functions programming applications. functions every c program must have a function called main...
DESCRIPTION
Functions Functions are subprograms that can be called from another function(s) (such as the Main function). printf and scanf are examples of functions.TRANSCRIPT
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Functions
Programming Applications
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Functions every C program must have a function called
main
program execution always begins with function main
any other functions are subprograms and must be called
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Functions
Functions are subprograms that can be called from another function(s) (such as the Main function).
printf and scanf are examples of functions.
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Every C function has 2 parts
int main ( ) heading{
body block return 0;}
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Program with Several Functions
main function
Square function
Cube function
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Writing Functions
Need to specify:
the name of the function
its parameters
what it returns
The block of statements is called the
“function body”
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Example1: hello.c
Function definition
Function call
#include <stdio.h>
/* * Print a simple greeting. */
void sayHello ( void ){ printf(“Hello World!\n”);}
/* * Call a function which prints a * simple greeting. */
int main(){ sayHello();
return 0;}
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Example1: hello.c
Function name
Function body
#include <stdio.h>
/* * Print a simple greeting. */
void sayHello ( void ){ printf(“Hello World!\n”);}
/* * Call a function which prints a * simple greeting. */
int main(){ sayHello();
return 0;}
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Example1: hello.c
Return type
Formal Parameter List
#include <stdio.h>
/* * Print a simple greeting. */
void sayHello ( void ){ printf(“Hello World!\n”);}
/* * Call a function which prints a * simple greeting. */
int main(){ sayHello();
return 0;}
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Example2: sort.c
/* Print two numbers in order. */
void Sort ( int a, int b ){ int temp;
if ( a > b ) { printf("%d %d\n", b, a); } else { printf("%d %d\n", a, b); }}
Parameters
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int main(){ int x = 3, y = 5;
Sort ( 10, 9 ); Sort ( y, x + 4 ); return 0;}
Example2: sort.c
/* Print two numbers in order. */
void Sort ( int a, int b ){ int temp;
if ( a > b ) { printf("%d %d\n", b, a); } else { printf("%d %d\n", a, b); }}
Formal parameters
Actual parameters
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Example3: Average.c
Function definition
Function call
#include <stdio.h>
float Average ( int X, int Y, int Z ){ float AVG;
AVG = (X+Y+Z)/ 3.0;return AVG;
}
void main(void){ int a,b,c;
float AVG;
a = 5;b = 6;c = 2;
AVG = Average (a, b, c);
printf (“Average = %6.3f \n”, AVG);}
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Two Kinds of Functions
Always returns a single value to its caller and is called from within an expression.
Never returns a value to its caller, and is called as a separate statement.
Value-Returning Void
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Trace void main() { int a = 2; int b = 2; int c = 3; b = mult( a , c ) ; printf(“ a = %d b = %d c = %d \n “, a , b , c ) ; c = squares( a , b ) ; printf(“ a = %d b = %d c = %d \n “, a , b , c ) ; } int mult (int x, int y ) { return x * y; } int squares ( int p , int q )
{ int r = p * p + q * q ; return r ;}
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Example4
Write a C program to read two integer
numbers and Use function to find the
maximum of them
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Example5
Write a complete program that asks for radius
of a circle and calculates its area using a
function with return value of float type.
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Call by Value & Call by Reference
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Call by Value & Call by Reference Call by Value: The Formal Parameters are
not the Actual Parameters. Only Values from the Actual Parameters are passed to the Formal Parameters.
Call by Reference: The Formal Parameters are referring to the Actual Parameters.
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Call by Value & Call by Reference Call by Value: Changes in the Formal
Parameters Will not affect the Actual Parameters.
Call by Reference: Changes in the Formal Parameters Will affect the Actual Parameters.
