if it were to deny itsoperational role, it would be accused of futility.

The long history of multilateral conferences suggestssome continuity with the G8 in the above respect. Rarelyhas a conference succeeded in accomplishing its aimsif held entirely in secret; when conference delegates,

on the other hand, have seemed mainly interestedin publicizing pet causesas in the last Copenhagenclimate conferencethe event is taken to be a failure.Generally bilateral summits are considered more con-sequential than multilateral ones, but not always. Duringthe Cold War, some of the bilateral Soviet-Americansummits produced little besides an agreement to holdanother summit, whereas the 1975 Helsinki Summit thatestablished the Conference for Security and Cooperationin Europe is considered to have been one of the mostimportant meetings of the 20th century.

Traditional ly, the most memorable summits are thoseconvened to make or validate a peace treaty. From

the Congress of Gela and similar instances one readsabout in Thucydides to the Congresses of Vienna and

Versailles, these multilateral summits (though they werenot called that) were momentous affairs. By contrast,most gatherings held during peacetime, and calledfor the purpose of preserving, rather than making orenforcing, peace, are less memorable. Thus the contextof summitry matters a great deal. Who can rememberthe positive achievements of a particular UN General

Assembly meeting? The multilateral conferences of theinterwar years gave their name to a particular style ofdiplomacycalled, logically, conference diplomacy

but achieved little else that is remembered by anyonebesides diplomatic historians. Most of the meetings ofthe G-groupsG7, G8, G20, and so onhave takenplace more or less regularly since the 1970s. But mostof us would be hard pressed to state a single, tangibleachievement from any of them.

Yet, as any diplomat or legislator will tell you, processis important and often overlooked. The norms, languageand even the ideology, of global governance are written,negotiated and interpreted at such gatherings. Theyare essential purveyors of consensus and, occasion-ally, of disagreement. They may not solve all the worldsproblems, and may only constitute a small portion of the

actual governance and consensusbuilding that goeson in the world by governments and non-governmentalgroups, leaders and citizens alike. But, to the extent theymake possible and visible a forum for such consensus atthe very top, they will continue to serve a purpose, andwont disappear any time soon.

Kenneth Weisbrode is a Senior Contributing Editor

for The Diplomatic Courier magazine. He is a diplomatic

historian and author of The Atlantic Century.

G8

mmit 2011

28


29/101


30/101

The French G8 Summit Agenda:Does it Address the Major Challenges?By Mark C. Partridge, Contributing Editor, The Diplomatic Courier

The enduring challenge of any gathering of in-ternational leaders is to make sure the event is more

than a photo op. And recent meetings have meet thatchallenge serving as the primary platform for the worldslargest and most powerful governments to coordinatetheir responses to the economic collapse and continuingrecession.

The implosion of the nancial system unied the

world. The panic that was sparked by Lehman Brotherscollapse caused investors to pull funds from even thesafest asset classes. Markets around the world lostbillions.

In November 2008, in the wake of the collapse,the world leaders came together at a G20 meeting andagreed to use scal measures to stimulate domestic

demand to rapid effect and to take whatever furtheractions are necessary to stabilize the nancial system.

At that moment, leaders were united by a commonthreat and responded with a united front: stimulus, lowinterest rates, and bailouts.

With the G20 serving as the premier forum for in-ternational economic cooperation, the G8 has lookedto redene itself. One of the explicit aims of the group

under the French presidency is avoiding duplication ofthe G20 agenda.

With economic coordination and response removedfrom its purviewparticularly important now given the

sovereign debt crisis in Europewhat should the G8focus on?Surely there is no dearth of challenges that need

attention. The devastation in Japan, NATOs engagementin Libya, the democracy movement sweeping throughthe Middle East, high oil pricesyet these issues arenot on the agenda for the upcoming meetings in France.In their stead are: Internet-related issues; peace andsecurity, particularly drug trafcking and terrorism; and

partnership with Africa.No doubt the agenda highlights important issues

that need actionparticularly Africa. But they are notthe pressing global issues of the day. Why?

Firstly, gatherings of international leaders alwaysneed to be planned long in advance, and preset agendascan hardly predict the next crisis. For example, whenthis agenda was set, Japan had yet to be hit by thedouble blow of an earthquake and tsunami.

Also, just because something is not on the agendadoes not mean it will not be discussed. Libya willprobably be a hot topic since six nations at the meetingsare members of NATO, which is overseeing the bombingcampaign.

Finally, these gatherings hope to set long-termconsensus, rather than the most recent crisis.

However, the unavoidable truth is that the G8meetings are no longer the preferred decision-makingbody for global consensus. A recent illustration of thatwas President Nicolas Sarkozys failed attempt to get ano-y zone in Libya through the body, only for one to be

approved by the United Nations a few days later. Thegroup also took the commendable step of passing upeconomic coordination to the G20 group for this exactreason: a group that did not include Brazil, China, andIndia could hardly develop consensus within the globaleconomy during a time of crisis. Having ceded authorityon military and economic policy matters to other bodies,what is the role of the G8 then?

