further empirical evidence for the universal constant h and the economic work function: analysis of...

7/31/2019 Further Empirical Evidence for the Universal Constant h and the Economic Work Function: Analysis of Historical Un

1/9

Rkna ; ec =

Cqxtfax Ajrmxmlki Asmda`la cex tfaQ`msax|ki Le`|tk`t f k`d tfa

Aleèjml êxg Cq`ltme`K`ki}|m| ec Fm|texmlki Qàjrie}ja`t dktk

cex Okrk` &;=1


2/9

Rkna 8 ec =

M` k lejrk`me` kxtmlia e` tfa Okrkà|a qàjrie}ja`t |mtqktme`) |aa Xac. W3Z m` tfaim`g| nmsa` haie~) mt ~k| |fe~` tfkt k` avtxajai} |txa||cqi k`d q`faki tf} txa`d|aaj| te fksa haa` a|tkhim|fad m` Okrk`) nem`n hklg te ;==6.

Tfa fm|texmlki qàjrie}ja`t dktk ehtkmàd cxej tfa Okrkà|a \tktm|tml| Hqxakq~ah|mta &fttr?%%~~~.|tkt.ne.or%a`nim|f%dktk%xeqdeq%m`dav.ftj) limlg e` fm|texmlkidktk 8- |fe~| tfkt ~fmia tfa rerqiktme` fk| haa` xm|m`n) tfa ikhex cexla v fk| haa`dalxak|m`n |m`la ;==6) |aa Cmnqxa 8 m` Xac. W3Z. Tfm| m| k` q``ktqxki |mtqktme`)qìmga ~fkt ~a cm`d) cex avkjria) m` Lk`kdk &|aa Xac. W1Z-) ~faxa tfa ikhex cexlafk| haa` m`lxak|m`n |takdmi} |m`la ;=>3 ~mtf m`lxak|m`n rerqiktme`.

Tfa dalxak|m`n ikhex cexla mjrima| tfkt jk`} Okrkà|a ~fe |feqid ha m` tfa ikhexcexla kxa &tee dm|leqxknad k`d jk} ha- avmtm`n tfa ~exg cexla. K dalxak|m`n ikhex

cexla leqriad ~mtf k` m`lxak|m`n qàjrie}ja`t iasai) k`d a|ralmkii} tfa cklt tfkttfm| txa`d fk| ie`n haa` a|tkhim|fad) jkga| tfa ~feia |mtqktme` k` avtxajai}|txa||cqi eà k`d lkii| cex QXNA@T kltme` e` tfa rkxt ec hq|mà|| k`d reimtmlkiiakdax| m` Okrk`. Tfm| rkm`cqi k`d imtaxki lemim`n hklg ec tfa Okrkà|a aleèj})e` te mt|aic ) m| miiq|txktad dxkjktmlkii} h} tfa qàjrie}ja`t dmknxkj m` Cmnqxa ;)~faxa tfa imà |anja`t| ~mtf kxxe~| m`dmlkta tfa dmxaltme` m` ~fmlf tfa aleèj}fk| haa` jesm`n |m`la ;==8 te tfa rxa|a`t.

Tfa im`g| te |asaxki xaiktad kxtmlia|) rqhim|fad esax tfa ik|t t~e riq| ~aag|) e` tfaQ\) Kq|txkimk`) k`d Lk`kdmk` aleèjma| kxa nmsa` haie~.

;. fttr?%%~~~.|lxmhd.lej%del%==34>8;1%Tfa*Q\*Qàjrie}ja`t*Xkta*^fkt*fkrraàd*m`*tfa*Ehkjk*}akx| Rqhim|fad Oqi} ;2) 82;8. Ehkjk }akx|.

8. fttr?%%~~~.|lxmhd.lej%del%==61>=6;%Tfa*Fmnfa|t*Q\*Qàjrie}ja`t*Xkta|*Ehkjk*}akx|*lejrkxad*~mtf*fm|texml*fmnf|*m`*Qàjrie}ja`t*iasai| Rqhim|fad Oqi} ;8) 82;8. Kii Q\ fm|texmlki dktk &;=4;*82;8-

%K*Cmx|t*Ieeg*kt*Kq|txkimk`*Qàjrie}ja`t*\tktm|tml|*K*@a~*Jatfedeien}*cex*K`ki}zm`n*Qàjrie}ja`t*Dktk ) Rqhim|fad Oqi} ;=) 82;8. Xala`t Kq|txkimk` dktk &Ok`82;;*Oqà 82;8-.

