respiratory system 1. main function = gas exchange from o2 co2 main function = gas exchange from o2...
TRANSCRIPT
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
11
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
Main Function = gas exchange from Main Function = gas exchange from O2 O2 CO2 CO2
Other functions: speech (sounds) Other functions: speech (sounds) regulation of pH of blood.regulation of pH of blood.
22
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System 1. NOSE1. NOSE 2. NASAL CAVITY2. NASAL CAVITY 3. PHARYNX3. PHARYNX 4. LARYNX4. LARYNX 5. TRACHEA 5. TRACHEA 6. BRONCHI6. BRONCHI 7. BRONCHIOLES7. BRONCHIOLES 8. ALVEOLI8. ALVEOLI 9. Diaphragm9. Diaphragm
33
Respiratory System
Figure 21.14
5
NOSENOSE
This is there because of a number of This is there because of a number of hyaline cartilages. hyaline cartilages.
It’s fairly complex. It’s fairly complex.
A cartilage nasal septum divides the A cartilage nasal septum divides the right and left sides of the nose.right and left sides of the nose.
Nose jobs involve taking a mallet, Nose jobs involve taking a mallet, breaking the nasal bone and a breaking the nasal bone and a scalpel to shave the cartilages.scalpel to shave the cartilages.
66
Psychology researchers from the University of Granada in Spain used Psychology researchers from the University of Granada in Spain used thermography to study the temperature of people's faces in thermography to study the temperature of people's faces in experiments. They said they found a jump in the temperature around experiments. They said they found a jump in the temperature around the nose and in the orbital muscle in the inner corner of the eye during the nose and in the orbital muscle in the inner corner of the eye during lying. They also found that face temperature drops for people lying. They also found that face temperature drops for people performing a difficult mental task and rises for people experiencing performing a difficult mental task and rises for people experiencing high anxiety.high anxiety.
88
NASAL CAVITYNASAL CAVITY
The outer skin folds into the anterior The outer skin folds into the anterior nostrils, where there are hairs which nostrils, where there are hairs which filter large particles (insects and dust). filter large particles (insects and dust). The nasal cavity is lined by The nasal cavity is lined by
NASAL MUCOSA NASAL MUCOSA (pseudostratisfied ciliated (pseudostratisfied ciliated epithelium). epithelium).
99
Functions of the nasal cavity Functions of the nasal cavity are are
for the air you breathe:for the air you breathe:
Warm (cold air can freeze lungs); warmed Warm (cold air can freeze lungs); warmed by superficial veins.by superficial veins.
Clean (dirty air can clog lungs); mucous is Clean (dirty air can clog lungs); mucous is sticky, and cilia will move that dirt down sticky, and cilia will move that dirt down the back of the throat, then it’s swallowed.the back of the throat, then it’s swallowed.
Humidify (dry lungs can crack). The fluid Humidify (dry lungs can crack). The fluid secreted by glands makes the moisture, secreted by glands makes the moisture, even on windy days the air goes to 100% even on windy days the air goes to 100% humidity by the time it gets to the lungs.humidity by the time it gets to the lungs.
1010
Upper Respiratory Tract
Figure 21.3a11
Superior, middle, and inferior Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchaenasal conchae
Covered with a mucous membrane. Covered with a mucous membrane. Warm and moisten the airWarm and moisten the air Increase the turbulence in the flow of Increase the turbulence in the flow of
air through the nasal cavityair through the nasal cavity Sensory receptors to enhance the Sensory receptors to enhance the
sense of smell.sense of smell. When you have a cold and get extra When you have a cold and get extra
fluid (edema) fluid (edema) runny nose. runny nose. 1212
Woman's running nose revealed to be leaking brain fluid, http://fxn.ws/Vr31JR
1313
Nasal ConchaeNasal Conchae The nasal conchae contain blood The nasal conchae contain blood
vessels that can dilate, causing the vessels that can dilate, causing the tissue to swell, closing off one side of tissue to swell, closing off one side of your nasal airway at a time. This your nasal airway at a time. This allows the closed side to increase its allows the closed side to increase its moisture.moisture.
Then it will open again and the other Then it will open again and the other side may close. These cycles occur side may close. These cycles occur every eight hours throughout the day.every eight hours throughout the day.
1414
What causes snoring?What causes snoring? When we are asleep the area at the back When we are asleep the area at the back
of the throat sometimes narrows. of the throat sometimes narrows. The same amount of air passing through The same amount of air passing through
this smaller opening can cause turbulence this smaller opening can cause turbulence in the airflow and some vibration of the in the airflow and some vibration of the tissues in the nose and mouth. tissues in the nose and mouth.
People who snore have different reasons People who snore have different reasons for the narrowing. The narrowing can be in for the narrowing. The narrowing can be in the nose, mouth, or throat. the nose, mouth, or throat.
1515
SnoringSnoring Obstruction of the nasal passages can be caused Obstruction of the nasal passages can be caused
by a deviation of the nasal septum, allergies, by a deviation of the nasal septum, allergies, sinus infections, swelling of the conchae, or sinus infections, swelling of the conchae, or large adenoids (tonsils in the back of the nose). large adenoids (tonsils in the back of the nose).
Those who have nasal obstructions cannot Those who have nasal obstructions cannot breathe through their noses well, so they breathe through their noses well, so they breathe through their mouths.breathe through their mouths.
Many mouth breathers snore because the flow Many mouth breathers snore because the flow of air through the mouth causes greater of air through the mouth causes greater vibration of tissues. vibration of tissues.
