¢.-- 'tq_--c2_vFv,4_

/_he forestry profession has no offi- holy temple where one finds God,Forestaestheticsprovidethepublicfacadefor |cial policy on forest aesthetics: learns lessons about morality, and seeksforestryethics.Currentpoliciessendahypo- AL Neither foresters nor the public contrasts with civilization. Nature hascriticalmessagetocitizensabouttheprac- have clear guidelines as to what a socially value because it is beyond human con-tice,intent,andethicsofforestrybysuggest- acceptable, actively managed forest trol, undisturbed, and original, and be-ingthatforestersneedto disguisetheprac- should look like. Hints of an implicit cause it has endured the test of timeticeof forestry.Suchpoliciesimply,to an in- policy can be found in the Society of and presumably will continue doing socreasinglywarypublic,thatforestryis bad American Foresters (SAF) position state- if humans just leave it alone. Nature isforthe landandthatforesterscannotbe ments on timber harvesting and in vari- assumed to know what is best.

trusted.Wehopethat theprofessionwilldis- ous recommendations for best manage- The ecological aesthetic assumes that

cussandnegotiateanaestheticspolicythat is ment practices found in state, federal, appreciation of ecological states and

consonantwith--orpartof--its Codeof and industrial forestry publications, processes can produce intense aestheticThese implicit policies may send a hypo- experiences. The more we learn about

Ethics.Wereviewtheimplicationsforforestry critical message to the public about the them, the more we appreciate them. Ifofcompetingaestheticpolicies,andconclude practice, intent, and ethics of forestry, the view is messy, insect infested, orthat forestryshouldembraceanaesthetic Current aesthetic policies hide and obstructed, so be it. People should ap-idealthat isanalogousto a gardener'swork disguise the practice of forestry and sug- preciate and evaluate the ecologicalof tendinga garden, gest to an increasingly wary public that processes and management actions that

the practice of forestry is bad for the land produce these conditions. This requiresand that foresters are not to be trusted, educating the public about ecology and

By R. Bruce Hull, David P. These are not beliefs that forestry should the ecological consequences ofproduc-

Robertson, Gregory J. Buhyoff, be promoting in an increasingly politi- ing the goods and services society de-cized and regulated environment, mands. Such an aesthetic promotes a

and Angelina KendraThe issues are not trivial: The visual clear and unfettered view of ecological

environment is the filter through which systems and the ecological impacts ofthe public encounters and evaluates the management required to meet soci-both forests and forestry. These particu- ety's resource demands.lar concerns and conclusions about for- The tended aesthetic also highlightsest aesthetics are not new and can be the ecological processes and productstraced back at least as far as the writings of the land, but it draws attention toof Aldo Leopold (Callicott 1992; Mc- the quality of management as well. TheQuillan 1993) and much more recently garden serves as an analogy: The gar-in this journal to Gobster (1995). den has a gardener who is responsible

for its condition. The tended aesthetic

Three Aesthetic Ideals is characterized by an image of care, in-Three hypothetical aesthetic ideals volvement, and responsibility. The

provide a framework for discussion, consequences of human action areThe romantic aesthetic idealizes un- highlighted by human presence in a

touched and pristine natural landscapes, cultural landscape; evidence of man-A landscape management policy built agement is a good thing. The tendedon the romantic ideal would intention- aesthetic assumes that humans can

ally hide or disguise human modifica- improve on natural processes--thattion of the land. Humans, if present at human creativity can enhance ecologi-all, stand passively and almost outside cal diversity, efficiency, equity, produc-the landscape, as awestruck observers of tivity, integrity, health, and other as yetnature. Humans cannot improve on this "unexpressed potentialities" of natureromanticized nature, only degrade it. (Dubos 1980, p. 80).