4. fttr?%%~~~.|lxmhd.lej%del%;22>82263%K*\ale`d*Ieeg*kt*Kq|txkimk`*82;8*Qàjrie}ja`t*Dktk Rqhim|fad Oqi} 88) 82;8.
http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/roudou/index.htmhttp://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/roudou/index.htmhttp://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/roudou/index.htmhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/99647215/The-US-Unemployment-Rate-What-happened-in-the-Obama-yearshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/99647215/The-US-Unemployment-Rate-What-happened-in-the-Obama-yearshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/99647215/The-US-Unemployment-Rate-What-happened-in-the-Obama-yearshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/99647215/The-US-Unemployment-Rate-What-happened-in-the-Obama-yearshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/99647215/The-US-Unemployment-Rate-What-happened-in-the-Obama-yearshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/99857981/The-Highest-US-Unemployment-Rates-Obama-years-compared-with-historic-highs-in-Unemployment-levelshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/99857981/The-Highest-US-Unemployment-Rates-Obama-years-compared-with-historic-highs-in-Unemployment-levelshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/99857981/The-Highest-US-Unemployment-Rates-Obama-years-compared-with-historic-highs-in-Unemployment-levelshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/99857981/The-Highest-US-Unemployment-Rates-Obama-years-compared-with-historic-highs-in-Unemployment-levelshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/99857981/The-Highest-US-Unemployment-Rates-Obama-years-compared-with-historic-highs-in-Unemployment-levelshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/100500017/A-First-Look-at-Australian-Unemployment-Statistics-A-New-Methodology-for-Analyzing-Unemployment-Datahttp://www.scribd.com/doc/100500017/A-First-Look-at-Australian-Unemployment-Statistics-A-New-Methodology-for-Analyzing-Unemployment-Datahttp://www.scribd.com/doc/100500017/A-First-Look-at-Australian-Unemployment-Statistics-A-New-Methodology-for-Analyzing-Unemployment-Datahttp://www.scribd.com/doc/100500017/A-First-Look-at-Australian-Unemployment-Statistics-A-New-Methodology-for-Analyzing-Unemployment-Datahttp://www.scribd.com/doc/100500017/A-First-Look-at-Australian-Unemployment-Statistics-A-New-Methodology-for-Analyzing-Unemployment-Datahttp://www.scribd.com/doc/100500017/A-First-Look-at-Australian-Unemployment-Statistics-A-New-Methodology-for-Analyzing-Unemployment-Datahttp://www.scribd.com/doc/100720086/A-Second-Look-at-Australian-2012-Unemployment-Data%20Published%20July%2022http://www.scribd.com/doc/100720086/A-Second-Look-at-Australian-2012-Unemployment-Data%20Published%20July%2022http://www.scribd.com/doc/100720086/A-Second-Look-at-Australian-2012-Unemployment-Data%20Published%20July%2022http://www.scribd.com/doc/100720086/A-Second-Look-at-Australian-2012-Unemployment-Data%20Published%20July%2022http://www.scribd.com/doc/100720086/A-Second-Look-at-Australian-2012-Unemployment-Data%20Published%20July%2022http://www.scribd.com/doc/100720086/A-Second-Look-at-Australian-2012-Unemployment-Data%20Published%20July%2022http://www.scribd.com/doc/100720086/A-Second-Look-at-Australian-2012-Unemployment-Data%20Published%20July%2022http://www.scribd.com/doc/100500017/A-First-Look-at-Australian-Unemployment-Statistics-A-New-Methodology-for-Analyzing-Unemployment-Datahttp://www.scribd.com/doc/100500017/A-First-Look-at-Australian-Unemployment-Statistics-A-New-Methodology-for-Analyzing-Unemployment-Datahttp://www.scribd.com/doc/100500017/A-First-Look-at-Australian-Unemployment-Statistics-A-New-Methodology-for-Analyzing-Unemployment-Datahttp://www.scribd.com/doc/99857981/The-Highest-US-Unemployment-Rates-Obama-years-compared-with-historic-highs-in-Unemployment-levelshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/99857981/The-Highest-US-Unemployment-Rates-Obama-years-compared-with-historic-highs-in-Unemployment-levelshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/99647215/The-US-Unemployment-Rate-What-happened-in-the-Obama-yearshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/99647215/The-US-Unemployment-Rate-What-happened-in-the-Obama-yearshttp://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/roudou/index.htm