The forum recognizes that it is in the process oftransformation. If that is the case, then it should take thetime to transform itself.

The G8 members rst came together because they

represented the largest economies in the capitalistworld. Using this same metric, the group is missingthe worlds second, eighth, and eleventh largesteconomiesChina, Brazil, and India, respectively.By expanding the group to include a limited group ofcountries, it would almost immediately include all themajor and up-and-coming players on the world scene,while also keeping the club small enough to make policy

proclamations. The G8 currently claims to represent 15percent of the worlds population and 65 percent of itsGDP; including these three nations would jump thosenumbers to over 50 percent of population and about75 percent of global GDP.

This idea has been oated before. The so-called

Plus-Five group of Brazil, China, India, Mexico, andSouth Africa has been invited to past meetings, andPresident Sarkozy pushed to formally expand the G8to include them in 2008; however, little came of theinitiative.

With the global economy on the mend again,this may be the time to look to expand. For even if

the G8 is able to reach meaningful conclusions at theupcoming meetings, it is missing some of the mostimportant actors on the very issues they hope toresolve. No agreement on Internet policy, for example,can be reached without China, which is often cited forcensoring and security issues.

The world and its challenges have changed. Now itsinstitutions need to respond.

Mark C. Partridge is a Senior Contributing Editor

to The Diplomatic Courier magazine.

G8

mmit 2011

30


31/101


32/101

G8

mmit 2011

32


33/101


34/101

Nuclear Reforms in the Wake of Fukushima

By Casey Coombs, UN Correspondent, The Diplomatic Courier

Fukushima, the worst nuclear accident sinceChernobyl a quarter century earlier, may provide theimpetus for far-reaching nuclear safety and disasterresponse reforms. In the wake of the disaster, NicolasSarkozy, President of nuclear-powered France, isadvocating international nuclear safety standards by theend of the year. Yukiya Amano, Director General of theInternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), is pushingto overhaul an anachronistic emergency responseframework. The proposals could mark the beginning of

big changes to the nuclear industry, changes that couldreassure the wary masses of nuclear energys safety. Orthey could just be hot air.

Given that the calls were made in the global spotlightleading up to several major meetings of the nuclearpowers that be, it is unlikely they are hot airthe stakesare too high. But neither do they seem to have beenmade entirely in good faith, at least in Mr. Sarkozys case,as the deadline by which he proposes to accomplishsafety standards is exceedingly ambitious.

Ulterior motives aside, the leaders have placedthemselves at the forefront of a debate that will unfoldwith two powerful interests in mind: national electorates,who stunted nuclear energys growth followingChernobyl, and a reinvigorated nuclear industry thathas been thriving in the present regulatory environment.Mr. Amano and Mr. Sarkozys leadership on the reformsmay well determine whether nuclear energy continuesits recent and rapid expansion, or enters another post-Chernobyl period of atrophy.

Windows of Opportunity

Calls for bolstering nuclear safety standards anddisaster response efforts came at a critical period on

nuclear decision-makers calendar. In early April, theworlds 72 countries operating land-based atomic powerplants held their triennial convention at IAEA headquar-ters in Vienna to discuss industry safety issues. Spe-cically, the powers exchanged country reports they

are obliged to submit as Contracting Parties to theConvention on Nuclear Safety (CNS), a key safety treatyadopted in 1994.

Mr. Sarkozys call for reform is squarely aimed at thenon binding status of the CNS. As a non binding treaty,Contracting Parties are not compelled to follow CNS

standards; they are merely incentivized by a commoninterest to formulate and achieve its international safetybenchmarks. The French Presidents March 31 callfor reform in Tokyo seems to suggest that non bindingstandards are akin to no standards at all: We mustaddress this anomaly that there are no internationalsafety norms for nuclear matters. We want internation-al standards because the world is a village and whathappens in Japan can have consequences elsewhere.

Though he has yet to detail a plan of action, his wordsimply binding enforcement at the international level. In

Tokyo, he pledged to take up the reform issue furtherby convening a special G20 meeting in Paris in May, in

addition to addressing it at the previously schedule G8meeting the same month.

While Mr. Amanos call for reform does not takeaim at the CNS, since a different Convention governsemergency response efforts, he encouraged theContracting Parties in Vienna to consider lessonslearned from the Fukushima disaster. One such lessonhe reported to the IAEA Board of Governors on March21: the current international emergency responseframework needs to be reassessed. It was designedlargely in the wake of the Chernobyl disaster in 1986,before the information revolution. It reects the realities

of the 1980s, not of the 21st century. A week later,he called for a high-level IAEA Conference on NuclearSafety to be held in Vienna before the summer. On

April 4, during his opening statement at the Vienna CNSmeeting, he reiterated his position to the ContractingParties that We cannot take a business as usualapproach.

