fungi chapter 19 señora ettinger. answer these questions: how do fungi differ from other organisms?...
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FungiChapter 19
Señora Ettinger
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Answer these questions:
• How do fungi differ from other organisms?
• How does the lifestyle of a fungus enable it to obtain food?
• What factors make each phylum of fungi distinctive?
• How do fungi affect humans?
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Look at page 406 of your textbook
• What do you see in the main picture on this page?
• Read the caption. What is really shown in the picture?
• Are “fungus flowers” made of fungus?
• Why would a fungus go to all the trouble of making a plant imitate a flower?
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Page 406 continued
• Do you think this fungus hurts or helps the rock cress plant?
• Would you guess that fungi could flower on its own?
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Characteristics of Fungi
• Cell structure
• Lifestyle
• Food acquisition
• Habitat
• Cell walls
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Fungi—plants?
• Cell wall
• Mitosis
• Chlorophyll
• Dikaryon stage
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Other characteristics of Fungi
• Heterotrophs
• Digest food outside its body by secreted enzymes then absorb the nutrients
• Typically terrestrial
• Key decomposers of plant material
• Most derive their nutrition from plants
• Cell walls made of chitin
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Fungal Niches• Saprobes-
• Parasites-
• Symbiotic
Mutuals
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Fungi Structures, page 408, draw and label figure 19-2 here:
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Hyphae structure, draw Figure 19-3, page 408 here:
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Hyphae• The dominant structure of fungi
• Long, multinucleated, typically multicelled, one-cell thick fungal tissue
• Typically hidden from sight since fungi grow their hyphae into their food
• Serve as vascular channels along which nutrients are passed
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Mycelium• What is it?
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Septa• What is it?
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Septate
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coenocytic
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“Recess”Read Armillaria ostoyae
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Part 2:
• Reproduction
• Fungal Divisions
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Reproduction• All nuclei are haploid except for zygote
nuclei (except some Chytridiomycota)
• In the sexual reproduction, hyphae of two different mating strains meet and fuse but the two types of nuclei may coexist without fusion for most of the life of the fungus
• Fungi reproduce by relasin spores
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Reproduction• Monokaryotic compartment has a
single nucleus
• Dikaryotic compartment has two genetically distinct nuclei– Heterokaryotic hyphae have two
kinds of genetically different nuclei
– Homokaryotic hyphae have genetically similar nuclei
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Reproductive Structures
• Sporangia:
• Gametangia:
• Conidia
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Fungal Divisions
• Plant-like, this groupings are called divisions instead of phyla
• Presently differentiated from slime molds and water molds
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Chytridiomycota
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Fungal Divisions
• Chytridiomycota• Zygomycota• Ascomycota• Basidiomycota• Deuteromycota (Fungi imperfecti) Your
book doesn’t mention this one.
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Chytridiomycota
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Chytridiomycota
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Read
• Modern Genetics Versus Ancient Frog-Killing Fungus.
• Write a synopsis in the space provided.
• Be ready to answer questions
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Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
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Zygomycota: What does the name imply?
• What does the name imply?
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Zygomycota some characteristics
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Zygomycota• Non-reproductive hyphae lack
septa
• Include the common bread molds
• Produce zygospores
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Life Cycle and Sexual Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction is via fusion of multinucleate gametangia
• May occur between same or different mating types
• Massive, haploid zygospore forms around diploid zygote nuclei
• Meisois occurs during germination
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Asexual Reproduction
• Haploid spores are produced within sporangia
• Sporangium forms at the tip of erect hypha, with separating septum
• Spores shed above substrate, dispersed by wind
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ChytridiomycotaAscomycota
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Ascomycota• Beneficial
• Harmful forms
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Yeast
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Mold
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Morels
True Morel False Morel
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Truffles
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Truffles
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Cup Fungi
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Chestnut Blight
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Chestnut Blight
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Dutch Elm Disease
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Ascomycota• Has a characteristic reproductive
structure called an ascus.