1616
SnoringSnoring When we lie on our backs, gravity pulls the When we lie on our backs, gravity pulls the
palate, tonsils, and tongue backwards. This often palate, tonsils, and tongue backwards. This often narrows the airway enough to cause turbulence narrows the airway enough to cause turbulence in airflow, tissue vibration, and snoring. in airflow, tissue vibration, and snoring.
Frequently, if the snorer is gently reminded to Frequently, if the snorer is gently reminded to roll onto his or her side, the tissues are no roll onto his or her side, the tissues are no longer pulled backwards and the snoring longer pulled backwards and the snoring lessens.lessens.
Some medications as well as alcohol can lead to Some medications as well as alcohol can lead to enhanced relaxation of muscles during sleep. enhanced relaxation of muscles during sleep. This will increase snoring.This will increase snoring.
1717
1818
Deviated SeptumDeviated Septum
Nasal septa which are deviated to Nasal septa which are deviated to one side of the nasal passage can one side of the nasal passage can cause sinus problems and decreased cause sinus problems and decreased ability to smell and taste.ability to smell and taste.
A surgery can be performed to A surgery can be performed to correct it:correct it:
VIDEO http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SP01dYof8RUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SP01dYof8RU
1919
SeptoplastySeptoplasty
Flexible splints Flexible splints are held in are held in place in the place in the nose with a nose with a stitch through stitch through the hole, and the hole, and are removed are removed 7-10 days 7-10 days after surgery.after surgery.
2020
ApneaApnea
An apnea is a period of time during which An apnea is a period of time during which breathing stops for 10+ seconds or the breathing stops for 10+ seconds or the breath is 25% less than normal. Apnea is breath is 25% less than normal. Apnea is also a term for blood oxygen levels 4% also a term for blood oxygen levels 4% less than normal.less than normal.
These episodes often occur during sleep.These episodes often occur during sleep. The two types of sleep apnea are Central The two types of sleep apnea are Central
Sleep Apnea and Obstructive Sleep Sleep Apnea and Obstructive Sleep Apnea.Apnea.
2121
Central Sleep Apnea (CSA)Central Sleep Apnea (CSA)
Occurs when the brain does not send Occurs when the brain does not send the signal to breathe to the muscles of the signal to breathe to the muscles of breathing. breathing.
This usually occurs in infants or in This usually occurs in infants or in adults with heart disease, adults with heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, or congenital cerebrovascular disease, or congenital diseases, but it also can be caused by diseases, but it also can be caused by some medications and high altitudes. some medications and high altitudes.
2222
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)(OSA)
People with OSA have an airway that is People with OSA have an airway that is more narrow than normal, usually at the more narrow than normal, usually at the base of the tongue and palate. It is base of the tongue and palate. It is common among adults but rare among common among adults but rare among children. children.
OSA is associated with higher risks of OSA is associated with higher risks of heart attacks and strokes because of heart attacks and strokes because of higher prevalence of hypertension in higher prevalence of hypertension in individuals with obstructive sleep individuals with obstructive sleep apnea. apnea.
2323
PolypsPolyps
Nasal polyps are overgowths of the Nasal polyps are overgowths of the mucosal tissue in the nasal cavities.mucosal tissue in the nasal cavities.
Usually caused from chronic allergiesUsually caused from chronic allergies Can cause difficulty breathing through Can cause difficulty breathing through
nose, loss of smell, headaches.nose, loss of smell, headaches. Treated with steroid sprays or Treated with steroid sprays or
surgery.surgery.
2424
SinusesSinuses The nasal cavity is connected to The nasal cavity is connected to PARANASAL PARANASAL
SINUSES (ETHMOID, SPHENOID, FRONTAL, SINUSES (ETHMOID, SPHENOID, FRONTAL, AND MAXILLARY SINUSES).AND MAXILLARY SINUSES).
They are also lined with the same kind of They are also lined with the same kind of mucosa. mucosa.
When you have a cold, you get stuffed up, and When you have a cold, you get stuffed up, and the pressure can cause sinus headaches.the pressure can cause sinus headaches.
Some people with headaches and sinus pain Some people with headaches and sinus pain assume they have a sinus headache, but the assume they have a sinus headache, but the CT scan shows clear sinuses. They actually CT scan shows clear sinuses. They actually have a problem with cranial nerve V, causing have a problem with cranial nerve V, causing referred pain to the sinuses. They need to see referred pain to the sinuses. They need to see a neurologist.a neurologist.
2525
The Paranasal Sinuses
Figure 7.11a, b26
LACRIMAL DUCTLACRIMAL DUCT
There is another connection to the There is another connection to the nasal cavity: nasal cavity: LACRIMAL DUCTLACRIMAL DUCT. .
There’s a hole in the lacrimal bone.There’s a hole in the lacrimal bone. Excess tears drip down there. Excess tears drip down there. When you cry, you get a runny nose. When you cry, you get a runny nose. If the duct overflows, you see tears If the duct overflows, you see tears
on face.on face.
2727
Fig. 23.2b(TE Art)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Laryngopharynx
LARYNX28
PharynxPharynx1. NASOPHARYNX1. NASOPHARYNX: a continuation of the nasal : a continuation of the nasal
cavity. cavity. The The EUSTACIAN TUBEEUSTACIAN TUBE is located here. is located here.
2. OROPHARYNX2. OROPHARYNX is the back of the mouth; is the back of the mouth; visible when you open your mouth and look all visible when you open your mouth and look all the way back.the way back.