The G8 Summit, to be held in France in late May, willbe chaired by Mr. Sarkozy and thus presents an excellent

G8

mmit 2011

34


35/101


36/101

opportunity to marshal support from his elite group ofpeers. Indeed, he has a viable argument: the Fukushimadisaster appears to be more the consequence ofinadequate safety standards than decient response

efforts. The fact that the islands seaside reactors and

the electrical infrastructure needed to cool them, whichlie along the ring of re, were not built to withstand a

massive tsunami seems to reect a major shortcoming

in the current system of safety standards. Even so, Mr.Amanos brainchild will also be an appropriate topic ofdiscussion at the Summit, for the Group of 8 house themajority of the worlds nuclear energy capacity.

Rhetoric into Results

Translating rhetoric into results will be far easier forthe Director General than the French President. Imple-menting Mr. Amanos reform proposal would facilitatequicker distribution of more accurate information to thepublic and shave critical hours off of response times.

That could stave off a more severe crisis and even savea few lives. And the Director Generals ideas shouldbe implemented rather painlessly in coming months,much in the same way the present disaster responseframework was created within seven months followingChernobylthe reason being that the IAEA plays a co-ordinating, consultative role in disaster response thatdoes not greatly restrict states sovereignty.

Implementing Mr. Sarkozys more ambitious reformproposal would lead to stricter safety standards acrossthe board, such as heightened protective measuresagainst earthquakes, tsunamis and other hazards, aswell as prolonged alternative power sources duringblackouts. But Mr. Sarkozys ideas will not prevent all

future disasters, as Black Swans manage to thwart eventhe toughest, most well thought out safety measures.

And his dirigiste-style approach to implementing reforms,if he goes the binding treaty route, will meet strong

resistance from the 72 sovereign nations whose nuclearsafety is presently enforced by national laws created inconsultation with CNS benchmarks. Convincing thenations to cede enforcement power to the internationallevel will be an uphill battle: considering the non-bindingCNS took two years to draw up, aspirations for a bindingone by the end of the year are ambitious even for thenotoriously dynamic French leader.

All that said, at the forefront of both leaders mindsthroughout the reform process will be to reassure afearful global public that measures are being taken to

reduce the likelihood of the next nuclear Black Swan.Public perception is perhaps the most crucial consider-ation in implementing reforms.

There Is No Alternative Now

As Mr. Sarkozy noted in his Japanese visit, theproblem is more about establishing safety norms thanit is about the choice of nuclear energy, for this thereis no alternative right now. In a similar vein, Director

Amano emphasized in his address to the Board ofGovernors that nuclear power will remain an importantand viable option for many countries as a stable and

clean source of energy. Nearly 500 nuclear powerplants currently produce about 14% of the worldselectricity and, according to the OECDs Red Book;the industry holds the potential to double by 2035.Nuclear energy is indeed here to stay for generationsto come as part of the solution to rising world energydemand, worries about climate change, unpredictablefossil fuel prices and energy security concerns. But thesize and scope of the industry, whether it is a principalalternative energy or an ancillary one, hinges on theway in which Director General Amano and PresidentSarkozy lead calls for reform. If orchestrated properly,public condence in nuclear safety will not fall further,

a necessary condition for continued expansion of theindustry. If mismanaged, by failing to reassure nationalelectorates of the alternative energys safety, the callsfor reform could well be remembered as nothing morethan hot air.

Casey Coombs is a New York-based UN Corre-

spondent for The Diplomatic Courier magazine.

Global Security

G8

mmit 2011

36


37/101


38/101

Confronting Irans Crusade for Nuclear Power

By Michael Gillis, Hinckley Scholar, Hinckley Institute of Politics

World leaders have remained concerned with Tehrans clandestine nuclear program since it wasuncovered in 2002. The Iranian regime has proven tobe a master at stalling the efforts of the internationalcommunity. Games of cat and mouse with Interna-tional Atomic Energy Agency inspectors have given wayto talk of inspections. These talks of inspections haveultimately given way to negotiations for further negotia-tions. With the exception of a few rounds of sanctions,the Iranian regime has largely managed to nurture acapable nuclear technology program.

Western leaders are also concerned with the paralleldevelopment of advanced missile technology, whichcould easily become the ideal delivery platform for anuclear payload.

As Iran continues to build up its stockpile, Arableaders in neighboring countries are increasinglyshowing signs of concern. The United States has begunselling state-of-the-art missile defense hardware to helppreserve the current balance of power in the region.

Although slightly further away, IsraelIrans sworenemyhas voiced frustration at the inability of theinternational community to stop the Iranian nuclearprogram. In 1981 the Israeli Air Force executed a daringstrike mission against the Osirak nuclear facility in Iraq.

