Functional Fuel for Advanced Vehicle Technology

SIMEA Conference Sao Paulo, BrazilSeptember, 2016

OECDDeveloping Markets

EvolvingRegulatory & Emissions Standards

Advances in Hardware Technology

Fuels Quality Dynamics

Retail Landscape Evolution

KEY GLOBAL TRENDS

Fuel Market Trends and Insights

Sustained Shift in Miles Driven

in Mature Markets

BioFuel Variability = Performance Challenges

Expanding Product

Performance range /

Increased Differentiation demand from

Branded Marketers

Acceleration of DIG Market Penetration

Fuel Quality Marketing Claims

Local Solutions

required in Developing

Markets

Expanded adoption of CO2 / FEstandards

Addition of Gasoline PM requirements

Next Gen System

Developments Underway

Increased Octane

Demand = PUL Demand

Geographic Shift Regulatory Hardware Technology

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Worldwide Passenger Car CO2 Emissions Expectations

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Relentless Drive Towards Lower CO2 EmissionsDriving New Powertrain Designs

Conventional Designs

New Designs

Naturally Aspirated

Turbocharged

Port Fuel Injection Direct Injection

Large Bulky V6, V8 Downsized,3 or 4 Cylinders

More stringent requirementsare driving new designs

Source: The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT)

5 and 6 speed auto transmissions

8-10 speed AT and CVT

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Big Picture on Light-Duty Gasoline Engine: PFI vs. DIG

Fuel/Air mixing Fuel evaporation Mixture

homogeneity

PFIBefore entering the cylinder

Before enteringthe cylinder Good

DIG Inside cylinder

During intake and compression Not good

Dramatic market shift from PFI technology to DIG for fuel economy improvement

PM/PN emission is a big concern

PFI

DIG

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Technology Drivers in Fuels Markets

Stringent CO2/ FE Standards

Gasoline PM/PN

Requirements

Evolving Regulatory & Emissions Standards

Turbo, DIG, Downsizing

New Exhaust Aftertreatment

GPF’s

Advances in Hardware Technology

Fuel Economy

Particle Emissions & GPFs

LSPI

Turbo DIG

Opportunities and Challenges

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New Engine Designs Present New Challenges

New downsized engine designs deliver superior performance

Direct injection exposes injectors to more severe operating conditions

Hetergeneous/stratified air-fuel mixtures produce higher particulate emissions

New engine designs are prone to LSPIat low-speed,high-load conditions

New challenges also present new opportunities for fuel additives

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Gasoline Direct Injection – New Opportunities

LTFT

9876543210

0 2000

4000Miles

6000DU

8000CU

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1 0 2000 4000 6000Miles

8000

DU

CU

Plugged Holes Clean Holes

Additive

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chemistry

Gasoline injector deposits and flow loss (DIG)

Flow loss without additive

Flow restoration by additive

Dirty Clean

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High Octane Gasoline Enables IncreasedCompression Ratio For Improved Fuel Efficiency

Higher octane fuel enables engine to operate at optimal conditionsfor improved efficiency

0

5

10

15

20

6 1611Compression Ratio

Thermal and Mechanical Loss

Theoretical Thermal Efficiency

Fuel Economy

Source: JCAP

Higher compression ratio improves fuel efficiency and fuel economy High compression can lead to detonation Detonation can result in catastrophic engine changeDetonation can be controlled Change engine settings, non- optimal operation Improve the fuel’s resistance to

detonation – increase octane

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Real World Cycle Testing Will Change Landscapefor Fuel Economy and Emission Claims

Real world driving will have significant impact on vehicle,fuel, lubricant, emission and fuel economy claims.Particulate numbers increase as injector deposits form

https://www.transportenvironment.org/press/psa-et-te-rendent-publiques-les-consommations-de-carburant-en-conditions-r%C3%A9elles-dutilisation

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Combustion: Much More Than Octane

Chemistry foundation & Product differentiation are key elements of development

SOOT & PARTICULATES

CAVITATION

COMBUSTION CHAMBER DEPOSITS

SPRAY & ATOMIZATION

FLAME SPEED MODIFIERS

CYCLE-TO-CYCLE VARIABILITY

DIFFUSION FLAMES & ULTRAFINES

LOW SPEED PRE-IGNITION

INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION

AUTO-IGNITION

INJECTOR DEPOSITS

NOX, UHC, SECONDARY AEROSOLS

Fuel Economy Power Emissions NVH Drivability

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Multi-faceted Problem, Here to Stay

DIGTurbo

Charged

Engine Durability

Reduced Fuel

Economy

Higher Emissions

Real World Performance

Engine Cleanliness

and Efficiency

Drivability

To achieve further CO2 reductions, OEMs will retain boosting/turbocharging in future engine designs.

Effects on Engine Performance

A multi-faceted hurdle to engine performance. Expected to worsen with even higher output engines

No drivers to revert back from turbocharging to naturally aspirated engines.

Functional Fuel essential with this approach.

OEMs continue development of further downsized, higher output engines.

Performance parameters may further increase in severity and frequency in further downsized engines.

®

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d in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation

Fuel Additives Are Enabling An Evolution in Fuel

and Vehicle TechnologyEmission control and energy conservation policies are drivers for change Particle emissions remains a challengeVehicle technology and test cycles have significant impact on particulateemissionClean Fuel solutions are complicated and are exemplified by biofuelsFuel additives enable the safe and efficient production, transport and utilizationof fuelFuel additives maintain optimal vehicle performanceFuel additives offer potential for fuel efficiency and emissions improvementFuel additives provide means to effectively and efficiently modify fuel properties Maintain optimal engine performance and reduce emissions Higher additive treat rates may be necessary for optimal vehicle performance

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Thank You!

Developing Markets

Evolving Regulatory & Emissions Standards

Advanced Hardware & Technology

Fuel QualityDynamics

Competitive Landscape

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