Mr. Ramesh Nayaka, (M.Tech. - IITM)Lecturer, Department of Civil EngineeringNational Institute of Technology Calicut, KeralaIndia - 673601

Module – 1Functional Planning

CE2007 - Functional Design of Buildings

Outline

• Introduction to Function Planning

• Introduction to Anthropometrics and Ergonomics

• Occupancy Classification of Buildings

• Essential of National Building Code

• Essential of Buildings and Development Rule

• Introduction to Green Building

Outline• Introduction to Functional Planning

• Introduction to Anthropometrics and Ergonomics

• Occupancy Classification of Buildings

• Essential of National Building Code

• Essential of Buildings and Development Rule

• Introduction to Green Building

What is a functional planning?? It is a prerequisite of any type of building A planning imparts good environment or living, working and

recreation well build and well planed or efficient and comfortable living,

with an environment required for building up of happy, healthy, beautiful, cheerful and peaceful lives.

http://indiavasthu.blogspot.in/

Cont’d..Factory buildings or business buildings Improve working environment Working conditions This will increase efficiency and out put of work, which in end

is beneficial to national growth and uplift.

http://indiavasthu.blogspot.in/

What is a structure?? Knowledge of the term structure is essential Structure – it is framework on which elements of space

enclosures such as beams, columns, roofs, walls, arches, domes and cantilever floors are supported

Safety and reliability They should be adequate to receive the forces

Cont’dClassification of Structures Minimal Adequate Sculptural Pretentious

Principles of planning of buildings • Aspect • Prospect• Roominess• Grouping• Circulation• Privacy• Elegance• Furniture

requirement• Economy• Flexibility• Practical consideration

N NE

S

W E

NW

SW SE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

Group Occupancy Sub divisions

A Residential A1 Lodging or rooming housesA2 One or two family dwellingsA3 DormitoriesA4 ApartmentsA5 Hotels

B Educational Building used for colleges, schools, day care purpose involving assembly for instructions, education etc

Group Occupancy Sub divisions

C Institutional C1 Hospitals and sanatoriaC2 Homes for aged, orphansC3 Prisons, mental hospitals

D Assembly D1 Theatres with fixed seats for more than 1000 personsD2 Theatres with fixed seats for less than 1000 personsD3 Halls with capacity to hold more than 300 persons but with no permanent seating

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

Group Occupancy Sub divisions

D Assembly D4 Halls for less than 300 persons but with no permanent seatingD5 All other assembly buildings not covered above

E Business E1 Office, banks, professional establishments for doctors, engineers, lawyers E2 Laboratories and research E3 Computer installations

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

Group Occupancy Sub divisionsF Mercantile F1 Shops, stores, markets with area up to

500m2 with storage incidental to sales F2 Underground shopping centres/ departmental stores with area more than 500m2 with storage and services incidental to sales

G Industrial G1 Buildings used for low hazard industriesG2 Buildings used for moderate hazard industriesG3 Buildings used for high hazard industries

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

Group Occupancy Sub divisionsH Storage

buildingsUsed for storage or sheltering of goods, vehicles, animalsWarehouses, grain stores, garages, stables

I Hazardous Used for storage, handling, manufacturing and processing of corrosive, toxic, inflammable, explosive materials

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

CLASSIFICATION AND FIXATION OF AREAS- SIZE OF PLOTS

Residential

Type of development

Minimum Plot size (m2)

Frontage(m)

Detached buildingSemi detached buildingRow type

Above 250

125-250

125

Above 12

8-12

4.5-8

Industrial building-

300m2 with width not less than 15m

Assembly halls/ cinema theatres

Based on seating capacity @ 3m2 per seat

Community halls

Size of plot not less than 1000m2

Petrol filling station

With service bay- 37m 31m

Without service bay - 31m 17m

Ground coverage

Occupancy Max.permissible ground coverage

as % plot area

Max.permissible FAR

Residential 50 1.50Educational 30 1.20Institutional (medical) 25 1.00Assembly 40 0.70Institutional 30 1.50Mercantile (commercial) 60 2.00Industrial 40 1.20

Storage 70 2.00

Hazardous 25 0.70

Location and size of building site

(Manasara and Mayamata) Site divided into four quadrants by

means of W E axis ( Brahmasutra) and S N axis (Yamasutra)

North eastern quadrant ( Manusyakanda)

