d.basilaZe, c.qilifTari, m.kobaxiZe

furis sarZeo produqtiulobis

gadidebis gzebi fermerul

meurneobebSi

1

d.basilaZe, c.qilifTari, m.kobaxiZe

furis sarZeo produqtiulobis

gadidebis gzebi fermerul

meurneobebSi

Tbilisi 2017 w

2

damxmare saxelmZRvanelo mecxoveleobis biznesiT

dainteresebul fermerTaTvis

==============================================================

aiwyo da dakabadonda Sps kopiprint-2000-Si

Tbilisi, vaJa-fSavelas gamziri 5, tel. 238-50-18; 238-50-19

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa

ISBN 978-9941-0-9374-6

3

Sesavali

saqarTvelos meZroxeoba wvrili, eqstensiuri

fermeruli meurneobebiT aris warmodgenili, romelTa

ganviTarebis done Zalian dabalia. qveyanaSi erT mewvel

furze miRebulia 1256 kg rZe, rac 5-6-jer naklebia, vidre

evropis qveynebis fermerul meurneobebSia miRebuli.

cxovelTa produqtiulobis aseTi dabali maCveneblebi

mravali urTierT dakavSirebuli garemoebebiT aris

gamowveuli. maT Soris mniSvnelovania:

dabalproduqtiuli, ujiSo pirutyvis moSeneba, cxovelTa

kvebisa da movla-Senaxvis eqstensiuri pirobebi, cxovelTa

veterinarul-sanitaruli mdgomareobis, mozardis

gamozrdis arasakmarisi done, naxirebTan sanaSene

muSaobis ignorireba, sruli qaosi cxovelTa aRwarmoebaSi

da rac mTavaria, yvela zemoTCamoTvlil mizezTa mizezad

unda CaiTvalos kvalificirebuli specialistebis

nakleboba. samwuxarod, dRes, mecxoveleobis biznesiT

dakavebul fermerTa umravlesobas ar gaaCnia

elementaruli Teoriuli codna da praqtikuli

gamocdileba, rac xels uSlis maT warmatebul

saqmianobas da mniSvnelovnad aferxebs dfargis

ganviTarebas.

warmoebaSi dagrovili problemebis gadaWra

fermerisagan praqtikul da zogad Teoriul codnas

moiTxovs cxovelTa srulfasovani kvebis, janmrTelobis,

sanaSene muSaobis gaumjobesebis da fermis menejmentis

sakiTxebSi.

winamdebare naSromi warmoadgens damxmare

saxelmZRvanelos da gankuTvnilia mecxoveleobis biznesiT

dainteresebul fermerTaTvis, masSi advilad gasagebi

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formiT aris aRwerili sakarmidamo da fermerul

meurneobebSi naxiris formirebis dros

gasaTvaliswinebeli iseTi sakvanZo sakiTxebi, rogoricaa:

jiSis sworad arCeva, cxovelis asakis gansazRvris wesebi,

metad aris gamaxvilebuli yuradReba furebis kvebis,

movla-Senaxvis sakiTxebze. mokled aris aRwerili

gavrcelebuli daavadebebi da maTi garCevis meTodebi

simptomebis mixedviT, cxovelisaTvis pirveladi

daxmarebis gawevis RonisZiebebi, aseve avadmyofi cxovelis

movlis, samkurnalo preparatebis da saWiro

instrumentebis gamoyenebis elementaruli wesebi.

naxiris Sesaqmnelad sarZeo furis amorCevis

ZiriTadi principebi

fermeruli meurneobebis Seqmna iwyeba sakvebwarmoebis

mowesrigebiT da sakvebis maragis SeqmniT, romelic

uzrunvelyofs pirutyvis maRal produqtiulobas. amis

Semdeg iwyeba naxiris formirebis procesi.

naxiris Sesaqmnelad kargi sarZeo furis amorCeva erT-

erTi urTulesi amocanaa. garegnuli Sesaxedaobis, anu

eqsterieris mixedviT Sefaseba zust warmodgenas ver

iZleva cxovelze. eqsterieriT Cven SegviZlia vimsjeloT

mxolod mis produqtiul mimarTulebaze, janmrTelobis

mdgomareobaze da nawilobriv produqtiulobis doneze.

furis SerCevis dros pirvel rigSi unda ganisazRvros

misi jiSi. rogorc wesi am dros upiratesoba unda

mieniWos specializirebul sarZeo produqtiuli

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mimarTulebis jiSebs, radganac isini erTeul cocxal

masaze warmoebuli rZis raodenobis mixedviT

mniSvnelovnad Warboben kombinirebuli da saxorce

jiSebis cxovelebs. Tu fermers surs, rogorc rZis, ise

xorcis miReba, maSin yvelaze misaRebia kombinirebuli

sarZeo-saxorce an saxorce-sarZeo produqtiuli

mimarTulebis jiSis cxovelebis moSeneba, magram yvela

SemTxvevaSi mizanSewonilia im jiSis cxovelis SeZena,

romelic mocemul zonaSi gamocdilia da kargad aris

Seguebuli adgilobriv pirobebs.

saqarTvelos meZroxeobaSi zogadad, ZiriTad

produqtiul mimarTulebebad dadgenilia kombinirebuli

mimarTuleba, baris da qalaqispira zonaSi ki upiratesad -

sarZeo mimarTuleba.

ekonomikur reformamde saqarTvelos meZroxeoba

warmodgenili iyo Zroxis kavkasiuri wabla, Svicuri, Sav-

Wreli, stepis wiTeli da adgilobrivi jiSebiT. dRes

ucnobia pirutyvis jiSobrivi struqtura, gaqrobis winaSe

dgas mravali unikaluri TvisebebiT gamorCeuli

adgilobrivi genofondi, romlis gareSe warmoudgenelia

samTo mecxoveleobis ganviTareba. es jiSebi kargad iyvnen

Seguebulebi saqarTvelos pirobebs da Sesabamisi kvebisa

da movla-Senaxvis pirobebSi maRal produqtiulobas

amJRavnebdnen. maTi moSeneba dResac aqtualuria. garda

amisa, dablobi zonis sakvebiT kargad uzrunvelyofil

fermerul meurneobebSi, popularuli gaxda holStinuri

da jersuli jiSebis moSeneba.

qarTuli mTis Zroxa kargad aris Seguebuli mTis

mkacr klimatur pirobebs da Tavisi aRnagobis

specifikurobis gamo mTagrexilebze, qedebsa da daRarul

xevebSi advilad gadaadgildeba da moipovebs sakvebs,

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sadac sxva jiSis pirutyvs, gansakuTrebiT didtanian

cxovelebs, ar SeuZliaT arseboba.

qarTuli mTis saqoneli tanad metad pataraa. yvelaze

dabaltaniania xevsuruli Zroxa (97-98sm), yvelaze maRali

– osuri, zemosvanuri da raWuli Zroxa (100-101 sm).

daaxlovebiT igive sididisaa imeruli, megruli, guruli,

afxazuri, aWaruli, leCxumuri, qarTluri da saqarTvelos

sxva kuTxis populaciebi.

qarTuli mTis saqoneli ZiriTadad Savi ferisaa.

zurgze, drunCis garSemo, curze, yurebze da kidurebze

gaaCnia damaxasiaTebeli mowablisfro Seferiloba. Savi

feris garda gvxvdeba wiTeli, Calisferi, SavWreli,

wiTelWreli, veJani da sxva feris pirutyvi.

garegnuli formebis mixedviT qarTuli mTis saqonels

ufro metad aqvs gamoxatuli merZeuli tipis

eqsterieruli niSnebi, Tumca mwiri kvebis pirobebis gamo

maT, mTeli rigi naklovanebebi gaaCniaT.

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xboebis cocxali masa dabadebisas saSualod 13-17 kg-is

farglebSia, zrdasruli furebi 180-200 kilograms

iwonian da laqtaciis manZilze 900-1200 kg rZes iZlevian,

romelSic 4,1-4,3 % cximia. gaumjobesebuli kvebis

pirobebSi gamozrdili da moSenebuli am jiSis Zroxis

cocxali masa 325-350 kilograms aRwevs da misi monawveli

2.0-3.0 aTas kilogramamde matulobs. calkeuli

individebidan miRebulia 4.0 aTas kilogram rZeze meti.

cxovelebi gansakuTrebiT maRali sarZeo produqtiulobiT

xasiaTdebian zafxulis periodSi mTis saZovarze yofnisas.

megruli wiTeli jiSi kargad aris Seguebuli

dasavleT saqarTvelos (samegrelos da guriis da maTi

mosazRvre afxazeTis, imereTis da leCxumis) mTa-baris

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bunebriv-klimatur pirobebs. am jiSis cxovelebi, qarTuli

mTis saqonelTan SedarebiT 1,3-jer ufro mets iwonian.

cxovelebi gamoirCevian nazi da xmeli agebulebiT. Tavi

patara aqvT, rqebi swori da grZeli. kidurebi sakmaod

maRali. cxovelebi ZiriTadad Ria wiTeli ferisaa. xboebis

cocxali masa dabadebisas saSualod 15-16 kg Seadgens,

meryeoba ki 8-dan 25 kg-mdea. srulasakovani furebis

saSualo cocxali masa 255-280 kg-is farglebSi meryeobs.

es jiSi gamoirCeva rZis maRali cximianobiT da

gaumjobesebuli kvebisa da movla-Senaxvis pirobebSi

SeuZlia weliwadSi 2,0-3,0 aTasi kilogrami rZis mocema 4,2-

4,4% cximianobiT.

kavkasiuri wabla adgilobrivi jiSia, romelsac

9

monawvelTan erTad didi tani da kargi saxorce Tvisebebi

gaaCnia. zrdasruli furebi 400-450 kilograms iwonian,

monawveli 2,5-4,0 aTas kilograms Soris meryeobs, 3,8-3,9%

cximianobiT. intensiuri kveba-movlisas orwliani

mozvrebis cocxali masa 450 kg-mde aRwevs, naklavis

gamosavali 59%. am jiSis saukeTeso suladoba aris

axalcixis, axalqalaqis, ninowmindis, walkis raionebSi,

somxeTSi taSiris, lores, stefanavanis da Saumianis

raionebSi. ufro ukeTesi sameurneo maCveneblebi

axasiaTebs kavkasiuri wablas Svicur jiSTan SejvarebiT

miRebul najvarebs. SeZenisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom

xalas kavkasiuri wabla jiSis cxovelebs aqvT muqi

wablis feri. zurgis xazis, yuris niJaris da barklis

SigniTa balani ki mowiTalo Seferilobisaa. kavkasiuri

wablas SvicurTan najvarebi muqidan Ria wablis feria,

mxolod dasaxelebul adgilebSi balani Ria monacisfro

Seferilobis aqvT.

holStinuri jiSebi (aSS-s, kanadis, israelis da sxv.)

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sarZeo mimarTulebis arian. am jiSebis cxovelebi

ZiriTadad Sav-Wreli Seferilobis arian da msoflioSi

yvelaze maRali merZeulobiT xasiaTdebian. furebis

cocxali masa 600-650 kg, monawveli 6,0-12,0 aTasi kg, rZis

saSualo cximianoba 3,6-3,7%-ia. did interess iwvevs wiTel-

Wreli holStinebi, romelic ukve damoukidebel jiSad

Camoyalibda. igi ufro naklebi monawveliT (4000-6000kg),

magram maRalcximiani rZiT xasiaTdeba (3,95-4,2%). wiTel-

Wreli holStinebi gardabnis raionis sofel TeleTis

fermaSi hyavT moSenebuli, sadac man saukeTeso Sedegebi

aCvena. holStinuri jiSebis moSenebiT dainteresebulma

fermerebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom es jiSebi kvebisa da

movlis pirobebis mimarT gansakuTrebiT momTxovni arian,

amitom Tuki fermers cxovelis uxvi da srulfasovani

kvebis saSualeba ar gaaCnia, am jiSis moSeneba zaraliania.

Svicuri jiSi saqarTveloSi aprobirebuli da

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aklimatizirebuli jiSia. cxovelebi kargi sarZeo da

saxorce produqtiulobiT xasiaTdebian. gaaCniaT mtkice

Zvaleuli, magari Cliqebi da saZovrebis kargi gamoyenebis

unari. zrdasruli furebis cocxali masa 550-600 kg-ia,

monawveli evropis qveynebSi 4-5 aTas kg-s Seadgens, rZis

cximianoba meryeobs 3,6-4,2%-s Soris. axasiaTebs Zalze

kargi saxorce Tvisebebi. maTi naklavis gamosavali 55% da

metia. es jiSi dmanisis raionSi XIX saukunis 60-ian

wlebSi Semoiyvanes. man monawileoba miiRo kavkasiuri

wabla jiSis SeqmnaSi. misi saukeTeso suladoba amJamad

hyavs Telavis, gardabnis, axmetis da sxva

municifalitetebis fermerul meurneobebs.

stepis (velis) wiTeli jiSi – Cveni qveynis pirobebs

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erT-erTi yvelaze ukeTesad Seguebuli jiSia. igi

gamoyvanilia ukrainaSi. mas saqarTveloSi moSenebis

saukuneze meti xnis istoria aqvs da Zveli Taobis

mecxoveleebs Soris dResac didi popularobiT

sargeblobs, rasac ganapirobebs misi aklimatizaciis

kargi unari, cxeli klimatis pirobebis mimarT gamZleoba

sakmaod maRali merZeuloba da malmwifadoba. furebis

wona meryeobs 450-500 kg-s Soris, xolo naklavis

gamosavali – 50%-mde aRwevs. laqtaciuri nawveli 3,0-5,0 kg

farglebSia, rZis cximianoba ki 3,6-3,7 %-s Soris.

mecxoveleebis didi interesis miuxedavad dRes stepis

wiTeli jiSis naxirebi Cvens qveyanaSi moSenebuli ar aris.

am jiSis saukeTeso suladoba aris ukrainaSi, ruseTis

federaciis stavropolis da krasnodaris mxareebSi,

moldovasa da yazaxeTSi.

jersuli jiSi sarZeo produqtiuli mimarTulebis

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jiSia. igi Cveni qveynis merZeuli mesaqonleobis

ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovan yuradRebas imsaxurebs, rasac

misi mravali gamorCeuli Tviseba gansazRvravs. es jiSi

merZeul jiSebs Soris yvelaze patara taniania (simaRle

123-125 sm), malmwifadia, axasiaTebs rZis maRali cximianoba.

furebis cocxali masa 450-500 kg-ia, monawveli 4500-5000 kg,

rZis cximianoba 5,5-5,8%.

jersuli jiSis cxovelebi umetesad wiTeli ferisaa.

gvxvdeba ufro muqi Seferilobis, aseve tanis sxvadasxva

adgilze TeTri niSnebiTac. gaaCniaT kargad gamoxatuli

sarZeo tipis eqsterieri. wagrZelebuli, dakuTxuli

sxeuli. tevadi, Tanabrad ganviTarebuli curi.

eqsterieris naklovanebebidan aRsaniSnavia viwro

gulmkerdi, ukana fexebis araswori dgoma, viwro ukanali.

saqarTveloSi Seswavlilia jersuli jiSis qarTul

mTis ZroxasTan Sejvarebis Sedegebi. adgilobriv

saqonelTan Sejvarebis samuSaoebi amJamad mimdinareobs

aWaris, samcxe-javaxeTis, Sida-qarTlis regionis rig

fermerul meurneobebSi, xalasi suladoba Seyvanilia da

aklimatizacias gadis qobuleTis municipalitetSi.

asakis dadgena. pirutyvis SeZenisas aucilebelia maTi

asakis dadgena, radgan asakis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba

cxovelebis ganviTarebis da sarZeo produqtiulobis

Sefaseba. cnobilia, rom zomieri gamoyenebis pirobebSi,

furis sarZeo produqtiuloba asakis matebasTan erTad

izrdeba V-VII mogebamde, xolo Semdeg TandaTanobiT

mcirdeba. erTnayoli furebi Cveulebriv iwvelian Tavisive

jiSis zrdasruli furebis monawvelis 70-80%-s. furis

asakis Sesaxeb monacemebis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, misi

dadgena sizustis garkveuli doniT SesaZlebelia.

magaliTad, asaki mogebaTa ricxvis mixedviT SeiZleba

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davadginoT rqebze arsebuli rgolebis meSveobiT. rqaze

rgolebis warmoqmna dakavSirebulia cxovelis makeobis

dros organizmSi mimdinare gardaqmnebTan. amasTan, Tu am

periodSi cxovelis kveba xdeboda srulfasovnad, maSin

rgolebis SemCneva gaZnelebulia, xolo Tu kveba am dros

arasrulfasovnad mimdinareobda, maSin rgolebi rqebze

mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli da kargad Cans. furis berwad

darCenis SemTxvevaSi rgoli rqaze ar warmoiqmneba da

rgolebs Soris manZili diddeba. pirveli rgoli rqaze

warmoiqmneba I mogebis Semdeg. Sesabamisad, furis asakis

gasagebad, rqaze rgolebis ricxvs unda davumatoT misi

asaki I mogebamde anu daaxlovebiT 2.5-3 weli.

meti sizustiT furis da mozardis asakis dadgena

SeiZleba kbilebis saSualebiT. aseTi gnsazRvra efuZvneba

sarZeo kbilebis mudmiviT Secvlis Tanmimdevrobas, aseve

mudmivi kbilebis cveTis da kbilis zedapiris formis

cvlilebebs. romelic garkveul asakSi erTnairad

mimdinareobs. pirutyvis asakis dadgena kbilis cveTis

zedapiris formis mixedviT garkveul gamocdilebas

moiTxovs, amitom es cxovelis patronisaTvis Zalian

Znelia, magram sarZeve kbilebis mudmivi kbilebiT Secvlis

kanonzomierebis damaxsovreba sirTules ar warmoadgens.

sarZeve kbili sididis mixedviT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba

mudmivi kbilisagan. is ufro wvrili da Txelia, mudmivi

kbili ki piriqiT – grZelia da farTo. msxvilfexa

rqosani pirutyvis kbilebis Secvlis vadebi aseTia:

kbili: asaki, Tve:

mosaWidi 15-19

Sua SigniTa 18-28

Sua gareTa 24-35

ganapira 31-40

15

cxadia, asakis gansazRvris aRwerili meTodebi

aucilebelia cxovelis asakisa da warmoSobis Sesaxeb

cnobebis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.

