future of the gmd
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Future of the GMD. Can it be improved? Are there other ways to fulfill its function?. Workshop Plan. background what is causing a re-evaluation of the GMD? Logical structure of AACR new 0.24 FRBR brief glance at proposed outline for AACR3 some ideas in the cataloguing community - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Future of the GMD
Can it be improved?Are there other ways to fulfill its
function?
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Workshop Plan background what is causing a re-evaluation of the GMD?
Logical structure of AACR new 0.24 FRBR
brief glance at proposed outline for AACR3 some ideas in the cataloguing community ideas from you
discussion
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
GMD general material designation
term indicating broad class of material term first used in ISBDs in 1977 term adopted by AACR2
optional different practices within AACR
community
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
AACR1 designations in parenthesesChap. 12. Motion pictures and filmstrips
Shoe-shine (Motion picture)Lighthouses (Filmstrip)
transcription of title + designation this is not a “uniform
title” very limited use other non-book resources: no designations
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
AACR2 general material designations + specific material
designations
title proper + [GMD]
broad range of terms covering different contents and different carriers
optional
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
AACR2 Intent when developing list of GMDs:
“generic list of media designations that would minimize the disruption to library catalogues. This meant that the list of terms would be practical rather than theoretical or philosophical”
Jean Weihs, A somewhat personal history of nonbook cataloguing. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 31:3/4, 2001, p. 177.
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Function of the GMD developed in the era of the card
catalogue:
informs the user about the type of material gives “early warning” because of its placement
in the title area not intended as a limit or as a search term uses controlled vocabulary: LIST 1 or LIST 2 differentiates between resources with identical
or similar titles
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Use of GMDsIn the card catalogue: identification differentiation (to select, obtain appropriate resource)
OPAC identification differentiation (to select, obtain appropriate resource)
controlled vocabulary search term
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Where are the problems? GMD evolved to answer a practical need
broadening of library resources to include non-book
dissatisfaction starts to appear as new media develop
new demands on cataloguing rules logical analysis + new theoretical frameworks
questions about GMDs
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Winds of change re-examination of AACR
1997 International Conference on the Principles and Future Development of AACR
development of analytical models Functional Requirements for Bibliographic
Records analyzes bibliographic records
Logical Structure of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules
analyzes the cataloguing rules that produce the description part of bibliographic records
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
1997 International Conference1997 International Conference on the Principles and
Future Development of AACR content vs carrier issue need to be able to describe new media as they
develop, deal with new forms of publishing, etc. impact of electronic resources
identify principles and structures underlying AACR
revise rule 0.24
(among many other outcomes)
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Logical Structure of AACRTom Delsey’s logical analysis of AACR points
out inconsistencies, problem areas, obstacles.
“class of materials” ≠ physical carrier(perspective: structure of rules in Part 1 and how to deal
with new media, new forms of expression)
physical carrier only defines 5 of the classes of materials represented by chapters in Part 1
mixture of chapters in Part 1 for content, form of expression and physical carrier
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Logical Structure of AACRClass of materials analyzed:
contentcartographic materialsgraphic materialsthree-dimensional artefacts and realia
form of expressionmusic
physical carriersound recordings motion
picturesvideorecordings microformscomputer files/electronic resources
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Logical Structure of AACRGMDs inform user about the broad class of material
contentrealiacartographic material
form of expressionmusic (expressed in musical notation)
physical carrierfilmstrip
slidevideorecording
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Logical Structure of AACR questions raised:
“if certain classes are defined on the basis of the form of the physical carrier and others are determined on the basis of the type of content or the intellectual form in which the content is expressed, how is a determination to be made as to which criterion takes precedence in classing new forms of material?”
boundaries between classes: are they precise enough, comprehensive enough?
if a resource belongs to more than one class?
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Logical Structure of AACRConstituent entities or elements of the “document”
analyzed:
content intellectual or artistic substanceset as
infixion formatting of content
stored on physical carrier physical medium
housed in container physically separable housing
significance of both content and physical carrier information
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
New 0.24 change AACR rule 0.24
radical impact on organization of Part 1
FROM
primacy of the one class of material to which the resource belongs
starting point = physical form of the resource in hand
TO
bring out all aspects of the resource being described
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Impact of new 0.24assumption in old 0.24
class/type of materials = physical form
with new 0.24: does the current structure of the rules in
Part 1 make any sense?
