From Pollution to Solution

THE HEAT IS ON!!!• Climate change• Poverty• Food• Clean water, air, soil• Ocean acidification

•Minimum level 1979

•Minimum level 2003

The Arctic in the Greenhouse

Sources:Simulations from GFDL R30 coupled-climate model at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Quotes from indigenous people (cited in graphic) and Nellemann, 2003 GRID-Arendal Polar Environment Times.

80 % of global energy production is based on fossil fuelGlobal energy demand is increasingSecuring standard of living will require increasing energy demandCO2 emissions must be reduced by 50-80 % by 2050

Energy Demand

Large volume of energy is required to produce:Si for solar cellsAl and cast iron for windmillsFertilizers for biomass hydrogen

DecarbonisedFossil energy

Renewable energy

Time

Energy

year 0

Sustainable Energy Path

How to combat climate change• Energi

effektivisering• Fornybar sol vind,

bølge og strøm• Biomasse• Atom• CO2 håndtering

av fossilt materiale

Visjonen

CO2 Capture and Storage

North Sea:

500 bill. tonCO2 storage capacity

Huge potential for EnhancedOil RecoveryReservoir

OilGas

Acquifer

Seabed

CO2

CO2

Bellona at NHO’s annual conference January 1999: “Build 20 gas power plants with CO2 capture

and start producing solar cells”

CO2 VERDIKJEDE FOR NORSK SOKKEL

Norwegian CO2 challenges & opportunities

HaltenMongstad

Kårstø

3 large CO2 capture projects in development.

Vision statement:To enable European fossil fuel power plants to have

Zero Emission of CO2 by 2020 !and

Capture 30 Giga tons CO2 before 2050

European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants (ZEP)

Potensial for CO2 fangst ved full implementering av CCS

** CO2 utslipp ihht IEA Alternativt Scenario

Potensial for akkumulert CO2 fangst i EU innen 2050 *:

30 milliarder tonnReduksjon i CO2utslipp:

56 %

**

* 15 milliarder tonn fra kraftproduksjon og 15 milliarder tonn fra industri, transport og andre kilder

* CO2 utslipp ihht IEA Alternativt Scenario

Globalt potensial for akkumulert CO2fangst innen 2050:

240 mrd tonn

Global reduksjon i CO2 utslipp:

37 %

*

Potensial for CO2 fangst ved full implementering av CCS

Europe with CCS Infrastructure

CO2 source

CO2 storage location

Pipeline CO2 transport

Ship CO2 transport

Vattenfall

Sargas

Elsam BP

Just Catch

CO2 capture plant

North Dakota

CO2 håndtering - Fra visjon til virkelighet

Technologies where CCS is relevantCO2 capture from power production, natural gas, coal, petrochemical plants, cement production, iron production

Production of H2 for power production and transport

Deep coal reservoirs that are unmineable today

Low pressure gas

Source with to high CO2 content for fiscal sale

Biomass

Why coal combined with CCS:High CO2 content in flue gas from coal power plantsCoal gasification for H2productionCO2 injection in deep mines to produce methaneCo-firing with 20 - 90 % biomass

Fig: Bio/Coal power plant

Coal and CO2 capture

CO2 capture and H2 productionH2 can be produced from steam reforming of low pressure gas:

Stranded gasGasification of coalInjection of CO2 to produce low pressure gasfrom deep coal minesBiogas

CO2 from H2 production can be captured and stored

Bio energy and CO2 captureBio energy is CO2 neutralCoal power plants can be fired with a mix of coal and biomassPower plants fired biomassBiomass can be used for production of methane or hydrogenCO2 capture and storage from biomass will give net reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere

Coal Fires and CO2Emissions

100-200 million ton coal lost annually due to coal fires in China

2-3 % of global CO2 emissions

Source: ITC

Source: ITC

High temperature fuel cells based on hydrogen or methane is the most effective power production

Will also be used in maritime sector

Low temperature fuel cells for onshore transport. More than twice the efficiency of traditional engines

Fuel cells based on biomass, stranded gas and gas from coal

Technologies where CCS is relevant

Fellowship – 50% cut of CO2 and 95% cut of Nox

•Energy efficiency•Fuel quality and engine technologies•CO2 and expected legal frameworks for maritime transport•NOx and technologies for emission reductions•SOx and low sulphur fuels vs exhaust treatment•Recirculation and ship scrapping•LCA for maritime transport•Emissions of particles•Ballast water• Anti fouling•Specifications and standards for suppliers•National, EU and global environmental policies•Activities in ports (waste management, electricity)•Environmental reporting

Challenges in the maritime sector

Kilde: CO2CRC and IPCC

CCS infrastruktur - fangst, transport og lagring av CO2

solcelle

Bio/

Planned gas power plants

6 initiale EOR fields (Gassco’ value chains)

CO2 removed from the natural gas

Draugen

Brage

Gullfaks

Oseberg Ø

Volve

Gyda

16 potential EOR fields for second phase

Should we take the cost of the greenhouse effector

change the framework to make carbon reduction projects happen?

Climate change is a result of burning to much coal, oil and gas....

We need to give CO2 a decent burial