The American version of this ro- For more detail about these and

mantic ideal emerged in the 1800s, other aesthetic ideals, see Callicottwhen writers and artists glorified the 1992; McQuillan 1993; Oelschlaegerwild nature then being lost. It was mo- 1991; Nassauer 1997; Saito 1998; andtivated by concerns that core American Schauman 1998.values were being degraded by industri-alization, urbanization, and materialism Implications for Forestry

(Oelschlaeger 1991). Romanticism cel- Each of the three aesthetic ideals hasebrates wild, untrammeled nature as a different implications for forestry. By

Journal of Forestry 38

examining how some of the major aesthetic policies as illustrated by a re- volvement and intervention in the gar-tenets of forestry are related to forestry cent American Pulpwood Association den are accepted and expected; lettingaesthetics, we hope to draw attention and American Forest & Paper Associa- nature take its course would be unac-to the need for forestry to be reasoned tion publication (no date). It advocates ceptable. The garden's produce andand consistent in its implicit and ex- a forest aesthetic that hides the practice abundance instill pride; shame and em-plicit policies, of forestry. The manual advises that barrassment result from the garden's

The science afecolagy. Romantic no- good silvicultural operations should failure. Nature can be many things, andtions about pristine, balanced, and self- minimize visibility, screen, reduce the the gardener helps define and produceregulating nature are the rationale be- line of sight, and avoid the appearance things consistent with family or corn-hind numerous environmental policies of management actions. Similarly, the munity expectations for economicallyand laws (Wiener 1996) and dominate current SAF position on clearcutting feasible, socially acceptable, ecologicallylay understanding of environmental is- suggests that, in some instances, the sustainable outcomes. The gardener issues (Kemptonetal. 1995). Contempo- practice degrades visual quality and evaluated on the quality of theserary disequilibrium ecology, however, recommends hiding those silvicultural choices and on how well they are im-

plemented on the land.Social acceptability. Forestry is not

"...foresters shifted from a proud stance of 'as long unique in its tendency to hide or dis-

as we are practicing good scientific forestry, we have guise the unseemlyor unsightly. Mostnothing to hide'...to defensive attempts to mask of us store garbagecans out of sight,

place electrical conduits behind walls,management activities whenever possible." use deodorant to mask body odor, and

McQuillan (1993), p. 207 purchase meat wrapped in plastic. Theromantic aesthetic ideal is frequentlyfound in the landscapes of car corn-

has discredited such notions and the actions: "Forest stands are sometimes mercials, picture books and calendars,

idea that Nature knows best (Botkin visually disturbing following clearcut and designated scenic overlooks.1990; Pimm 1991). Similarly, environ- harvesting.., visual disturbance can be The popularity of that ideal is wellmental historians have exposed the to- mitigated by maintaining buffer zones documented. Repeatedly, studies showmantic myth of untrammeled, pristine along roads and trails." that the public prefers landscapes with-nature and shown instead that all envi- Such practices seem consistent with out evidence of humans or human-ronments reflect extensive and intensive a romantic view of nature and incon- wrought change. Some scholars arguehuman intervention (Denevan 1992). sistent with the many SAF policies that that these landscape preferences are

The popular romantic aesthetic suggest active forest management can learned and culturally based--pro-ideal of a balanced and pristine nature improve forest health and productivity, moted by art, television, and booksis thus inconsistent with contemporary The ecological ideal, in contrast, (Callicott 1992; Soper 1995). Otherecology. On the other hand, the eco- tries to expose ecological processes and scholars have argued that these prefer-logical and tended ideals are more change. According to this perspective, ences are inherited and result from evo-compatible with contemporary notions unobstructed views of ecologically lutionary pressures that predispose hu-of ecosystem function and change and sound timber harvests illustrate both mans to prefer certain types of land-with the notions of a historical and an- the ecological principles of silviculture scapes (Ulrich 1993). Whether naturethropogenic nature, and the impact of forest management or nurture causes preferences for the