Separating the oropharanyx and the Separating the oropharanyx and the nasopharynx:nasopharynx:
SOFT PALATE: SOFT PALATE: feel it with your tonguefeel it with your tongue UVULAUVULA: located at the end of the soft palate : located at the end of the soft palate The function of the soft palate and uvula is to The function of the soft palate and uvula is to
move upward when swallowing, to prevent food move upward when swallowing, to prevent food from going into nasal cavities. (They don’t close from going into nasal cavities. (They don’t close during vomiting)during vomiting)
3. LARYNGOPHARYNX3. LARYNGOPHARYNX: This is the area of the : This is the area of the PHARYNX that is closest to the LARYNX.PHARYNX that is closest to the LARYNX. 2929
Pharynx
Figure 21.3a30
Bifurcated Uvula
31
LARYNXLARYNX
It has two functions:It has two functions: 1. Produce sounds (vocal cords)1. Produce sounds (vocal cords) 2. Prevent food from entering lungs2. Prevent food from entering lungs Made up of nine separate cartilages:Made up of nine separate cartilages: EPIGLOTTISEPIGLOTTIS THYROID CARTILAGETHYROID CARTILAGE CRICOID CARTILAGECRICOID CARTILAGE (2) (2) ARYTENOID CARTILAGESARYTENOID CARTILAGES (4) Tracheal cartilages(4) Tracheal cartilages
3232
Anatomy of the Larynx
Figure 21.5a, b33
34
Glottis and EpiglottisGlottis and Epiglottis
GLOTTISGLOTTIS is the opening. It stays all the way is the opening. It stays all the way open when you are breathing hard.open when you are breathing hard.
EPIGLOTTIS EPIGLOTTIS flaps over the glottis when you flaps over the glottis when you swallow so nothing will go into the trachea. swallow so nothing will go into the trachea. When you get hiccoughs, it’s from a sudden When you get hiccoughs, it’s from a sudden movement of air into the lungs, so the movement of air into the lungs, so the epiglottis closes to prevent more air from epiglottis closes to prevent more air from going in. It’s unknown why you get hiccoughs. going in. It’s unknown why you get hiccoughs. All the treatments you can try involve All the treatments you can try involve interrupting the normal breathing patterns.interrupting the normal breathing patterns.
3535
Vocal Cords
Figure 21.636
Vocal CordsVocal Cords VOCAL CORDS (vocal folds)VOCAL CORDS (vocal folds) Vocal cords are attached to the Vocal cords are attached to the
ARYTENOID CARTILAGESARYTENOID CARTILAGES. If these . If these cartilages move, the vocal cords open. cartilages move, the vocal cords open. When they go back to normal, the glottis When they go back to normal, the glottis will close. will close.
The ability to vary the pitch of the voice The ability to vary the pitch of the voice results from varying the tension in the results from varying the tension in the vocal folds. vocal folds.
3737
Vocal CordsVocal Cords
For air to move through, muscles have to For air to move through, muscles have to contract. If muscles here are paralyzed, the contract. If muscles here are paralyzed, the airway closes. In surgery, have to intubate. airway closes. In surgery, have to intubate. In an emergency airway obstruction, have to In an emergency airway obstruction, have to do a tracheotomy above the jugular notch. do a tracheotomy above the jugular notch.
The type of sounds you make depend on The type of sounds you make depend on how far apart the vocal cords are.how far apart the vocal cords are.
Way open = no sound (like when breathing)Way open = no sound (like when breathing) Mostly closed = soundsMostly closed = sounds Men: their thyroid cartilage is larger, so their Men: their thyroid cartilage is larger, so their
vocal cords are longer = deeper voice.vocal cords are longer = deeper voice.
3838
Problems with vocal cordsProblems with vocal cords LARYNGITISLARYNGITIS: inflamed vocal cords : inflamed vocal cords
((↓ sound production). Usually caused from ↓ sound production). Usually caused from overuse or a viral infection.overuse or a viral infection.
Extreme overuse (professional Extreme overuse (professional singers) can get singers) can get scar tissue scar tissue nodulesnodules, requires surgery., requires surgery.
Neurological speech evaluation VIDEO
3939
Mother hears her own voice again after nearly four
years, (text) http://fxn.ws/UElY8f
VIDEO: VIDEO: http://www.myfoxatlanta.com/story/1http://www.myfoxatlanta.com/story/19488651/mother-hears-her-own-9488651/mother-hears-her-own-voice-again-after-nearly-four-yearsvoice-again-after-nearly-four-years
4040
FUN FACTSFUN FACTS What is the Adam's apple and what does it do?What is the Adam's apple and what does it do? When boys go through puberty, hormones cause the When boys go through puberty, hormones cause the
larynx to grow rapidly, deepening their voices and larynx to grow rapidly, deepening their voices and causing the bulge to form. causing the bulge to form.
Enlargement of the Adam's apple is considered, like Enlargement of the Adam's apple is considered, like pubic hair growth, one of the secondary sexual pubic hair growth, one of the secondary sexual characteristics. characteristics.
Girls' voices also deepen with puberty, but since their Girls' voices also deepen with puberty, but since their larynxes don't tend to grow as much, they don't usually larynxes don't tend to grow as much, they don't usually develop an "Eve's apple." develop an "Eve's apple."
The protrusion is the thyroid cartilage. The protrusion is the thyroid cartilage. Some folks undergo cosmetic surgery to make it less Some folks undergo cosmetic surgery to make it less
prominent.prominent.