Part 1 of AACR2 = mixture of chapters for form of content, form of expression and physical carriers
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Impact of new 0.24
3 form of content chapterscartographic materials
graphic materialsthree-dimensional artefacts and realia
1 form of expression chaptermusic
4 physical carrier chapterssound recordingsmotion pictures and videorecordingselectronic resourcesmicroforms
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Impact of new 0.24 if all relevant aspects are to be described,
what does one do about the GMD?(ISBD community also studying)
some suggestions to combine GMDs: GMD (qualifier)
does this work with current lists of terms?does it only work if GMD = content/expression
and qualifier = carrier compound GMDs GMD 1 + GMD 2
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
FRBR: final report of IFLA Study Group
the report had 2 purposes:1. to provide a clearly defined, structured framework for relating the data that are recorded in bibliographic records to the needs of the users of those records2. to recommend a basic level of functionality for records created by national bibliographic agencies (FRBR 1.1)
report describes an entity-relationship model resulting from an analysis of the data in bibliographic records
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
User needs Find Identify Select Obtain
Navigate
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
FRBR model entities
● in bibliographic records ● important to the user ● divided into 3 groups
attributes of the entities
relationshipsbetween the entities
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Group 1 entitiesproducts of intellectual or artistic endeavour
• work • expression • manifestation • item
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Group 1 entities:work
is realized through
expressionis embodied in
manifestationis exemplified by
FRBR 3.1.1 item
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Examplew = idea for the Robinson Crusoe story
(in Defoe’s head)
is realized through e = original English text as he wrote it
is embodied inm = London, printed for W. Taylor,
1719
is exemplified byi = copy owned by Yale
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Attributes of Group 1 entities:work: title, form or genre, date, medium of
performance, coordinates (map) …
expression: title of the expression, form of the expression, language of the expression, type of score …
manifestation: title of the manifestation, publisher, date of publication, form of carrier, dimensions, terms of availability…
item: identifier (e.g. location and call no., barcode), provenance, condition, inscriptions …
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Entities in Groups 2 and 3 Group 2 entities: those responsible for creating,
producing, etc., the entities in group 1 • person • corporate body
Group 3 entities: subjects of works • concept • object • event • place
++ all group 1 and 2 entities can also be subjects
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Relationships links between entities
(and the nature of the links)
collocation assist the user to navigate through the
catalogue or database
relationships between entities of the same group (esp. between group 1 entities)
relationships between entities of the different groups
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Example of a “family” or hierarchy of Group 1 entities:work expression manifestation itemHamlet # original text • London, 1603 RBD
• New York, 1998 MCL BIRK
# French trans.# (Gide) • Paris, 1946 EDUC
• Neuchatel, 1949 MCL# (Bonnefoy) • Paris, 1978 MACD
# German trans. • Hamburg, 1834 MUSIC
# audio-book • Paris, 1983 REDP
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Example of work to work relationshipsShakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet.
subjectModern Hamlets & their soliloquies
Critical responses to Hamlet, 1600-1900 imitation
Hamlet travestietransformation Hamlet : opéra en cinq actes musique de Ambroise Thomas; paroles de Michel Carré et Jules Barbier adaptation Hamlet : the young reader's Shakespeare : a retelling / by Adam McKeown
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
User-friendly OPAC displayti = Robinson Crusoeresults should clearly show:
• the work vs related works
• indicate nature of relationship between the different expressions of the workoriginal text, French translation, audio-book
• cluster manifestations that are the same expression• sort by different physical carriers
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Impact of FRBR improve navigation
focus on collocation reintroduce logical indexing vs. purely
mechanical filing
appropriate level of specificity needed by user: ability to stay at general level to complete user
tasks, or to bore down to specific expressions, manifestations, including down to the appropriate physical carrier
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Impact of FRBR identification of group 1 entities and their
attributesexpression-level: form e.g. musical notation
photographic image
language
manifestation-level: form of carrier e.g. filmstrip
extent of carrier
model puts some longstanding problems in perspective
e.g. content vs. carrier (or format variation) different but how different : where is carrier in the hierarchy?
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
FRBR and Logical Structure:2 entity-relationship analytical models
bib record (FRBR)
work
expression
manifestation
item
document (Log.St.)