Although this tough action drew erce international con-demnation, Israeli leaders never regretted undertakingthe mission. A similar Israeli airstrike destroyed a secretSyrian nuclear facility in 2007only this time, the Israelisdid not draw strong criticism from the internationalcommunity.

Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad haspublicly questioned if the holocaust did indeed occur.He also grabbed headlines in 2005 when he mentionedthat Israel must be wiped off the map when speakingat an annual anti Israel demonstration in Tehran. TheIsraeli government does not take these threats lightly.Israel is a small nation geographically. If even a singlenuclear warhead was detonated within Israels borders,her very existence would be threatened. One thing iscertain, Israel is capable of, and has a proven record of

G8

mmit 2011

38


39/101


40/101

using force when it has felt compelled to do so. If theyfeel that the threat of nuclear holocaust is imminent, theIsraelis will not hesitate to use force, regardless of theconsequences.

There are several options the internationalcommunity must develop in order to stop the Iranianregime from being able to develop nuclear weapons.

The rst option involves diplomatic engagement. In

hindsight, it has become evident that the Bush adminis-tration missed an opportunity to engage with the then-willing Iranian regime. President Barack Obama triedto reengage with the Iranians shortly after he becamepresident. Sensing weakness from an overstretchedmilitary, the Iranians responded coldly to these attemptsat reaching a diplomatic solution.

The use of sanctions has often been controversialand difcult because a broad consensus is needed to

pass them in the United Nations. Furthermore, there isno guarantee that other nations will not simply ignorethese sanctions in the pursuit of lucrative trade deals.Iran has been subjected to several rounds of sanctionswhich are applying pressure on the regime. Though nota silver bullet, sanctions weaken the Iranian regime fromthe inside by eroding public willingness to support theirbrazen policies.

The use of military force always catches the mostheadlines in the media. The Iranian nuclear programwas built from its inception to withstand a military strike.With the Osirak attack in mind, the Iranian regime hascompartmentalized its nuclear infrastructure in hardenedfacilities which are located deep underground. If amilitary strike did indeed occur, most experts believethat it would only be successful in slowing down theIranian nuclear program by a few of years, at best.

One last approach is the use of espionage.Nobody knows who is behind the target assassina-tions of top Iranian nuclear scientists, but the chilling

effects are very real. The discovery of the Stuxnetcomputer virus has also wreaked havoc on Iraniannuclear hardware. The rapid spread of this advancedcomputer virus has cast suspicion on Iranian scientis tswho have access to sensitive areas of the program.Israeli officials estimate that the Stuxnet virus hasslowed down the Iranian program by at least threeyearsmaking it just as effective, if not more so, thana conventional military operation.

There is obviously no simple answer to such acomplex and intriguing problem. Stuxnet and targetedassassinations of Iranian nuclear scientists haveprovided very real, but short-term solutions that can

only slow down Irans nuclear program. The only longterm solution that has any possibility of stopping theIranian nuclear program is regime change.

Sanctionsthough an external forcehave addedinternal pressure on the regime. Young Iranians arefeeling disenfranchised by their governments inabilityto meet their daily needs. Many young Iranianshave expressed frustration while trying to nd jobs

in a stagnating economy. They are also upset withever increasing fuel prices. Although Iran is a netexporter of crude oil, it lacks the rening capability

to produce its own gasoline. The rising fuel prices

have become especially burdensome to the low andmiddle class.

During the run up to the 2009 Iranian presidentialelection, young Iranians mentioned that the winds ofpolitical change were blowing. President Ahmadine-

jads challenger was a political moderate, concernedwith Irans internal problemslike job creationratherthan focusing on outside enemies of the state.

After widespread reports of voting abnormalities,these youthful voters took their demonstrations to the

streets of Tehran. The Iranian regimes heavy handedresponse underscores the fact that they have losttouch with the will of the people. Unlike the currentIranian regime, the majority of the Iranian people arenot obsessed with developing nuclear technology letalone wiping other nations off the map. They are moreinterested in nding meaningful jobs in order to control

their own destiny.

The international community must keep ratchetingup the pressure on the Iranian regime through the useof sanctions, espionage, and opposition support if it istruly committed to bringing the Iranian nuclear program

to a halt.

Michael Gillis, a Hinckley Scholar, graduated from

the University of Utah with B.S. degrees in Political

Science and International Studies. He recently worked

in the United States Senate as an aide to Senator

Robert. F. Bennett.

Global Security

G8

mmit 2011

40


41/101


42/101

Stuxnet, Internet System Flaws and Cyber Attacks:The Perfect Storm?

By Ryan Paul, Hinckley Scholar, Hinckley Institute of Politics

Cybersecurity has always been important for thesecurity and economic well being of every nation. Whatis troubling is that several incidents over the past twoyears show an increase in the potential damage cyberattacks can cause and reveal that increasingly sophisti-cated methods are being employed to carry them out.