4141
FUN FACTSFUN FACTS
Origin of the term: Origin of the term: It is usually said that Adam's apple takes its name It is usually said that Adam's apple takes its name
from the biblical story about Adam, Eve. The from the biblical story about Adam, Eve. The serpent and the apple. A piece of the forbidden serpent and the apple. A piece of the forbidden fruit stuck in Adam's throat and created the fruit stuck in Adam's throat and created the anatomic Adam's apple. anatomic Adam's apple.
However, it may be wrong. Adam's apple in Latin However, it may be wrong. Adam's apple in Latin is "pomum Adami." This may have been a is "pomum Adami." This may have been a mistranslation of the Hebrew "tappuach ha adam" mistranslation of the Hebrew "tappuach ha adam" which also means male bump. Between Latin and which also means male bump. Between Latin and English there's many a slip. English there's many a slip.
4242
FUN FACTSFUN FACTS
Why does your voice sound funny after you Why does your voice sound funny after you inhale helium from a balloon?inhale helium from a balloon?
Helium is lighter than air, so it causes the tissues Helium is lighter than air, so it causes the tissues to vibrate faster, resulting in a higher-pitched, to vibrate faster, resulting in a higher-pitched, cartoon-character sound. cartoon-character sound.
A healthy 13-year-old boy suffered a cerebral gas A healthy 13-year-old boy suffered a cerebral gas embolism after inhaling helium from a embolism after inhaling helium from a pressurized tank at a party. pressurized tank at a party.
Repeated inhalation of helium can hinder your Repeated inhalation of helium can hinder your ability to breathe.ability to breathe.
4343
TRACHEATRACHEA
This is a tube that carries air from the This is a tube that carries air from the larynx to the lungs. larynx to the lungs.
It’s fairly rigid from about 16 rings of It’s fairly rigid from about 16 rings of cartilage.cartilage.
The purpose of the cartilage rings is to keep The purpose of the cartilage rings is to keep the trachea open. Otherwise, when you the trachea open. Otherwise, when you inhale, the trachea would collapse like inhale, the trachea would collapse like when you suck hard on a straw. That’s why when you suck hard on a straw. That’s why your vacuum cleaner has rings on the hose.your vacuum cleaner has rings on the hose.
4444
The Trachea
Figure 21.7a45
Histology of the tracheaHistology of the trachea
MUCOSA (MUCOSA (Inner, most superficial layer)Inner, most superficial layer) EPITHELIUMEPITHELIUM (pseudostratisfied ciliated (pseudostratisfied ciliated
epithelium) and goblet cells. Function of goblet epithelium) and goblet cells. Function of goblet cells is to produce mucous to trap dirt. Cilia move cells is to produce mucous to trap dirt. Cilia move dirt to larynx dirt to larynx swallowed. swallowed.
LAMINA PROPRIALAMINA PROPRIA (loose connective tissue) with (loose connective tissue) with lots of elastic fibers to make the trachea flexible.lots of elastic fibers to make the trachea flexible.
SUBMUCOSASUBMUCOSA (Deep to the mucosa) This is the (Deep to the mucosa) This is the serous portion to humidify the air.serous portion to humidify the air.
ADVENTITIAADVENTITIA (Deepest layer) This is dense (Deepest layer) This is dense connective tissue with hyaline cartilage.connective tissue with hyaline cartilage.
4646
4747
BRONCHIBRONCHI The trachea branches into the The trachea branches into the RIGHTRIGHT and and LEFT LEFT
BRONCHUSBRONCHUS (the primary bronchi). (the primary bronchi). These branch into the secondary bronchi, which These branch into the secondary bronchi, which
branch into the tertiary bronchi.branch into the tertiary bronchi. The layers become thinner, and the hyaline The layers become thinner, and the hyaline
cartilage no longer has nice rings; just bits.cartilage no longer has nice rings; just bits. The tertiary bronchi are microscopic. The distal The tertiary bronchi are microscopic. The distal
part of the tertiary bronchi are called terminal part of the tertiary bronchi are called terminal bronchioles. These have smooth muscle and no bronchioles. These have smooth muscle and no more bits of hyaline cartilage. Beyond them are more bits of hyaline cartilage. Beyond them are the respiratory bronchioles, which are where the the respiratory bronchioles, which are where the air sacs are.air sacs are.
4848
49
If you inadvertently inhale something, which If you inadvertently inhale something, which lung does it go into? Right lung.lung does it go into? Right lung.
Lung cancer occurs slightly more frequently in Lung cancer occurs slightly more frequently in the right lung than in the left lung (about 53% the right lung than in the left lung (about 53% vs. 47% of the time). The most logical vs. 47% of the time). The most logical explanation for this is that the right primary explanation for this is that the right primary bronchus is wider than the left one (and the bronchus is wider than the left one (and the right lung is larger than the left lung), so the right lung is larger than the left lung), so the right lung receives slightly more carcinogenic right lung receives slightly more carcinogenic cigarette smoke with each puff.cigarette smoke with each puff.
The left lung has a cardiac notch; this is where The left lung has a cardiac notch; this is where the heart sits.the heart sits.
The left lung has TWO lobes, but the right lung The left lung has TWO lobes, but the right lung has THREE lobes.has THREE lobes.
5050
Cardiac Notch
Figure 21.8a
Cardiac Notch
51
Fig. 23.9b(TE Art)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Apex
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Hilum
Inferior Lobe
Secondary bronchi
Pulmonary Ligament
Diaphragmatic surface
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonaryarteries
52
BRONCHIOLESBRONCHIOLES
(simple columnar epithelium, no cilia, no mucosa) (simple columnar epithelium, no cilia, no mucosa) The terminal bronchioles still have a smooth muscle The terminal bronchioles still have a smooth muscle layer, which functions to direct the flow of air to layer, which functions to direct the flow of air to particular portions of the lungs.particular portions of the lungs.