content
infixion
physical carriercontainer
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Logical Structure vs FRBR Logical Structure: analysis of the rules that
produce the description part of the bibliographic record
FRBR: analysis of the whole bibliographic record in the context of the database
Both models: pull out constituent entities, examine what has been taken as unreflected assumptions
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Logical Structure vs FRBR Logical Structure
identifies the problem
FRBR gives us the
tools to work on the problem
allows us to frame the question in a sound theoretical framework
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Some sources of pressure on GMD
Logical Structure new 0.24 of AACR
GMD
FRBR
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Post 1997 International Conference some of the key areas of work by JSC
basic principles content vs. carrier issue logical structure of AACR seriality internationalization incorporating FRBR terminology and concepts
JSC develops new strategic plan, which will culminate in AACR3 (2007)
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Relevant areas of change in AACR3
reduce redundancy and revise for consistency across all chapters in Part I
rewrite introduction to include a statement of the principles of AACR, a description of the functions of the catalogue, and conceptual information to assist cataloguers in understanding the methods of procedure
incorporate FRBR concepts and terminology into AACR
incorporate concept of authority control
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Relevant areas of change in AACR3
incorporate expression-level collocation resolve problems associated with class of
materials concept (content versus carrier issues, GMDs)
some revision tasks affect almost every chapter
e.g. incorporating FRBR terminology requires incorporating the concepts
changes throughout AACR
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
AACR3: Resource Description and Access
Introduction - General principles Part I - Description Part II - Choice of access points Part III – Form of access points
(this slide & following ones based on information from Barbara Tillett’s document: AACR3: Resource Description and Access, 2004)
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
AACR3 – Part I (Proposal) Introduction General rules
by ISBD area with references forward to supplemental rules for specific content types
Chapters for content only supplemental rules, no references back to General
chapter Chapters for medium/technical description
primarily area 5 with relevant physical description notes from area 7
Chapter(s) on mode of issuance successively issued over time
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
AACR3 – Part I (Proposal)Introduction Introduction to Part I
scope structure of the description organization of the rules focus for description application of general and supplementary rules resources in an unpublished form resources released successively or updated periodically options and omissions
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
AACR3 – Part I (Proposal)General rules General rules for description
Preliminary rules Rules for each of the 8 ISBD areas:
Title and statement of responsibility Edition Material specific details Publication, distribution, etc. Technical description Series Notes Standard numbers
Supplementary resources Reproductions Analytics and multilevel descriptions
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
AACR3 - Part I (Proposal) Content Chapters Text Music Cartographic content Graphic content Three-dimensional content Recorded sound Moving image content Data, software, & interactive content
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
AACR3 - Part I (Proposal)Medium/Technical Description Print media Micrographic media Graphic media Tactile media Three-dimensional media Recorded sound media Moving image media Digital media
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
AACR3 - Part I (Proposal)Modes of Issuance Successively issued or updated periodically
Build on information in Introduction Base on “symptoms” More discussions with the Editor
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
AACR3 – Part II (Proposal) Choice of primary and secondary access points
Choosing headings for the description Resolve issues of authorship and problems with
the “Rule of 3”
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
AACR3–Part III (Proposal) Form of access points
Current chapters 22-25 to incorporate authority control principles and rules on related references
remove chapter 26 on references
Chapter 25 (Uniform titles) headings for works and expressions
Functions of work/expression citations, i.e., for identification, collocation, differentiation
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Tentative,working proposal for Part 1 separation into content chapters and
medium/technical description chapters
application of knowledge derived from the 2 analytical models
building on this proposal, the Task Force on the Consistency of Part 1, working with Tom Delsey, has created a variant prototype while examining area 5 rules in AACR3
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Task Force/Delsey prototypeSection A. General Rules for Description
Section B. Supplementary Rules for Specific Types of Content
Section C. Supplementary Rules for Specific Forms of Carrier
Section D. Supplementary Rules for Specific Types of Media
Section E. Supplementary Rules for Resources Released Successively or Updated Periodically
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Section C. Supplementary Rules for Specific Forms of CarrierC1. Books, Atlases, Albums, etc.C2. Unbound Sheets, Broadsides, Posters, Wall Charts, etc.C3. Photoprints, Postcards, Flash Cards, etc.C4. Models, Globes, Sculptures, etc.C5. Slides, Transparencies, Fiches, etc.C6. Filmstrips, Filmslips, Roll Film, etc.C7. Discs/Disks, Cylinders, etc.C8. Reels, Cartridges, Cassettes, etc.C9. Computer Chips, Optical Cards, etc.C10. Remote Access Resources
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Section D. Supplementary Rules for Specific Types of Media
D1. Print and Opaque Graphic MediaD2. Micrographic MediaD3. Tactile MediaD4. Three-dimensional MediaD5. Recorded Sound MediaD6. Projected Graphic and Cinemagraphic MediaD7. Digital Media
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Summary of recent activity: new analytical models analysis of “document” into 4 constituent
parts: content / infixion / carrier / container
AACR’s class of materials = mixture of apples, oranges and bananas
new AACR2 rule 0.24 FRBR’s Group 1 entities (wemi) initiatives to reorganize Part 1 of AACR
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Impetus to re-evaluate GMDs conceptual separation of content, media and
physical carriers in the rules description of all aspects of a bibliographic
resource work/expression/manifestation/item hierarchy
and the importance of conveying information about relationships between entities
improved collocation focus on user success rate with tasks: search,
identify, select, obtain GMD/SMD relationship
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Use of GMDs (in OPACs) identification
“early warning” differentiation
to select, obtain appropriate resource controlled vocabulary search term
if indexed, can be used to refine search
functions of GMD are still relevant FRBR user tasks: search, identify
select, obtain
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
3 questions facing the AACR community:1) is there another way to communicate the
information to the user?