These incidents, which show the emergence of sophis-ticated new malware, or malicious software, vulnerabili-ties in the Internets structure, and also cyber attacksagainst governments, show that solutions to cyberse-curity problems are sorely needed and the time to nd

them is beginning to run out. Governments will need towork with their citizens, the private sector, governmentagencies and with the governments of other countriesto solve these problems and create a safer, more secureInternet.

The Chinese government has been suspected tohave been directly involved in two high prole cyber

attacks. One of these attacks was against commercialentities and the other was directed toward foreigngovernments. China is suspected to have had a directinvolvement because of the nature of the attacks and theinformation which was stolen, but there is no evidenceto implicate them directly.

Operation Aurora occurred in early 2010, andaccording to reports from Google and the U.S. ChinaEconomic and Security Review Commission, it involved

a highly sophisticated and targeted attack on Googlescorporate infrastructure that originated from twoschools in China, one of which has ties to the Chinesemilitary, and resulted in the theft of the source code forGoogles systems. The source code of these systems isconsidered to be highly valuable and is kept under very

close guard. Along with Google, 81 other companieswith an additional 33 possible others were also targeted.

Shadows in the Cloud was another elaborate ex-ploitation campaign in which a China-based computernetwork targeted several of Indias government systems,as well as 35 other countries, including the UnitedStates and even the ofce of the Dalai Lama. According

to the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Com-missions report, the full extent of the exploitationremains unknown; the investigators determined thatthose responsible successfully obtained sensitive les,

apparently belonging to the Indian government. It isspeculated that several les were encrypted diplomatic

correspondence. Security experts have speculated thatthe attack was carried out by agents of the state ratherthan direct Chinese involvement.

The discovery of the Stuxnet virus in Iranianindustrial systems reveals the rst time a virus has been

engineered to directly attack systems of this type. It wasan amazingly complex piece of software and Symantecreportedly took six months to reverse engineer the virus

G8

mmit 2011

42


43/101

G

Summ

4

and determine how it functions. They determined thatthe viruss main purpose was to reprogram industrial

control systems, which are primarily used in gaspipelines and power plants, while remaining invisibleto the operators and administrators of the systems. Inaddition to the Iranian facilities, Symantec reported thatStuxnet also infected 155 facilities in other countries aswell, although these infections were believed to havebeen collateral damage.

Symantec estimated that it would have taken sixmonths and ve to 10 core developers, not counting

numerous other individuals to develop the virus, anddue to the limited evidence it is nearly impossible to

know who is responsible, although it is suspected thatit would be a state entity. Copycat attacks are unlikely

to appear in the near future because of Stuxnetscomplexity, however, according to Symantec, Stuxnethas highlighted direct-attack attempts on critical infra-structure [that] are possible and not just theory or movieplot lines. Stuxnets existence brings the idea of cyberwarfare one step closer to reality.

One major incident demonstrated just howvulnerable the systems that manage and routeInternet trafc are. Due to an error in a system, a large

amount of Internet trafc was directly routed through

a Chinese ISPs servers. It is largely believed that thiswas an accident, although according to the U.S.-ChinaEconomic and Security Review Commission evidencerelated to this incident does not clearly indicate whetherit was perpetrated intentionally ... the capability couldenable severe malicious activities.

At this point it should be clear that Internet systemsare vulnerable and the ingredients necessary for cyber

warfare are beginning to fall into place. The problems arevery complex and there are no simple or quick solutionsfor any of them. Experts in the technology sector havecome up with several proposals that will at least partiallyx the situation. In his article addressing cybersecurity

responses to threats, Scott Charney, the Vice Presidentof Trustworthy Computing at Microsoft, proposed thatmaking the Internet less anonymous may help detersome cyber attacks and provide more accountabilitysince the perpetrators of these attacks would be moreeasily found and held accountable for their actions.

A greater degree of education among the generalpopulation would also go far in minimizing the numberof compromised systems that are connected to theInternet. Charney also proposes a sort of digital healthcerticate to allow safe systems to connect to the

Internet and to deny compromised systems access.

There have been past attempts to address vulner-abilities in the Internets systems, but no agreements orsolutions have been made. It should be considered asa high priority and governments need to work togetherwith the private sector to x these vulnerabilities. Until

a solution is found, the best solution for the average

citizen is to encrypt data being sent from their computerto the Internet.

Other possible solutions involve action solely onthe political level. The World Trade Organization andthe United Nations could adopt policies punishingcountries that are lax on preventing cyber attacks thatoriginate from within their countries. This could bedone through the use of international law or throughindustry standards that help avoid the creation of akind of Geneva Convention for cyber warfare. Theseactions may be necessary to prevent cyber warfare thatwould wreak havoc on infrastructure that affects civilianpopulations.