3/9


4/9

Rkna 4 ec =

le`|tk`t f m` tfa ik~ } : fv ' l : f&v v2-) dadqlad akximax h} le`|mdaxm`n tfafm|texmlki Q\ &;=4;*82;;- k`d Lk`kdmk` &;=>3*82;2- qàjrie}ja`t dktk. Faxa vm| tfa ikhex cexla k`d } tfa `qjhax ec qàjrie}ad) k`d f k`d l) tfa |iera k`dm`taxlart ec tfa |txkmnft imà. K| tfa ikhex cexla v m`lxak|a| &esax tfa ie`n taxj) dqa

te tfa `ktqxki m`lxak|a m` tfa rerqiktme`-) tfa `qjhax ec qàjrie}ad } m| ki|eq|qkii} ceq`d te m`lxak|a. Tfa fm|texmlki dktk cex Okrk`) riettad m` Cmnqxa 8) m| èavlartme` te tfm| q`msax|ki txa`d.

Tfa `qjaxmlki skiqa| ec f k`d l lk` ha xakdmi} dadqlad h} |qxsa}m`n tfm| v*}qàjrie}ja`t dmknxkj lkxacqii} k`d ieegm`n cex tfa xaiktme`|fmr hat~aa` tfe|aq`m{qa &v) }- rkmx| tfkt xarxa|a`t |ralmki asa`t| m` tfa fm|tex} ec tfa aleèj})|qlf k| ielki jkvmjk ex ielki jm`mjk) m.a.) tfa }akx| ~fa` tfa qàjrie}ja`tiasai ~k| amtfax sax} fmnf ex sax} ie~. K| ~a |aa m` Cmnqxa 8) tfa qàjrie}ja`tiasai| q|qkii} ciqltqkta k`d gaar nem`n qr ex de~` &~mtf tfa rk||kna ec tmja-~mtf k` m`lxak|m`n ikhex cexla.

Cmnqxa 8? Tfa v*} qàjrie}ja`t dmknxkj cex Okrk` cex tfa raxmed ;=1


5/9

Rkna 1 ec =

ie~ax iact lexàx) ~a cm`d tfkt tfa qàjrie}ja`t iasai| m`lxak|a ~mtf m`lxak|m`nikhex cexla k`d gaar ciqltqktm`n hat~aa` tfa tfxaa rkxkiiai|) ~mtf tfa naàxkia{qktme` } : fv ' l) ~mtf f : 2.2=13. â ~mii è~ dm|lq|| fe~ tfa |mn`mcmlk`la ec tfa `qjaxmlki skiqa ec f k`d fe~ mt ~k| dadqlad. Tfm| m| kltqkii} k` ksaxkna

|iera dadqlad cxej tfa dktk cex tfa tfxaa dasaierad k`d kdsk`lad aleèjma|?Q\) Lk`kdk) k`d Okrk` . Imà K) } : 2.2=13v 8.=3 : 2.2=13 &v


6/9

Rkna 3 ec =

Tkhia 8? Cqxtfax Le`cmxjktme` cex tfa Q`msax|ki skiqa ec tfa |iera f cex tfa Q\ k`d Lk`kdmk` aleèjma|

]akx Ikhexcexla) v

&jmiime`|-

Qàjrie}ad)} &jmiime`|-

Lfk`nav

Lfk`na}

\iera f

Fmnfa|t Qàjrie}ja t iasai| xalexdad cex tfa Q\ aleèj} &;=4;*82;;-

;=4; 11.=; 1.13;=68 ;;2.824 ;2.3>6 14.8=4 1.;8 2.2=4= =.831 2.2=43

Tfa|a t~e |iera| kxa xaiktmsa te ;=4;.\iera hat~aa` ;=68 k`d 82;2) f : 2.2=4= ~fmlf lem`lmda| AVKLTI]

~mtf tfa ksaxkna skiqa ec tfa |iera cex tfa Okrkà|a dktk.