The role of management. Current required to meet social demands for romantic aesthetic, these preferencesforest practices applied in the name of fiber. Nature is neither pristine nor un- are held by many.aesthetic resource management seem to trammeled in this aesthetic. Many people believe that Naturereflect the romantic ideal by advocating The tended aesthetic embraces and knows best and that human manage-that the sights and sounds and other even celebrates the potential of human ment only harms, never improves, onsigns of management be hidden or dis- management. It focuses attention on what nature does naturally (Kemptonguised. In a pointed and controversial evidence of management and care prac- et al. 1995). Brunson (1993), for ex-critique, Wood (1989) noted that the riced by the forester. The forest man- ample, examined factors that make for-then-current Forest Service visual aes- ager is held accountable for improving est practices socially acceptable Hethetics policy advocated practices to upon nature. A tended garden, for ex- found that changes to a forest condi-deceive or misguide the viewing public, ample, usually looks better than an un- tion resulting from "natural" causesThe policy recommended manage- tended one. Some species are deemed (e.g., forest clearing caused by wind)ment actions that would camouflage, weeds and are expected to be removed, were more acceptable than changes re-screen, appear natural, and leave no Overgrown plants are trimmed. There suiting from intentional, active man-visible construction scar. is a respected effort to impose the agement by humans (e.g., harvest)and

The same argument may apply to human ideals of neatness and order on that management techniques replicat-current private and industrial forest an otherwise wild and messy nature. In- ing "natural" processes (e.g., fire) were

36 July 2000

more acceptable than management able. Cues to care in logging operations landscape is healthy or not. If we cantechniques with less natural precedents might include signs describing refor- see that the landscape is not healthy,

(e.g., aerial spraying of herbicides), estation efforts, visible erosion-control Betmight do something about it ....we are unlikely to do that if weThe ecological aesthetic ideal views mechanisms, minimal mud on the can't see it!

any effort to hide the means of pro- road, minimal wasted and damagedduction as pandering to people's "head trees, and a neat work site. The visual landscape is a powerfulin the sand" mentality. It argues that Recreation experiences. Recreation is communication tool that can educatesociety should see and understand that one of the accepted multiple uses of people about ecology and land steward-the forest products industry is an inte- forests and one of the justifications for ship. People learn from what they see.gral part of ecological processes, and attention to forest aesthetics. The ro- Forestry should take advantage of thisthus forest management should show mantic aesthetic provides profound opportunity to use forested landscapesnot just how ecological processes oper- and intense recreation experiences, as is to teach the ecological principles thatate but also the consequences of our evidenced by the popularity of wilder- inform forestry's ethics. Forestry aesthet-consumptive lifestyles on these ness recreation and the impassioned ics should promote ecologicalliteracy.processes. Though it might be good prose of American nature writing, a Nassauer (1995) criticizes romanti-medicine, this ecological aesthetic is tradition that extends back to Muir, cally motivated management practiceslikely to be politically unpopular be- Thoreau, and Emerson. because they create a "false identity" andcause of the romantic aesthetic's domi- Although less popular (largely be- confuse the public into associating pic-nance. The ecological aesthetic also cause it requires the investment of per- turesque landscapes with "good" landmay be difficult to implement because sonal time and energy to become edu- management. Contending that "what isecological processes are notoriously dif- cated about ecology), the ecological aes- good may not look good, and what looksficult to illustrate: They are often too thetic also can generate intense and good may not be good," she argues thatbig (e.g., water flow through a water- positive emotional reactions to the implementing a romantic aestheticshed), too small (e.g., carbon fixation), land. Leopold (1949) noted that aes- makes impotent the greatest public rela-or too slow (e.g., species migration in thetic appreciation "begins with the tions device available to natural resourceresponse to climate change) to be easily pretty" but deepens with understanding managers--the landscape people seeor conveniently witnessed, of ecological and evolutionary sciences. (Nassauer 1995, p. 161). By hiding or