cxovelis warmoSobis Sesaxeb monacemebis codnas aseve

didi mniSvneloba aqvs furebis SerCevis dros. bunebrivia,

maRalproduqtiuli furisagan saukeTeso STamomavlobis

miRebis ufro meti albaToba arsebobs. amitom dedis, dis,

aseve mamis mxridan naxevar debis sarZeo produqtiulibis

maCveneblebis codna garkveulwilad SeiZleba gamodges

furis SerCevis dros. mravalricxovani samecniero

kvlevebiT dadgenili iqna, rom pirutyvis merZeuloba

STamomavlobas gadaecema memkvidreobiT 30-40%-iT, cximis

Semcveloba rZeSi ki – 70-80%-iT. dRes warmoSobis Sesaxeb

Canawerebi mxolod Semoyvanil pirutyvze arsebobs. amitom,

adgilze SeZenisas fermerma gamokiTxviT unda daadginos

winaprebis produqtiuloba da nakli.

furis SerCevis dros mniSvnelovani yuradReba eqceva

garegnul formebs: eqsteriers da konstitucias. sarZeo

produqtiuli mimarTulebis furs unda hqondes sxeulis

harmoniuli agebuleba, nazi-mkvrivi konstitucia, msubuqi

Tavi, Txeli, elastiuri kani, kiserze didi raodenobis

wvrili naoWebiT, patara zomis bzinvare balani, magari

kidurebi, ukana kidurebi ganze kargad gadgmuli,

moculobiani gulmkerdi da muceli. dadebiT maCveneblad

iTvleba, Tu or ukanasknel nekns Soris manZili 3-4 TiTis

anu 5-6 sm-is tolia.

cxoveli ar unda iyos arc Zalian maRal fexebze

mdgomi da arc Zalian dabalfexiani, radgan es arTulebs

wvelis process. ukana fexebis iqsiseburi an xmliseburi

dgoma seriozul naklad iTvleba. viwro da daqanebuli

gava da kidev sxva arasasurveli niSnebi cud

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memkvidrulobaze metyvelebs an mocemuli cxovelis

aradamakmayofilebel gamozrdaze miuTiTebs da udaod

uaryofiTad moqmedebs mis sarZeo produqtiulobaze da

aRwarmoebis unarianobaze.

furebis SerCevis dros didi yuradReba unda mieqces

curs. igi unda iyos moculobiani, jamiseburi formis

normaluri sisqis da sigrZis kertebiT.

furis SeZenis dros is aucileblad unda moiwvelos.

meti moxerxebulobisaTvis xeliT wvelisaTvis kertebi

unda iyos odnav ufro didi, meqanikuri wvelisaTvis

vargisi furis kertebTan SedarebiT. wvelis dros oTxive

curTiTidan rZe unda gamodiodes Tanabari doniT,

yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe. dauSvebelia, rom rZe

curTiTebidan gamodiodes TavisiT. furi advilad unda

iwvelebodes. mowvelis Semdeg kargi jirkvlovani curi

Zlier klebulobs moculobaSi da ukana mxares, fexebs

Soris curze warmoiqmneba wvrili kanis naoWebi. rac

ufro didi adgili ukavia curs ukana fexebs Soris

(praqtikaSi mas curis sarkes uwodeben), miT ufro

moculobiania curi da Sesabamisad ufro

maRalproduqtiulia igi. curis kani unda iyos Txeli,

patara da meCxeri balniT dafaruli. yuradReba unda

mieqces sarZeo venebis ganviTarebas. venebis sisqe,

gansakuTrebiT gulmkerdis RruSi maTi Sesvlis adgilas

(e.w. sarZeo Webi), iribad miuTiTebs sarZeo jirkvlis

muSaobis intensiurobaze. cnobilia, rom 1 kg rZis

warmosaqmnelad curSi unda gaiaros 400-600 l rZem,

amitom praqtikaSi ase mniSvnelovania am maCveneblis

gaTvaliswineba.

arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs cxovelis temperaments.

furi ar unda iyos flegmaturi, radganac es Tviseba

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sarZeo tipis saqonlisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli.

Tumca arc zedmetad aRgznebadoba ar unda axasiaTebdes

mas, vinaidan es did sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli

cxovelis Senaxvis dros. umjobesia ojaxis pirobebSi

viyolioT mSvidi, Tvinieri wynari tipis furi.

furis an dekeulis SeZenis dros Zalze mniSvnelovania

veterinaruli mowmobis gacnoba, romelSic veteqimi

miuTiTebs acrebis da gansakuTrebiT saSiS daavadebebze

diagnostikuri gamokvlevis TariRs. pirutyvis SeZena

veterinaruli mowmobis gareSe riskis qveS ayenebs ara

marto mflobelis, aramed mezoblebis cxovelebis

janmrTelobasac. amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes, rom cxovelTa

mravali daavadeba gadamdebia adamianebze.

bolos, yvelaze mTavar maCveneblad, romelic

gansazRvravs cxovelis faqtiur Rirebulebas, iTvleba

misi sarZeo produqtiuloba – dReRameSi, weliwadSi

mowvelili rZis raodenoba da xarisxi. amave dros metad

sayuradReboa cxovelis aRwarmoebis maCveneblebis

gaTvaliswineba, rogoricaa: weliwadSi erTxel mogebis

unari da janmrTeli xbos miReba.

pirutyvTan sanaSene muSaoba glexur

meurneobebSi

naxiris srulyofis mizniT maTTan sistematiurad unda

warmoebdes sanaSene muSaoba, romlis elementebia:

gadarCeva, SerCeva, mozardis gamozrda. A sanaSene

muSaobaSi yvelaze maRali Sedegis momcemia furebis

daTesvla kuro-mwarmoeblebis spermiT, romelic

Sefasebulia STamomavlobis xarisxiT da miCneulia

rogorc gamaumjobesebeli. aseTi mwarmoeblidan miRebuli

18

STamomavloba dedaze mniSvnelovnad ukeTesi iqneba

mravali maCvenebliT, maT Soris produqtiulobis doniT.

adgilze gamozrdili dekeulebic aucileblad saukeTeso

kuro-mwarmoeblebis spermiT unda daiTeslos, ris

Sedegadac ukve 3-4 Taobis Semdeg individualur

meurneobebSi Seiqmneba cxovelTa gaumjobesebuli birTvi,

sadac yovel sanaSene furs gasaumjobesebel furTan

SedarebiT SeuZlia 1.5 – 2jer ufro meti rZis mocema.

xelovnuri ganayofiereba gacilebiT ekonomiuria, imiTac,

rom sanaSene birTvidan miRebuli dekeulebis gayidviT im

meurneobebze, sadac aseTi cxovelebis naklebobaa, miiReba

didi mogeba.

Ffermerul meurneobebSi sanaSene muSaobis swori

organizaciis sxva pirobad iTvleba sanaSene aRricxva.

pirutyvis yvela mflobels unda hqondes

SeZlebisdagvarad srulyofili monacemebi cxovelTa

warmoSobis, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, maTi mSoblebis Sesaxeb

– jiSi, jiSianoba, feri, cocxali masa, produqtiuloba.

aucilebelia TiToeul cxovels miekuTvnos

individualuri nomeri da moxdes maTi gadanomvra. es

mniSvnelovnad aadvilebs rogorc veterinarul, ise

sanaSene muSaobas cxovelebTan. pirutyvis mepatrone

valdebulia awarmoebdes Canawerebs cxovelebis

dagrilebisa da mogebis (danarTi 3), aseve mowvelili rZis

raodenobis Sesaxeb (danarTi 1). sasurvelia periodulad

rZis cximianobis kontrolic da yvelaferi amis

asaxvisaTvis gamodgeba formebi (danarTi 2, danarTi 2-a

da danarTi 2-b).

furebis sarZeo produqtiulobis Sesaxeb yvelaze zust

monacemebs Rebuloben monawvelis yoveldRiuri aRricxviT

da maTi Semdgomi SejamebiT laqtaciis ganmavlobaSi, rac

19

Zalian rTulia. simartivisaTvis sarZeo produqtiulobis

gansazRvra xdeba sakontrolo wvelis CatarebiT TveSi 3-

jer an erTxel mainc. rac ufro naklebia sakontrolo

dReTa Soris periodi, miT ufro zustia sakontrolo

dReebis mixedviT aRricxuli rZis raodenoba.

rZis raodenobas angariSoben sakontrolo wvelis

dros miRebuli monawvelis gamravlebiT sakontrolo

wvelaTa Soris dReebis raodenobaze. am calkeul

periodebSi miRebuli rZis raodenobis dajamebiT miiReba

Tvis da laqtaciuri nawveli.

rZeSi cximis Semcveloba SeiZleba ganisazRvros TveSi

erTxel*, rac dRes gamartivebuli wesiT xdeba rZis

sxvadasxva tipis analizatorebis meSveobiT. laqtaciis

manZilze TiToeuli furis rZis saSualo cximianobis

dasadgenad rZis cximis procentTan erTad saWiroa

yovelTviuri monawvelis raodenobis codnac. yovelTviuri

monawvelis gamravlebiT Sesabamis cximis procentze,

miiReba 1 procentiani rZis raodenoba, xolo laqtaciis

ganmavlobaSi 1 procentiani rZis raodenobis dajamebiT da

am ukanasknelis gayofiT laqtaciur monawvelze-saSualo

cximianoba laqtaciaze (cxrili 1). -------------------- * arsebobs rZis cximianobis gansazRvris umartivesi meTodi ojaxis

pirobebSi, romelic SemdegSi mdgomareobs: aviRebT cilindrul kolbas da

CavasxamT masSi rZes. davdgamT 7-8 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. am drois gasvlis

Semdeg rZe Tavze moigdebs cxims da zRvari rZis donesa da cxims Soris

iqneba mkveTrad gamokveTili. Semdeg Cveulebrivi saxazaviT gavzomavT rZis

saerTo simaRles da maT Soris cximis simaRles. rZis saerTo simaRlis

maCvenebels miviCnevT 100%-is tolad da proporciiT gamoviangariSebT cximis

procents am rZeSi. magaliTisaTvis: vTqvaT kolbaSi rZis saerTo simaRle

aris 190 mm, cximis simaRle 7.4 mm. am SemTxvevaSi cximis procenti iqneba

(7.4X100) : 190=3.89

20

rZis miReba-Cabarebis dros, savaldebuloa rZis

raodenobis gadayvana e.w. sabaziso cximianobaze.

saqarTveloSi rZis sabaziso cximianobad dadgenili iyo

3.6%. amJamad aseTi standarti aRar arsebobs.

ganasxvaveben rZis Cabarebul da CaTvliT raodenobebs.

rZis Cabarebuli raodenoba naturaluri rZis is

raodenobaa, romelsac fermeri abarebs biznes-operators.

rZis CaTvliTi raodenoba ki miiReba rZis Cabarebuli

raodenobis gamravlebiT mis cximianobaze da namravlis

gayofiT sabaziso cximianobaze

magaliTad, Cambarebelma mimRebs Caabara 25 kg rZe,

romlis cximianoba aRmoCnda 3.96%. rZis Cabarebuli

cxrili 1

rZis cximis saSualo procentis gamoangariSeba

laqtaciis ganmavlobaSi laqtaciis

Tveebi monawveli, kg cximis % 1%-ni rZis r-ba, kg

I 502 3,6 1807.2

II 552 3,7 2042.4

III 595 3,7 2201.5

IV 430 3,8 1634.0

V 435 4.0 1740.0

VI 340 3,9 1326.0

VII 384 3.9 1497.0

VIII 303 4,1 1242.3

IX 260 4,4 1144.0

X 228 4,3 980.0

XI 82 4,5 369.0

4111 43.9 15984.4

15984,4 : 4111 = 3,89

21

raodenoba am SemTxvevaSi tolia 25kg, CaTvliTi raodenoba

ki, Tu sabaziso cximianobad miviCnevT 3.6%-s, iqneba:

(25 X 3.96) : 3.6 = 27.5 kg1.

naxiris furebis produqtiulobis da aRwarmoebis

maCveneblis Sefasebis safuZvelze unda xdebodes

gadarCeva, arasasurveli cxovelebis wundeba da kargad

ganviTarebuli saremonto mozardiT maTi Canacvleba. rac

ufro intensiurad xdeba wundeba, miT ufro swrafad

xdeba naxiris srulyofis procesi.

msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis moSenebis

teqnika

Cveulebriv, msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi sqesobriv

simwifeSi Sedis 6-7 Tvis asakSi, rac cxovelTa

fiziologiur simwifeSi Sesvlamde adre dgeba. amitom,

yovlad dauSvebelia dekeulebis naadrevi dagrileba.

rogorc wesi maRalkulturuli da malmwifadi jiSebis

dekeulebs agrileben 16-18 Tvis asakSi, adgilobrivi

jiSebis mozards, romlebic gvianmwifadobiT xasiaTdebian

- 20-24 Tvis asakSi, roca maTi cocxali masa imave jiSis

zrdasruli furebis cocxali masis 70%-s miaRwevs.

ufro dagvianebuli Sewyvileba arasasurvelia,

radganac uaryofiTad moqmedebs aRwarmoebis unarianobaze.

xuraobis ricxvis zrda xSir SemTxvevaSi furebis

gaberwebas iwvevs. sqesobrivi axurebis periodi furebSi

mkacrad cikliurad meordeba. saSualod cikli 18-21 dRes

Seadgens. mogebis Semdeg furi axurebaSi modis 17-28-e

1 fermaSi sanaSene samuSaoebis mowesrigebaSi didi daxmarebis gaweva SeuZliaT raionul sainformacio-sakonsultacio samsaxurebs da Sesabamisi specialobis maRali kvalifikaciis mecnier TanamSromlebs, romlebic moRvaweoben Cveni qveynis wamyvan umaRles saswavleblebsa da samecniero dawesebulebebSi

22

dReze. xuraoba saSualod 18 sT-s grZeldeba, 6-dan 36

saaTamde meryeobiT (dekeulebSi 8-10 sT, furebSi 15-36 sT).

axurebuli furebis gamovlineba did siZneles ar

warmoadgens. cxovelebi am periodSi mousvenroben, bRavian,

cdiloben gaeridnon naxirs, xSir SemTxvevaSi amcireben

monawvels, cudad ikvebebian, magram didi raodenobiT

svamen wyals. icvleba sasqeso organoebis mdgomareobac:

saSos lorwovani garsi wiTldeba, sivdeba misi gare

nawilebi. saSodan gadmodis lorwo, romelic ZafiviT

23

iweleba. naxirSi aseTi cxovelebi axtebian furebs da

uCerdebian sxvebs, rodesac mas axtebian. imisaTvis, rom

SeumCneveli ar darCes dabmuli furis axureba, maT

uSveben saseirnod gareT ramodenime saaTiT. sxva

cxovelebis gverdiT yofna maTze aRmgznebad moqmedebs.

daTesvlis saukeTeso drod iTvleba xuraobis pirveli

niSnebis gamovlinebidan 12 saaTi. furebs Teslaven 2-jer

10-12 saaTiani intervaliT. ganayofierebis yvelaze ukeTesi

meTodia xelovnuri daTesvla, igi saSualebas iZleva

saukeTeso kuro-mwarmoeblebisagan miRebuli iqnas kargi

STamomavloba, icavs naxirs sxvadasxva infeqciuri

daavadebebisagan, amasTanave bevrad ufro moxerxebulia da

usafrTxo.

furis makeoba normaluri kvebisa da movla-Senaxvis

pirobebSi 280-285 dRe grZeldeba. Tumca, meryeoba didia –

270-300 dRe. cudi kvebis da movlis pirobebSi makeobis

xangrZlivoba 10-15 dRiT izrdeba. mozvrebi 2-3 dRiT ufro

gvian ibadebian vidre dekeulebi.

xbos mogebis dRidan furi iwyebs rZis gamoyofas da es

periodi, romelsac laqtaciis periodi ewodeba,

kulturuli jiSis furebSi saSualod 300-305 dRe

grZeldeba. xbos mogebidan 80-85 dRis Semdeg furi

xelaxla unda ganayofierdes, rom weliwadSi 1 xbo

mogvces da 10 Tvis ganmavlobaSi iwvelebodes rZes.

mecxoveleobaSi mogebidan xelaxla ganayofierebamde

periods, servis periods uwodeben. laqtaciis X Tveze

dedis organizmSi myofi nayofi 7-8 Tvisaa. am droisaTvis

furs uwyveten wvelas da aSroben.

24

furis momzadeba mogebisaTvis da janmrTeli

xbos miReba

mogebisaTvis furebis momzadebis aucilebel pirobas

warmoadgens maTi drouli gaSroba. gaSrobidan mogebamde

periods, rodesac furi aRar iwveleba mSralobis periodi

ewodeba. igi normalurad 45-60 dRe grZeldeba, magram

erTnayoli an dabali nakvebobis furebisaTvis 10-15 dRiT

ufro xangrZlivi unda iyos. mogebamde, furebis gaSroba

saWiroa sarZeo jirkvlis dazianebuli qsovilebis

aRsadgened da gasaaxleblad, cxovelis organizmSi

sazrdo nivTierebebis maragis Sesaqmnelad da dedis

organizmSi Canasaxis normaluri zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis.

furi ar unda moiwvelos mogebamde im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu

mas bolo TveebSi didi raodenobiT rZe gamoumuSavdeba.

furi, romelic mogebamde 2-3 TviT adre dReSi 3-4 kg rZes

iwveleba, SeiZleba gavaSroT wvelis ucabedi SewyvetiT.

ufro produqtiul furebs aSroben TandaTanobiT.

cxovelis gaSrobas iwyeben ulufidan wvniani da

koncentrirebuli sakvebis gamoTiSviT; wveladobis

ricxvis SemcirebiT da erTjerad wvelaze gadayvaniT,

Semdeg or dReSi erTxel, sam dReSi erTxel wveliT da a.