South eastern quadrant (Devakanda) are suitable for building purposes

If either of these is too large it is subdivided into four quarters

Either of two octants near centre point is selected

N

E

S

W

Location of building plots in large sites

1

23

4

Plot divided into four khandas

1 ISANA

2 AGNI

3 NIRRTI

4 VAYU

Subdivision of khandas

Isana kanda

Nirrti kanda

Types of plan composition

N NE

S

W E

NW

SW SE

PMDBC

Demarcation of regions for residences

P – pisacavithi; M – manusyavithi; D – devavithi; B – bramhavithi; c-bramhanabhi

Site planning considerations

Building plot divided into grid of 8×8, 9×9 or 10×10

squares lying on outermost envelope designated as path of demons ( pisacavidhi)- side clearance

No construction other than gate houses on each side

Enveloping region next to pisacavidhi is manusyavidhiand immediate next is devavidhi

Area suitable for residential construction

Inner region is brahmavidhi – no constructions allowed

Open spaces (within a plot)Residential buildings- height less than 7m

Exterior open spaces

For streets of width less than 7.5m, minimum front open space

5m from the centre line of the street

Minimum rear open space- 1.5m

Side open space – 1.5m

¢7.5m

1.5m

1.5m

Open spaces (within a plot)Residential buildings- up to 10m height

Exterior open spacesMinimum Front open space (m) Width of street fronting the plot (m)

1.53.04.56.0

Up to 7.57.5 – 1818- 30

Above 30

Rear open space- average width of 3m and minimum 1.8m

Side open space – detached building- 3m on both sides

Semi detached – 3m on one side

Row type – no side open space is required

Open spaces (within a plot)Residential buildings- above 10m height

Height of building (m) Side and rear open space left around building (m)

1015182124273035

40

50 and above

356789101112131416

Open spaces (within a plot)

For buildings above 24m – minimum front open space = 6m Tower like structures

Height of building Minimum open space at GLUp to 24mBetween 24m and 37.5mAbove 37.5m

6m9m12m

Type of open space Minimum width (m)Inner courtyardOuter courtyard

32.4m

Interior open space

Open spaces for other occupancies

Type of building Minimum open space

Educational buildings ( except nursery school)Institutional buildingsAssembly buildings

Business, mercantile and storage buildingsIndustrial buildings

Hazardous occupancies

Front 6m; rear 6m; side 6m

Front 6m; rear 6m; side 6mFront 12m, other open spaces 6mFront 4.5m, other open spaces 4.5m 4.5m up to 16m height, 0.25m for every increase of 1m

“

Parking spaces

Occupancy One car parking space for everyResidential 2 tenements having carpet area 101-

200m2

1 tenement having carpet area exceeding 201m2

4 guest rooms for lodging and hotelsEducational 70 m2 carpet area Institutional (medical)

10 beds (private); 15 beds (public)

Assembly halls 25 seats

Parking spaces

Occupancy One car parking space for everyRestaurants, community halls

Up to 20 seats

Private business 100m2 carpet area

Public or semi public office

200m2 carpet area

Mercantile 100m2 carpet areaIndustrial 200m2 carpet areaStorage 500m2 carpet area

Composition of different areas based on requirements

Type of room Minimum size Minimum height(m)

Habitable roomKitchen BathWCBath & WCCorridor

6.5m2 with minimum width of 2.1m

3.3m2 with minimum width of 1.5m1.2m2 with minimum width of 1.0m0.9m2 with minimum width of 0.9m1.8m2 with minimum width of 1mWidth 0.9m

2.60

2.402.202.202.202.1

Low income housing

Composition of different areas based on requirements

Height of plinth – 450mm from GL

Type of room Minimum size Minimum height(m)

Habitable room

9.5m2 where there is only one room with minimum width of 2.4mWhere there are two rooms, one of these shall be 9.5m2 and the other 7.5m2 with a minimum width of 2.1m

2.75

Type of room Minimum size Minimum height(m)

Kitchen

Bath rooms

Water closet

Bath & WC

Store

Private garage

Separate dining- 5m2 with minimum width of 1.8mSeparate store- 4.5m2

No separate dining- 7.5m2 with minimum width of 2.1m

1.5 1.2 or 1.8m2

1.1m2 with minimum width of 0.9m

2.8m2 with minimum width 1.2m

3m2

2.5m × 5m

2.75

2

2

2.2

2.4

2.4

Composition of different areas based on requirements

Composition of different areas based on requirements

Type of building Minimum height (m)