Ryan Paulis a new media producer who specializes

in documentary production and Internet media. Ryan

is a graduating with a degree in Mass Communication

from the University of Utah. He grew up in Spokane,

WA, but has lived across the United States, and is a

proud citizen of Canada and the United States.


44/101


45/101


46/101

How the International CommunityBeefs Up Pressure on Somali PiratesBy Sigurd Neubauer, Washington, DC based International Affairs Specialist

As Somali pirates become bolder by the day, theUnited States and its allies are responding by beeng up

naval operations while rapidly expanding their base-line

for attacks from deep into the Indian Ocean. Given thesevere impact decreasing maritime security has on

broader Middle East commerce and stabil ity, Washingtonis starting to adopt similar punitive measures to ght

piracy as it does international terrorist networks. Taking note of the rapidly deteriorating security

situation in the Gulf of Aden, Admiral Michelle Howardof the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff emphasized in a recentPentagon interview that the overall solution to thepiracy problem is on land, and noted that: strengthen-ing the Somali transitional government in concert withthe African Unions peacemaking mandate is a key U.Spriority. Admiral Howard also noted that until a legitimategovernment takes control over the conict-torn country,

pirates will continue to operate with impunity.

As piracy has become one of the few thrivingbusinesses for coastal communities in Somalia, U.S.

ofcials also believe that lawless groups operating in

the high seas are increasingly engaging in other sorts oforganized crimes including kidnapping, arms smuggling,

human and drug trafcking.

U.S. Calls for Partnership Against Piracy

In the middle of our Pentagon conversation, AdmiralHoward took a pen and passionately pointed to a maphanging on her ofce wall as she described in great detail

how counter-piracy operations are carried out: Forinstance, if a joint American, Singaporean and SouthKorean naval patrol receive word of a suspected pirateattack, the Singaporean frigate could scoot over andassist their German and Spanish counterparts to ght

off the attack. Similarly, she emphasized: A Japanese,Russian and even Chinese vessel could assist theSpanish and German commandos. She explained thatdecisions to assist allies are made in real time by localcommanders at sea, there is no bureaucratic hurdlewaiting for orders from the respective home ofces.

G8

mmit 2011

46


47/101

Its all about partnership, Howard reiterated.

American partnership efforts also include conducting

joint naval exercises with its Gulf-Arab allies throughthe Strait of Hormouz and beyond. In a separateinterview with Bahrains Foreign Minister, Sheik Khalidibn Ahmad al Khalifa about the American presence inthe strategically located Emirate, the Sheik emphasized:if it wouldnt be for the U.S. navy presence, pirateswould plague the entire Arabian Gulf all the way up toKuwait. While, the Iranian regime continues to remainskeptical of the U.S. Fifth Fleets permanent presencein Bahrainthere are hints that Iran and the UnitedStates may be on the brink of coordinating antipiracyefforts as well. International media outlets reported in

December 2010 that Iranian naval commander AdmiralGholam Reza Khaem Bigham met with U.S. counter-parts on the sidelines at an international anti Piracysummit in Sri Lanka. Conrming that media report, an

unnamed Middle East scholar speculated whether U.S.Iranian counter piracy cooperation could serve as acondence building measure, since ties were ofcially

cut between the two countries following the IslamicRevolution of 1979.

No Links Between Pirates

and Regional Extremists

In a testimony to the severe impact piracy has onthe estimated 23,000 to 25,000 ships annually passingthrough the Gulf of Adens International Recommended

Transit Corridor, 2010 became a record year for Somalipirates as they hijacked 53 ships and held close to 1200sailors hostage. Since December last year, 28 vesselsand 638 hostages are still held for ransom by pirates.

Across the Aden Gulf, as Yemen is facing increasinginstability by Houthi separatist rebels in the south, theSanaa government is also battling an emboldened

Al Qaida in many of the countrys rugged and barrenprovinces. When asked whether pirates are cooperatingwith Al Qaida afliated groups operating out of Yemen,

or with the local Somali Islamist, Al Shabaab group,Admiral Howard said that so far, there is no intelligencebased evidence to suggest that such an axis exist.

Comprehensive Solution Needed

As of today, most experts believe that while theremay be pirates operating out of southern Somalia, thenorthern gangs are by far the most dangerous. Hence,

the combination of a rapidly deteriorating Yemenigovernment and the already lawless Somali lands havecomplicated long-term anti-piracy strategies to the

point where many experts believe that to fully eradicatethe problem, pirate havens on land must be properlytargeted. On the other hand, while some 90 percent ofglobal trade travels by sea, Howard underscored thatthe more successful counter piracy operations on thehigh seas are, the more effective long-term stabilizationsefforts of Somaliland will be.