S. manam sul ar moxdeba rZis mocemis Sewyveta. wvelis

jeradobis Semcirebis dros saWiro ar aris furis

srulad Camowvela, piriqiT, rZis nawili sasurvelia

datovebuli iqnas curSi gamouwvelavi. Tu furis

mSralobis periodi daemTxva zafxulis periods, maSin

Zovebis periods amcireben naxevramde, xolo calkeul

SemTxvevaSi cxovels saerTod ar uSveben saZovarze da

toveben boselSi. Cveulebriv furis gaSrobas esaWiroeba

25

7-10 dRe da gaSrobidan 2-3 dRis Semdeg igi isev gadayavT

normalur kvebaze.

furis produqtiuloba momaval laqtaciaze

ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu rogor ikvebeba igi mSralobis

periodSi. saWiroa gvaxsovdes, rom mogebisaTvis furs

unda hqondes saSualo da ara sasuqi nakveboba.

zafxulSi, mSrali furisaTvis saukeTeso sakvebs

warmoadgens saZovris balaxi, zamTarSi – kargi xarisxis

Tiva da koncentrati. am dros cxovels kvebaven da

arwyuleben dReSi 3-jer. wyali aucilebelia iyos Senobis

temperaturis. rogorc Zalze civma, ise cxelma wyalma

SeiZleba gamoiwvios aborti. furs wyals alevineben

koncentrirebuli sakvebis micemamde. wvniani sakvebi

uSualod mogebis win furs aRar eZleva. make furebi,

gansakuTrebiT zamTris periodSi, unda sargeblobdnen

aqtiuri mocioniT. makeobis bolo periodSi cxoveli

gadayvanili unda iqnas mSral, sufTa, qarisagan ara

gamWol adgilas. zamTarSi, gacivebis Tavidan acilebis da

sisufTavis dacvis mizniT, iataki unda iyos mSrali, uxvad

moyrili namjis qveSsafeniT. amasTan sadgomSi garemos

temperatura -15 gradusze dabali ar unda iyos.

mogebisaTvis uSoblebis mosamzadeblad moTxovnebi

iseTivea, rogoric furebisaTvis, im martivi gansxvavebiT,

rom dekeulebs esaWiroebaT movlis damatebiTi

RonisZiebebi. kerZod, makeobis me-4-5 Tvidan dawyebuli

dekeulebs unda Cautardes curis masaJi. es unda gakeTdes

frTxilad, moferebiT. Tu cxoveli imyofeba Tbil

SenobaSi, SeiZleba mas CamovbanoT curi Tbili wyliT an

gavwmindoT cxel (45-50ºC) wyalSi dasvelebuli

pirsaxociT. mogebamde 1 TviT adre uSoblebis masaJi unda

Sewydes. sworad Catarebuli masaJiT curSi izrdeba rZis

26

warmomqmneli jirkvlovani qsovilis xvedriTi wili, ris

Sedegadac monawveli momaval laqtaciaze 15-20%-iT da

metad matulobs.

mosalodneli mogebis TariRs adgenen makeobis

kalendaris (danarTi 4) meSveobiT. magaliTad, Tu furi

ganayofierebuli iqna 1 ianvars, maSin mosalodneli mogeba

iqneba 7 oqtombers, xolo Tu 7 Tebervals ganayofierda,

furi moigebs 13 noembers.

mogebamde 2-3 kviriT adre furs curi udiddeba,

dabla eSveba muceli, ramodenime dRiT adre, uSupdeba

gareTa sasqeso organoebi, ramodenime saaTiT adre ki

kertebSi Camodis rZe, saSodan gamoiyofa lorwo, furi

mousvenrobs, iyureba ukan.

uSualod mogebis win furis sxeulis ukana nawils

Camobanen 1 %-iani kaliumis permanganatis xsnariT an

kreoliniT da amSraleben sufTa tiloTi. furis garSemo

uxvad yrian mSral namjas.

mogeba zrdasrul furebSi, rogorc wesi, normalurad

mimdinareobs. Tumca, arc Tu iSviaTad, adgili aqvs

garTulebul mSobiarobas, rac ZiriTadad gamowveulia

nayofis araswori mdebareobiT, cxovelis cudi kvebiT,

gacivebiT. am dros aucilebelia specialistis daxmareba.

xbo miRebuli unda iqnas sufTa namjaze.

dabadebisTanave mas sufTa pirsaxociT lorwosagan unda

gamoewmindos nestoebi da piri, mieces CasunTqvis

saSualeba. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xbos unda Cautardes

xelovnuri sunTqva wina kidurebis moxra-gaSliT da

gulmkerdze xelis nazi masaJiT. Tu dabadebul xbos

Wiplari TavisiT ar mowyda, mas aWrian dezinficirebuli

makratliT muclidan 10-12 sm-is moSorebiT, gamodenian

misgan ramodenime wveT sisxls, Semdeg daamuSaveben iodis

27

xsnariT da gadanaskvaven. furs miuSveben xbosTan

gasalokad. am dros dedis xaoiani enis zedapiri acilebs

ra lorwos, imavdroulad axdens xbos kanis da kunTebis

masaJs, riTac Zlierdeba axalSobilis sisxlis mimoqceva.

unda gvaxsovdes, rom janmrTelobis gauaresebis

TvalsazrisiT, xbos dabadebisas Zalze saSiSia ara sicive,

aramed nesti da gamWoli haeri. amitom, Tu Senoba, sadac

xbos miReba moxda, ar Seesabameba moTxovnebs, igi gadayavT

sxva ukeTesi pirobebis mqone myudro, Tbil da mSral

oTaxSi. pirvel dReebSi, xseniT da rZiT kvebis periodSi,

sasurvelia xboebi moTavsebuli iqnas individualur

galiebSi.

mogebis Semdeg furs aucileblad unda mieces

dasalevad Tbili wyali vedrodan, romelsac umateben 100-

150 g sufris marils. es xels uwyobs saSvilosnos

SekumSvas da momyolis droulad mogdebas. imave mizniT

SeiZleba daematos wyals 3-5 l sanayofe siTxe. momyoli

da dasvrili namja sadgomidan gaaqvT da wvaven.

mogebidan 1 saaTis Semdeg, roca furi daisvenebs,

sxeulis ukana nawils, sasqeso organoebs, curs da kuds

Camobanen Tbili sapniani wyliT, daufenen sufTa mSral

namjas, Camowvelian da xbos kvebaven xseniT. (umjobesia

rezinis sawovrebis gamoyeneba). pirveli 1.5-2 kviris

ganmavlobaSi furs wvelian ara nakleb 3-4-jer dReSi da

amdenjerve kvebaven. mSobiarobis Semdgom periodSi

sasargebloa furs nebaze mieces kargi xarisxis Tiva.

srul ulufaze igi gadayavT 10-15 dRis Semdeg.

28

fermerul meurneobaSi sakvebwarmoebis

organizacia da pirutyvis kveba

pirutyvis srulfasovani kveba aris ZiriTadi faqtori,

romelic gansazRvravs cxovelis janmrTelobas,

produqtiulobas, warmoebuli produqciis raodenobas da

xarisxs. sakvebwarmoeba, mozardis gamozrda da cxovelTa

kveba Cveni qveynis fermeruli meurneobebis umravlesobaSi

mougvarebelia. fermerebi cxovelebs kvebaven yovelgvari

normirebis gareSe, ulufebiT, romelSic sazrdo

nivTierebebze deficiti 30-60%-ze metia. amis Sedegad

fermerebis naxirebi dabalproduqtiulia da Sesabamisad,

warmoebidan miRebuli Semosavali – mcire.

cxovelTa kvebis, movlisa da Senaxvis sakiTxebis

mowesrigebis gareSe maRalefeqtiani warmoeba ar arsebobs

da fermeris rTuli Sroma uSedegod mTavrdeba. warmoebis

am mniSvnelovani teqnologiebis meurneobaSi danergvis da

efeqtianad gamoyenebis mizniT aucilebelia fermeri

erkveodes cxovelTa kvebis principebSi, kvebis normebis,

ulufebis Sedgenis wesebSi, icnobdes sakvebi saSualebebis

kvebiswina damuSavebis, sakvebi gegmebis Sedgenis xerxebs.

msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis sakvebad gamoiyeneba:

wvniani (mwvane balaxi, silosi, Zirxvenebi da baxCeuli

kulturebi), uxeSi (Tiva, Cala, bze), koncentrirebuli

(kombinirebuli sakvebi, marcvlovani da parkosani

mcenareebis marcvali, marcvleulis anarCenebi) da sxva

sakvebi (kvebis warmoebis anarCenebi, vitaminovani

danamatebi, mineraluri nivTierebebi da sxv.).

mwvane sakvebi yvelaze saukeTeso, iafi da

biologiurad srulfasovani sakvebia zafxulis periodSi.

29

sayuaTo nivTierebebi masSi advilad mosanelebel da

kargad SesaTvisebel formaSia.

dRe-RameSi zrdasruli, 400-500 kg wonis furi 70 kg-mde

mwvane sakvebs iyenebs. saZovris balaxi dadebiT gavlenas

axdens cxovelis janmrTelobaze, mis produqtiulobasa

da produqciis xarisxze. amitom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

ferma saZovrebiT uzrunvelyofilia, pirutyvi rac

SeiZleba xangrZlivad unda imyofebodes mwvane sakvebze.

silosi ZiriTadi wvniani sakvebia, romelsac amzadeben

uhaerod dakonservebis gziT. igi msxvilfexa rqosani

pirutyvisaTvis yvelaze iaf da srulfasovan sakvebad

iTvleba zamTris bagur periodSi. Tumca intensiuri

meZroxeobis mqone fermerul meurneobebSi siloss mTeli

30

wlis manZilze iyeneben. dasiloseba SeiZleba TiTqmis

yvela veluri mcenareulis (Sxamiani balaxebis garda),

simindis, mzesumziris, Zirxvenebis da kartofilis foCebis,

foTlebis da TviT tuberebis.

sayuaTo nivTierebebis danakargebi dasilosebisas 5-

20%-iT ufro naklebia vidre Tivis damzadebis dros.

silosis dasamzadeblad saWiroa Signidan mopirkeTebuli

tranSea, an ormo, romlis zomebi damokidebulia

savaraudo fermisaTvis saWiro dasasilosebel sakvebis

masaze. tranSeas Signidan SeiZleba amoefinos

polieTilenis afski. dasasilosebel masas winaswar

aqucmaceben 2-6 sm zomis nakuwebad. aseTi masa ufro

kargad itkepneba da cxovelisaTvis misawodebladac

mosaxerxebelia. dasasilosebeli masis tenianoba unda

iyos 60-70%-is farglebSi. Tu sasilose masa bevr wvens

iZleva, anu misi tenianoba 75%-ze metia, maSin

mizanSewonilia mas daematos 15%-mde mSrali namja.

silosis Cadeba xdeba 1-3 dReSi, Semdeg ormos afareben

namjas, polieTilens da ayrian 15-20 sm sisqis miwas.

sworad damzadebuli silosi mzad iqneba 15-20 dReSi.

rZemJava duRilis Sedegad miiReba sasiamovno sunis muqi-

mwvane feris sakvebi. Ddasilosebis procesis normalurad

warmarTvisaTvis aucilebelia Seiqmnas anaerobuli

pirobebi. Tuki dasilosebis dros sasilose masa mWidrod

ar iqna daxuruli da mwvane masa aRmoCndeba haeris

JangbadTan SexebaSi, maSin silosSi rZemJava baqteriebTan

erTad gamravlebas iwyebs lpobis baqteriebi, sakvebi

yavisfer Seferilobas Rebulobs da igi mkveTri

ZmarmJavis, erbomJavis da sxva mJaveebis arasasiamovno suns

iZens..

31

wvril glexur meurneobebSi silosis damzadeba

SesaZlebelia ufro martivad, polieTilenis sasilose

tomrebSi Semdegi teqnologiiT: sasilose nedleuli unda

daqucmacdes 1-5 sm sigrZeze, romelic dauyonebliv unda

Caitkepnos polieTilenis tomrebSi ise, rom haeri

maqsimalurad iqnas gamodevnili tomridan. kargad

Tavmokrul tomrebSi moTavsebuli mwvane masa 30 dRis

ganmavlobaSi ganicdis dawnilebas da Semdeg ukve mzad

aris gamosayeneblad. Dkargi xarisxis silosis misaRebad

da danakargebis minimumamde Semcirebis mizniT

dasilosebisas gamoyenebulia biologiuri da qimiuri

konservantebi, rogoricaa AIV-2, Lactobacillus buchneri,

Bonsilag Meis, PromyrTM, WianWvelamJavas, ZmarmJavas da

propionis mJavas narevi da sxva. kargi xarisxis silosi

zrdasrul pirutyvs SeiZleba mieces dReRameSi 20-40 kg-

mde.

senaJi pirutyvis Zvirfas sakvebs warmoadgens. igi

32

hermetul pirobebSi dakonservebuli, sxvadasxva balaxis

SemWknari mwvane maisisagan damzadebuli sakvebia,

romelsac Tavisi Tvisebebis mixedviT, Sualeduri

mdgomareoba uWiravs Tivasa da siloss Soris. senaJis

damzadebis da Senaxvis dros sayuaTo nivTierebebis

danakargebi ufro naklebia, vidre dasilosebisas da 10-

15%-s ar aRemateba. senaJis damzadebis teqnologia

iseTivea, rogoric silosis, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom

senaJs amzadeben mindorSi amosuli balaxebis moTibvis

Semdeg misi SeWknobiT 45-55% tenianobamde. ormoSi an

polieTilenis tomrebSi Catenvas axdenen SemWidrovebul

vadaSi, sasurvelia 1 dReSi. senaJis damzadebisas

mikrobuli procesebis regulirebis mizniT

rekomendebulia “vixer”, “biominis”, “bonsilaJ plius” da

sxva konservantebis gamoyeneba. mewvel furs senaJi

SeiZleba mieces sakvebad dReRameSi 20-25 kg-is odenobiT.

parkosnebis senaJs amzadeben da maRalproduqtiuli

pirutyvis kvebaSi warmatebiT iyeneben gardabnis

municipalitetis, sofel TeleTis Sps “margebelis”

meZroxeobis fermaSi.

Tiva individualur wvril glexur meurneobebSi

yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli sakvebia. maRali xarisxis

Tiva Seicavs praqtikulad yvela aucilebel sazrdo

nivTierebebs, rac organizmis zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis aris

saWiro. Tivis kvebiTi Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba imis

mixedviT Tu vegetaciis romel fazaSia gaTibuli balaxi.

marclovnebis TivaSi yvelaze meti sazrdo nivTierebebia

maSin, rodesac is aRebulia daTavTavebis, xolo

parkosnebis TivaSi dakokrebis fazaSi. ufro gvian fazaSi

gaTibuli masidan damzadebul TivaSi sazrdo nivTierebebi

mniSvnelovnad naklebia, masSi metia ujredana da mcirea

33

proteinis Semcveloba. maRali xarisxis Tivis miReba

SesaZlebelia moTibuli balaxis mxolod swrafi

gamoSrobiT. karg mzian amindSi moTibul balaxs awyoben

gamonaTibebSi Rvareulebad, am dros idevneba tenis 50%. 5-

10 saaTis Semdeg balaxs agroveben, sadac is Sreba 1-2 dRe,

Semdeg agroveben 200-300 kg masis bululebad. bululebis 3

dRiani Srobis Semdeg Tivas inaxaven specialurad misTvis

gamoyofil adgilas. Oojaxur pirobebSi Tivis Senaxvis

dros mas ayrian sufris marils yovel 1 kg Tivaze 6-7 g-is

odenobiT. imisaTvis, rom didi xnis manZilze SevinarCunoT

Tivis kargi xarisxi, dgamen Tivis zvinebs, romelsac

zemodan afareben celofans, an wnexaven tukebad.

amJamad farTod inergeba Tivis damzadeba didi zomis

200 kg masis rulonebad, romelic ufro iafi jdeba da

danakargi naklebi aqvs. kargi Tivis tenianoba 14-17% unda

iyos, mas srulad SenarCunebuli aqvs foTlebi, xelSi

34

mosresis dros xraSunobs da advilad ar imtvreva. Tiva

cxovels eZleva ara umetes 10-12 kg-sa dReRameSi.

Cala, bze namja. sagazafxulo kulturebis (Svriis da

qeris) Cala, namja da bze sakmaod karg uxeS sakvebad

iTvleba cxovelebisaTvis. yuaTianobiT isini CamorCebian

Tivas, Tumca cxoveli kargad Wams da iTvisebs,

gansakuTrebiT zamTris periodSi. zrdasruli furisaTvis

Calis kvebis sadReRamiso norma 6-7 kg-s Seadgens

Zirxvenebi. maT miekuTvneba stafilo, Saqris Warxali,

sakvebi Warxali, turnefsi, Talgami da sxva. isini

gamoirCevian dieturi TvisebebiT. magram, ramdenadac didi

raodenobiT Seicaven wyals da mcire raodenobiT sxva

sayuaTo nivTierebebs, maT cxovels aZleven uxeS sakvebTan

erTad. mewvel furs Zirxvenebi daqucmacebuli saxiT

SeiZleba mieceT dReSi 30 kg-mde, Saqris Warxali – 15 kg-

mde. ZirxvenebiT kvebaven cxovelebs SemodgomiT da

zamTarSi. Tu aris Zirxvenebis Senaxvis saSualeba (sacavi),

maT inaxaven 0-2ºC temperaturaze.

kartofili. iTvleba Zalian Zvirfas sakveb kulturad,

gansakuTrebiT pirutyvis suqebis dros. igi SeiZleba

gamoviyenoT, rogorc umi, ise moxarSuli saxiT. mewvel

furebs kartofils aZleven 15 kg-mde dReSi. kartofili,

yabayi, gogra da sxv. msgavsi kulturebi sasurvelia

cxovels mieces daqucmacebuli uxeS sakvebTan narevis

saxiT.

koncentratuli sakvebi gamorCeulia yuaTianobiT.

yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia iseTi safuraJe kulturebi,

rogoricaa qeri, Svria, barda. msxvilfexa rqosan

saqonels es sakvebi eZleva daRerRili, daqucmacebuli

saxiT.