Educational building 3.6

Industrial buildingsStore roomGarageMezzaninesBasementCabins

4.52.22.42.22.42.2

Max. height of building shall not exceed 1.5 times the combined width of the abutting street and the front open spaceHeight of plinth – 450mm from GL

Minimum depth of foundation- 600mm from GL

• Measurement of human dimensions

• Anthropos = human

• Metrikos = measuring

Anthropometry

People Are Different

Age Differences Height Differences

Dimension, In Body dimension Sex 5th 50th 95th 1. Stature (height) Male 63.7 68.3 72.6 Female 58.9 63.2 67.4 2. Eye height Male 59.5 63.9 68.0 Female 54.4 58.6 62.7 3. Shoulder height Male 52.1 56.2 60.0 Female 47.7 51.6 55.9 4. Elbow height Male 39.4 43.3 46.9 Female 36.9 39.8 42.8 5. Knuckle height Male 27.5 29.7 31.7

Female 25.3 27.6 29.9 13. Chest depth Male 8.4 9.5 10.9 Female 8.4 9.5 11.7

Anthropometric Data

Dimension, Inch Body dimension Sex 5th 50th 95th 6. Height, sitting Male 33.1 35.7 38.1 Female 30.9 33.5 35.7 7. Eye height, sitting Male 28.6 30.9 33.2 Female 26.6 28.9 30.9 8. Elbow rest height, Male 7.5 9.6 11.6 sitting Female 7.1 9.2 11.1 9. Thigh clearance Male 4.5 5.7 7. height Female 4.2 5.4 6.9 10. Knee height, sitting Male 19.4 21.4 23.3 Female 17.8 19.6 21.5 11. Buttock-knee Male 21.3 23.4 25.3 distance, sitting Female 20.4 22.4 24.6 12. Popliteal height, Male 15.4 17.4 19.2 sitting Female 14.0 15.7 17.4

Anthropometric Data

• Design for the extremes

• Design for an adjustable range

• Design for the average

Using Anthropometric Data

Design Guidelines

Posture Definitions

Affect of Posture on Grip Strength

Acceptable/Unacceptable Work Positions

Effect of Workstation Design on Posture

Reach/Work Envelopes

Reach/Work Envelopes

Optimal Work Zone

Work Surface Heights

Work Surface Heights

ERGONOMICS

• The science of optimising the interactions between the person the job and the environment.

• Optimising , make the best or most effective use (l.Optimise best)

• Job , e.G.. Assembling mobile phones (can we optimise?)• Person e.G.. Employee (can we optimise?)• The environment (can we optimise?) Yes !

• Ergonomics aims to create a safe comfortable workplace

• Increase in productivity• Increase in quality• Increase in employee morale• Decrease in absenteeism• Decrease in (rsi) repetitive stress injuries • Tasks that cause rsi’s often have:• Decreased production rates and poor quality• High absenteeism and a high turn over of staff• High material waste• Frequent rest breaks and low morale

Benefits of Ergonomics

• POOR ERGONOMIC COSTS YOU !• A study by the american academy of orthopaedic

surgeons shows a cost of $27 million per year a cost which rose some 500% in the eight years leading up to the study

• Rsi’s are the leading occupational hazard• 1974 health and safety act requires all employers to take

all practical steps to prevent injury ( stress & physical)

• SO WHAT ARE RSI (REPETITIVE STRESS INJURIES )?

• RSI (REPETITIVE STRESS INJURIES ) ARE:• Tendinitis: the swelling of the tendons which attach the

muscle to the bone • Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS):the trapping of the nerve

as it passes through the base of the wrist.• Ganglionic cysts:small nodules which develop on the

fingers or wrist.• Trigger finger: a nodule forms on the finger tendon or a

grove develops in the tendon.• Dequervains disease: the tendons in the base of the

thumb and the side of the wrist become irritated • But the way that we normally see them is neck or

back pain

• MUSCLE STRAINS AND SPRAINS• Muscles exert forces to create movement and to hold the body in

various postures. Muscles which are stresses can lead to muscle strains and sprains which lead to chronic pain and tissue degeneration. The most common is lower back pain.

• CAUSES OF MUSCLES STRAINS AND SPRAINS• Highly repetitive exertions• Exertions in awkward postures• Exertions with external loads

• SO WHAT CAN BE DONE TO HELP PREVENT RSI’S ?