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Call By Value
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int main(){ int a = 3, b = 5;
printf("%d %d\n", a, b); badSwap ( a, b ); printf("%d %d\n", a, b);
return 0;}
Example6: bad_swap.c
/* Swap the values of two variables. */
void badSwap ( int a, int b ){ int temp;
temp = a; a = b; b = temp;
printf("%d %d\n", a, b);}
Output: 3 5
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int main(){ int a = 3, b = 5;
printf("%d %d\n", a, b); badSwap ( a, b ); printf("%d %d\n", a, b);
return 0;}
Example6: bad_swap.c
/* Swap the values of two variables. */
void badSwap ( int a, int b ){ int temp;
temp = a; a = b; b = temp;
printf("%d %d\n", a, b);}
Output: 3 55 3
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int main(){ int a = 3, b = 5;
printf("%d %d\n", a, b); badSwap ( a, b ); printf("%d %d\n", a, b);
return 0;}
Example6: bad_swap.c
/* Swap the values of two variables. */
void badSwap ( int a, int b ){ int temp;
temp = a; a = b; b = temp;
printf("%d %d\n", a, b);}
Output: 3 55 33 5
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int main(){ int a = 3, b = 5;
printf("%d %d\n", a, b); badSwap ( a, b ); printf("%d %d\n", a, b);
return 0;}
Example6: bad_swap.c
/* Swap the values of two variables. */
void badSwap ( int a, int b ){ int temp;
temp = a; a = b; b = temp;
printf("%d %d\n", a, b);}
Output: 3 55 3 3 5
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Call By Reference
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int main(){ int a = 3, b = 5;
printf("%d %d\n", a, b); Swap ( &a, &b ); printf("%d %d\n", a, b);
return 0;}
Example7: swap.c
/* Swap the values of two variables. */
void Swap ( int *a, int *b ){ int temp;
temp = *a; *a = *b; *b = temp;
printf("%d %d\n", *a, *b);}
Output: 3 5
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int main(){ int a = 3, b = 5;
printf("%d %d\n", a, b); Swap ( &a, &b ); printf("%d %d\n", a, b);
return 0;}
Example7: swap.c
/* Swap the values of two variables. */
void Swap ( int *a, int *b ){ int temp;
temp = *a; *a = *b; *b = temp;
printf("%d %d\n", *a, *b);}
Output: 3 55 3
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int main(){ int a = 3, b = 5;
printf("%d %d\n", a, b); Swap ( &a, &b ); printf("%d %d\n", a, b);
return 0;}
Example7: swap.c
/* Swap the values of two variables. */
void Swap ( int *a, int *b ){ int temp;
temp = *a; *a = *b; *b = temp;
printf("%d %d\n", *a, *b);}
Output: 3 55 35 3
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int main(){ int a = 3, b = 5;
printf("%d %d\n", a, b); Swap ( &a, &b ); printf("%d %d\n", a, b);
return 0;}
Example7: swap.c
/* Swap the values of two variables. */
void Swap ( int *a, int *b ){ int temp;
temp = *a; *a = *b; *b = temp;
printf("%d %d\n", *a, *b);}
Output: 3 55 3 5 3
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Remember !! void Average ( int x, y, z) Wrong void Average (int x, int y, int z) Correct
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void main(void){ int x = 5, y = 3, z = 7; int Max, Min;
MaxMin(x,y,z,&Max, &Min);
printf("%d %d\n", Max, Min);
}
Example8: Max_Min.c
void MaxMin ( int a,int b,int c, int *MX, int *MN)
{ if ((a>b)&&(a>c)) *MX = a;else if (b>c) *MX = b;else *MX = c;
if ((a<b)&&(a<c)) *MN = a;else if (b<c) *MN = b;else *MN = c;
}
Output:
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void main(void){ int x = 5, y = 3, z = 7; int Max, Min;
MaxMin(x,y,z,&Max, &Min);
printf("%d %d\n", Max, Min);
}
Example8: Max_Min.c
void MaxMin ( int a,int b,int c, int *MX, int *MN)
{ if ((a>b)&&(a>c)) *MX = a;else if (b>c) *MX = b;else *MX = c;
if ((a<b)&&(a<c)) *MN = a;else if (b<c) *MN = b;else *MN = c;
}
Output: 7 3
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What is in a prototype? • A prototype looks like the function heading but must end with a semicolon”;” •It has no body.•Usually located at the beginning of the program to declare all the functions to be used. int Cube( int n); /* prototype */
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Program with Three Functions
#include <stdio.h>
int Square( int n); /* declares these functions */int Cube( int n);
int main( ){ int num = 3 ; int sq , cb ; sq = Square(num); printf(“ The square of 3 is %d \n “, sq ); cb = Cube(num); printf(“ The cube of 3 is %d \n “, cb );
return 0;}
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Rest of Program
int Square( int n ){ int s = n * n ; return s;}
int Cube( int n ){ int c = n * n * n ; return c;}
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int main(){int a, b=1, c=2, d=3, e;a=d;e=c;a=1;printf(" %d \t %d \t %d \n", e, c, d);b=SomeFunction(&c);printf(" %d \t %d \t %d \n", b, c, e);return 0;} int SomeFunction(int *m){*m= (*m)+1;return (*m); }
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#include <stdio.h>void duplicate (int a, int *b, int *c){
*b=a; a=1; *c=2;
} int Star(int a, int b)
{ int c=0;int i; for(i=0 ; i<2 ; i++){
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duplicate ( c, &a, &b);a++;b++;c++;printf(“%d %d %d\n”, a, b, c);} return a;} void main (void)
{ int x=1, y=3, z=7;
x = Star(y, z); printf("x=%d\t y=%d\n z=%d", x, y, z);}
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Recursive Function
The recursive function is function calls itself
The function repeat to call itself with different
parameter values.