35

qato, fqvilis mtveri, koptoni (fqvilis da zeTis

warmoebis anarCenebi) maRalyuaTiani da dieturi sakvebia.

badagi cxovelis Zvirfas sakvebs warmoadgens. badagis

sadReRamiso norma pirutyvisaTvis 2 kg-s Seadgens. mas

moxmarebis win anzaveben 3 nawil wyalSi. Mmas

gansakuTrebiT didi gamoyeneba aqvs maRal produqtiuli

furebis kvebaSi, romelTa ulufebSi Saqrebis Semcvelobis

didi deficitia.

buyi, ludis durdo-Txle miekuTvnebian spirtis

warmoebis anarCenebs. buys da ludis durdos sasuq

pirutyvs aZleven nebaze. cxovelebs eZlevaT uxeS

sakvebTan, kerZod CalasTan erTad.

dasaxelebuli sakvebis, aseve sxva sakvebi saSualebebis

yuaTianobis maCveneblebi mocemulia me-5 danarTSi.

sakveebis kvebiswina Semzadeba.

zogierTi saxis sakvebi Wamadobis da aTvisebis

gadidebis mizniT saWiroebs kvebiswina Semzadebas.

marcvlis garsi ujredaniT mdidaria da Znelad

moineleba organizmis mier. Aamitom kvebis win saWiroa

misi daqucmaceba, wvrilad daRerRva. marcvlovani sakvebis

moxarSva maT yuaTianobas ar zrdis. Aam mizniT ukeTesia

marcvlovnebis dasafuvreba. ojaxis pirobebSiDdasafuvreba

warmoebs Semdegnairad: 50-100g puris safuars xsnian Tbil

wyalSi da atareben sacerSi. dakoStil nawilebs xeliT

azelen sacers. Semdeg patara zomis kasrSi asxamen 15-20 l

Tbil (30-35ºC) wyals, asxamen masSi ganzavebul safuars da

ureven. aqve amateben 10-15 kg daRerRil sakvebs da yovel

naxevar saaTSi erTxel ureven. 6-9 saaTis dasafuvrebis

36

Semdeg sakvebi mzad aris, romelsac pirutyvi gemrielad

miirTmevs. dasafuvrebuli sakvebi cxovels SeiZleba

mieces marcvlovani sakvebis sadReRamiso normis naxevris

odenobiT.

glexur meurneobebSi arc Tu ise iSviaTad axdenen

uxeSi sakvebis kvebiswina Semzadebas. cnobilia, rom

dauqucmacebeli Calis da uxeSi Tivis kvebis dros

SeuWmeli rCeba 30%-mde masa. Mmisi damuSavebiT ki izrdeba

sakvebis SeWmadoba, mcirdeba danakargebi kvebis dros,

advildeba saReWi aparatis muSaoba. Calis daqucmaceba

xdeba 3-5 sm sigrZeze. zogjer daWril Calis naWrebs

alboben marilwyalSi (10 kg sakvebi, 8-10 l wyali da 150-

200 g sufris marili), an CaorTqlaven (10 kg Calas asxamen

8-10 l mduRare wyals da Tavdaxuruls aCereben 7-10

saaTs). Calis Calboba an CaorTqvla umjobesia xis

wyalgaumtar WurWelSi. arsebobs Calis winaswari

damuSavebis qimiuri, e.w kalcinirebis wesic, ra drosac

iyeneben kiris 1%-ian wyalxsnars (300 g Caumqrali kiri, 30

l wyali da 50-100 g sufris marili). xsnarSi alboben

Calis naWrebs 5-10 sT-is ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg awyoben

daxril sibrtyeze. xsnari Camoiwureba WurWelSi. aseTi

saxiT aCereben Calas dReRamis ganmavlobaSi sadgomis

temperaturaze (8-10ºC), ris Semdegac aZleven cxovels

sakvebad. 10 kg Calaze saWiroa 25-30 l xsnari.

mousavlian wlebSi uxeS sakvebad iyeneben kargad

SefoTlil nekerovan sakvebs. aseTi sakvebi adre

gazafxulis periodSi cxovels SeiZleba mieces

yovelgvari winaswari Semzadebis gareSe dReRameSi 2-3 kg-

is odenobiT.

Tu cxovelTa sakvebad iyeneben Zirxvenebs, maSin

stafilos garda yvela danarCeni, gansakuTrebiT

37

kartofili, Wamis win unda daiWras. kartofilis

damuSavebis dros pirvel rigSi miwisagan unda gaiwmindos

tuberebi da gadairCes dampali nawili. garecxili

kartofili cxovels unda mieces uxeSad daqucmacebuli

saxiT.

silosi cxovels eZleva winaswari Semzadebis gareSe.

Tumca zogjer siloss amJaveben amiakiani (Sardovana)

wyliT. amgvari damuSavebiT ulufaSi 25-30%-mde SeiZleba

Seivsos monelebadi proteinis Semcveloba, romlis

danaklisi pirutyvis kvebis ulufebSi TiTqmis yovelTvis

aris. amiakiT damuSavebul siloss ukeTesad Wamen

cxovelebi. silosi SeiZleba damuSavdes mxolod

sinTetikuri amiakiani wyliT. 100 kg silosze saWiroa 1-1.5

l 25%-iani koncentraciis amiakiani wyali. amasTan, unda

davicvaT koncentraciis TandaTanobiTi zrdis wesi;

iwyeben 5-10%-iani koncentraciis amiakis wyalxsnaridan da

merve dRisaTvis mihyavT 25%-ian koncentraciamde. aseTi

wyalxsnari _50 ºC-zec ar iyineba, amitom es samuSaoebi

SeiZleba Catardes zamTarSic Ria cis qveS.

pirutyvis kveba. kvebis normireba da ulufebis

Sedgena

furis kvebis normebi dgeba monawvelis, cocxali masis,

asakis da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

Tanamedrove kvebis normebi metad rTulia da

iTvaliswinebs cxovelis moTxovnilebas aranakleb 30

komponentze.

Kkvebis elementebis AaTvisebis mizniT mizanSewonilad

migvaCnia broSuraSi movitanoT magaliTebi, rom fermerma

Seiswavlos ulufebis Sedgena kvebis martivi normebiT,

38

sadac gaTvaliswinebulia kvebis sul 6 elementi;

yuaTianoba, romelic gamoixateba sakveb erTeulebSi an

megajoulebSi (samimocvlo energia), monelebadi proteini,

mineraluri nivTierebebi kalciumi, fosfori, sufris

Mmarili da vitaminebidan provitamini karotini.

sakvebi ulufa dgeba, arsebuli sakvebidan gamomdinare,

normebis Sesabamisad. ZiriTadi sakvebis yuaTianobis

maCveneblebi mocemulia me-5 danarTSi. sakvebis saxeobas

da raodenobas arCeven sayuaTo nivTierebebze cxovelis

moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare.

ulufis sworad Sesadgenad saWiroa cxovelis

cocxali masis codna. furis awonvas axdenen weliwadSi

2-jer: gazafxulze – saZovarze garekvis win da

SemodgomiT – bagur Senaxvaze gadasvlamde. cxovels

wonian diliT sakvebisa da wylis micemamde. sasworis

uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi cxovelis cocxali masa SeiZleba

ganisazRvros ganazomebis saSualebiT. amisaTvis, sazomi

bafTiT zomaven cxovelis gulmkerdis garSemowerilobas

beWebs ukan da tanis irib sigrZes (manZili mxarbeWis

saxsris wina gamoSverili wertilidan sajdomi borcvis

ganapira wertils Soris). am ori ganazomis maCveneblebis

mixedviT specialur cxrilSi (danarTi 6) pouloben furis

cocxali masis maCvenebels. magaliTad, furis tanis iribi

sigrZe tolia 170 sm-s, gulmkerdis irgvliva beWebs ukan –

175 sm. am maCveneblebis gadakveTis adgilze cxrilSi

mocemulia cifri 457, romelic Seesabameba am furis

cocxal masas. cxadia, es maCvenebeli saorientacioa da

arazusti, Tumca igi savsebiT sakmarisia cxovelis kvebis

normebis dasadgenad.

39

make mSrali furis kveba. magari, kargad ganviTarebuli,

sicocxlisunariani STamomavlobis miReba da maRali

sarZeo produqtiulobis miRweva laqtaciis ganmavlobaSi,

SesaZlebelia make mSrali furebis kargi movlisa da

kvebis Sedegad. make furs mogebis win kargi nakveboba da

sazrdo nivTierebis maragi unda hqondes. maTTvis sakvebi

ulufa unda Sedges kvebis normebis Sesabamisad, romelic

cxovelis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis da

produqtiulobis gaTvaliswinebiT saWiroa periodulad

dazustdes.

make mSrali furis kvebis sadReRamiso normebi dgeba

mSralobis periodSi cxovelis cocxali masis da

gegmiuri wveladobis mixedviT (cxrili 2).

magaliTad, SevadginoT ulufa make mSrali

furisaTvis, romelic aris 5 wlis, iwonis 400 kg, gaaCnia

saSualo kondicia da mosalodneli monawveli momdevno

laqtaciaze dagegmili aqvs 3000 kg. ulufa SevadginoT

mSralobis III dekadisaTvis. fermers gaaCnia Semdegi

dasaxelebis sakvebi: mdelos Tiva; simindis Cala, simindis

silosi, qato.

ulufis Sesadgenad saWiroa gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas

Semdegi sakiTxebi: make furi mSralobis periodSi unda

Rebulobdes: saarsebo sakvebs, sakvebs nayofis zrda-

ganviTarebisaTvis, sakvebs nakvebobis gadidebisa da

sayuaTo nivTierebebis maragis Sesaqmnelad, romelic

saWiroa produqciis, anu mogebis Semdeg laqtaciis pirvel

TveebSi, rZis Sesaqmnelad.

make mSrali furis moTxovnileba sayuaTo

nivTierebebze damokidebulia cxovelis cocxal masaze,

dagegmil monawvelis sidideze, furis nakvebobaze, asakze

da mSralobis periodze.

40

me-2 cxrilSi moyvanili kvebis norma saSualoa.

mSralobis periodis pirvel 10 dReSi norma unda

Semcirdes 10-20%-iT, meoreSi-ikvebos saSualo normis

mixedviT, mesame da meoTxe dekadaSi gadiddes 10-20%- iT,

mexuTeSi - Semcirdes 5-10%-iT, xolo ukanasknel

meeqvse dekadaSi, mogebis win, norma mcirdeba 30-40%-iT.

kvebis norma gaangariSebulia saSualo nakvebobis

srulasakovan furze. saSualoze ufro dabali nakvebobis

furisaTvis sadReRamiso normas adideben 1 an 2 sakvebi

erTeuliT da 1 sakveb erTeulze eZlevaT 110-120 g

monelebadi proteini, 9-10 g kalciumi, 5-6 g fosfori da

40-50 mg karotini. ცxrili 2

make-mSrali furis kvebis norma

cocxali

masa,

kg

sakvebi

erTeuli.

kg

monelebadi

proteini,

g

kalciumi,

g

G

fosfori,

g

karotini

mg

sufris

marili,

g

3000 kg-mde gegmiuri wvelisas

200 4,0 480 30 15 160 20

250 4,5 540 40 20 180 25

300 5,0 600 45 25 200 30

350 5,5 660 55 30 220 35

400 6,0 720 60 35 240 40

450 6,5 780 70 40 260 45

500 7,0 840 80 45 280 50

3000-dan 5000 kg-mde gegniuri wveladobisas

300 6,0 720 60 30 300 35

350 6,5 780 65 35 300 40

400 7,0 840 70 40 350 50

450 7,5 900 80 45 375 50

500 8,0 960 90 50 400 55

550 8,4 1010 95 55 420 60

600 8,7 1050 100 60 440 65

41

yovel 100 kg cocxal masaze make mSral furs unda

mieces 1.5-2 kg uxeSi sakvebi (Tivis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi

nawili Tivisa SeiZleba Seicvalos kargi xarisxis

sagazafxulo CaliT), silosi 4-5 kg. Zirxveneuli_1.5-2kg,

koncentrirebuli sakvebi ki produqtiulobis Sesabamisad.

ulufis Sedgenisas unda visargebloT me-3 cxrilSi

moyvanili maCveneblebiT. magaliTisaTvis avirCioT ulufis

struqtura aRmosavleT saqarTvelosaTvis, xolo

struqturis dadgenis Semdeg ganvsazRvroT ulufaSi

sakvebis naturaluri raodenoba kilogramebSi (cxrili

#4)

cxrili 3

make-mSrali furis ulufis struqtura bagur periodSi

gegmiuri cocxali sakvebi (%-obiT kvebiTi Rirebulebis mixedviT) wveladoba, kg masa, kg uxeSi

m.S. Tiva wvniani

m.S. silosi koncentr.

aRmosavleTsaqarTveloSi

3000 kg-mde 300 60-65 40-45 30-35 30-35 0_10

400 50-60 40-45 30-35 30-35 10_15

500 50-55 40-50 32-35 32-35 10_15

3000_5000 300 50 35_40 40_45 40_45 5_10

400 45_55 35_50 35_40 35_40 10_15

500 45_60 40_55 30_40 30_40 10_15

dasavleTsaqarTveloSi

3000 kg-mde 300 55_60 35_40 30_40 30_40 5_10

400 50 30_35 35_40 35_40 10_15

500 45_55 30_45 35_40 35_40 10_15

3000_5000 300 45_47 25_30 25_43 40_43 10_15

400 45 25_30 40_45 40_45 10_15

500 45 30_35 40_45 40_45 10_15

42

amisaTvis saWiroa TiToeuli sakvebis kvebiTi

Rirebulebis codna, romelic dgindeba me-5 danarTis

meSveobiT.

TavdapirvelaT unda ganisazRvros ramdeni sakvebi

erTeuli, monelebadi proteini, karotini da mineraluri

marilebi unda mieces cxovels normiT. (cxrili #5)

cxrili 4

sakvebis norma da ulufa

sakvebi micemuli sakvebi Seicavs struq-

dasaxeleba r-ba, kg

sakv.e.,

kg

mon.pr.,

g Ca, g P, g

karotini,

mg NaCl, g tura,%

norma

samyuris

Tiva

45

xorblis

Cala

15

silosi 30

qato 10

43

vinaidan ulufa dgeba mSralobis III dekadisaTvis,

normis saSualo maCveneblebi unda gaizardos 10-20%-iT

(gavzardoT 10%-iT). (cxrili #6).

cxrili 5

sakvebis norma da ulufa

sakvebi micemuli sakvebi Seicavs struq-

dasaxeleba r-ba, kg sakv.er,

kg mon.prt.g Ca, g P, g

karotini,

mg NaCl,

g tura,%

norma 6 720 60 35 240 40

samyuris

Tiva 45

xorblis

Cala 15

silosi 30

qato 10

sul

balansi

cxrili#6

sakvebis norma da ulufa

sakvebi micemuli sakvebi Seicavs

struqtura,% dasaxeleba

r-

ba,

kg sakv.er,

kg mon.prt.

g Ca, g

P,

g

karotini,

mg NaCl,

g

norma 6,6 792 66 38,5 264 44 samyuris

Tiva 45 xorblis Cala 15

silosi 30

qato 10

sul

balansi

44

Semdeg etapze ganisazRvreba ulufaSi Semavali sakvebis

naturaluri (fizikuri) raodenoba. amisaTvis unda

dadgindes ulufis sxvadasxva komponentis sakvebi

erTeulebis saWiro raodenoba.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT Cvens magaliTSi furs

esaWiroeba 6.6 sakvebi erTeuli, saidanac 45% modis

samyuras Tivaze, rac proporciiT sakveb erTeulebSi

gamoxatuli Seadgens:

6.6s.e ------------------------ 100%

X s.e. -------------------------- 45%

X= (6.6 X 45) : 100 = 2.97 s.e

amdenad ulufaSi Tivam unda daikavos saerTo

YyuaTianobidan 2.97 sakvebi erTeuli.

xorblis Calaze modis 15%, anu

6.6 s.e -------------------------------- 100%

X s.e. ---------------------------------- 15%

X = (6.6 X 15) : 100 = 0.99 s.e;

ulufaSi siloss ukavia 30%, anu

6.6 s.e. ------------------------------------ 100%

X s.e ------------------------------------ 30%

X = (6.6 X 30) : 100 = 1.98 s.e.

qatoze modis 10% e.i.

6.6 s.e -------------------------------------- 100%

X s.e. --------------------------------------- 10%

X = (6.6 X 10) : 100 = 0.66 s.e

Mme-7 cxrili miiRebs Semdeg saxes:

45

cxrili 7

sakvebis norma da ulufa

sakvebi micemuli sakvebi Seicavs struq-

dasaxeleba r-ba,

kg sakv.erT,

kg mon.prt.

g Ca, g P, g

karotini,

mg NaCl,

g tura,%

norma 6,6 792 66 38,5 264 44 samyuris Tiva 2,97 45 xorblis Cala 0,99 15

silosi 1,98 30

qato 0,66 10

sul 6,6

balansi

me-5 danarTSi vnaxulobT, rom 1 kg samyuras TivaSi

aris 0.52 sakvebi erTeuli. 2.97 sakvebi erTeuli, romelic

Cvens mier Sedgenil ulufaSia mocemuli kilogramebSi

iqneba

1 kg -------------------------- 0.52 s.e.

X kg -------------------------- 2.97 s.e

X = (1 X 2.97) : 0.52 = 5.71 = 6 kg;

Calis raodenobis dasadgenad proporcias eqneba

Semdegi saxe:

1 kg Cala Seicavs 0.22 s.e

X kg ___________ 0.99 s.e.

X=0.99 : 0.22 = 4.5 kg

silosis raodenobas davadgenT:

46

1.kg silosi Seicavs 0.20 s.e.

X kg -------------------------- 1.98 s.e.

X = 1.98 : 0.20 = 10.0 kg

1 kg qato Seicavs 0.71 s.e;

X kg ----------------------- 0.66 s.e

X = 0.66 : 0.71 = 1.0 s.e (cxrili #8)

Semdeg, ulufis sakvebis naturalur raodenobidan

ganisazRvreba monelebadi proteinis, kalciumis,

fosforis da karotinis Semcveloba.

me-5 danarTis mixedviT 1 kg samyuris Tiva Seicavs 82 g

monelebad proteins, ulufaSi Semaval 6 kg aseT TivaSi

monelebadi proteini iqneba: 6 X 82 = 492g;

1 kg Cala Seicavs 10 g monelebad proteins, 4.5 kg-Si

iqneba: 4.5 X 10 = 45 g;

cxrili 8

sakvebis norma da ulufa

sakvebi micemuli sakvebi Seicavs stru-

dasaxeleb

a

r-

ba,kg

sakv.er

. kg

mon.pr

. Ca, g P, g

karotini,

mg NaCl,

tura,

%

norma 6,6 792 66 38,5 264 44

samyuris

Tiva 6.0 2,97 45

xorblis

Cala 4,5 0,99 15

silosi 10.0 1,98 30

qato 1.0 0,66 10

sul 6,6

balansi

47

1 kg silosSi aris 23 g monelebadi proteini, 10 kg –Si

ki iqneba 230 g.