Perhaps the tended aesthetic has The tended aesthetic similarly pro- disguising ecological consequences andmore potential to be socially acceptable duces emotional experiences--experi- processes, forestry promotes an ecologi-than the in-your-face ecological aes- ences that may be more lasting and sig- cally ignorant public, a public that willthetic or the behind-your-back roman- nificant than those produced by either be less capable of planning and negotiat-tic aesthetic. Society has established ex- the romantic or the ecological aes- ing an environmentally sustainable fu-pectations about how a garden should thetic. Jordan (1994) argues that active ture, a public that may be more of an ad-look. Nassauer (1995) recommends involvement with ecological restora- versary than an advocate of ecologicallythat land managers use "cues to care" to tion projects creates profound experi- sound forest management.frame messy but ecologically healthy ences in volunteers (see also Gobster Both the ecological and the tendedlandscape patterns. For rural landscapes and Hull 2000). Being involved, re- aesthetics strive to illustrate (ratherNassauer (1992, 1995, 1997) identified sponsible, and informed about changes than hide) ecological processes, therebysuch indicators of care as lack of weeds made to the environment may evoke improving and demanding ecological

and erosion, contour plowing, wind- deeper and richer feelings and memo- literacy of the viewer. The challenge forbreaks, trimmed shrubs, plants in rows, ries than "leaving no trace" or passively forest and other land managers want-fences, and wildlife feeders. These in- observing a presumed pristine land- ing to promote ecological literacy is toterventions signal that the landscape is scape. By taking responsibility, one find metaphors or other mechanismsbeing tended and cared for by man- feels pride or grief in the outcome. Re- to make people aware of what is other-agers. Providing landscape cues that the call that Thoreau experienced pro- wise invisible or difficult to observe.public recognizes as care makes man- found moments while working his Public trust. The forested landscapeagement actions more acceptable, bean field and Leopold felt great pas- is the most publicly accessible aspect of

Nassauer (1992) describes applying sion restoring his Sand County farm. forestry. Foresters should expect, andan aesthetic of care to the USDA's One need look no further than the even encourage, the public to evaluate

Conservation Reserve Program. When popularity of home gardening to find forestry based on what it sees in themillions of formerly cultivated acres ample examples of a shared apprecia- forest. Aesthetics should provide thewere first planted with perennial cover tion of a tended aesthetic, public "a clear audit" of the land man-to provide wildlife habitat and soil sta- Ecological literacy. Nassauer (1992, ager's ethics (Schauman 1998, p. 183).bility, many local residents saw the p. 239-40)noted that The ecological aesthetic ideal is

land as ugly, weedy, and neglected. If we assume that people want to based on that premise. It attempts toAdding cues to care change d this ap- live in healthy ecological systems,the expose ecological processes and theparently messy and abandoned land- problem is that the way the landscape consequences of actively managingscape into one that was socially accept- looks might not tell us whether the these processes to meet demand for

Journal of Forestry 37

forest products and services, public confidence if its aesthetic policy DUBOS,R. 1980. The wooingof Eartb:New perspectiveson man'suseof nature. New York:CharlesScribner's

The romantic aesthetic ideal, on the is consistent with its other policies and Sons.other hand, has the potential to be used ethics. With these reasons in mind, GOBSTER,PH.1995.AldoLeopold'secological esthetic:deceptively as a public relations ploy. The several states are already advocating Integrating estheticandbiodiversityvalues.Journalof

romantic aesthetic ideal is, if you will, public relations efforts designed to Forestry93(2):6-10.,, GOBSTER,.P.,and R.B. HULL,eds. 2000. Restoringnature:

false advertising. Hiding the practice of show the public that "forestry cares Perspectivesfrom the humanities and social science.forestry invites a skeptical public to think (Tappero 1998). Washington,DC:IslandPress.that forestry has something to hide. For- The forestry profession needs an ex- JEN_NS,V.S.1994.Thelawn:A historyof an American

est science claims to have developed eco- plicit and serious discussion about its obsession.Washington, DC:SmithsonianPress.JORDAN,_ R. 1994. Sunflowerforest:Ecologicalrestora-

logically sensitive and sustainable forestry policy on forest aesthetics. If, as we tion as thebasisfora new environmental paradigm.