Right now, only a small percentage of your lungs are Right now, only a small percentage of your lungs are needed, compared to if you are running.needed, compared to if you are running.
Since there are no cilia, any particle that gets down Since there are no cilia, any particle that gets down that far has to be eaten by macrophages or just stay that far has to be eaten by macrophages or just stay there.there.
In allergic conditions, bronchioles will constrict, In allergic conditions, bronchioles will constrict, blocking air flow to the lungsblocking air flow to the lungs = = ASTHMAASTHMA. . Asthma can also be caused by irritants in the Asthma can also be caused by irritants in the environment, especially by pollution in the city.environment, especially by pollution in the city.
5353
Respiratory BronchiolesRespiratory Bronchioles Distal to the terminal bronchioles, the Distal to the terminal bronchioles, the
branches of the respiratory tree are now branches of the respiratory tree are now called respiratory bronchioles.called respiratory bronchioles.
These end in alveoli (air sacs) These end in alveoli (air sacs)
5454
ALVEOLIALVEOLI
These are made of simple squamous These are made of simple squamous epithelium. epithelium.
This sac is like a balloon surrounded This sac is like a balloon surrounded by a capillary bed. by a capillary bed.
Within the alveoli are macrophages Within the alveoli are macrophages and surfactant secreting cells.and surfactant secreting cells.
5555
Structures of the Respiratory Zone
Figure 21.9a56
Alveoli
Figure 21.10b57
Alveoli
Figure 21.10c, d58
Fig. 23.10b
59
Healthy Alveoli
60
Alveoli with cancer
61
Respiration VIDEO 1Respiration VIDEO 2http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiT621PrrO0
6262
The Respiratory Tree The Respiratory Tree
As the conducting tubes of the respiratory As the conducting tubes of the respiratory tree become smaller, the following tree become smaller, the following changes occurchanges occur Cartilage rings are replaced by irregular Cartilage rings are replaced by irregular
plates of cartilageplates of cartilage Cartilage disappears in the bronchiolesCartilage disappears in the bronchioles The lining epithelium thinsThe lining epithelium thins Elastin remains in the walls Elastin remains in the walls
6363
FUN FACTSFUN FACTS
Exactly what happens when you get Exactly what happens when you get the wind knocked out of you?the wind knocked out of you?
When you get hit in the abdomen, this can When you get hit in the abdomen, this can cause a pressure difference that makes cause a pressure difference that makes your diaphragm spasm for a few seconds. your diaphragm spasm for a few seconds.
You can't catch your breath until the You can't catch your breath until the spasm stops.spasm stops.
6464
FUN FACTSFUN FACTS
MYTH: MYTH: Cover your head or catch a Cover your head or catch a cold: Although 90% of the heat lost cold: Although 90% of the heat lost from the body is lost from the head, from the body is lost from the head, covering your head will not prevent covering your head will not prevent this heat loss. this heat loss.
The heat is lost from the warm air The heat is lost from the warm air that you exhale.that you exhale.
6565
6666
6767
6868
6969
Partial Pressure of Oxygen Partial Pressure of Oxygen (pO2)(pO2)
The air we breath is a mixture of gasses: primarily nitrogen, The air we breath is a mixture of gasses: primarily nitrogen, oxygen, & carbon dioxide. So, the air you blow into a oxygen, & carbon dioxide. So, the air you blow into a balloon creates pressure that causes the balloon to expand.balloon creates pressure that causes the balloon to expand.
However, the total pressure generated by the air is due in However, the total pressure generated by the air is due in part to nitrogen, in part to oxygen, in part to carbon part to nitrogen, in part to oxygen, in part to carbon dioxide. dioxide.
That part of the total pressure generated by oxygen is the That part of the total pressure generated by oxygen is the 'partial pressure' of oxygen, while that generated by carbon 'partial pressure' of oxygen, while that generated by carbon dioxide is the 'partial pressure' of carbon dioxide. A gas's dioxide is the 'partial pressure' of carbon dioxide. A gas's partial pressure, therefore, is a measure of how much of partial pressure, therefore, is a measure of how much of that gas is present (e.g., in the blood or alveoli).that gas is present (e.g., in the blood or alveoli).
The pO2 of blood therefore refers to the amount of The pO2 of blood therefore refers to the amount of dissolved oxygen in the blood plasma.dissolved oxygen in the blood plasma.
7070
DIAPHRAGMDIAPHRAGM When the When the
diaphragm diaphragm muscle contracts, muscle contracts, the size of the the size of the thoracic cavity thoracic cavity increases.increases.
Pressure and Pressure and volume are volume are inversely related, inversely related, so air rushes into so air rushes into the lungs. the lungs.
7171
BreathingBreathing
When the lungs inflate, the thoracic When the lungs inflate, the thoracic cavity expands for two reasons:cavity expands for two reasons:
The diaphragm pulls down, increases The diaphragm pulls down, increases volumevolume
The rib cage expands, increases volume.The rib cage expands, increases volume. When the diaphragm contracts, the size When the diaphragm contracts, the size
of the thoracic cavity increases, the of the thoracic cavity increases, the pressure inside the thoracic cavity pressure inside the thoracic cavity drops, and air flows into the lungs.drops, and air flows into the lungs.
7272
InspirationInspiration
The diaphragm The diaphragm and the and the external external intercostals intercostals are the muscle are the muscle group that group that produces produces inspiration.inspiration.