Tu 1 kg qatoSi 114 g proteinia, maSin Cvens

SemTxvevaSic igive raodenoba iqneba da cxrili sabolood

miiRebs Semdeg saxes (cxrili 9).

balansi yovelTvis dadebiTi unda iyos. uaryofiTi

balansis SemTxvevaSi damatebiT unda SeirCes iseTi

sakvebi, romelic Seavsebs ama Tu im sazrdo nivTierebaze

arsebul danakliss.

cxrili 9

sakvebis norma da ulufa

sakvebi micemuli sakvebi Seicavs struq

dasaxeleba r-kg

sakv.er.

kg mon.p.,g Ca, g P, g

karotini,

mg

NaCl,

g tura,%

norma 6,6 792 66 38,5 264 44 samyuris Tiva 6.0 2,97 492 7,4 3,4 150 45 xorblis Cala 4,5 0,99 45 9,8 3,15 22,5

15

silosi 10.0 1,98 230 1 6 150 30

qato 1.0 0,66 114 2 9,6 4 10

sul 6,6 881 10,2 42,15 326,5

balansi 0 89 4,2 3,65 62,5

48

mewveli furis kveba

200-600 kg cocxali masis mqone 3.8-4% rZis cximis Semcveli

mewveli furis kvebis normebi mocemulia me-10 cxrilSi, romelic

Sedgenilia cxovelis cocxali masis, monawvelis da rZeSi cximis

Semcvelobis mixedviT. sakvebSi sufris marilis raodenoba

gamoTvlilia Semdegi normebidan: 5 g Mmarili- 100 kg cocxal

masaze, plus 4 g- yovel 1 kg rZeze.

cxrili 10

sxvadasxva cximianobis rZis 4%-ian standartul rZeze gadasayvani cxrili

mona- cximis Semcveloba rZeSi, %

wvel

i

kg 3,0 3,2 3,4 3,6 3,8 4,2 4,4 4,6 4,8 5,0 5,2 5,4 5,6 5.8 6,0

2 1,7 1,8 1,9 1,9 2,1 2,1 2,2 2,2 2,3 2,3 2,4 2,4 2,5 2,5 2,6

4 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,8 3,9 4,1 4,2 4,4 4,5 4,6 4,7 4,8 5,0 5,1 5,2

6 5,1 5,3 5,5 5,6 5,8 6,2 6,4 6,5 6,7 6,9 7,1 7,3 7,4 7,6 7,8

8 6,8 7,0 7,3 7,5 7,8 8,2 8,5 8,7 9,0 9,2 9,4 9,7 9,9 10,2 10,4

10 8,5 8,8 9,1 9,4 9,7 10,3 10,6 10,9 11,2 11,5 11,8 12,1 12,4 12,7 13,0

12 10,2 10,6 10,9 11,3 11,6 12,4 12,7 13,1 13,4 13,8 14,2 14,5 14,9 15,2 15,6

14 11,9 12,3 12,7 13,2 13,6 14,4 14,8 15,3 15,7 16,1 16,5 16,9 17,5 17,8 18,2

16 13,6 14,1 14,6 15,0 15,5 16,5 17,0 17,4 17,9 18,4 18,9 19,4 19,9 20,3 20,8

18 15,3 15,7 16,2 16,9 17,5 18,5 19,1 19,6 20,2 20,7 21,2 21,8 22,3 22,9 23,4

20 17,0 17,6 18,2 18,8 19,4 20,6 21,2 21,8 22,4 23,0 23,6 24,2 24,8 25,4 26,0

22 18,7 19,4 20,0 20,7 21,3 22,7 23,3 24,0 24,6 24,3 26,0 26,6 27,3 27,9 28,6

24 20,4 21,1 21,8 22,6 23,3 24,7 25,4 26,2 26,9 26,6 26,9 29,0 28,8 30,5 31,2

26 22,1 22,9 23,2 24,4 25,2 26,8 27,6 28,3 29,1 29,9 30,7 31,5 32,2 33,0 33,8

28 23,8 24,6 25,5 26,3 27,2 28,8 29,7 30,0 31,4 32,2 33,0 33,9 34,7 35,6 36,4

30 25,5 26,4 27,3 28,2 29,1 30,9 31,8 32,7 33,6 34,5 35,4 36,3 37,2 38,1 39,0

35 29,8 30,8 31,9 32,9 34,0 36,1 37,1 38,7 39,2 40,3 41,3 42,4 43,4 44,5 45,5

40 34,0 35,2 36,4 37,6 38,8 41,2 42,4 43,6 44,8 46,0 47,2 48,4 49,6 50,8 52,0

49

ccxrili 10

Tuki rZeSi cximis Semceloba 4%-ze meti an naklebi iqneba,

unda visargebloT me-10 cxrilis monacemebiT, romelic saSualebas

gvaZlevs gadaviyvanoT rZe standartul 4%-ian rZeze, raTa ufro

zustad SevadginoT furis sakvebi ulufa. vTqvaT furi iwvelis 16

kg rZes 3.2% cximianobiT. cxrilSi vnaxulobT, rom rZis es

raodenoba Seesabameba 14,1 kg rZis raodenobas, romelsac 4% cximi

gaaCnia da 14.1 kg-is mixedviT davadgenT am furis moTxovnilebas

sayuaTo nivTierebebze me-11 cxrilis Sesabamisad.

Tu furis cocxali masa daaxlovebiT 400 kg-ia, maSin misTvis

sayuaTo nivTierebebze sadReRamiso moTxovnileba iqneba: 11 s.e.,

1220 g monelebadi proteini, 75 g sufris marili, 75 g kalciumi, 55

g fosfori da 470 mg karotini.

ganvixiloT sxva magaliTi: sakontrolo wvelis dRes furma

moiwvela 10 kg rZe 4.8% cximianobiT, rac Seesabameba 11.2 kg rZes

4% cximis SemcvelobiT (cxrili 10). Tu furis cocxali masa 500

kg-ia me-11 cxrilis mixedviT mas DdRe-RameSi esaWiroeba 10.1 s.e

sayuaTo nivTiereba, 1080 g monelebadi proteini; 67 g sufris

marili, 70 g kalciumi; 47 g fosfori; 425 mg karotini. am

cxrilSi kvebis normebi mocemulia wyvil ricxvebSi. kenti

ricxvebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc es iyo me-2 magaliTSi, unda

gamoviTvaloT saSualo mniSvneloba cxrilis zeda da qveda

maCveneblebs Soris. Cvens SemTxvevaSi 10 da 12 kg dRiur monawvels

Soris. analogiur dazustebas akeTeben cocxali masis

maCveneblebis SemTxvevaSic (danarTi 6).

50

cxrili 11

mewveli furis kvebis normebi rZeSi 3.8-4.0%

cximianobisas

monawveli,

kg esaWiroeba dReRameSi 1 furs

sakv.erT

monel.

prot. g

sufris

marili, g Ca, g P,g P karotini,

kg

mg

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

cocxali masa, 200kg

4 da

naklebi 4,6 480 25 20 160 25

6 5,6 580 35 25 210 35

7,6 800 50 35 310 50 10

12 8,6 920 60 40 360 60

14 9,7 1050 65 50 410 65

cocxali masa, 300kg

4 5,3 550 30 30 20 120

6 6,3 650 40 40 30 240

8 7,3 760 50 50 35 290

10 8,3 870 55 55 40 340

12 9,3 990 65 65 45 390

14 10,4 1120 70 70 50 440

16 11,5 1250 80 80 60 490

18 12,7 1390 90 90 65 540

20 14 1530 95 95 70 590

22 15,3 1680 100 105 80 640

24 16,6 1840 110 110 85 690

26 17,9 2000 120 120 90

740

51

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

cocxali masa, 400kg

4 6 620 35 35 25 220

6 7 730 45 45 30 270

8 8 840 50 50 35 320

10 9 960 60 60 40 370

12 10 1090 70 70 45 420

14 11 1220 75 75 55 470

16 12 1360 85 85 60 520

18 13,1 1500 90 90 70 570

20 14,2 1650 100 100 75 620

15,4 1800 110 110 80 670

22

24 16,7 1960 115 115 85 720

26 18 2120 125 125 95 770

28 19,3 2380 130 130 100 820

30 20,6 2440 140 140 105 870

cocxali masa, 500kg

4 6,6 680 40 40 25 250

6 7,6 790 50 50 30 300

8 8,6 900 55 55 40 350

10 9,6 1020 65 65 45 400

12 10,6 1140 70 75 50 450

14 11,6 1270 80 80 55 500

16 12,6 1400 90 90 65 550

18 13,6 1540 95 95 70 600

20 14,7 1680 105 105 75 650

22 15,9 1830 115 115 85 700

24 17,1 1980 120 120 90 750

26 18,4 2140 130 130 95 800

28 19,7 2300 135 135 100 850

30 21 2460 145 145 105 900

32 22,3 2620 155 155 115 950

34 23,6 2780 160 160 120 1000

36 24,9 2940 170 170 130 1050

38 26,2 3100 180 175 135 1100

40 27,5 3260 185 185 140 1150

52

mewveli furebisaTvis laqtaciis bolo ori Tvis

kvebis normebi unda gaizardos 5-10%-iT. es damatebiTi

sakvebi cxovels esaWiroeba nayofis gasanviTareblad.

cxrilSi mocemuli normebi Sedgenilia srulasakovani

furebisaTvis, romlebsac saSualo nakveboba gaaCnia.

axalgazrda (I da II mogebaze myof) aseve saSualoze

dabali nakvebobis furebs unda mieceT damatebiTi sakvebi

(cxrili 12).

cocxali masa, 600kg

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4 7,1 750 45 45 30 280

6 8,1 860 55 55 35 330

8 9,1 970 60 60 40 380

10 10,1 1090 70 70 45 430

12 11.1 1210 80 80 55 480

14 12.1 1340 85 85 60 530

16 13,1 1470 95 95 65 580

18 14,1 1610 100 100 75 630

20 15,1 1750 110 110 80 680

22 16,2 1900 120 120 85

730

24 17,4 2050 125 125 90 780

26 18,6 2210 135 135 100 830

28 19,9 2370 140 140 105 880

30 21,2 2530 150 150 110 930

32 22,5 2690 160 160 115 980

34 23,8 2850 165 165 125 1030

36 25,1 3010 175 175 130 1080

38 26,4 3170 180 180 135 1130

40 27,7 3330 190 190 145 1180

53

ulufis Sedgenis dros sayuaTo nivTierebebze

cxovelis moTxovnileba yovelTvis SeiZleba ar daemTxves

normatiul maCveneblebs. amitom ulufa unda Sedges

normasTan miaxlovebiT ise, rom arc erTi Semadgeneli

komponentis mixedviT ar iyos normaze naklebi, Tundac es

sakvebi erTeulebis gadaxarjvasTan iyos dakavSirebuli.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces ulufis

dabalansebas monelebadi proteinis da karotinis

mixedviT.

kalciumisa da fosforis siWarbe ulufaSi

saSiSroebas ar warmoadgens, radganac maTi zedmeti

raodenoba gamodis organizmidan, xolo am mineraluri

nivTierebebis naklebobis dros cxovelis organizmi

xarjavs sakuTari Zvlebis maragidan, rac cxovelTa

seriozul daavadebebs (madis gafuWeba, Zvlovani sistemis

darbileba, tanis ukana nawilis paraliCi da sxva) iwvevs.

individualur da wvril fermerul meurneobebSi

furebis sakvebi ulufa zamTris periodSi unda

Sedgebodes kargi xarisxis Tivisagan, namjisagan,

Zirxvenebisagan da koncentrirebuli sakvebisagan.

cxrili 12

axalgazrda furis zrdisaTvis damatebiTi kvebis normebi

ekuTvnis normaze meti

saSualo

sadReRamiso

wonamati, kg

sakv.er.

kg

monel.prot.

g Ca, g P,g P

0,2 1 100 7 5

0,3 1,5 150 10 8

0,5 2,5 250 15 12

54

zafxulSi ki ZiriTad sakvebad iTvleba saZovris balaxi

an moTibuli mwvane masa. industriul fermebSi, romelsac

sakvebis Semrevi (miqseri) gaaCniaT, furebis kveba mTeli

wlis manZilze erTi tipis srulfasovani sakvebnareviT

xdeba, rac fiziologiurad da teqnikurad ufro

momgebiania.

sarZeo produqtiulobis Semdgomi zrdis misaRwevad,

rekomendirebulia furebis ganwvelva, romelic

gulisxmobs axalmogebuli cxovelis kvebisa da movlis

gansakuTrebul pirobebSi Cayenebas, rom man gamoavlinos

produqtiulobis maqsimaluri SesaZlebloba. furis

ganwvelas iwyeben maSin, roca cxoveli srulad aRidgens

Tavis fizioologiur mdgomareobas mogebis Semdeg. e.i.

mova normalur fiziologiur mdgomareobaSi. rogorc wesi

amas Wirdeba mogebis Semdeg 15-20 dRe. mas, sadReRamiso

ulufaSi damatebiTi e.w. avansirebuli kvebisaTvis,

ezrdeba norma 1.5-2 sakvebi erTeuliT, romlis dafarva

xdeba ZiriTadad koncentratisa da wvniani sakvebis

xarjze. aseTi damatebiTi sakvebiT kveba gagrZeldeba

manam, sanam furi sakvebis raodenobis momatebas pasuxobs

sarZeo produqtiulobis gazrdiT. Cveulebriv, furi

zrdis sarZeo produqtiulobas laqtaciis me-3-4 Tvemde,

ris Semdeg, miaRwevs ra maqsimalur monawvels, igi

ramodenime dRiT Cerdeba erT doneze, xolo Semdeg iwyebs

TandaTanobiT Semcirebas. rodesac sakvebis momatebaze

rZis momatebiT aRar pasuxobs cxoveli, unda Semcirdes

sakvebis micema normamde. ganwvelvisas yuradReba eqceva

furis curis mdgomareobas, nakvebobas da aRwarmoebas.

ganwvelvis swori organizacia, normalur da

mravalferovan kvebasTan erTad, iwvevs furebis sarZeo

produqtiulobis 1.5-2 jer gazrdas.

55

sakvebze wliuri moTxovnilebis gaangariSeba

furisaTvis

fermers sezonze damzadebuli unda hqondes sxvadasxva

saxis sakvebis aranakleb 1.5 wlis maragi, romlis

raodenoba gamoTvleba saSualo wliuri suladobis,

sazrdo nivTierebebze moTxovnilebis da sakvebis

normebidan gamomdinare Sedgenili tipiuri sakvebi

ulufebis safuZvelze.

sxvadasxva produqtiulobis furebis wliuri

moTxovnileba sazrdo nivTierebebze mocemulia 13

cxrilSi

cxrili 13

furis wliuri moTxovnileba sazrdo nivTierebebze

furis

wliuri

nawveli,(kg)

furis

cocxali masa,

(kg) esaWiroeba weliwadSi (kg)

ენერგეტიკული

საკვები ერთ., კგ

monelebadi

proteini, გ

1500 200_300 2000-2200 220_240

2000 350_400 2600_2800 280_300

3000 400_450 3300_3500 360_385

4000 450_550 4000_4200 450_470

5000 550_600 4600_4800 530_550

furisaTvis misacemi koncentrirebuli sakvebis

raodenoba gamoiangariSeba dagegmili sarZeo

produqtiulobis gaTvaliswinebiT Semdegi normativebis

mixedviT (cxrili 14)

56

cxrili 14

koncentrirebuli sakvebis xarjva

furis wliuri konentrirebuli

wlis ganmavlobaSi

saWiro koncentratebi

nawveli (kg) sakvebis xarjva 1kg 1 furze, (centneri)

rZeze (g)

2000 da naklebi 50_100 1_2

3000 100_200 3_6

4000 200_250 8_10

5000 da meti 250_300 12,5_15

uxeS, wvnian da mwvane sakvebze wliuri moTxovnilebis

dadgenisas baguri da saZovruli periodebis

xangrZlivobasTan erTad iTvaliswineben furebis

mosalodnel produqtiulobas. sasurvelia, rom furs

dReSi mieces 8-10kg uxeSi sakvebi, aqedan Tiva unda iyos

bunebrivi sakvebi savargulebiT mdidar regionebSi 5-6kg,

xolo im raionebSi, romlebsac saTib-saZovrebis farTobi

Zlier SezRuduli aqvT _ 3-4kg.

furis srulfasovani kvebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba

aqvs mis uzrunvelyofas zamTarSi kargi xarisxis

silosiT, zafxulSi ki mwvane balaxiT. zamTarSi furs

yoveldRiurad unda mieces ara nakleb 20-25 kg silosi,

xolo zafxulSi – minimum 40 kg mwvane sakvebi.

magaliTad, furis moTxovnileba sazrdo nivTierebebze,

romlis cocxali masa 400 kg-ia, xolo dagegmili

monawveli 3000 kg-s Seadgens, 3300-3500 sakvebi erTeulis

tolia (cxrili 13) da SeiZleba dakmayofildes Semdegi

raodenobis sakvebiT (cxrili 15)

57

saqarTvelos vertikalur zonalobasTan dakavSirebiT,

zamTarSi, pirutyvis baguri Senaxvis periodis

xangrZlivoba didi sxvadasxvaobiT xasiaTdeba. es periodi

Cveni qveynis dablob nawilSi mxolod 120-160 dRes

Seadgens, maRalmTian raionebSi 225-245 dRes aRwevs,

danarCen adgilebSi ki 180-200 dRe grZeldeba.

cxrili 15

sakvebze wliuri moTxovnilebis gaangariSeba erT furze

kvebis saSualo

saWiroa

weliwadSi sul unda

sakvebis

dasaxeleba xangrZli dRiuri damzaddes

voba

(dRe)

ulufa

(kg) centneri s/erT centneri

Tiva 225 4 9 378 10

sagazafxuli namja 225 4,5 10 220 11

simindis silosi 250 24 60 1200 70

Saqris Warxali 100 9 9 234 10

mwvane sakvebi 140 40 56 1120 56

koncentratebi

(120g 1 kg rZeze) _ _ 4 400 _

zemoTaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, rekomendebulia

sakvebTa dagrovebis saorientacio normativebi (cxrili

16), romelic Sedgenilia yofili saqarTvelos

zooteqnikur-saveterinaro saswavlo-kvleviTi institutis

mier.

58

ცxrili 16

wliuri moTxovnileba sakvebze 400-450 kg cocxali

masis furisaTvis

(centneri)

wliuri s a k v e b i (kg)

nawveli koncentriuli wvniani mwvane u x e S i

(kg) sul m.S. Tiva

zamTris baguri periodi 120-160 dRe

1500 1,1 40 81 12 4

2000 2,0 50 85 12 5

2500 3,2 55 90 12 6

3000 4,8 60 102 11 7

4000 10,0 70 112 11 8

zamTris baguri periodi 180-200 dRe

1500 1,0 50 64 18 7

2000 1,8 55 74 18 7

2500 3,1 60 79 17 8

3000 4,7 70 86 17 9

4000 9,5 88 83 17 10

zamTris baguri periodi 225-245 dRe

1500 1,0 55 39 22 8

2000 1,5 61 46 22 9

2500 2,8 65 50 22 10

3000 4,0 80 56 21 10

4000 9,1 90 65 21 12

59

saqonlis movla da Senaxva wlis sxvadasxva

periodebSi

pirutyvis movla da Senaxva zafxulis periodSi.

zafxulis saZovrul Senaxvas didi mniSvneloba aqvs

cxovelis janmrTelobisaTvis. saZovarze cxoveli

Rebulobs srulfasovan mwvane sakvebs, imyofeba

sufTa haerze, mzis sxivebis sasargeblo

zemoqmedebis qveS da a.S. am faqtorebis moqmedebis

Sedegad furi kargad modis axurebaSi, droulad

grildeba da iSviaTad uCndeba mSobiarobis

Semdgomi garTulebebi. cvalebadi amindis

zemoqmedebas Seguebulni iSviaTad avadmyofoben.

saZovarze yofnisas, furis mier mwvane balaxis

SeWmadobis maCveneblebi mocemulia me-17 cxrilSi. furi saZovarze dReRameSi 14-16 sT unda imyofebodes.