practices and therefore should welcome contend, forest aesthetics provide the In Beyondpreservation:Restoringand inventing land-inspection. Instead of hiding ecological public facade for forestry ethics, then scapes,eds. D. Baldwin,J. Deluce,and C. Pletsch,processes and forest stewardship behind forestry practices should not appear 17-34.Minneapolis: UniversityofMinnesotaPress.buffers, forestry should lay open, display, hypocritical to skeptical citizens. For- KEMPTON,W.,J.S.BOSTER,and J.A. HARTLEY.1995.

EnvironmentalvaluesinAmericanculture.Cambridge:and exhibit forest ecology and the conse- estry's aeSthetic policy should be so- MIT Press.

quences of management, cially acceptable, ecologically appropri- LEOPOLD,A. 1949. A Sand Countyalmanac. New York:A tended aesthetic can also be decep- ate, easily comprehended, and eco- OxfordUniversityPress.

tive and subject to misuse. As Dubos nomically feasible. We recommend McQuILL_N,A. 1993. Cabbagesand kings: The ethicsand aestheticsof new forestry.Environmental Values

(1980, p. xvi) notes: "I could not cele- that professional foresters design, im- 2:191-222.brate the wooing of the Earth without plement, and advocate an aesthetic that NaSSAUER,J.I.1992.Theappearanceofecologicalsys-constantly having in mind the rape of • is consistent with the ethics, prac- ternsas a matterof policy. Landscape Ecology 6:

the Earth." For example, streams that tice, and science of forestry; 239-50.--. 1995. Messyecosystems,orderly frames. Land-

flow through the gardened lawns of sub- • takes advantage of the visibility scapeJournal 14:161-70.urbia often carry more organic and pes- and communicative power of forested NASSaUER,J.I. (ed.)1997.Placingnature: Cultureandticide runoff than the most intensively landscapes to help create an ecologi- landscapeecologyWashington, DC: Island Press.

managed agricultural lands (Jenkins cally literate public aware of forest OELSCHtaEGER,M. 1991. Theidea of wilderness:From

1994). Likewise, neat and tidy forests stewardship goals; prehistorytotheageof ecology.New Haven: YaleUni-versity Press.

are missing the downed wood and un- • builds public trust by providing a PIMM,S.L. 1991. The balanceof nature?Ecologicalissues

derstory vegetation that plays important clear audit of the purpose and conse- intheconservationofspeciesandcommunities.Chicago:

roles in nutrient recycling and in fish quences of forest management; and Universityof Chicago Press.SAITO,Y. 1998. The aestheticsof unscenic nature. The

and wildlife habitat. Some ecological ° is socially acceptable and does not JournalofAestheticandArt Criticism56:101-11.

functions may look messy even though ignore current public standards of taste. SCHAUMAN,S. 1998.The garden andtheredbarn:they are ecologically appropriate and The public's understanding and ap- The pervasive pastoral and its environmental conse-

economically feasible. The tended des- preciation of the tended garden may quences.Journalof Aestheticsand Art Criticism

thetic's association with neatness and provide a useful example. Forestry por- 56:181-90.SOCIETYOFAMERICANFORESTERS.Position statement

control could easily be used to justify or trays itself as a responsible provider of on clearcutting. Bethesda, MD. Availableonlineatmotivate ecologically unsound practices, forest goods and services and a respon- www.safnet.org/archivelclearcut/htm.

sible steward of sustainable forest SOPER,K. 1995. Whatisnature?Cambridge:Blackwell.