As part of a compressive anti-piracy strategy, theFrench Parliament lAssemblee Nationale recentlypassed legislation giving its naval forces full authority todetain pirates and try them in a court of law, irrespec-

tively of their nationality or that of their captives. Whilethe new law gives the French navy effectively the samepowers as the countrys police, many pirates have untiltoday been released after capture due to the lack ofproper legal framework to arrest them and bring themon trial.

Questioning the immediate effectiveness of thenew French law, NATOs Ocean Shield anti-PiracyCommander Admiral Michiel Hijmans stated in ane-mail interview that the new legislation could havelimited impact at rst, but when the word has spread

that pirates are being prosecuted and have to spend

many years in prison, it can have a positive impact onreducing the will to become a pirate.

Although similar legislation has already passedin several NATO countries, NATO itself does not havea legal framework to detain and prosecute pirates,

Admiral Hijmans explained. According to AdmiralHijmans, if a warship operating within a NATO missionis involved in a piracy attack, the decision whether todetain and prosecute the suspected pirates rests withthe warships national authoritiesand not at sea. Asof today, the United States and Britain have agreementswith the governments of Kenya and the Seychelles thatsuspected pirates can be deported from their watersand then extradited to face prosecution.

Explaining the new legislations impact, Hijmansnoted how South Korea, the Netherlands and Germanyare currently prosecuting pirates caught in the act.

As case in point, German Deputy Defense MinisterChristian Schmidt articulated in an interview how hiscountry has deployed 1,400 troops to naval bases in

Global Security

G

Summ

4


48/101

Djibouti and in Mombasa, Kenya to assist EUs NavalForces (EUNAVFOR) counter-piracy operations. Schmidtalso stated that additional German naval vessels are par-ticipating in joint patrolling exercises through the Strait ofHormuz while assisting U.S. and NATO forces to securethe Gulf from pirates.

How Pirates Adapt

to International Pressure

At the Pentagon, Admiral Howard described howpirates effectively adapt to new counter-piracy strategies.Since the beginning of my tenure, Ive witnessed pirates

going further and further out. From being 200 miles offshore, they went to 400 milesand now theyre 450miles from India.

Echoing that sentiment, Hijmans, the NATOcommander stressed how pirates have begun launchingtheir attacks from larger already hijacked vessels as theyoften use the kidnapped crew as human shields whileseeking protection from navy commandos. As they arebecoming more condent in their abilities to overpower a

ship while taking control, NATO in close cooperation withEUNAVFOR offers guidance and advice to commercialvessels on how to best transition the most dangerouswaters.

However, while Hijmans refused to speculatewhether bolder attacks were caused by a deliberatestrategy by pirates and their backers on land, the Admiralemphasized how piracy was opportunity driven.Groups of pirates are sent out to sea with the means,orders and equipment to attack with the intentions to

bring the vessel back for ransom negotiations. Once atsea, pirates immediately look for a target of opportunity.

Case in point, recent data released by the Interna-tional Maritime Bureau (IMB) nds that 92 percent of

all pirate attacks take place off the Horn of Africa by

Somalis. The same agency report revealed that pirateattacks increased by 10 percent from 2009 to 2010,with a total of 445 attacks last year alone.

Therefore, as pirates respond more aggressively tothe multinational naval presence, the Commander of theU.S. Fifth Fleet, Admiral Mark Fox, was quoted callingfor a new robust strategy to uncover their money trailand supply networks on shore with equal emphasis asthose carried out in counter-terror investigations.

In perhaps the boldest counter measure today, Admiral Fox also suggested resorting to more military

action usually associated with the U.S. counter-terrorcampaign, including pre-emptive assaults and strikesby armed drones.

While NATO does not have the mandate to carry outthe operations proposed by Admiral Fox, the Alliancehas provided a series of instructions to commercialvessels on how to win time, in the event of an attack,before naval forces arrive to their rescue. Among thoseinstructions: install racer wire/barbed wires on all ships

and if attacked, respond with the vessels reghting

equipments from the upper deck to steer off pirates.

Moreover, as part of a strategy to strengthenoverall security, South Koreas Samsung HeavyIndustries developed recently a new anti-piracy alertsystem capable of detecting smaller boats operatingin the vicinity often undetected by current marine radarsystems. According to a company statement, while thenew system will issue an automatic alert when a vesselis approaching, it does not respond to ship-to-ship radiocommunications. The state of the arts technology wouldalso leave sufcient time for sailors to remotely operate

water cannons from the ships deck without being inharms way, in the event pirates should attempt openingre while boarding.

Perhaps, after all, Admiral Howard was right: Acomprehensive strategy targeting piracy assets onland would be the best option to prevent pirates fromoperating with impunity. On the other hand, the needfor a joint U.S.-NATO mandate allowing for the arrest ofall pirates seems equally apparent in order to fullycombat piracy.