Zovebis saukeTeso droa diliT adre da gvian saRamos

saaTebi. dRisiT, gansakuTrebiT sicxeSi, cxovelebs

inaxaven SemaRlebul, kargad ganiavebad iseT adgilebSi,

sadac xis CrdilSi an msubuqi tipis fardulis qveS

dasvenebis saSualeba iqneba. saZovramde manZili 2-3 km-s ar

unda aRematebodes. didi manZiliT daSorebis SemTxvevaSi

fexqveS iTeleba saZovris balaxis mniSvnelovani nawili

da didi dro ixarjeba pirutyvis gadarekvaze. naxiris

sidide 100-150 sulze meti ar unda iyos. sasmeli wyali,

marilis msgavsad, cxovelebs unda hqondes mudmivad.

saZovarze garekvis win cxovelebs unda daumuSavdeT

Cliqebi da waeqlibos rqis maxvili boloebi, veterinarma

eqimma unda Seamowmos isini gadamdeb infeqciur

60

daavadebebze da Cautaros aucilebeli profilaqtikuri

acrebi.

pirutyvis movla da Senaxva zamTris periodSi. Senoba,

romelSic pirutyvs inaxaven, unda iyos didi, naTeli da

mSrali, hqondes ventilacia. erT furze misi moculoba

unda Seadgendes 18-20 kubur metrs. SenobaSi ar unda

iyos gamWoli qari, risTvisac karebebi da fanjrebi unda

iyos aRmosavleTis da samxreTis mxares. fanjrebi unda

ganTavsdes cxovelis ukana an gverdis mxridan, ise rom

cxrili17

furis mier mwvane balaxis SeWmadoba

saZovarze

saZovari farTo mwvane

dRiurad moZovili balaxis raodenoba,

kg Tveebis mixedviT

bi erT masis

furze, mosavali, IV V VI VII VIII IX X

ha centneri

tyis da

tyebuCqnaris 1,0 30 _ 12 30 25 20 15 5

mSralobis 1,0 40 _ 40 50 25 20 10 6

dablobis 0,5 60 _ 15 30 25 17 13 8

Walis(saSualo) 0,5 70 _ 18 42 30 18 10 5

kulturuli

mravalwliani 0,5 120 _ 30 60 50 40 24 3

balaxis

stepis nair-

balaxovani 1,0 15 8 16 15 4 3 3 5

marcvlovanis

Walis mdelos

aqviti 0,5 30 _ _ _ _ 30 20 _

61

civma niavma naklebad gaacios cxoveli, da meores mxriv

mzis sxivebi pirdapir ar xvdebodnen cxovels TvalebSi.

sadgomSi bunebrivi ganaTebis koeficienti sasurvelia

Seadgendes 1:10 – 1:15, rac imas niSnavs, rom iatakis

farTobi 10-15-jer ufro didi unda iyos fanjris

farTobTan SedarebiT. CrdiloeTis mxares gakeTebul kar-

fanjrebidan Senoba zafxulSi cudad Sreba.

sakveburi sasurvelia gakeTdes Camosakidi, rom

cxovelma ver SeZlos masSi fexis Cadgma. sadgomSi

arsebuli yvela ficari kargad unda iyos garanduli.

iataki sasurvelia iyos xis, romelsac eqneba daqaneba

Sardis Camosadenad.

Tu furs arasworad inaxaven zamTris periodSi, ar

icaven temperaturul reJims SenobaSi, maSin sakvebis

mniSvnelovani nawili ixarjeba cxovelis TviTgaTbobaze.

arsebiTi yuradReba unda mieqces cxovelis kanis

safarvels, radganac igi icavs mas sicivisagan, xolo

sicxeSi, cxovels icavs gadaxurebisagan. amasTan erTad

igi asrulebs damatebiT sunTqvis funqciasac. kani Tavisi

forebidan aTavisuflebs organizms naxSirmJavasagan da

wylis orTqlisagan, amitom kanis swori movla cxovelis

janmrTelobis mdgomareobis SenarCunebisa da sarZeo

produqtiulobis gadidebis aucilebel pirobas

warmoadgens. cxoveli yoveldRiurad unda gaiwmindos

WuWyisagan da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi daibanos kidec.

cxovelis movlis dros aucilebelia mkacrad davicvaT

dRis reJimi e.i. droulad CavataroT maTi kveba,

darwyuleba da Camowmenda, aseve Senobis dasufTaveba.

wvela unda Catardes mkacrad erTsa da imave dros.

reJimis yovelgvari darRveva uaryofiTad moqmedebs

cxovelis janmrTelobasa da produqtiulobaze.

62

pirutyvis Senaxvis optimaluri temperatura zamTarSi

8-12°C tolia. temperaturis ufro dabla daweva iwvevs

sakvebis mniSvnelovan gadaxarjvas, xolo momateba ki _

produqtiulobis Semcirebas.

zamTarSi Tbili da mSrali sawolis Sesaqmnelad furs

ufenen qveSsafens, romlis sadReRamiso norma Seadgens:

namja-1.5-3kg; torfi – 1-3kg; naxerxi – 2-5kg.

Senobis gverdiT aucileblad unda iyos saseirno

moedani, sadac cxovelebi gamoyavT yoveldRe, garda

Zlier yinviani dReebisa (-15°C).

zamTris Senaxvaze gadasvlis win da zamTris sezonis

damTavrebis Semdeg Senobebs aucileblad unda Cautardes

dazinfeqcia.

zamTarSi cxovelTa swori Senaxva cxovelis

janmrTelobis da maRali produqtiulobis winapirobaa.

furis wvelis da ganwvelvis teqnologia

furis wvela pirutyvis movlis erT-erTi yvelaze

rTuli da sapasuxismgeblo nawilia. maRali

produqtiulobis misaRwevad aucilebelia cxovelis kveba

da wvela xdebodes mkacrad gansazRvrul saaTebSi. amiT

is eCveva dRiur ritms, romlis yovelgvari darRveva

produqtiulobis Semcirebas iwvevs.

furi, unda moiwvelos dReSi orjer, diliT da

saRamos. Tumca, maRal produqtiul furs, romlis dRiuri

monawveli 25-30 kg-s da mets Seadgens, dReSi 3-jer

wvelian: diliT, SuadRiT da saRamos, wvelaTa Soris

drois Tanabari Sualedebis dacviT. furi unda

ikvebebodes mowvelis Semdeg, imisaTvis, rom man yuradReba

63

ar gadaitanos sakvebze da rZem ar aiRos sakvebis suni.

koncentrirebuli sakvebi, rogorc nugbari, SeiZleba

mieces uSualod wvelis win.

wvelis dawyebamde curi unda Camoibanos cxeli (40-

45°C) wyliT, gamSraldes mSrali pirsaxociT da Cautardes

masaJi. .

curis SemSraleba

Camobanvis Semdeg pirveli nakadis Camowvela

Semdeg calke WurWelSi Camoiwvelos rZis pirveli

ulufa (yvelaze dabinZurebuli nawili), danarCeni rZe

iwveleba sawvel vedroSi.

ukeTesia Tavdapirvelad Camoiwvelos curis ukana,

Semdeg ki wina meoTxedebi. wvelis bolos curs unda

Cautardes daskvniTi masaJi, romelic adidebs rZis gacemis

aqtiurobas da uzrunvelyofs rZis yvelaze cximiani

ulufis gamowvelas. xSirad am ulufis cximianoba 10-12%-s

aRwevs.

arsebobs furis xeliT wvelis 2 wesi: TiTebiT wvela

da muStiT wvela. maTgan rekomendebulia muStiT, radgan

igi ufro metad icavs rZes baqteriuli da meqanikuri

daWuWyianebisagan, xelis Zala Tanabrad nawildeba mTel

mtevanze da wvelac naklebad damRlelia. muStiT wvelis

dros curTiTi (kerti) mTlianad eqceva muWSi, cera TiTi

64

edeba saCvenebel TiTze, TanmimdevrobiT eWireba danarCeni

TiTebi zemodan qvemoT da rZe gamodis nakadad. Semdeg

TiTebi eSveba, magram kerts xelidan ar uSveben da

meordeba igive da a.S. curis srul Camowvelamde.

Camowvelis sisrule damokidebulia wvelis siCqareze.

kargi mwvelavi wuTSi akeTebs muWis 80-100 jer SekumSva-

gaxsnas (meti siswrafe saSualebas ar aZlevs curTiTs,

rom Seivsos rZiT). ufro dabali

siCqaris dros rZe curSi

ferxdeba da wveladoba mcirdeba.

kargi tempiT wvelis dros 10-15%-

iT ufro meti rZe miiReba, vidre

dabali tempis dros.

wvelis teqnologiaSi didi

mniSvneloba aqvs curis masaJs.

curis swori masaJi furis sarZeo produqtiulobas 10-15%-

iT zrdis. gansakuTrebiT saWiroa aqtiuri masaJi

Cautardes erTnayol furebs, romelTac jer

Camoyalibebuli da formirebuli ar aqvT sarZeve

jirkvali.

curis masaJi aRizianebs curis nervul daboloebebs,

aregulirebs rZis gacemis process: farTovdeba

sisxlZarRvebi, dundeba curis rZis sadinarebis kunTovani

boWkoebi, rac uzrunvelyofs rZis srulad gamowvelas

curidan. jer atareben curis marcxena da marjvena

naxevrebis, aseve wina da ukana nawilebis winaswar masaJs,

ra drosac curs energiulad zelen xeliT zemodan qvemo

mimarTulebiT. semdeg tardeba curis daskvniTi masaJi.

daskvniTi masaJis dros ise, rogorc winaswari masaJis

SemTxvevaSi, xeliT energiulad zelen marjvena da

marcxena naxevrebs, curs msubuqad weven zeviT da uSveben

65

qveviT curs. amis Semdeg masaJs ukeTeben curis calkeul

meoTxeds zemodan qvemoT mimarTulebiT da curis zemoT

awevis da qvemoT daSvebis gziT. daskvniTi masaJis Semdeg

furs aucileblad unda CamovwveloT narCeni rZe.

xeliT wvelis garda, zogierT fermerul da

individualur meurneobebSi ukve danergilia mobiluri

sawveli danadgarebiT wvela. maTi muSaobis principi

iseTivea, rogoric sawveli danadgarebis, romelic

danergili iyo did samrewvelo tipis fermebsa da

kompleqsebSi. gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom energiis

wyaros aq warmoadgens 220 v simZlavris eleqtro qseli.

manqana kompaqturia da moxerxebuli gamosayeneblad.

wvelis dros unda gvaxsovdes, rom yvelaze misaRebia rZis

Camowvela emalirebul vedroSi an TeTri Tunuqisgan

damzadebul sawvelelSi. am miznebisaTvis moTuTiebuli

WurWlis gamoyeneba dauSvebelia.

rZe, wvelis damTavrebisTanave unda gavitanoT

Senobidan gareT, radgan igi Zalian swrafad STanTqavs da

iTvisebs yovelgvar suns. amave mizniT sasurvelia wvelis

dawyebamde gatanili iqnas nakeli da kargad ganiavdes

Senoba.

wvelis damTavrebis Semdeg curi aucileblad

guldasmiT unda gaiwmindos mSrali pirsaxociT, xolo

dezinfeqciisaTvis da kertebze naxeTqebis gaCenis Tavidan

acilebis mizniT, kertebs Seezilos boriani vazelini.

yoveli wvelis Semdeg rZes wuraven ramodenime fena

dolbandSi an specialur naWerSi, Semdeg aciveben. sawvel

WurWels yoveli wvelis Semdeg avleben jer Tbil wyalSi,

Semdeg recxaven cxeli sodiani wyliT da aSroben. rZis

gasawurav marlas kargad recxaven, gamoxarSaven da

aSroben mzeze yoveli wvelis Semdeg.

66

yvela CamoTvlili RonisZieba uzrunvelyofs furis

sarZeo produqtiulobis gazrdas da keTilxarisxovani

rZis produqtis miRebas.

msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis daavadebebis

mkurnaloba da veterinarul-profilaqtikuri

RonisZiebebi

pirutyvis Senaxvis dros xSiria maTi daavadebebis

SemTxvevebi. marTalia, daavadebul cxovelebs

kvalificirebul daxmarebas uwevs veterinari eqimi, magram

cxovelis mepatronesac garkveuli warmodgena unda

hqondes yvelaze metad gavrcelebul daavadebebze da

SeeZlos saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi cxovelisaTvis pirveladi

daxmarebis gaweva. amisaTvis man unda icodes daavadebul

cxovelebTan muSaobis wesebi, daavadebebis garCeva ama Tu

im simptomebis mixedviT, aseve samkurnalo preparatebis da

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, instrumentebis gamoyeneba.

daavadebuli pirutyvi moiTxovs gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas da frTxil mopyrobas. daxmarebis aRmoCenisas

ar SeiZleba cxovelis mkveTri da swrafi moZraoba,

yvirili maTi misamarTiT, uxeSad mopyroba, dartyma da

sxv. mepatronem unda daawynaros cxoveli, daafiqsiros igi

da yovelgvari zedmeti siCqaris gareSe Cautaros

aucilebeli manipulaciebi.

yovel mepatrones unda hqondes veterinaruli afTiaqi

– aucilebeli wamlebis nakrebi, gadasaxvevi saSualeba da

instrumentebi. afTiaqi inaxeba daketil SenobaSi,

bavSvebisaTvis da ucxo pirebisaTvis miuwvdomel adgilas.

afTiaqSi rekomendebulia iyos: iodis nayeni, skipidari,

67

wyalbadis zeJangi, kaliumis permanganati, qafuris zeTi,

10%-iani qafuris spirti, glauberis marili, rivanoli,

boris mJava, streptocidi, viSnevskis malamo, bamba,

dolbandi, binti, muSamba, swori da moxrili makratlebi,

skalpeli, laxti, pinceti, troakari, Cliqis saWreli dana,

Termometri, rezinis boTli, rZis kaTeteri.

pirveladi daxmareba tramvis dros.

Wriloba. Wrilobis SemTxvevaSi pirveli, rac

aucilebelia, unda SeCerdes sisxldena mWidro naxveviT

an Wrilobis zemoT laxtis SemoWeriT. Wrilobaze dasadeb

tampons asveleben wyalbadis zeJangSi, skipidarSi an

kalciumis qloridis 10%-ian xsnarSi. Wrilobis adgili,

dabinZurebis SemTxvevaSi, iwmindeba, Camoibaneba

sadezinfeqcio xsnariT, Wrilobis garSemo ikriWeba

balani da muSavdeba iodis nayeniT. mwerebisagan dasacavad

da dainficirebis Tavidan asacileblad Wrilobis kideebi

unda damuSavdes mkveTri sunis mqone sadezinfeqcio

saSualebebiT, rogoricaa: iodoformi, kreolini, lizoli

da sxv. Semdgom mkurnalobas atarebs specialisti.

daJeJiloba warmoiqmneba dartymis miyenebisas, rodesac

ar irRveva kanis mTlianoba. pirveladi daxmareba

gulisxmobs daJeJili adgilis civad damuSavebas 1-2 dRis

ganmavlobaSi. dazianebul adgilze kreWen balans da

amuSaveben kreolinis an lizolis 2-3%-iani xsnariT da

adeben civ safenebs 24-48 sT-is ganmavlobaSi, xolo Semdeg

ukeTeben Tbil kompress, msubeq masaJs da usvaven iodis

malamos (iodi vazelinTan erTad), qafuris zeTs

skipidarTan erTad da sxv.

68

Sinagani daavadebebi

saylapavis daxSoba msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis

sakmaod gavrcelebuli daavadebaa. mis mizezad, umetes

SemTxvevaSi, unda CaiTvalos cxovelebis kartofiliT an

msxvilad daWrili ZirxvenebiT kveba. Cveulebriv, ucxo

sxeuli iWedeba saylapavis kisris nawilSi da sakmaod

advilad isinjeba garedan xeliT.

saylapavis daxSoba SeiZleba iyos rogorc sruli, ise

arasruli. sruli daxSobis SemTxvevaSi cxoveli wyvets

sakvebisa da wylis miRebas, ewyeba nerwyvdena, xolo

Semdeg muclis gaberva. Tu droulad ar iqna zomebi

miRebuli saqoneli iRupeba faSvSi dagrovili gazebiT.

pirutyvs SeiZleba gaewios pirveladi daxmareba,

amisaTvis Tavs da kisers gauweven win, pirSi udgaven

pirkaps da enas gadauweven gverdze. Tu ucxo sxeuli

mdebareobs saylapavSi adamianis gaSlili xelis sigrZeze,

igi SeiZleba amoRebul iqnas xeliT, xolo Tu ufro

Rrmad aris gaWedili, maSin pirSi asxamen 150-200 ml

mcenareul zeTs da specialuri zondis an rezinis mkvrivi

Slangis saSualebiT, romlis diametri ar unda

aRematebodes 40 mm, cdiloben gadaaylapon cxovels

gaWedili sakvebi.

muclis Zlieri Seberilobis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

swrafad ver xerxdeba daxmarebis gaweva, unda gaixvritos

faSvi troakaris saSualebiT. naxvrets akeTeben marcxena

saSimSile ormos SuaSi – kukuxosa da ukanaskneli neknis

SemaerTebeli swori xazis Sua wertilSi. troakaris

masras muclis kedelSi toveben manam, sanam ar moxdeba

saylapavis ganTavisufleba ucxo sxeulisagan.