• HOW TO REDUCE RSI’S• 1 Use Anthropometric Data• 2 Reduce The Number Of Repetitions• 3 Reduce The Force Required• 4 Eliminate Awkward Postures

• 1 USE ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA• Anthropometric data is the data collected from a cross section of the

population to look at the standard distribution of shape and size.

0% 100%

TYPICAL ADJUSTABLY RANGE

5% 95%50%

90% OF THE POPULATION

PERCENTILE

• Decrease production rates• Limit overtime • Change method • Provide mechanical assists• Automate whenever possible • Change product design• Rotate employees• Perform relief exercises and take many breaks• Increase the number of employees to each task• Expand the number of tasks

2. REDUCE THE NUMBER OF REPETITIONS

• Use power tool and assists wherever possible• Use all of the hand to grip instead of just the fingers• Spread the force over as wide an area as possible • Provide adequate gripping surfaces• Use jigs and production aids (ergonomics)

3 Reduce The Force Required

• The head and neck• The torso and back• The elbow and shoulder• The hand and wrist

4 ELIMINATE AWKWARD POSTURES

• THE HEAD AND NECK

NEUTRAL FLEXION EXTENSION HEAD TO

SIDE

• THE TORSO AND BACK

NEUTRAL

LUMBAR

FLEXED TORSOAND BACK

EXTENDED TORSOAND BACK

OTHER POSTURES INCLUDE:LATERAL AND TWISTING

• THE ELBOW AND SHOULDER

NEUTRAL ELBOW FLEXION ELBOW EXTENSION90-110’ <90’ >110’

• THE HAND AND WRIST

NEUTRAL EXTENSION FLEXION

RADIALDEVIATION

ULNARDEVIATION

• AN ERGONOMIC WORKSTATION INCORRECTLY SET-UP

<90’

<90’

• AN ERGONOMIC WORKSTATION CORRECTLY SET-UP

90-110’

90-110’

90-110’

Work surface height The work position should be fully adjustable so that each

employee can adjust the work area to fit their anthropometric requirements.

Different tasks need different work heights For precision work the work piece should be at elbow height or 2”

above For light assembly work the work piece should be 2-4” below the

elbow height For heavy work the work piece should be 4-8” below the elbow Also the need of a chair should be taken into consideration

• The need of a chair• If the task at hand requires no large

forces then a chair should be used• Foot rests are required to give the joints

in the leg the correct posture

• The correct use of the chair• Chairs should be adjusted at the

beginning of each shift• Allow 7-10” clearance between seat pan

and the bottom of the bench• Feet should not rest on the bench frame

cross member this give no support to stop the foot extending.

LUMBAR SUPPORT

BASEFEET OR CASTORS

GAS LIFT

SEAT PAN

• A GOOD WORK AREA ORGANIZATION• Minimize reaching upwards, to the side and behind• All tools and parts to be placed between shoulder and elbow height

and with the flexability to be moved into anybody’s reach• Organize area to eliminate twisting• A good placement of tools and parts is shown below

C

BA

A - DIRECT WORK AREA 6”-14”B - OFTEN ACCESSED ITEMS 14”-16”C - REARELY ACCESSED ITEMS 16”-22”

• NOISE• Noise is distracting • Interfere with communication• Affects the ability to concentrate• Excessive noise can result in hearing loss• Hearing can be affected by a noise level of 85 dba over an 8 hour

exposure, this usually affects the ability to hear high frequency sounds

• Noise Exposure Can Be Reduced By• Substitute with a quieter process or equipment• Separate employees from noisy equipment• Change the direction of the noise• Absorb the noise with sound dampeners

• LIGHTING• Different tasks require different lighting levels (Lux) depending on the

degree of vision required • Visual tasks that require inspection of a very small size min 1000 Lux• Visual tasks that require small size assembly 500-1000lux• Visual tasks that require rough bench work/ assembly 200 – 500 Lux

GLARE• Position lights out of ‘line of sight’ for the operator• Use indirect lighting • Use light shields or hoods• Avoid shiny surfaces• Glare can also be reduced by moving the work piece.

Essential of National Building Code Development and control rules Fire and life safety (Part 4) Building materials Structural Design Construction practice and safety Building Services Plumbing services Landscaping sign and outdoor display structures (Part 10)

Introduction to Green Building• “Green building” is a way of enhancing the environment. It

benefits humans, the community, the environment, and abuilder’s bottom line.

It is about tailoring a building and its site to the to local climate, site conditions, culture and community, in order to reduce resource consumption while enhancing quality of life.

Vents/Windows/

doors

Thank you