7373
Changes in Thoracic Volume
Figure 21.15d74
PleuraPleura
Lining the thoracic cavity is Lining the thoracic cavity is PARIETAL PARIETAL PLEURAPLEURA..
Lining the lungs is the Lining the lungs is the VISCERAL PLEURAVISCERAL PLEURA.. Both of these are made of 2 layers (simple Both of these are made of 2 layers (simple
squamous epi and loose fibrous ct), same squamous epi and loose fibrous ct), same as the pericardium. Between these pleura as the pericardium. Between these pleura is a tiny space: is a tiny space: PLEURA CAVITYPLEURA CAVITY..
The pleura lubricate the lungs so when the The pleura lubricate the lungs so when the lungs move, it is smooth. They also form lungs move, it is smooth. They also form an airtight seal to allow the lungs to inflate. an airtight seal to allow the lungs to inflate.
7575
Diagram of the Pleural Cavities
Figure 21.1176
PNEUMOTHORAXPNEUMOTHORAX
If there is a hole in the pleura (injury If there is a hole in the pleura (injury from broken rib, knife), it’s like from broken rib, knife), it’s like opening the stopper; air flows in opening the stopper; air flows in through the hole, and the lungs don’t through the hole, and the lungs don’t inflate = inflate = PNEUMOTHORAXPNEUMOTHORAX (air in (air in thorax) thorax) COLLAPSED LUNGCOLLAPSED LUNG..
7777
PLEURISYPLEURISY
The rubbing together of inflamed The rubbing together of inflamed pleural membranes that produces a pleural membranes that produces a stabbing pain in the chest with every stabbing pain in the chest with every breath; it feels like a broken rib. breath; it feels like a broken rib.
Usually the inflammation is caused Usually the inflammation is caused from an infection.from an infection.
It is fairly common.It is fairly common.
7878
Choking on Foreign BodyChoking on Foreign Body
1. Encouraging the victim to cough2. Back slaps3. Abdominal thrusts (Heimlich Maneuver)Self treatment abdominal thrustsModified chest thrustsFinger sweepingDirect vision removalCricothyrotomy
7979
8080
Cricothyrotomy
In cricothyrotomy, the incision or puncture is made through the cricothyroid membrane in between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage.
81
Cricothyrotomy is easier and quicker to perform than tracheotomy, does not require manipulation of the cervical spine, and is associated with fewer complications
8282
Smoking CommercialsSmoking Commercials
More Doctors smoke 1More Doctors smoke 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKMn-_aQoPkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKMn-_aQoPk
More Doctors smoke 2More Doctors smoke 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrpmgWuwKB8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrpmgWuwKB8
8383
Lung DamageLung Damage
Smoking destroys cilia, and smoke of any kind Smoking destroys cilia, and smoke of any kind is toxic. Particles in the lungs can’t clear. is toxic. Particles in the lungs can’t clear.
Cigarettes contain tar, which is the same kind Cigarettes contain tar, which is the same kind of tar used to pave roads. of tar used to pave roads.
When there is a thin lining of tar on the alveoli, When there is a thin lining of tar on the alveoli, there is no oxygen exchange to the lungs there. there is no oxygen exchange to the lungs there. Large chunks of the lung become useless. Large chunks of the lung become useless.
Damage to the lungs shows up several ways.Damage to the lungs shows up several ways.
8484
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
Number 5 killer in the USA.Number 5 killer in the USA. It is one of two conditions:It is one of two conditions: CHRONIC BRONCHITISCHRONIC BRONCHITIS: inflammation of the : inflammation of the
bronchi, produces mucous, the openings bronchi, produces mucous, the openings become smaller = obstructed.become smaller = obstructed.
EMPHYSEMAEMPHYSEMA: scarring of elastic tissue on the : scarring of elastic tissue on the bronchioles and alveoli, which collapse now bronchioles and alveoli, which collapse now during exhalation. during exhalation. Characterized by a person with a large, “barrel” Characterized by a person with a large, “barrel”
chest.chest.
8585
Barrel Chest of EmphysemaBarrel Chest of Emphysema
8686
Barrel Chest of EmphysemaBarrel Chest of Emphysema
8787
EmphysemaEmphysema A person with emphysema is like this:A person with emphysema is like this: Inhale all the way, then exhale a little bit, and Inhale all the way, then exhale a little bit, and
hold it. Now inhale and exhale to that same hold it. Now inhale and exhale to that same point.point.
They cannot exhale all the way. They start They cannot exhale all the way. They start using their abdominal and thoracic muscles, using their abdominal and thoracic muscles, and get a large, barrel chest.and get a large, barrel chest.
They have chronic acid-base balance problems, They have chronic acid-base balance problems, and the kidneys have to work harder. They and the kidneys have to work harder. They usually develop kidney problems.usually develop kidney problems.
8888
SmokingSmoking If a person stops smoking after 10 years, damage If a person stops smoking after 10 years, damage
will repair. Longer than 10 years may have some will repair. Longer than 10 years may have some residual damage. Smoking 20+ years is more residual damage. Smoking 20+ years is more likely to cause emphysema.likely to cause emphysema.
It takes 7 years for lungs to repair. It takes 7 years for lungs to repair. Smoking right after exercise is worse because Smoking right after exercise is worse because
you are breathing more deeply. you are breathing more deeply. Pollution in the air can also cause particles in the Pollution in the air can also cause particles in the
lungs, and the ozone can damage the lungs. lungs, and the ozone can damage the lungs. Living in Southern California is like smoking one Living in Southern California is like smoking one pack a day. pack a day.