\iera| dadqlad cex tfa Lk`kdmk` aleèj}

;=>3 ;2.4=; 2.>44;=66 ;>= ;.32=1 3. Tfa ksaxkna ec tfa|a tfxaa |iera|

cex tfa Lk`kdmk` aleèj} m| f : 2.2=33

Tfa Q\ dktk rem`t| te k skiqa ec f : 2.2=43 hk|ad e` k` k`ki}|m| ec tfa tfxaa &v) }-rkmx| cex ;=4;) ;=68) k`d 82;2) ~fmlf xarxa|a`t ielki jkvmjk ham`n tfa fmnfa|txalexdad qàjrie}ja`t iasai|. Tfa|a tfxaa &v) }- rkmx| lk` ha |fe~` te ima e` kRAXCALT |txkmnft imà) ~mtf tfa |iera| ec tfa imà |anja`t| ham`n f : 2.2=43*82;2) e` tfa etfax fk`d) xasaki eì} t~e rem`t| ~fmlfxarxa|a`t ielki jkvmjk. Fa`la) tfa |iera f ec tfa imà oem`m`n tfa|a t~e jkvmjkjk} ex jk} èt ha |mn`mcmlk`t. &K skiqa ec f : 2.2>8) ie~ax tfk` tfa Q\ skiqa ec f: 2.2=43) m| dadqlad cxej tfa|a t~e rem`t|.- Fe~asax) tfa Lk`kdmk` dktk xasaki|asaxki ielki jm`mjk k| tfa qàjrie}ja`t iasai gaar ciqltqktm`n qr k`d de~`~mtf tfa |takd} m`lxak|a m` tfa ikhex cexla v k| k cq`ltme` ec tmja) |aa Cmnqxa ; m`


7/9

Rkna > ec =

Xac. W1Z. K |iera f : 2.2=33 lk` ha dadqlad cex tfa Lk`kdmk` qàjrie}ja`t dktkmc ~a le`|mdax tfa|a ielki jm`mjk.

M` |qjjkx} ) ~a è~ fksa kllqjqiktad cqxtfax asmda`la cex k |m`nia q`msax|ki

skiqa cex tfa |iera f m` tfa imàkx ik~ } : fv ' l xaiktm`n tfa ikhex cexla v k`d tfaqàjrie}ja`t iasai }.

Okrk`? \iera f : 2.2=4=Q\K? \iera f : 2.2=43

&~mtf eà ec tfa tfxaa |iera| cex tfa Q\ ham`n avklti} 2.2=4=-

Lk`kdk? \iera f : 2.2=33


8/9

Rkna 6 ec =

Kheqt tfa kqtfexS. Ikvjk`k`) \l. D.

Tfa kqtfe x ehtkmàd fm| Hklfaiex| danxaa &H. A.- m` Jalfk`mlki A`nmàaxm`n cxejtfa Q`msax|mt} ec Ree`k k`d fm| Jk|tax| danxaa &J. A.-) ki|e m` Jalfk`mlki