69

daavadebis profilaqtikis mizniT, cxovelebs ar unda

mieceT sakvebad msxvilad daWrili Zirxvenebi.

aucilebelia cxovelebi TandaTan mieCvion aRniSnuli

sakvebiT kvebas.

faSvis Seberva (timpania). am daavadebiT cxovelebi

yvelaze xSirad avaddebian zafxulSi, roca mSieri

cxoveli didi raodenobiT Zovs norC wvnian balaxs,

gansakuTrebiT samyuris da sxva parkosnebis balaxs.

daavadebis saSiSroeba izrdeba maSin, Tu cxovels

parkosnebis balaxian saZovarze uSveben wvimis Semdeg an

diliT, namian saZovarze an da kidev aRniSnul saZovarze

Zovebis Semdeg cxovelebs umalve uSveben

dasarwyuleblad. uvargisi sakvebi, Zveli barda,

gaRivebuli kartofili da Zirxvenebi, dampali Tiva da

mzeze gadamwvari moTibuli balaxi aseve SeiZleba gaxdes

timpaniis mizezi. daavadebis niSnad unda CaiTvalos

muclis Zlieri Seberva, gansakuTrebiT marcxena saSimSile

ormos midamoSi, coxnis Sewyveta da mousvenroba. cxoveli

swrafad sustdeba da 1-2 saaTSi SeiZleba daiRupos kidec.

veterinaruli samsaxuris warmomadgenlis mosvlamde

cxovels utareben Semdegi saxis daxmarebas: skipidarisa

da wylis narevSi (1:10 an 1:20) dasvelebul DCalis naWrebiT

zelen cxovelis marcxena mxares da imavdroulad muStiT

axdenen gaZlierebul masaJs saSimSile ormos midamoSi.

boyinis gamosawvevad cxovels pirSi, gardigardmo udeben

mZafri sunis mqone siTxeSi (kupri, kreolini) dasvelebul

joxs, an Toks. cxovels iZulebiT atareben. amasTan,

faSvSi duRilis procesis Semcirebis mizniT alevineben 2-

3 l rZes. Tu es RonisZiebebi sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda,

veterinari eqimi muclis kedlidan faSvSi Seiyvans

70

troakars. timpaniis profilaqtika mdgomareobs misi

gamomwvevi mizezebis aRmofxvraSi.

mSobiarobis Semdgomi garTulebebi da curis

daavadebebi

mSobiarobis Semdgomi parezi es daavadeba yvelaze

xSirad aRiniSneba maRalproduqtiul, kargi nakvebobis, 5-9

wlis asakis cxovelebSi. daavadeba Cndeba mogebidan 12-72

saaTis Semdeg, zogjer ki ufro gvian. daavadebis pirveli

niSnebi gamoixateba furis mousvenrobaSi: igi xan erT

fexze dgeba, xan meoreze, qanaobs, kankalebs. wyvets

coxnas. Semdeg furi vardeba Zirs, Wimavs fexebs, Tavs

agdebs gverdze, Tvalebi ufarTovdeba, ekargeba kanis

mgrZnobeloba, temperatura ecema 35ºC-mde. kani, yurebi da

rqebi ucivdeba. daxmarebis aRmoCenis gareSe cxoveli

SeiZleba daiRupos 12-48 saaTis Semdeg.

mkurnalobis yvelaze efeqturi xerxia haeris Caberva

curTiTebidan (kertebidan) eversis specialuri xelsawyos

saSualebiT. es keTdeba sterilurad, rom raime infeqcia

ar SeiWras curSi. haeris Cabervis Semdeg kertebis

boloebs odnav gadaWimaven bintiT. furs tans uzelen

niSaduris spirtiT, xolo Semdeg sxeulze zemodan raimes

afareben. 20-25 wuTis Semdeg naxvevs xsnian kertebidan. Tu

6-8 saaTSi mdgomareoba ar gaumjobesda, proceduras

gaimeoreben. cxovelis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas Tan

sdevs Tanabari sunTqva, fekalisa da Sardis gamoyofa.

furs wyali SeiZleba mieces fexze wamodgomidan 12

saaTis gasvlis Semdeg, Tavdapirvelad 1-2l-is odenobiT,

Semdeg ki raodenoba SeiZleba TandaTanobiT gaizardos.

71

curis mastiti. am daavadebis mizezi SeiZleba mravali

iyos: wvelis arcodna, arasruli Camowvela, curis cudi

movla (WuWyi, civi, sveli iataki) da a.S. daavadeba

lakalizdeba, rogorc wesi, curis erT, iSviaTad or

meoTxedSi. furebis umravlesoba, romelTac curi

dazianebuli aqvT mastitiT, iwvelian SexaWoebul,

arasasiamovno sunis mqone rZes, zogjer sisxliansac.

mastitis dros pirvelad daxmarebaSi Sedis curis

gulmodgined movla, yovel 2-3 saaTSi erTxel

daavadebuli meoTxedis sufTad da frTxilad Camowvela

da curis msubuqi masaJi. eqimis daniSnulebiT unda

Seezilos qafuris, ixTiolis an iodis malamo.

mastitis Tavidan acileba SeiZleba sufTa, kargad

ganiavebad, kargi xarisxis qveSsafeniT uzrunvelyofil

Tbil da mSral iatakian SenobaSi cxovelis SenaxviT.

curis Sesieba. daavadeba Cndeba uSualod mogebis win

an mogebis Semdeg. curi matulobs moculobaSi da

umkvrivdeba kani. Sesieba umetesad gadadis mucelze. es

daavadeba ZiriTadad gvxvdeba erTnayol furebSi. mogebis

Semdeg furi, romelsac curis Sesieba aReniSneba, unda

moiwvelos xSirad, dReSi 5-6-jer. gaukeTdes curis

msubuqi masaJi da Seezilos curze vazelini an qafuris

zeTi.

am daavadebis profilaqtika gulisxmobs make furis da

uSoblis swor movla-Senaxvas da kvebas, aqtiur mocions

da mSrali qveSsafeniT uzrunvelyofas. mogebamde erTi

TviT adre kvebis ulufidan amoRebuli unda iqnas wvniani

sakvebi da Sesiebis gaqrobamde SeizRudos

koncentrirebuli sakvebis micema.

naxeTqebi kertebze Cndeba curis araswori movlis an

cxovelis daWaobebul adgilebSi Zovebis SemTxvevaSi, ris

72

Sedegad kertebi xSirad binZurdeba. daxeTqili kertebi

unda Camoibanos Tbili wyliT da Seezilos boris da

vazelinis narevi. kertebze naxeTqebs esmeba iodi,

kreolini an sxva antiseptikuri saSualeba.

aRwarmoebasTan dakavSirebuli daavadebebi

momyolis SeCereba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos cxovelis

infeqciuri an sxva daavadebebis Sedegad. misi mizezi aseve

SeiZleba iyos cxovelis sigamxdre da sisuste. Tu

mogebidan 6-8 saaTis Semdeg momyoli ar gamoiyo,

dauyonebliv unda Caerios veterinari specialisti.

daavadebis profilaqtikad iTvleba make cxovelis

kargi kveba da aqtiuri mocioni, gansakuTrebiT

mogebiswina periodSi.

aborti, saSvilosnos gamovardna, mSobiarobis Semdgomi

infeqciuri daavadebebi yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi

moiTxovs maRalkvalificiuri veterinari specialistis

dauyonebliv Carevas. yvela es daavadeba cxovelis

siberwes iwvevs. garda amisa, siberwe SeiZleba gamoiwvios

ukmarisma da ara srulfasovanma kvebam an

koncentrirebuli sakvebiT gadaZRomam. gaberwebis mizezad

iTvleba cxovelebis Senaxva bnel da gauniavebad

SenobebSi, rodesac pirutyvi moklebulia mocions da mzis

sxivebis zemoqmedebas. gaberwebas iwvevs aseve axurebuli

cxovelebis xSiri gaunayofierebloba uxarisxo spermis

gamo, sasqeso organoebis daavadebebi. CamoTvlili

mizezebi Zalze xSiria da gavrcelebuli. yovel

konkretul SemTxvevaSi saWiroa veterinari eqimis

kvalificiuri konsultacia.

73

infeqciuri (gadamdebi) daavadebebi

jilexi (cimbiruli wyluli) mwvave infeqciuri

daavadebaa, romlis amTvisebelia TiTqmis yvela saxis

cxoveli da adamiani. dasustebuli cxoveli ufro

advilad avaddeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom es daavadeba saxelmwifo

kontrolzea ayvanili da sistematiurad xdeba cxovelebis

acra, misi saerTo Taviseburebebis da daavadebis

mimdinareobis kanonzomierebebis codna aucilebelia.

daavadebis aRmZvrelia jilexis Cxiri, romlis spora

mravali wlebis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba iyos miwaSi da

ucbad gaxdes daavadebis gaCenis mizezi. inkubaciuri

(faruli) periodi sul 2-3 dRe grZeldeba, xolo TviT

daavadeba mwvave formaSi grZeldeba 1-2 dRe, romelsac

Tan axlavs temperaturis mkveTri momateba 40-42°ºC-mde,

kunTebis kankali, gaxSirebuli sunTqva, rZis gamoyofis

Sewyveta. cxovelebs ekargebaT Wamis mada da aRar

icoxnian, eberebaT muceli. agoniis periodSi cxovels

bunebrivi xvrelebidan gadmoedineba muqi alublisferi

Seudedebeli sisxli, leSi gaberilia da ar SeSdeba.

sikvdilianoba Zalze maRalia.

daavadebis swrafi mimdinareobis da cxovelTa ucabedi

sikvdilis gamo, momxdaris Sesaxeb dauyonebliv unda

ecnobos adgilobriv organoebs da gamoZaxebuli iqnas

veterinari eqimi. mis mosvlamde leSs zemodan afareben

mwerebisagan dasacavad raime gadasafarebels da ayeneben

dacvas.

sastikad akrZalulia leSis gadaadgileba da gakveTa.

74

jilexis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi cxaddeba karantini da

tardeba veterinaruli kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli

yvela RonisZieba.

Turquli Cliqosnebis mwvave, swrafad gavrcelebadi

infeqciuri daavadebaa. TurquliT avaddeba adamianic.

inkubaciuri (faruli) periodi grZeldeba 2 dRidan 2

kviramde. Semdeg adgili aqvs sxeulis temperaturis

mkveTrad momatebas 41.5 ºC-mde. pirSi, tuCebze, enaze,

zogjer cxviris sarkeze, curis kertebze da Cliqebs

Soris napralSi Cndeba gamWvirvale siTxis Semcveli

buStukebi. piridan gadmodis qafismagvari welvadi nerwyvi.

buStukebis adgilze, maTi gaxeTqvis Semdeg, Cndeba

wylulebi. daavadeba SeiZleba gagrZeldes 7-10, zogjer 15

dRe. avadmyofi cxoveli swrafad iklebs wonaSi,

gansakuTrebiT mozardi, romelTa Soris sikvdilianobis

maCvenebeli Zalze maRalia.

daavadebis aRmZvrelia virusi, romelic swrafad

vrceldeba, amitom erTeuli SemTxvevebis aRmoCenisTanave,

dasaxlebul punqtSi acxadeben karantins.

individualur meurneobebSi aucilebelia Semdegi

usafrTxoebis RonisZiebebis gatareba:

_ SeZlebisdagvarad unda moxdes daavadebuli da

janmrTeli cxovelebis erTmaneTisagan izolireba,

radganac infeqcia vrceldeba nerwyvis saSualebiT

(xvelebis dros), moxmarebis sagnebiT, fexsacmelebiT,

tansacmeliT da a.S.;

_ dezinfeqcia Cautardes adgils, sadac imyofeboda

daavadebuli cxoveli;

_ sadgomis SesasvlelSi gakeTdes dezobarieruli

xaliCa (xis naxerxs an daWril namjas asveleben

kaustikuri sodis 2%-ian xsnariT);

75

_ avadmyofi cxovelis mosavlelad calke gamoiyos

inventari da momvlelma aseTi cxovelis momsaxurebis

Semdeg guldasmiT daibanos xelebi;

_ avadmyofi cxovelis rZe aucileblad unda aduRdes;

_ nakeli Segrovdes calke, sadac igi gauvnebeldeba

TviTCaxurebis gziT.

usafrTxoebis sxva RonisZiebebs da daavadebuli

cxovelis mkurnalobas axorcielebs uSualod

veterinari eqimi.

brucelozi cxovelTa qronikulad mimdinare

infeqciuri daavadebaa, romliTac xSirad avaddebian

adamianebic, gansakuTrebiT bavSvebi. daavadebis gamomwvevia

baqteria, romelic imyofeba cxovelis rZeSi, fekalSi,

SardSi, nayofSi da momyolSi.

brucelozis erT-erTi niSania nayofis naadrevi

mogdeba (aborti). amitom abortis SemTxvevaSi dauyonebliv

unda ecnobos veterinar eqims da daculi iqnas

usafrTxoebis wesebi daavadebaze saeWvo cxovelis movlis

dros, radganac brucelozis aRmZvreli SeiZleba

gavrceldes tansacmliT, fexsacmliT da a.S. amis gamo,

yvela infeqciuri daavadebis dros, avadmyofi da

daavadebaze saeWvo cxovelebis momsaxurebisas, Zalze

mniSvnelovania spectansacmlis da fexsacmelis gamoyeneba.

daavadebaze saeWvo cxovelebisagan iReben sisxls da

sisxlis Srats agzavnian veterinarul laboratoriaSi

gamosakvlevad. laboratoriidan kvlevis Sedegebis

miRebamde cxovelis rZes aucileblad unda gaukeTdes

pasterizacia an aduRdes. bruceloziT daavadebul

cxovelebs ar mkurnaloben, isini aucileblad unda

daiklas. dakvla unda Catardes mxolod sanitarul

sasaklaoze.

76

daavadebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT aucilebelia

Catardes cxovelebis mTeli suladobis gegmiuri

sadiagnostiko gamokvleva brucelozze. zogierT

SemTxvevaSi veterinari eqimebi atareben damcvelobiT

acrebs.

tuberkulozi metad saSiSi daavadebaa, rogorc

cxovelebisaTvis, ise adamianisaTvis. janmrTeli cxoveli

avaddeba tuberkulozis aRmZvreli mikroorganizmebiT,

romlebsac xvelis dros gamoyofs avadmyofi cxoveli. igi

SeiZleba iSviaTad daavaddes aseve mikrobebiT

dabinZurebuli sakvebiTac. xboebis daavadeba ZiriTadad

xdeba avadmyofi Zroxis auduRari rZiT da SratiT

kvebisas. daavadeba viTardeba Zalian nela.

tuberkuloziT daavadebul cxovelebs ar mkurnaloben

da maTi dakvla xdeba mxolod sanitarul sasaklaoze

tuberkulozis Tavidan acilebis mizniT savaldebuloa

veterinarma eqimma yovelwliurad moaxdinos cxovelTa

mTeli suladobis gamokvleva specialuri sadiagnostiko

meTodebiT.

saerTo veterinarul-sanitaruli wesebi

fermerma aucileblad unda icodes Tu ra

veterinarul-sanitaruli moTxovnebi waeyeneba cxovels

yidvis, gayidvis da Senaxvis dros. ase magaliTad,

mepatrones, romelic cxovels yidis, aucileblad unda

hqondes veterinaruli mowmoba (an cnoba), romelSic

miTiTebuli iqneba cxovelis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba,

diagnostikuri gamokvlevebis Catarebis da acrebis

77

TariRebi. aseTi sabuTi saWiroa daavadebis gavrcelebis

Tavidan asacileblad.

nayidi cxovelis Sesaxeb 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi unda

ecnobos adgilobriv veterinar specialists, romelic

valdebulia profilaqtikuri mizniT cxovels dauwesos

erTTviani karantini, xolo diagnostikuri gamokvlevebis

da acrebis Catarebis Semdeg, veteqimi iZleva cxovelis

saerTo naxirSi gaSvebis uflebas.

axali mepatrone valdebulia:

_ ara ugvianes 3 dRisa saqmis kursSi Caayenos

adgilobrivi gamgeoba;

_ veterinar eqims yovelmxrivi daxmareba gauwios

cxovelebis yovelwliuri diagnostikuri gamokvlevebis da

acrebis Catarebis dros.

_ Tavis droze acnobos veterinarul samsaxurs

cxovelis daavadebis da sikvdilis Sesaxeb, xolo

daavadebaze saeWvo cxovelebi gamoyos calke;

aucilebelia imis damaxsovreba, rom cxovelis dakvla

unda Catardes veterinari specialistis TandaswrebiT. am

mizniT cxoveli, aseve dakvlis Semdeg miRebuli xorci

aucileblad unda daaTvalieros veteqimma, ris Semdeg igi

tanxorcs dausvams Sesabamis beWeds (damRas) da gascems

cnobas. cnoba vargisia 3 dReRamis ganmavlobaSi da igi

mepatrones aZlevs xorcis realizaciis uflebas.

cxovelis iZulebiTi dakvlis SemTxvevaSi cnobas

xorcis vargisianobis Sesaxeb, vetlaboratoriaSi

Catarebuli gamokvlevis Semdeg, iZleva aseve veterinari

eqimi.

unda gvaxsovdes, rom cxovelis dakvla tardeba

specialurad aRWurvil sawarmoSi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi,

78

adgilobrivi gamgeobis nebarTviT, cxoveli SeiZleba

daiklas pirad meurneobaSi.

yvela am RonisZiebis gatareba saWiroa imisaTvis, rom

adgili ar hqondes infeqciuri daavadebebis gavrcelebas.

79

danarTi 1

danarTi 1

cxovelis saxeli da nomeri ________________ dabadebis TariRi ________________ mflobelis gvari, saxeli _________________--______ jiSi _________________________________-_________ cocxali masa ___________________________________

dabadebis adgili ________________________________ feri da niSnebi __________________________________ produqtiuloba monawveli, cximis %:

20 w 20 w 20 w

warmoSoba: deda, saxeli, nomeri _____________________________

vis ekuTvnis _____________________________________ jiSi ___________________________________________-_ jiSianoba _______________________________________- produqtiuloba _________________________________ umaRlesi produqtiuloba ________________________ cocxali masa ____________________________________

mama, saxeli, nomeri vis ekuTvnis _____________________________________

jiSi ___________________________________________-_ jiSianoba _______________________________________- cocxali masa ____________________________________ dedis produqtiuloba ___________________________

80

danarTi 2 sakontrolo wvelis aRricxvis Jurnali

furis # mogebis TariRi romel laqtaciazea

aRric

xvis T

ve

laqtac

iis T

ve

I sakontr. wvelaze

II sakontr. wvelaze

III sakontr. wvelaze

sul TveSi

monawveli, kg

saS

ual

o

monawveli

saS

ual

o

monawveli

saS

ual

o

monawveli

kg

1% r

Zis r

aodenoba kg

cximis

%

dil

iT

saR

amos

jami

monawveli

kg

cximis

%

dil

iT

saR

amos

jami

monawveli

kg

cximis

%

dil

iT

saR

amos

jami

monawveli

kg

cximis

%

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

81

danarTi 2a furis sakontrolo wvelis aRricxvis Jurnali

furis # __________________ mogebis TariRi ________________

I sakontrolo wvela II sakontrolo wvela

III sakontrolo wvela sul Tve Si

mo na wve li,kg

mo na wve li,kg

mo na wve li,kg

dekadaSi

dekadaSi

dekadaSi

%

r-ba, kg

TariR

i

dil

iT

saRamos

dRiu

ri

sul

TariR

i

dil

iT

saRamos

dRiuri

sul

cximis .%

Tarii

dil

iT

saRamos

dRiuri

sul

monawveli, kg

cximis saS.