Implementing an Aesthetic ecosystems. The tended garden may be TaPPERO,D. 1998. President's column: Show them wecare. VirginiaForestsSummer:3.

If forestry adopts a tended aesthetic, the metaphor with which to promote a ULRICH,R.S.1993.Biophilia, biophobia, andnaturalit cannot blindly apply the social norms forest aesthetic that is consistent with landscapes. In The biophiliahypothesis,eds.S.Kellertof the current neat, tidy, carefully forestry's self-image, andE.O.Wilson,73-137.Washington, DC:Islandtended aesthetic; rather, forestry must Press.

WIENER,J.B. 1996. Beyond the balanceof nature. Duke

pick and choose those parts of the gaP- Literature Cited EnvironmentalLaw and PolicyReview7:l-24.den metaphor it advocates (McQuillan AMERICANPULPWOODASSOCIATIONANDAMERICAN WOOD,D. 1989. Unnaturalillusions:Some words about

1993). Forestry must be aggressive in FORESTANDPAPERASSOCIATION.No date. Forestry visual resource management. Landscape Journal

this regard by taking a leadership role in aestheticsguide:Image and opportuni_. Washington, 7:192-205.DC: American Forest and Paper Association.

shaping public tastes. Obviously such a BOTKIN,D.B. 1990.Discordantharmonies:A newecolagypolicy has the potential to be abused, for thetwenty-firstcentury.New York:OxfordUniver-

An advocacy role for a tended aesthetic sityPress. R. Bruce Hull (e-mail: hullrb@vt.edu) iscould be subverted and the cues to care BRovDo.L. 1999.PlantedHol}ywood.MotherJones associateprofessor, GregoryJ. Buhyoffis

MagazineMay-June:21-22.could be used to disguise forestry prac- Julian Cheathamprofessor, andAngelinaBRUNSON,M. 1993. Sociallyacceptable forestry:What

tices that are ecologically unsound, does it imply for ecosystem management? Western Kendra and DavidP. Robertson are PhDIn the end, the public's confidence JournalofAppliedForestry8(4):ll6-19. candidates, Department of Forestry, ½"r-

in any land aesthetic will likely reflect C_Lieovr,J.B.1992. The land aesthetic.RenewableRe- ginia Polytechnic Institute and Statethe public's confidence in the profes- sourcesJournalWinter:12-17. University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0324.

DENEVAN,W.M. 1992. The pristine myth: The land-sion advocating that aesthetic. We be- scape of the Americasin 1492. Annals of theAssocia- Funding." North Central Forest Experi-lieve that forestry is more likely to earn tionofAmericanGeographers82:369-85. ment Station, USDA Forest Service.

:38 July2000

T

Journal of

FORESTRYWilliamH. Banzhaf, Publisher, banzhafb@safnecorg l'a,'lh,r_-t,J,.tw_m::_i'it,t_

Rebecca N. Staebler, Editor-in-Chief, staebler@safnet.org4 n/tl ["A Professional, and Environmental Ethics:

Fran Pttieger, Managing Editor, pfliegef@safnet.org rnuosopmcaa,

Sally Atwater, Editorial C.... kant An Overview for Foresters

Steven J. W'dent, Contributing Edi ..... ilent@comp ........ William Forbes and r_,4_,_,,_er f;n,I,,u;_tMaureen Gately, Art Director, gatelym@safnecorg

Nina G. Graves, Production Manager, gravesn@safnecorg Discussions of contemporary environmental ethics shouldW'dliam V. Brumby, Advertising Manager, brumbyb@safnecorg emphasize the importance of case-specific flexibility, workplaceCindyJ.Drabick,Classified Advertising,drabickc@safnecorg settings, and experiential learning in ethical decisionmaking.Christina Johnson, Publications Assistant, johnsonc@safnecorg

