g as p iping in p etroleum i ndustries. presented by mohammad saied hesham ali mohammad amin kareem...
TRANSCRIPT
GAS PIPING IN PETROLEUM INDUSTRIES
Presented By
Mohammad Saied
Hesham Ali
Mohammad Amin
Kareem Mohammad
Mohammad Farrag
I- INTRODUCTION
II- CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION & TESTING
III- PIPELINE OBSTACLES
IV- CONTROL OF PIPELINES
V- MAINTENANCE
INTRODUCTION
Why gas pipelines?
Toxic gases. Transportation of gaseous fluid is more
practical and has lower cost than liquefying it. Least hazard.
Example For Major Pipelines:
West African Gas Pipeline: The west African gas pipeline is 678 Km Long pipeline
from Nigeria's ‘Escraves ‘ region to Benin, Togo and Ghana.
South Stream: It is a proposed gas pipeline to transport Russian
natural gas to black sea to Bulgaria and further to Italy and Austria.
Alaska gas pipeline :
The Alaska gas pipeline is a proposal to transport natural gas from the Alaska North Slope natural gas reserves to the U.S. Midwest.
INTRODUCTION
PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTIONOF PIPELINES
Planning and Construction of any new pipeline system depends on several factors: Material (fluid or solid) to be transported by the
pipeline ( whether it is natural gas, oil, water,…………etc).
Length of the pipeline. Environment ( whether the pipeline is in urban
or countryside, setting on land or offshore, worm or cold climate ).
Procedures used for long-distance steel gas pipe lines: Step 1: Preliminary Planning. Step 2: Route Selection. Step 3: Acquisition of right of way. Step 4: Testing Soil. Step 5: Pipeline Design. Step 6: Start Construction.
Way preparation. Strings. Ditching and Trenching. Tunneling. Welding, Coating and wrapping. Pipe laying. Backfill and restoration of land.
PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTIONOF PIPELINES
Expansion in pipeline : Building Zigzagged instead of straight pipeline to
provide allowance for thermal expansion. Zigzag move freely either outward (During
Expansion ) or inward (During Shrinkage). For pipelines above ground, sometimes an
inverted U or loop is used instead. Special joints are available for expansion, such
as: a)Bell and spigot joints. b) Slip joints.For small diameter pipes, using a joint made of
flexible pipe (hose) will allow expansion.
PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTIONOF PIPELINES
Installation and Connecting Pipes: Pipes available in sections of 20-ft length. For steel pipes, the maximum section length is
usually 40-ft. Segments transported to the construction site. Before being laid in ditches,
sections joined (connected) together to form a long pipeline.
Joining can be done in several ways including: a) Flanged joints. b) Other mechanical joints. c) Welding.
PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTIONOF PIPELINES
Pipeline Welding Defects: a) Under cutting due to technique mistakes. b) Accumulation of discontinuity. c) Cracks. d) Porosity or gas pockets. e) Slag inclusion. f) Burn through. g) Incomplete fusion.
PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTIONOF PIPELINES
Testing a) Welding Inspection and Testing:
There are two inspection methods. I) Non-destructive test NDT:
Visual/Optical Testing VT/OT. Radiographic (x-ray and gamma ray) RT. Ultrasonic Testing UT. Penetrant Testing PT. Magnetic Testing MT.
II) Destructive test DT: This could be done by taking a sample of the welding
part and testing it in the lab. Location of the sample should be according to API
standard. The test could be tension, bending and impact.
PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTIONOF PIPELINES
Testing b)Hydro-testing:
Hydro-testing of pipe, pipelines and vessels is done to expose defective materials that have missed prior detection, ensure that any remaining defects are insignificant enough to allow operation at design pressures, expose possible leaks and serve as a final validation of the integrity of the constructed system. ASME B31.3 requires this testing to ensure tightness and strength. ASME B31.3 p345.
PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTIONOF PIPELINES
Testing b)Hydro-testing:
Testing procedures: The vessel is filled with a nearly incompressible liquid –
usually water and examined for leaks or permanent changes in shape. Red or fluorescent dyes are usually added to the water to make leaks easier to see. The test pressure is always considerably higher than the operating pressure to give a margin for safety. This margin of safety is typically 150% or 5/3 of the design pressure, depending on the regulations that apply.
Water is commonly used because it is almost incompressible so will only expand by a very small amount should the vessel split.
PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTIONOF PIPELINES
Design data needed for external corrosion control: Operating temperature Water temperature Water movement Depth of water Burial Pipe size and length
PIPELINE OBSTACLES
Design data needed for internal corrosion control: CO2
H2S Moisture Content. Operating temperature and pressure. Condensate. Velocity. Solids, scaling
PIPELINE OBSTACLES
Internal Corrosion Control Requires Monitoring:Chemical injection
Corrosion inhibitors CI Biocides Scale inhibitors Methanol Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor KHI
Materials selection 13-Cr alloys Duplex Stainless steels
PIPELINE OBSTACLES
Typical Pipeline Coatings For Corrosion Control : External pipeline protective coatings Fusion bond epoxy
With a rough coat Bitumen, asphalt and coal tar coatings
Coal tar epoxies Coal tar urethanes
External concrete coatings weight coatings Polymer concrete
PIPELINE OBSTACLES
Geographical Problems: Onshore
Presence of hills, mountains, cliffs, and valleys affects the pipeline cost.
Offshore Hard to find flat surface to install a pipeline, so,
paving the seabed for a straight or constructing bridges on seabed.
PIPELINE OBSTACLES
Leakage ,it’s Causes and Effects: There are four main categories of pipeline
failures.These are: Pipeline corrosion and wear Operation outside design limits Unintentional third party damage Intentional damage
Gas leakage has bad effects on the environment, and the mankind.
PIPELINE OBSTACLES
CONTROL OF PIPELINES
Most modern pipeline systems are automated and controlled by computers. The degree of sophistication of the automation/computer system depends on the size and complexity of the pipeline and its operation.
They often include three I) SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition). II) The communication media that links the
SCADA to the remote stations. III) RTUs (Remote Terminal Units)
SCADA consists of three parts: (1) A user-friendly console to interface with the
operator (human), (2) A server, which contains the database
needed for operating the pipeline, (3) The MTU (Master Terminal Unit) that
communicates with the RTUs.
CONTROL OF PIPELINES
Leakage detection: Gas leakage is a main source for
economic losses. Methods of leakage detection:
Mass-Balance. Pressure Drop. Visual and Photographic Observation.
CONTROL OF PIPELINES
PIPELINE MAINTENANCE
In order to keep any pipeline in service, it should be repaired and maintained. Routine Maintenance:
Provides smooth operation for the pipeline Maintaining the pipe itself ,
and accompanied equipment. Malfunctioned equipment
repaired or replaced. Pigs
Cleaning and Inspection.
PIPELINE MAINTENANCE
Fracture Repairing: Pipeline Clamps: For minor fracture or small cracks
Fracture Repairing: Ball and Misaligning Flanges
For major fracture or failure of a part of a pipeline.
PIPELINE MAINTENANCE
REVIEW
IMPORTANCE OF GAS PIPELINES
CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION & TESTING
CONTROL OF PIPELINES
OBSTACLES
MAINTENANCE
REFERENCES
“Pipeline Engineering” By Henry Liu www.oilstates.com www.oceaneering.com http://en.wikipedia.org www.intecsea.com www.saipem.it www.ndt-ed.org
THANKS FOR YOUR TIME
OUR GREETINGS
SAIED AMIN FARRAG
HESHAM KAREEM