A mother who smokes during pregnancy will have A mother who smokes during pregnancy will have a baby with a lower birth weight.a baby with a lower birth weight.
8989
Smoking Smoking Smoking also is associated with heart Smoking also is associated with heart
disease, cancer of the lung, bladder, disease, cancer of the lung, bladder, and pancreas. and pancreas.
It also causes emphysema, It also causes emphysema, pneumonia, and bronchitis. pneumonia, and bronchitis.
Some people try to quit smoking by Some people try to quit smoking by smoking less, trying not to inhale, or smoking less, trying not to inhale, or switching to chewing tobacco, but switching to chewing tobacco, but there is no safe way to use tobacco.there is no safe way to use tobacco.
9090
9191
New hope for smokers who New hope for smokers who want to quit: Electronic want to quit: Electronic
CigarettesCigarettes These are actually water These are actually water
vapor sticks…it looks and vapor sticks…it looks and feels like smoking, but it feels like smoking, but it is non-toxic water vapor. is non-toxic water vapor.
Comes in various flavors Comes in various flavors (tobacco, vanilla, fruit), (tobacco, vanilla, fruit), and various levels on and various levels on nicotine, from zero to nicotine, from zero to strong.strong.
Greensmoke.comGreensmoke.com
Each cartridge has enough liquid to equal 1.5 packs of cigarettes.
http://www.ejuiceusa.com/
9292
Good Starter KitGood Starter Kit
9393
Start with tobacco flavor and high nicotine strength.
9494
More advanced kit: battery and juice last all day. This is the tank.
9595
This is the battery.
9696
This is the battery charger.
Marijuana VaporizerMarijuana Vaporizerhttp://www.vaporseller.com/pinnacle-pro-portable.html?http://www.vaporseller.com/pinnacle-pro-portable.html?
___store=default&gclid=Cj0KEQjwt7KiBRD9lOePpe_BhrgBEiQAHaS_1-___store=default&gclid=Cj0KEQjwt7KiBRD9lOePpe_BhrgBEiQAHaS_1-Vqq_WZR3ZYR-MfMH-ipcu1VOtQoIiaITcVRVLLzr0aAk358P8HAQ Vqq_WZR3ZYR-MfMH-ipcu1VOtQoIiaITcVRVLLzr0aAk358P8HAQ
PneumoniaPneumonia
An infectious illness that results in An infectious illness that results in the accumulation of fluid in the the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli.alveoli.
Pneumococcal pneumonia Pneumococcal pneumonia kills about kills about 1 out of 20 people who get it.1 out of 20 people who get it.
9898
MRI of Lungs with NodulesMRI of Lungs with Nodules
9999
Respiratory DisordersRespiratory Disorders Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)
Lungs are not involvedLungs are not involved Usually caused by a cold virus or allergiesUsually caused by a cold virus or allergies Usually not associated with a fever (antibiotics Usually not associated with a fever (antibiotics
don’t work)don’t work) Lower Respiratory Infection (LRI)Lower Respiratory Infection (LRI)
Lungs are involvedLungs are involved Usually caused by bacteriaUsually caused by bacteria Usually associated with a fever (antibiotics work)Usually associated with a fever (antibiotics work)
100100
101101
Other Lung ConditionsOther Lung Conditions
INFLUENZAINFLUENZA LUNG CANCER LUNG CANCER RESPIRATORY DISTRESS RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
SYNDROMESYNDROME TUBERCULOSISTUBERCULOSIS CYSTIC FIBROSISCYSTIC FIBROSIS
102102
INFLUENZAINFLUENZA
This is the “flu” caused by a virus. This is the “flu” caused by a virus. This is what you are vaccinated This is what you are vaccinated
against when you get the flu vaccine.against when you get the flu vaccine. No risks seen with flu shot in early
pregnancy http://fxn.ws/Otmu86
103103
LUNG CANCERLUNG CANCER
There are many types of lung There are many types of lung cancers. About 150,000 die each cancers. About 150,000 die each year from them.year from them.
It is the #2 most deadly form of It is the #2 most deadly form of cancer.cancer.
85% of lung cancer is caused from 85% of lung cancer is caused from smoking.smoking.
104104
LUNG CANCERLUNG CANCER
The problem is that it starts as a hard nodule The problem is that it starts as a hard nodule deep in the spongy tissue of the lung, where deep in the spongy tissue of the lung, where it has no symptoms until it presses against a it has no symptoms until it presses against a structure. By then, it has also metastasized. structure. By then, it has also metastasized.
Surgery on a smoker won’t work because the Surgery on a smoker won’t work because the lungs are too weak, and they can’t do lungs are too weak, and they can’t do without the lung tissue. There are no good without the lung tissue. There are no good screening procedures for lung cancer.screening procedures for lung cancer.
In lung cancer, the cancer cells usually arise In lung cancer, the cancer cells usually arise from the epithelium lining a large bronchus.from the epithelium lining a large bronchus.
105105
Lung Cancer SurgeryLung Cancer Surgery
Lobectomy VIDEOLobectomy VIDEO
106106
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROMESYNDROME
SURFACTANTSURFACTANT is a detergent is a detergent produced within the alveoli, which produced within the alveoli, which coats it. coats it.
It functions to help with lung inflation It functions to help with lung inflation by keeping the walls of the alveoli by keeping the walls of the alveoli from sticking together when they from sticking together when they collapse during exhalation. collapse during exhalation.
If you have two wet pieces of paper If you have two wet pieces of paper and stick them together, they are hard and stick them together, they are hard to pull apart without ripping. Put to pull apart without ripping. Put soapy water between them, and you soapy water between them, and you can pull them apart.can pull them apart.