1%-ni rZis

10,07 12 14 26 260 20,07 13 13 26 260 3,3 30,07 14 16 30 300 820 3,3 2706

10,08 13 11 24 240 20,08 12 11 23 230 3,5 30,08 14 15 29 290 760 3,5 2660

10,09 14 10 24 240 20,09 12 11 23 230 3,4 30,09 13 14 27 270 740 3,4 2516

10,10. 12 10 22 220 20,10. 11 11 22 220 3,3 30,10 12 13 25 250 690 3,3 2277

10,11 11 11 22 220 20,11 10 10 20 200 3,2 30,11 12 12 24 240 660 3,2 2112

10,12 15 10 25 250 20,12 10 9 19 190 3,1 30,12 11 11 22 220 660 3,1 2046

10,01 14 9 23 230 20,01 9 8 17 170 3,5 30,01 10 10 20 200 600 3,5 2100

10,02 10 9 19 190 20,02 8 8 16 160 3,6 30,02 9 9 18 180 530 3,6 1908

10,03 8 7 15 150 20,03 7 6 13 130 3,7 30,03 8 8 16 160 440 3,7 1628

jami 109 91 200 2000

92 87 179 1790

103 108 211 2110 5900 3.38 19953

82

danarTi 2-b

furis sakontrolo wvelis baraTi

sakontrolo wvelis Catarebis TariRi -----------------

furis # mowvelili rZis raodenoba,kg

rZeSi cximis

diliT saRamos dRiuri %

83

danarTi 3 dagrilebis, gaSrobis da mogebis aRricxvis Jurnali

furis saxeli da #

kuros saxeli da #

dagrileba, daTesvla

TariRi mosalodn. faqt.

mogebis TariRi

xbos sqesi

SeniS

vna

I II III mogebis gaSrobis

84

danarTi 4

furis makeobis kalendari (makeobis xangrZlivoba saSualod aRebulia 280 dRe)

T a r i R i T a r i R i T a r i R i T a r i R i ganayofi mogebis ganayofi mogebis ganayofi mogebis ganayofi mogebis erebis erebis erebis erebis

ianvარი oqtომბერი aprილი ianvარი ivlისი aprილი oqtომბერი ivlისი 1 7 1 5 1 6 1 7 5 11 5 9 5 10 5 11 10 16 10 14 10 15 10 16 15 21 15 19 15 20 15 21 20 26 20 24 20 25 20 26 25 31 25 29 25 30 25 31

Teberვალი noembერი maisi Teberვალი agvisto maisi noembერი agvisto 1 7 1 4 1 7 1 7 5 11 5 8 5 11 5 11 10 16 10 13 10 16 10 16 15 21 15 18 15 21 15 21 20 26 20 23 20 26 20 26 25 1 dekemb.. 25 28 25 31 25 31

marti dekembერი ivnisi marti seqtembერი ivnisi dekembერი seqtembერი 1 5 1 7 1 7 1 6 5 9 5 11 5 11 5 10 10 14 10 16 10 16 10 15 15 19 15 21 15 21 15 20 20 24 20 26 20 26 20 25 25 29 25 31 25 1 ivlisi 25 30

85

danarTi 5

sayuaTo nivTierebebis Semcveloba 1 kg sakvebSi

sakvebi sakvebi menelebadi Ca P karotini,

erTeuli, proteini, kg g g g mg

1 2 3 4 5 6

mwvane sakvebi

balaxi tyis saZovris 0,19 19 2,4 1,9 45

balaxi Walis mdelosi 0,24 25 3,2 0,7 30

balaxi mSralobis mdelosi 0,23 25 3,2 0,7 30

balaxi Waobis 0,19 18 1,2 0,6 30 balaxi mdelosi 0,23 25 2,6 0,2 55

balaxi kulturuli saZovris 0,20 24 1,2 1,2 45

balaxi stepis Wangiani 0,25 24 2,6 0,7 15

balaxi quCian-nairbalaxovani 0,26 20 1,4 0,8 30

balaxi kapuetasi 0,23 33 2,2 0,9 70

ufxo Svriela 0,29 37 1,7 1,0 50

simindi 0,19 14 0,9 0,7 35

fetvi 0,21 21 1,0 0,3 50

Svria 0,24 32 1,2 1,0 30

Wvavi 0,17 22 0,6 0,5 30

sorgo 0,24 18 1,1 0,4 60

sudanura 0,22 28 1,5 0,6 60

samyura wiTeli 0,20 27 3,7 0,6 40

ionja yvavilobaSi 0,21 40 4,7 0,7 65

esparceti 0,22 31 2,7 0,7 65

cercvela_Svria 0,17 41 2,0 1,0 45

barda_Svria 0,18 28 1,8 0,9 35

samyura_timoTela 0,19 22 2,4 0,6 45

ionja_kapueta 0,20 32 5,2 0,9 55

simindi_soia 0,20 30 2,3 1,2 50

86

danarTi 5 gagrZeleba

1 2 3 4 5 6

Svria_xanduri 0,15 20 2,8 0,7 50

sudanura_soia 0,20 19 1,1 0,4 60

kombosto (sakvebi) 0,13 17 4,1 0,6 30

foCi sakvebi Warxlis 0,13 18 10,1 0,8 40

foCi Talgamurasi 0,13 20 2,0 0,4 35

foCi Saqris Warxlis 0,16 19 2,9 0,4 30

foCi turnefsis 0,11 18 8,2 0,4 25

foCi miwavaSlasi 0,23 18 3,7 2,3 30

koindari 0,19 20 1,6 0,7 40

kombostos foToli 0,12 17 1,6 0,3 40

mzesumzira 0,12 10 1,4 0,4 35

T i v a

mdelosi - saSualo 0,42 48 7,1 2,2 15

Walis 0,48 47 5,6 1,6 20

kapuetasi 0,46 45 5,0 2,2 10

marcvlovan_avSnis 0,45 43 3,2 1,4 15

Wangis 0,55 57 5,0 1,9 25

stepis wvrili 0,52 46 6,3 2,0 10

mTis mdelosi 0,54 50 7,6 3,1 20

saTiTurasi 0,49 37 4,5 3,8 15

Svrielasi 0,48 60 5,0 1,8 15

Svriis 0,48 62 3,6 2,9 5

fetvis 0,50 91 6,8 0,6 15

sudanurasi 0,57 67 6,0 1,6 15

timoTelasi 0,46 39 3,7 2,8 10

samyurasi 0,52 82 12,9 3,9 25

ionjasi 0,45 103 17,0 2,2 45

esparcetis 0,54 101 11,0 2,5 25

barda_Svriis 0,55 86 8,1 3,4 15

87

danarTi 5 gagrZeleba

1 2 3 4 5 6

samyura_timoTelasi 0,46 52 7,6 2,6 30

ionja_kapuetasi 0,52 107 13,1 1,6 45

soia_simindis 0,52 85 6,7 2,0 20

C a l a

cercve;a_Svriis 0,28 29 7,8 2,1 2

cercvelasi 0,22 24 12,6 1,3 2

barda_Svriis 0,27 22 5,7 2,3 6

simindis 0,38 14 6,2 1,0 5

ionjis 0,20 33 5,6 0,1 5

Svriis 0,31 17 4,3 1,0 4

fetvis 0,40 23 6,4 0,9 10

saSemodgomo xorblis 0,20 5 1,4 0,8 3

sagazafxulo xorblis 0,22 10 4,4 0,7 5

saSemodgomo Wvavis 0,22 5 4,2 0,8 1

sudanurasi 0,36 19 4,0 1,9 2

qeris 0,33 13 3,7 1,2 4

soiis 0,32 28 10,4 1,4 2

bardis 0,30 35 11,2 1,4 3

samyurasi 0,17 28 8,3 1,8 5

Tiva-silosi (senaJi) 0,35 34 7,5 1,0 40

bze

Svriis 0,44 23 6,0 1,5 6

saSemodgomo xorblis 0,43 22 4,5 2,9 4

sagazafxulo xorblis 0,42 29 4,2 2,7 5

fetvis 0,41 26 7,2 1,0 10

Wvavis 0,39 21 5,5 2,5 4

simindis naquCi mTeli 0,27 15 0,1 0,1 2

qeris 0,32 16 4,8 1,8 1

88

danarTi 5

gagrZeleba

1 2 3 4 5 6

balaxis, Tivis fxvnili

cercvela Svriis balaxis 0,66 97 13,3 3,0 160

samyuras Tivis 0,64 120 9,6 2,1 75

xelovnurad gamSrali 0,80 72 8,4 2,8 120

ionjis balaxis (akokrebisas) 0,85 135 14,4 2,9 250 ionjis balaxis (yvavilobis dasawyisSi) 0.76 124 12.8 2.2 200 ionjis balaxis (yvavilobisas) 0,65 102 12,5 2,8 150

silosi

simindis:

70% tenianobis 0,24 17 1,8 0,6 20

75% tenianobis 0,20 14 1,5 0,5 15

80% tenianobis 0,16 11 1,2 0,4 10

taro rZisebrsimwifeSi 0,24 14 0,8 0,4 3 taro odiSis simwifeSi ( 70% tenianobis simwifeSi) 0.36 18 1.5 0.7 3 taro odiSis simwifeSi (60% tenianobis simwifeSi)- 0.46 27 2.1 1.0 2 taro teqnikur simwifeSi (55% tenianobis) 0.49 33 2.2 0.4 2

mzesumzirasi 0,16 14 3,5 1,6 15

sakvebi kombostosi 0,12 12 2,6 0,4 20

cercvela Svriis 0,18 24 1,9 0,9 15

samyura timoTelasi 0,20 23 1,1 0,6 15

miwavaSlasi (Rero-foToli) 0,21 14 5,7 0,6 4

Svriis 0,18 19 1,6 0,8 10

Waobis balaxis 0,17 18 1,1 0,4 12

mdelos balaxis 0,19 18 1,6 1,2 15

naTesi balaxis 0,16 14 3,1 0,5 20

89

danarTi 5 gagrZeleba

1 2 3 4 5 6

soiis 0,19 27 5,3 0,9 20

simindi_bardasi 0,12 10 1,5 0,4 15

samyura_timoTelas 0,13 21 3,4 1,2 20

sakvebi Warxlis foCis 0,13 21 1,5 0,5 5

bostneul_baRCeulis 0,18 24 0,3 0,2 5

Wvavis 0,14 12 3,1 1,5 12

Zirxveneul_gorgleuli da wvniani nayofi

kartofili 0,31 14 0,2 0,9 0

Talgamura 0,13 9 0,6 0,5 0

stafilo sakvebi 0,14 8 0,8 0,5 30

wiTeli stafilo sakvebi 0,40 9 0,6 0,3 85

Warxali sakvebi 0,12 10 0,4 0,4 0

turnefsi 0,09 7 0,3 0,4 0

sazamTro sakvebi 0,09 6 0,4 0,2 25

gogra 0,12 10 0,3 0,4 15

Warxali Saqris 0,24 13 0,5 0,5 0

marcvali da misi gadamuSavebis anarCeni

simindi 1,32 78 0,7 3,0 3

simindi taroTi 1,12 46 0,3 2,9 3

qeri 1,13 80 1,2 3,3 1

Svria 1,00 85 1,7 3,3 0

xorbali uxarisxo 1,19 120 1,1 4,8 1

Wvavi 1,11 100 0,8 3,4 2

sorgo 1,15 96 1,3 3,7 1

barda 1,17 195 1,7 4,2 1

soio 1,31 292 5,1 6,9 2

cercvela 1,16 220 1,9 4,1 2

cercvi sakvebi 1,20 240 1,5 4,0 1

90

danarTi5

gagrZeleba

1 2 3 4 5 6

qato xorblis 0,71 114 2,0 9,6 4

qato Wvavis 0,76 112 1,1 8,9 3

qato Svriis 0,84 34 1,2 4,6 1

qato qeris gaucreli 0,73 101 1,2 5,1 1

qato qeris gacrili 1,03 132 1,2 5,2 1

qato simindis 0,89 59 0,5 4,0 2

koptoni da Sroti

koptoni mzesumzirasi 1,15 357 5,9 12,9 2

koptoni simindis 1,08 104 0,5 3,6 1

koptoni bambis 1,11 307 2,8 9,6 1

koptoni soiis 1,27 346 4,2 6,9 4 koptoni araqisis CenCo gaclili 1,14 318 1,7 7,2 0

Sroti mzesumzirasi 0,93 373 3,6 12,2 0

Sroti simindis 1,17 127 0,4 3,3 0

Sroti bambis 0,97 315 4,1 10,1 0

Sroti soiis 1,18 360 2,7 6,6 0

spirtisa da safuaris anarCeni

buyi kartofilisa axali 0,03 1 0,2 0,5 0 buyi kartofilisa gamSrali 0,60 126 2,0 6,0 0

buyi simindisa axali 0,12 17 0,2 0,3 0 buyi simindisa gamSrali 1,02 149 15,0 23,0 0

buyi Svriisa axali 0,07 19 0,2 0,6 0

buyi badagisa axali 0,04 11 2,1 2,1 0

buyi Wvavisa axali 0,08 12 0,2 0,3 0

buyi Wvavisa gamSrali 0,78 100 1,3 4,3 0

91

danarTi 5 gagrZeleba

1 2 3 4 5 6

Saqrisa da saxameblis warmoebis anarCeni

badagi sakvebi 0,76 50 3,2 0,2 0 kartofilis dRlabi axali

(saxameblis warmoebis anarCeni) 0,11 1 0,2 0,5 0 kartofilis dRlabi gamSrali 0,96 10 0,7 2,8 0 kartofilis dRlabi dasilo-

sebuli 0,26 2 0,2 0,4 0 simindis dRlabi axali 0,20 17 0,3 0,5 0 simindis dRlabi gamSrali 1,14 132 3,4 1,7 0

cxoveluri warmoSobis sakvebi

sisxlis fxvnili 0,92 668 4,5 3,1 0

Zval-xorcis fxvnili:

nacari 20-30% 0,90 340 31,8 14,5 0

nacari 30_40% 0,72 299 143,0 74,0 0

nacari 50% da meti 0,51 146 158,0 81,0 0

xorcis fxvnili 1,06 407 35,7 19,2 0 xorcis fxvnili (proteini 55%) 0,95 427 72,1 38,5 0 Tevzis fxvnili standartuli 0,83 535 67,2 31,8 0 Zroxis rZe 3% cximianobis 0,31 33 1,2 1,0 2 Zroxis rZe 3,5% cximianobis 0,34 33 1,2 1,0 2 Zroxis rZe 4% cximianobis 0,37 34 1,4 1,1 2

92

danarTi 5 gagrZeleba

1 2 3 4 5 6

Txis rZe 0,46 49 1,8 1,2 0

Zroxis xseni:

I dRis 0,44 79 1,9 2,0 10

III dRis 0,42 46 1,5 1,6 7

cxvris rZe 0,76 88 1,8 1,4 0

kameCis rZe 0,56 37

moxdili rZe axali 0,20 31 1,2 1,1 1

moxdili rZe gamSrali 1,94 331 12,0 10,5 0

do axali 0,17 38 1,8 1,0 1

do gamSrali 2,01 367 13,6 7,4 0

Srati mJave 0,09 9 0,5 0,4 0

Srati gamSrali 1,68 102 118,0 6,6 0

Srati tkbili 0,11 9 0,5 0,4 0

xaWo axali 4,48 262 2,1 2,1 0

xaWo gamSrali 1,68 500 6,7 8,5 0 mxrCvala wiwili moxarSuli

naWuWianad 0,27 120 0,0 0,0 0 mxrCvala wiwili moxarSuli

unaWuWod 0,59 141 0,0 0,0 0

Wupri gamSrali 0,84 407 2,7 7,4 0

qaTmis kvercxi unaWuWod 0,64 117 0,5 2,1 25

qaTmis kvercxi naWuWianad 0,54 114 35,4 2,1 25

laye kvercxi moxarSuli 0,51 72 0,0 0,0 0

laye kvercxi umi 0,88 143 0,0 0,0 0

93

danarTi 6

zrdasruli Zroxis cocxali masis dadgena ganazomebis meSveobiT

gulmkerdis

gulmkerdis irgvliva

beWebs ukan sm

irgvliva t a n i s i r i b i s i g r Z e, sm

beWebs ukan 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195

sm c o c x a l i m a s a, kg

125 164 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 125

130 130 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 130

135 196 203 213 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 135

140 216 223 231 241 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 140

145 232 240 250 259 268 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 145

150 247 256 266 277 285 296 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 150

155 264 274 285 295 306 317 328 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 155

160 282 290 301 313 324 334 347 356 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 160

165 _ 310 323 339 347 358 370 381 394 _ _ _ _ _ _ 165

170 _ _ 342 355 368 380 396 404 417 431 _ _ _ _ _ 170

175 _ _ _ 374 390 403 417 429 443 457 470 _ _ _ _ 175

180 _ _ _ _ 414 428 443 452 471 486 500 515 _ _ _ 180

185 _ _ _ _ _ 449 464 478 494 508 524 540 552 _ _ 185

190 _ _ _ _ _ _ 492 506 522 538 555 572 585 602 _ 190

195 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 531 549 566 582 600 615 633 648 195

200 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 580 597 614 634 649 667 684 200

205 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 626 644 662 680 699 717 205

210 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 678 699 716 736 754 210

215 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 734 751 773 792 215

220 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 782 804 825 220

225 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 843 863 225

230 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 905 230

94

ს a r C e v i

dasaxeleba gv

Sesavali 3 naxiris Sesaqmnelad sarZeo furis amorCevis ZiriTadi principebi

4

pirutyvTan sanaSene muSaoba glexur meurneobebSi 17 msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis moSenebis teqnika 21 furis momzadeba mogebisaTvis da janmrTeli xbos miReba

24

ფერმერულ მეურნეობაში საკვებწარმოების ორგანიზაცია

და პირუტყვის კვება

28

sakvebis kvebiswina Semzadeba 35 pirutyvis kveba, kvebis normireba da ulufebis Sedgena

37

make mSrali furis kveba 39 mewveli furis kveba 48 sakvebis wliuri moTxovnilebis gaangariSeba furisaTvis

55

saqonlis movla da Senaxva wlis sxvadasxva periodebSi

59

furis wvelis da ganwvelis teqnologia 62 msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis daavadebebis mkurnaloba da veterinarul-profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi

66

pirveladi daxmareba tramvis dros 67 Sinagani daavadebebi 68 mSobiarobis Semdgomo garTulebebi da curis daavadebebi

70

aRwarmoebasTan dakavSirebuli daavadebebi 72 infeqciuri (gadamdebi) daavadebebi 73 saerTo veterinaruli wesebi 76 danarTebi 79-93

95

БАСИЛАДЗЕ ДАВИД ВАСИЛЬЕВИЧ * КИЛИПТАРИ ЦИСАНА

ВАРЛАМОВНА

КОБАХИДЗЕ МАЙЯ ТАМАЗОВНА

ПУТИ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ МОЛОЧНОЙ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ КОРОВ В

ФЕРМЕРСКИХ ХОЗЯЙСТВАХ

(На грузинском язике)