from wastewater treatment to resource recovery … wastewater treatment to resource recovery...

30-Jun-16 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | first name surname |

From wastewater treatment

to resource recovery management

– potential and opportunities

7th Water Research Horizon Conference – 28/29 June 2016 – Dessau

Christian Schaum

Robert Lutze

Peter Cornel

29 June 2016 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Christian Schaum | 1

Outline

Wastewater…

…pollutant or resource?

Major challenges for the future

- availability of resources?

(Water)

Energy

Fertilizer (phosphorus)


to a market player of the circular economy

Conclusion and outlook


Wastewater:

Pollutant…

carbon

oxygen consuming/ eutrophying

nitrogen/phosphorus


(heavy) metals

harmful/ toxic

(persistent) organic pollutants/

germs

carcinogenic/ hormonal/ pathogenic [Foto: Wikipedia]

construction and operation of sewer systems

and waste water treatment plants

health and water protection


1800 1850 1900 1950 2050

health protection health- and water

protection

2000

water closet

England

mechanical

waste water treatment

construction

sewage system

England

development

activated sludge process

C-elimination

Germany

N-/P-elimination

Germany

Waste water treatment:

health and water protection

[Foto: SEF] [Foto: SEF] [Foto: SEF]


Wastewater:

Pollutant… or resource

carbon


nitrogen/phosphorus


(heavy) metals

harmful/ toxic

(persistent) organic pollutants/

germs

carcinogenic/ hormonal/ pathogenic

energy

fertilizer

water reuse

micro-nutrient

heat

water


1800 1850 1900 1950 2050

health protection health- and water

protection

resource protection

2000

water closet

England

mechanical

waste water treatment

construction

sewage system

England

energy analysis

Germany, Switzerland

agricultural irrigation

e.g. Mexico

water reuse for drinking

water in Namibia

agricultural sludge recycling

energy

water reuse

development

activated sludge process

C-elimination

Germany

desinfection

elimination

micropollutants

N-/P-elimination

Germany

nutrient recovery

nanoparticles,

micoplastics

antibiotic resistance

germs

LCA

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[Data: UN/DESA, 2010] [IWMI, 2013]

Increase of dry periods?

Today worldwide:

1.1 billion humans

without drinking water

[Burdett & Rode, 2007, cf. Cornel & Bieker, 2013]

Increase of mega cities with

> 10 million citizens

Climate Change Population Growth

Urbanisation


7

Major challenges – availability of resources?

water

energy

fertilizer phosphorus

[UN, 2016]


Interactions between energy and water

water

supply

cooling

water distribution

pumping

fuel

production

(mining etc.)

waste water

treatment

water & energy

in households

hydropower

[US

De

pa

rtm

en

t o

f E

ne

rgy,

20

06

, m

od

ifie

d]


Energy consumption and its relevance

Household

Thermal energy (mainly hot water generation)

about 12 % of the total energy consumption

City/Municipality

Water supply and wwtp are with about 10 % one of the major electricity

consumer of a city/municipality;

comparable with the consumption for street lighting.

Country

Electricity consumption for sanitary environmental engineering:

about 5.7 TWh/a (81 Mio. C with about 70 kWh/(C·a))

Total electricity consumption in Germany about 516 TWh/a [AGEB, 2011]

Relevance: merely 1 % of the total electricity consumption

[Schaum et al., 2014]


Energy efficiency

Energy optimization today

Energy neutrality: energy selling = energy purchase;

based on yearly means

The wwtp as energy system provider

Purchase depending of the market price;

intraday, day-ahead market

Balancing energy for stabilizing grid frequency;

(purchase and delivery)

Is it efficient to consume the own electricity

at any time?

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-400

0

400

800

1,200

Pri

ze

[€

/MW

h]

Ele

ctr

ica

l E

nerg

y

Pu

rch

ase

[k

W]

Time of day [hh:mm]

Purchase at WWTP Prize at Stockmarket EEXRequirement:

Increasing the flexibility of the wwtp/sludge treatment.


Energy storages of WWTPs for usage as

flexible energy provider

wastewater

treatment

energy

consumption

energy

generation

gas grid

gas storage substrate

storage

(batteries)

energy storage primary

sludge

secondary

sludge co-substrate

digester

gas

lithium

ion

battery

el. energy

density [kWhel/m³] 53 26 108 1.9 300

sludge

treatment


13


water

energy


[UN, 2016]


Why phosphorus recovery?

Phosphorus

Essential element for human life

Key element for biochemical processes

More than 90 % of gained phosphorus is used in agriculture

There is no substitute for phosphorus

“We may be able to substitute nuclear power for coal, and plastics for wood,

and yeast for meat, and friendliness for isolation—but for phosphorus there is

neither substitute nor replacement” Isaac Asimov

Phosphorus resources are limited

Depending on the quality of phosphate rock and on human consumption,

phosphorus deposits could be depleted within 200 - 300 years.