107107
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROMESYNDROME
Surfactant is not produced in a fetus until the Surfactant is not produced in a fetus until the ninth month, so premature babies don’t have ninth month, so premature babies don’t have enough surfactantenough surfactant RESPIRATORY RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROMEDISTRESS SYNDROME, which is the #1 , which is the #1 cause of death in premature babies. cause of death in premature babies.
You know how hard it is to blow up a brand You know how hard it is to blow up a brand new balloon? Imagine a baby having to do new balloon? Imagine a baby having to do that with every single breath. You get tired. that with every single breath. You get tired.
The treatment is to spray artificial surfactant The treatment is to spray artificial surfactant into the lungs, and put them on a respirator into the lungs, and put them on a respirator to push air in. The more distal regions are to push air in. The more distal regions are still collapsed, so there are problems.still collapsed, so there are problems.
108108
TUBERCULOSISTUBERCULOSIS
An infection of a really bad bacteria that An infection of a really bad bacteria that get in the lungs and make themselves a get in the lungs and make themselves a capsule to hide in, where antibiotics can’t capsule to hide in, where antibiotics can’t reach. They set up shop in the lungs and reach. They set up shop in the lungs and reproduce. Soon, the lungs fill up with these reproduce. Soon, the lungs fill up with these hard nodes and make it difficult to breathe. hard nodes and make it difficult to breathe. It causes extreme coughing, and then lots It causes extreme coughing, and then lots of these bacteria break off and get spewed of these bacteria break off and get spewed into the air, where someone else can inhale into the air, where someone else can inhale them. It is extremely contagious and very them. It is extremely contagious and very deadly. deadly.
109109
TUBERCULOSISTUBERCULOSIS If a person gets TB, the State Health Department has to be If a person gets TB, the State Health Department has to be
notified.notified. If it is active TB, you must be hospitalized.If it is active TB, you must be hospitalized. If it is not an active infection, you still need medicines.If it is not an active infection, you still need medicines. They will show up at your house every morning for six They will show up at your house every morning for six
months and stand there and watch you take your pills. months and stand there and watch you take your pills. If you don’t accept this, they have the right to haul you away If you don’t accept this, they have the right to haul you away
to a lock-up facility and force the medicine in you for six to a lock-up facility and force the medicine in you for six months. months.
There are only a few diseases where the State Health There are only a few diseases where the State Health Department will step in like this: anthrax, small pox, swine Department will step in like this: anthrax, small pox, swine flu, typhoid fever, bubonic plague, and Ebola virus are other flu, typhoid fever, bubonic plague, and Ebola virus are other diseases where you don’t get a choice; you are forced into diseases where you don’t get a choice; you are forced into isolation. Diseases like TB and the plague have almost wiped isolation. Diseases like TB and the plague have almost wiped out Europe!out Europe!
110110
Positive TB skin testPositive TB skin test
http://www.visualsunlimited.com/111111
TUBERCULOSISTUBERCULOSIS
A TB test will be positive if you have been A TB test will be positive if you have been exposed to the organism at any point in your life. exposed to the organism at any point in your life.
Then you’ll have to go in for an x-ray to see if it is Then you’ll have to go in for an x-ray to see if it is an active case of TB or not. an active case of TB or not.
Once you recover from TB you will always have a Once you recover from TB you will always have a positive TB test, so tell the nurse that in advance. positive TB test, so tell the nurse that in advance.
You may have to provide documentation that you You may have to provide documentation that you have been treated for it already.have been treated for it already.
Most employers require TB tests before hiring. I Most employers require TB tests before hiring. I had to take one to work here.had to take one to work here.
112112
CYSTIC FIBROSISCYSTIC FIBROSIS
Cystic fibrosis is an Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that inherited disease that causes thick, sticky causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in mucus to build up in the lungs and the lungs and digestive tract. It is digestive tract. It is one of the most one of the most common type of common type of chronic lung disease in chronic lung disease in children and young children and young adults, and may result adults, and may result in early death.in early death.
113113
CYSTIC FIBROSISCYSTIC FIBROSIS Millions of Americans carry the defective CF Millions of Americans carry the defective CF
gene, but do not have any symptoms. That's gene, but do not have any symptoms. That's because a person with CF must inherit two because a person with CF must inherit two defective CF genes -- one from each parent. defective CF genes -- one from each parent. An estimated 1 in 29 Caucasian Americans An estimated 1 in 29 Caucasian Americans have the CF gene. The disease is the most have the CF gene. The disease is the most common, deadly, inherited disorder common, deadly, inherited disorder affecting Caucasians in the United States. affecting Caucasians in the United States. It's more common among those of Northern It's more common among those of Northern or Central European descent.or Central European descent.
114114
CYSTIC FIBROSISCYSTIC FIBROSIS
Most children with CF are diagnosed by Most children with CF are diagnosed by age 2. A small number, however, are not age 2. A small number, however, are not diagnosed until age 18 or older. These diagnosed until age 18 or older. These patients usually have a milder form of patients usually have a milder form of the disease.the disease.
Having CF offers some protection from Having CF offers some protection from typhoid fever and cholera, in the same typhoid fever and cholera, in the same way that sickle cell anemia protects way that sickle cell anemia protects against malaria.against malaria.
115115
Choking Hazards for Choking Hazards for ChildrenChildren
http://www.kidsdr.com/daily-dose/hot-dogs-a-choking-hazard
Tonsillectomy VIDEO
116116
117117