Global Security

G8

mmit 2011

48


49/101


50/101

In Defense of Afghan Refugees and Asylum Seekers

By M. Ashraf Haidari, Diplomat, Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs

One last trek, which often tragically ends the livesof many boat refugees on the turbulent and sometimesstormy waters of high seas before they reach the shoresof Greece or Australia, is only the tip of the iceberg.

Afghan refugees, including many families with children,are not an exception and take the same life-threateningrisk for a possible secure future. Last January, a shipgoing to Italy with 260 people on board sank near theGreek island of Corfu. Twenty two refugees, mostly

Afghans, were reported to have been missing anddrowned. And last December, a wooden boat packedwith asylum seekers, including Afghans, smashedagainst jagged rocks in a storm off an Australian island,killing at least 27 people.

But those refugees who survive such frequenttragedies are no longer welcome in developed countries.

Critics in those countries consider Afghan refugees aseconomic migrants, wrongly comparing them withsuch migrants from peaceful but poor countries. But itis imperative that countries with the strictest immigrationpolicies reconsider their position towards Afghanrefugees, who have proven time and again over the past31 years that if the security conditions were good in

Afghanistan, they would hardly abandon their villages oforigin internally, let alone taking the long deadly trek tocountries as far as Greece or Australia.

It is not surprising that even the United Nations

agency mandated to protect the rights of desperaterefugees is sometimes compelled to succumb to thetough immigration policies of certain countries. The

Executive Committee of the United Nations High Com-missioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which governs theagency, consists of 76 member-states that annuallymeet in Geneva to review and approve the agencys

programs and budget. In the process, some member-states ensure that their domestic immigration policies aretaken into full account, before the agencys operationsare adequately funded.

In spite of these constraints, however, UNHCR hasenlisted the support of many outspoken celebrities notonly to draw global attention to the plight of refugeesbut also to speak up for the rights of refugees and basichuman rights everywhere. Through UNHCRs assistance,

Afghan refugees have never hesitated to return home assoon as promising conditions have given them hope forrestoration of peace and justice in their homeland.

Buoyed by international re-engagement in Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban in late 2001,more than ve million Afghan refugees returned home

from Pakistan and Iran, as well as from other countriesbeyond the region, during the early 2000s. This made thelargest voluntary repatriation in the history of UNHCR.But the basic expectations of Afghan returnees weredashed, as improved security, enhanced protection andreintegration assistance, and increased employment op-portunities did not materialize in the years following theirreturn home.

Beginning 2004, however, the security situationrapidly started deteriorating in the country, and eachfollowing year witnessed intensied conicts that indis-criminately killed, injured, and displaced Afghans, mostof them recent returnees, who have lacked the nancial

means or coping mechanisms of others to survive. And as reintegration assistance, a critical componentof UNHCRs durable solution to the Afghan refugeeproblem, has failed to come forth, the returnees haveeither ended up becoming internally displaced or ed

Afghanistan again.

In his December 2010 report on the situation in Afghanistan, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moohighlighted worsening security throughout the country,noting that that the number of security incidents was 66percent higher than during the same period in 2009. Headded that anti-Government elements had continued toincrease their use of improvised explosive devices andto directly target civilians through abductions and as-sassinations. At the same time, he reported that suicideattacks had averaged three per week, targeting primarily

G8

mmit 2011

50


51/101


52/101

military forces but killing scores of civilians. In 2010,unfortunately, more than 2,400 civilians were killed in

Afghanistan, while over 3,200 others were injured.

Against this grim security background in Afghanistan,all countries must honor the principle of non-refoule-ment, rooted both in international and Islamic law, torefrain from forcible deportation of Afghan refugeesand to avoid indenite delays in the processing of

their genuine claim for refugee status. Past experienceproves that resettlement of Afghan refugees in the

developed countries will go a long way in helping rebuildand develop Afghanistan.

Resilience and high achievement motivation thatcharacterize most refugees will quickly enable resettled

Afghan families to adapt into their new societies, takingadvantage of social and economic opportunities thereto establish themselves and to continue supporting

their relatives at home. In the long run, most resettledAfghans will have gained wealth and higher educationwhich they will use to invest in Afghanistan, evident fromthe return of many well-off Afghans who have madesignicant contributions to Afghanistans reconstruction

since 2002.

Almost 2,500 years ago, Euripides wrote thatthere is no greater sorrow on earth than the loss ofones native land. Indeed, for most Afghan refugeeslike those desperately landing on the shores of Greece

and Australia for protectionno foreign land can everreplace Afghanistan where they will return as soon asthey feel secure to do so.

A former refugee and internally displaced person,

M. Ashraf Haidariworks with Afghanistans Ministry

of Foreign Affairs. He formerly served as the charg

daffaires and political counselor of the Embassy of

Afghanistan in Washington, DC.

G8

mmit 2011

52


53/101

7/23/20

g8 2011 summit publication

Documents