Wastewater as alternative source for phosphorus

Germany: about 40 % of mineral phosphate can be substituted

by wastewater/sewage sludge


co-incineration mono-incineration*

90 % P

10 % P 100 % P

agriculture P

-recovery

P-r

ecovery

metallurgy

P-r

ecovery

se

wag

e s

lud

ge

dewatering

pro

ce

ss

wate

r

WWTP

dig

este

d s

lud

ge

effluent influent

digester

precipitation

crystallization

wet-chemical

process

adsorption/

precipitation

P-r

ecovery

P

-recovery

mono-landfill

landfill agriculture

P-r

ecovery

partial

solubilization

of ash P-r

ecovery

wet-chemical/

thermo-chemical

treatment

P-r

ecovery

ash

*resp. gasification, pyrolysis, etc.

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How to

recover

phosphorus?

? ?


waste

and process water

sewage sludge ash

Crystallization and precipitation

Phostrip

DHV Crystalactor

Ostara Pearl

Unitika Phosnix

Nishihara

NuReBas

NuReSys

Kurita fixed bed reactor

Ebara

MAP crystallization Treviso

CSIR fluidized-bed reactor

PHOSPAQ

REPHOS

P-RoC

Sydney Waterboard Reactor

Ion exchange

REM NUT

PHOSIEDI

Combined and special process

RECYPHOS

Magnetic separator

Crystallization

AirPrex-MAP-Process

PECO-Process (microbial oxidation)

PRISA-Process

Adsorption

FIX Phos

Acid solubilization

Stuttgart Process

Seaborne-Process

Gifford-Process

Hydrothermal solubilization/oxidation

Cambi-Process

Kemira KREPRO

Aqua-Reci

Phoxan Loprox

Thermochemical solubilization

Mephrec

ATZ-Eisenbadreaktor

RecoPhos

Wet chemical solubilization

RÜPA-/PASCH-Process

(extended) SEPHOS-Process

SESAL-PHOS

BioCon

LEACHPHOS

Eberhard Process

EcoPhos

RecoPhos

Thermochemical solubilization

AshDec/Susan

Mephrec

ATZ-Eisenbadreaktor

RecoPhos (thermochemical fractionated

extraction)

Electrokinesis

EPHOS

Bioleaching

Inocre P-bac

Process development

Laboratory – pilot-plant scale – industrial scale

> 19

processes > 14

processes

> 14

processes

More than 47 technology approaches in total!

[Rem

y, 2

013, F

raunhofe

r U

msic

ht,

2012]

… but more or less not industrial scale

implementation!

What is the barrier for implementation?


What resources might come next?

Nitrogen (from reject water)

Inorganic substances

Fe/Al-salts (combined with P-recovery?)

Trace metals? Rare earth metals? Gold?

…

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) for bioplastics (using sewage sludge)

…

Proteins, and …. from industrial wastewater

…


18


water

energy


[UN, 2016]


Challenges for resource recovery

Why should energy providers cooperate with wwtps?

Why should fertilizer producers replace P-rock by recovered P?

Operators of wwtp need to become a producer

and reliable partner for customers

Constant guaranteed quality

Deliverable quantities

Attractive supply chains, logistics,…

Reasonable costs

References

From Push

to Pull

It`s not just a technical question!

Necessity of interdisciplinary cooperation!


legal

regulations

politics

operation

environment

…

water

sludge

fertilizer

energy

…

revision of legal regulations

fees for wastewater/

sludge disposal

…

costs (capital/operation)

operation safety/reliability

work safety

…

water and health protection

greenhouse gases

harmful substances

resource efficiency

(e.g. phosphorus)

odors

noise

…

considerations

for decision-

making


Outline

Wastewater

Pollutant or resource?


- availability of resources?

(Water)

Energy

Fertilizer (phosphorus)

From wastewater treatment to a system provider




The aim of waste water treatment is,

to treat used water for meeting all requirements concerning effluent

quality for discharge and/or for reuse (fit for purpose).

Energy, phosphorus and other valuable materials

should be recovered from wastewater

Prospect of WWTP as “energy system provider”?

Development and implementation of new combined and integrated energetically

efficient supply, disposal and treatment concepts – “increasing flexibility”

Prospect of WWTP as “manufacturer (of fertilizer)”?

operation has to focus on quality, reliability, customer oriented, …

When we talk about resource recovery operation,

the focus have to be on the products From push to pull.


The WWTP in 2030

- Result of a survey

… for the purification and recovery of water/nutrients/energy

… for the treatment of wastewater – health and water protection

… “source” of eutrophication as well as micropollutants of waters


Health, water and resource protection

Today, almost exclusive task of wastewater treatment plants

is the treatment of wastewater for environmental protection.

In future, wastewater treatment plants might become

resource refineries by supplying demand-oriented products,

e.g. water, nutrients and energy.

30-Jun-16 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | first name surname |


to resource recovery management

– potential and opportunities

7th Water Research Horizon Conference – 28/29 June 2016 – Dessau

Dr.-Ing. habil. Christian Schaum

Dipl.-Ing. Robert Lutze

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Cornel

from wastewater treatment to resource recovery … wastewater treatment to resource recovery...

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