2) if one retains the GMD, could it be placed elsewhere?
3) can we improve the list of terms used as GMDs?
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
1) is there another way to communicate the information? term or device?
iconsee OCLC’s WorldCat
public display label or term
generated through a table from terms in the bibliographic record for content, expression and/or manifestation.
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
1) is there another way to communicate the information? icon or label generated from terms in record
2 lists of terms used in the record, one for mode of expression and one for form of content, or 3 lists with medium/carrier terms
a display term or icon showing to the user, generated from a table or matrix using terms from the lists
e.g. content: cartographic material
expression: still image digital map
carrier: digital media
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
2) if one retains the GMD, could it be placed elsewhere? current placement in the middle of the title and
statement of responsibility area
“intrudes into the middle of the transcription of the title and
statement of responsibility area” B. Tillett. 4JSC/Chair/73
Even more intrusive when language of the title differs from the language of the catalogue.
area 3 for all types of resources area 0, preceding the bibliographic description
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
3) can we improve the list of terms used as GMDs?
single terms same level of generality mutually exclusive
compound terms GMD (qualifier) compound term GMD1 + GMD2
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Surveys about GMDsBefore the revision of 0.24 (2001 amendments):
Jean Weihs’ survey: General material designations in the twenty-first century (2000/01) GMD with qualifier: most favoured table of precedence for choice of GMD compound term some users wanted very specific GMDs
(actually wanted SMD-type terms in GMD position)
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Surveys about GMDsPost revision of 0.24, FRBR:
Cataloguing Code Comparison for the IFLA Meeting of Experts on an International Cataloguing Code (July 2003). Surveyed use of GMDs and terms used (European)
if used, GMDs used for non-book some suggest using other areas (area 0 or 3) lists tend to be more similar to List 1 than 2 criticism of GMD terms that confuse content,
expression and physical manifestation
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
GMD = form of expressiongrowing momentum to align the list of
GMDs to terms for the form or mode of expression
IFLA 1st and 2nd Meetings of Experts on an International Cataloguing Code
GMD ● use at the expression level
● designations pertaining to the form or mode of expression
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
GMD/SMD GMDs should reflect: content
not carrier
physical medium and carrier information should shift to the SMDs and/or notes
clear delineation between GMDs and SMDs
reference to a theoretical framework if use FRBR entity “expression” to define scope of GMD, then
clear delineation should naturally follow
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
Summary of questions is the GMD the best way to communicate
information?
could the GMD or GMD-type information be placed elsewhere in the bib. record?
can we improve the list of terms?
in context of AACR goal: continuity + constantly evolving
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
References and LinksAACR3 : Resource Description and Accesshttp://www.collectionscanada.ca/jsc/docs/aacr3pptslides.pdf
FRBR:http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htmhttp://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.pdf
FRBR Working Group:http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/wgfrbr.htm
Bibliography at FRBR WG site:http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/bibliography.rtf
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
References and LinksCataloguing Code Comparison for the IFLA Meeting of Experts
on an International Cataloguing Code, July 2003.http://www.ddb.de/news/pdf/code_comp_2003_europe_6_gmd.pdf
International Cataloguing Principles (draft)http://www.ddb.de/news/pdf/statement_draft.pdf
Library of Congress display tool: http://www.loc.gov/marc/marc-functional-analysis/tool.html
Logical Structure of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules:http://www.collectionscanada.ca/jsc/docs.html#logical
Chris Oliver, McGill University OLAC 2004
References and LinksTillett, Barbara. General Material Designations : [discussion
paper for the Joint Steering Committee for the Revision of AACR]. 4JSC/Chair/73, May 8, 2001.
http://www.collectionscanada.ca/jsc/docs/gmd.pdf
Weihs, Jean. A somewhat personal history of nonbook cataloguing. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 31:3/4, 2001, p. 159-188.
Weihs, Jean. General Material Designations in the twenty-first century : results of a survey.
http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/units/cts/olac/capc/gmd.doc