A`nmàaxm`n) cxej tfa M`dmk` M`|tmtqta ec \lma`la) Hk`nkiexa) ceiie~ad h} k Jk|tax| &\. J.- k`d Deltexki &\ l. D.- danxaa| m` Jktaxmki| A`nmàaxm`n cxej tfa Jk||klfq|att| M`|tmtqta ec Talfèien}) Lkjhxmdna) JK) Q\K. Fa tfa` |ra`t fm|a`tmxa rxeca||me`ki lkxaax kt iakdm`n Q\ xa|akxlf m`|tmtqtme`| &JMT) Kiimad Lfajmlki Lexrexkta X # D) è~ rkxt ec Feà}~aii) @K\K) Lk|a â|tax` Xa|axsaQ`msax|mt} &L^XQ-) k`d Naàxki Jetex| Xa|akxlf k`d Dasaierja`t La`tax m`^kxxa`) JM-. Fa feid| ceqx rkta`t| m` jktaxmki| rxela||m`n) fk| le*kqtfexad t~eheeg| k`d rqhim|fad |asaxki |lma`tmcml rkrax| m` iakdm`n raax*xasma~ad m`tax`ktme`ki oeqx`ki|. Fm| avraxtm|a m`liqda| dasaierm`n |mjria jktfajktmlkijedai| te avrikm` tfa hafksmex ec lejriav |}|taj|.

^fmia kt @K\K k`d L^XQ) fa ~k| xa|re`|mhia cex dasaierm`n jktaxmki rxela||m`navraxmja`t| te ha raxcexjad khekxd tfa |rkla |fqttia k`d dasaierad k |mjriajktfajktmlki jedai te avrikm` tfa nxe~tf Lfxm|tjk|*txaa) ex |è~cikga) imga

|txqltqxa| &lkiiad da`dxmta|- ~mdai} eh|axsad m` jk`} t}ra| ec im{qmd*te*|eimd rfk|atxk`|cexjktme`| &a.n.) cxaazm`n ec kii lejjaxlmki jatki| k`d kiie}|) cxaazm`n ec ~ktax) k`d) }a|) rxedqltme` ec |è~cikga|+-. Tfm| iad te k |mjria jedai te avrikm`tfa nxe~tf ec da`dxmtml |txqltqxa| m` hetf tfa nxeq`d*hk|ad avraxmja`t| k`d m` tfa|rkla |fqttia avraxmja`t|.

Jexa xala`ti}) fa fk| haa` m`taxa|tad m` tfa k`ki}|m| ec tfa ikxna seiqja| ec dktk cxej cm`k`lmki k`d aleèjml |}|taj| k`d fk| dasaierad ~fkt jk} ha lkiiad tfa

[qk`tqj Hq|mà|| Jedai &[HJ-. Tfm| avta`d| &te cm`k`lmki k`d aleèjml|}|taj|- tfa jktfajktmlki kxnqja`t| q|ad h} Jkv Rik`lg te dasaier {qk`tqj

rf}|ml| q|m`n tfa k`kien} Aàxn} : Jeà}) m.a.) aàxn} m` rf}|ml| m| imga jeà} màleèjml|. Am`|tam` krrimad Rik`lg| mdak| te da|lxmha tfa rfeteaialtxml accalt &h}txaktm`n imnft k| ham`n lejre|ad ec rkxtmlia| lkiiad rfete`|) aklf ~mtf tfa cmvad {qk`tqj ec aàxn} le`lamsad h} Rik`lg-. Tfa jktfajktmlki ik~ dadqlad h}


9/9

Rkna = ec =

Rik`lg) xacaxxad te faxa k| tfa naàxkimzad re~ax*avreà`tmki ik~) jmnft kltqkii}fksa jk`} krrimlktme`| ckx ha}e`d hiklghed} xkdmktme` |tqdma| ~faxa mt ~k| cmx|t le`lamsad.

Am`|tam`| rfeteaialtxml ik~ m| k |mjria imàkx ik~) k| ~a |aa faxa) k`d ~k|dadqlad cxej Rik`lg| è` *imàkx ik~ cex da|lxmhm`n hiklghed} xkdmktme`. Mt krrakx| tfkt cm`k`lmki k`d aleèjml |}|taj| lk` ha jedaiad q|m`n k |mjmikx krrxeklf. Cm`k`la) hq|mà||) aleèjml| k`d jk`knaja`t |lma`la| è~ a||a`tmkii}|aaj te eraxkta imga k|txeèj} k`d rf}|ml| hacexa tfa kdsa`t ec Gariax k`d

@a~te`.

Lesax rkna ec KmxTxk` 8222 K``qki Xarext

further empirical evidence for the universal constant h and the economic work function: analysis of...

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