• A diploid zygote forms within ascus.
• Asci form on ascocarp of densely interwoven hyphae
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Sexual Reproduction• Ascogonia are female, have trichogyne
• Antheridia are male, fuse with trichogyne
• Male nuclei travel to ascogonium to pair with opposite nuclei
• Heterokaryotic hyphae arise from point of fusion
• An ascus containing two nuclei forms at the hyphal tip
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Sexual Reproduction• Nuclei within the ascus fuse, forming
diploid zygote which immediately undergoes meiosis
• Four haploid daughter nuclei are the result.
• These haploid daughter nuclei undergo mitosis to form 8 ascospores
• The ascospores are then released, in most cases by the ascus bursting.
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Asexual Reproduction• Conidia are produced at the ends
of conidiophores. Conidiophores are the stalk-like vertical growths on the hyphae. Spores are formed at the end of the conidiophores and are separated by septum and are called conidia.
• The spores are released and then germinate
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Chytridiomycota
Basidiomycota
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Basidiomycota• Includes mushrooms, jelly fungi,
puffballs, rusts and smuts
• Includes edible as well as poisonous varieties
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Mushrooms
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Mushrooms
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Mushrooms
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Jelly Fungus
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Jelly Fungus
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Puffballs
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Rusts
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Rusts
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Corn Smut
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Basidiomycota
• Characteristic reproductive structure is called a basidium.
• Syngamy occurs within basidium
• Meiosis occurs immediately, forming four haploid basidiospores
• Four basidiospores are borne on one basidium
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Sexual Reproduction• Spore germinates forming homokaryotic
hyphae• Eventually septa form between nuclei of
primary mycelium• Dikaryotic, heterokaryotic secondary
mycelium forms when hyphae of different mating types fuse
• Basidiocarps form of completely dikaryotic hyphae
• Basidia line the gills of typical mushrooms
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Deuteromycota• Commonly called Fungi Imperfecti
because they exhibit only asexual reproduction
• Mostly ascomycetes, few zygomycetes and basidiomycetes
• Many are human and plant pathogens• Others produce important chemicals
such as penicillin
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Parasexuality• Parasexuality occurs when two
different hyphae fuse forming heterokaryotic hyphae. The two different nuclei may exchange portions of chromosomes between nuclei.
• Provides a certain amount of genetic recombination.
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Fungal Associations
• Lichens
• Mycorrhizae
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Lichens• Mostly ascomycetes with green algae
and/or cyanobacterium• Specialized hyphae penetrate or
envelop photosynthetic cells• Fungal chemical signals direct
photosynthetic metabolism• Could be considered a form of
controlled parasitism
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Lichens• Reproduction of the fungal portion is
via normal fungal sexual reproduction
• Reproduction of the photosynthetic component is asexual
• The lichen as a whole can fragment and be transported by wind… to a new location to form a new individual
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Lichens• Can inhabit cold, dry, generally harsh
environments• Help break rock surfaces and prepare
habitat for other organisms• Coloration of lichen protects
photosynthetic partner• Can survive adverse conditions by
nearly halting metabolism
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Mycorrhizae• Most plant roots associated with
certain fungi
• Fungus aid in transfer of soil nutrients into roots
• Plant provides organic carbon to fungus
• Arbuscular mycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae
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Arbuscular Mycorrhizae• Hyphae penetrate outer cells of root
• More common mycorrhizae, generally a zygomycetes
• May increase yield of crops with less energy input
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Ectomycorrhizae• Hyphae surround, but do not
penetrate roots
• Less common, mostly basidiomycetes, some ascomycetes
• Characteristic symbiont of shrubs and trees
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Advantages• Plants more resistant to drought, cold
and harsh conditions
• May provide better protection against acid precipitation
• Prevent accumulation of toxic metals
• Speed germination of orchid seeds
• Provide better growth in poor soils
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