Editorial Board

Kathleen Bergen, geospatialtechnologies. Dale Blalma, recreation.John

Bli ...... ialscie .... John Bryant, fire- Andrew Egan, utilization & 1 1 Personal Values and Professional Ethics

engineering. Jo Ellen Force, policy. Thomas E Geary; international.Christine Jauhola, wildlife manag.... t. Stephen B. Jo.... ducation d, Kenneth Kipnis and David B. Southcommunication. Donald J. Leopold, forest ecology. T. Evan Nebeker,

entomology&pathology. Kevin L O'nara, silviadture. Robert M. Ricard, A professional code of ethics should reflect the core values of theurban. Francis A. Roesch, meas.... t. Jay Sulli........ ics. profession; the question before SAF, then, is whether each principleShepard Zedaker, ?egenerationecology&forest soils in the proposed new code expresses a value we all share.

All papers undergo blind peer review.

Opinions expressed by authors do not necessarily reflect the policy of theSociety of American Foresters. Ethics

Correspond .... 16 A Professional Code of Ethics for the 21st Century:Address dill ...... to the edit.... Journal of ForestryEdit ....... ail The Ethics Committee's Proposaljournal@safnecorg. Address correspondence relating to manuscripts to

the Managing Editor. M...... ipts and ill...... i.... ill be banded with Samuelf Radcliffecare, but the publisher cannot assume responsibility for their safety.

Address all advertising queries to the Advertising Manager. This fall SAF wilt vote on whether to adopt a completely revisedJournalofForestry Code of Ethics. The chair of the Ethics Committee discusses the

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222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; (978) 750-8400; fax (978) Until we have engaged each other in debate and anticipated the750-4470;www.copyrighccom.Forrepublicari.... systematic or multi- Valueswe will need in the 2 1st century, we should just say "Not yet"pie reproduction of copyrighted material (including figures and article ex-cerpts), permission must be obtained from SAF,with a fee for commercial tO the current proposal to revise our Code of Ethics.use to be determined. The ]ournalgrants permission to quote from it if the

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clnaedina,nualdues. How reasonable--and enforceable--is the current code requirementTheJournalofForestry(ISSNO022-1201) (IPM#1115308)is published that members report another's code infractions? A look at severalmonthly by the Society of American Foresters,5400 Grosvenor Lane, options concerning Canon 16.Bethesda, MD 20814-2198. ©2000 by the Society of American Foresters.Periodicals postage paid at Bediesda, MD, and at additional mailing off'ices.Printed in the USA.

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July 2000Volume 98

Number 7

Ethics

28 Facing Difficult Questions:Can the SAF Code of Ethics Help?

James E. Coufal

Not trying toanswer the tough questions is behaving like theostrich that sticks its head in the sand. In either case, dangerdoes not just go away.

Ethics

31 Mixing Ethics and Management:A Crisis in Our Profession

William C. Humphries Jr.

Including the "land ethic" in the SAF Code of Ethics createsconfusion and weakens the integrity of the code.

Ethics

32 Ethical Conduct for Research: A Code of Scientific Ethics

Marcia Patton-Mallory, Kathleen Franzreb, CharlesCarll, andRichard Cline

Because it employs researchers from many disciplines, the ForestService seeks to establish consistency in scientific (as opposed toprofessional) ethics through a formal code.

Ethics

34 What Are We Hiding Behind the Visual Buffer Strip?Forest Aesthetics Reconsidered

R. Bruce Hull, David P. Robertson, GregoryJ. Buhyoff, andAngelina Kendra

Current aesthetic policies hide the practice of forestry, suggestingthat these practices are bad for the land. We need to take a leader-ship role in shaping public tastes.

1 Commentary

1 Letters

41 In ReviewFocus

Values research • Longleafpines and hardwood reduction 43 Forestry Reports

• Lessons from a blowdown ° Fish-friendly culverts 44 Classifieds, Employment

39 2001 Editorial Calendar 48 Perspective

education, and a conservation ethic to benefit society.