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Trace#include<stdio.h>int f(int x){if (x==0) return 0;else if (x>=1) return x+f(x-1);}void main(){int y=f(0);int z = f(4);printf (“ %d \t %d \n “, y, z);}
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Example what are the value of fun(7, 1) and fun(6, 3) int fun (int m, int n) {
if(n==1) return m; else return (m+fun(m, n-1)); }
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Trace#include<stdio.h>int f(int x){if (x==0) return 0;else if (x>=1) return x+f(x-1);}void main(){int y=f(0);int z = f(4);printf (“ %d \t %d \n “, y, z);}
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Trace#include<stdio.h>
int g(int a)
{if (a==0) return 1;
Else if(a==1) return 2;
Else if (x>=2) return g(a-1)*g(a-2);}
void main()
{Int y=g(0);
Int z = g(1);
Int x = g(5)
Printf (“ %d \t %d \t %d \n “, y, z, x);}
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ExampleWhat are the values of gcd(7,21) and gcd(5,3)
int gcd(int m, int n){ int r; if (m < n) return gcd(n,m);r = m%n;if (r = = 0) return(n);else return(gcd(n,r));
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Example
Write a recursive function MULT to perform
integer multiplication mn using addition
operator where n>0.
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Exampleint MULT (int m, int n){
int ans;if( n==1 )
ans= m;else
ans = m + MULT (m, n-1);return ans;
}
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SheetThe value of xy can be calculated as recursive function
Write recursive function called power() that accept real number and integer number as arguments and return the value of xy
1*
1y
y
xxx
10
yy
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Sheet
Write recursive function called Fact() that applies the factorial of integer N as
)!1(*1
!NN
N 10
NN
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Organizing a Parade
P(1) = 2P(2) = 3P(n) = P(n-1) + P(n-2) for n > 2
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Example
Implements the bisection method for
approximation a root of a function in interval
[Xl, Xu]. Approximation the root within epsilon
of a root.
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Bisection algorithm
Compute x_mid = (xl + xu)/2
If f(xl)*f(x_mid) <0
Find root by Bisection (xl, x_mid)
Find root by Bisection (x_mid, xu)
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The Bisection programdouble Bis (double xl, double xu){ double root, x_mid;
x_mid = (xl +xu)/2.0;if ((xu – xl) < epslion) || (f (x_mid)<0.0))root = x_mid;else if ( f(xl) * f(x_mid)<0.0)
root = Bis (xl, x_mid);else root = Bis(x_mid, xu);return root;
}
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Example
Write a program that inputs a vector v and call function Normalize to display a corresponding unit vector W where
1
0
2n
ii
ii
v
vw
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Example
Write a program contains function Mystrlen()
to find the length of given string
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Example
Write a program to read group of numbers
from the user and then average them after
stored them in an array and print the result.
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Recursive SolutionsA binary search is recursive
Repeatedly halves the collection and determines which half could contain the item
Uses a divide and conquer strategy
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Example ( Hanoi Game) The object of game is to transfer the disks
from the leftmost pole to rightmost pole, without ever placing a larger disk on top of a smaller disk. Only one disk may be moved at a time, and each disk must always be placed on one pole.
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The End