from parchment to cyberspace: how manuscripts help us to think about medieval culture, politics,...
TRANSCRIPT
From Parchment to Cyberspace:How Manuscripts help us think…
(about History, Literature, Books, People, Animals)
Pomona CollegeMarch 28, 2013
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London, BL, Harley 4431, f. 3r
Paris, 1410 or 1412
Christine de Pizan presents
her treatises to Queen Isabeau
This is a medieval manuscript
folio (page).
It‟s much more complicated
than it seems.
What is it? & Why?
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Complex handwritten artifacts
1. What are Medieval Manuscripts ?
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Christine de Pisan
MS BL 4431, f. 4
Paris, 1410
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Manuscript as “generative" or productive space
Illumination/image:
Poet/Christine de Pisan
rubric
decorated initial
Decorated initial
Marginal decoration:
Vineleaf/fleur-de-lysText Column delineators
Text in elegant scribal
hand
Collaborators: scribe, illuminator, decorator
Christine de Pisan
MS BL 4431, f. 4
Paris, 1410
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BnF fr. 565, f. 1,
Nicole Oresme, Traité de
la sphère (translation of
Aristotle‟s De caelo et mundo)
Paris, 1410.
Nicole Oresme (1320-1382)
Translated Aristotlean philosophy
for King Charles V
Manuscript as cognitive space reading &
thinkingTreatise
on the Sphere
= universe
“visual sign” of
Subject of work
(like shop signs
In Paris)
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Manuscripts as visual choreography: reading-as-viewing
Isabeau of BaveriaQueen of France Christine de Pizan
Presents her oeuvre
To Queen Isabeau,
c. 1410
Christine de Pisan
MS BL 4431, f. 3
Paris, 1410
Image-as-text
Text-as-image
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Manuscripts as historical event, political instrument
R o m a n d e l a R o s e
M S M o r g a n 9 4 8 , f . 4
Gérard Acarie p r e s e n t s « h i s » b o o k
t o
F r a n c o i s 1 er
« i l l u m i n a t i o n »
o r m i n i a t u r e
S h o w i n g b o o k a s s y m b o l
o f p r i n c e l y p o w e r
1 5 2 0
Background & foreground = “iconic text”
portraying symbols of kingdom & images of royal
power conveyed by book-as-icon-of-king’s-realm
& thus of his power
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2. Manuscripts =
books with a difference
What difference?
“manuscript” human activities
writing, painting, editing viewing, reading, thinking
manuscript page = a space of social media
a. Religious texts
b. Secular moral works
10Making Parchment
Codex links humans &
Nature
Parchment = animal
Inks = vegetable/mineral
Pigments = minerals/ plants
etc.
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Treating animal skin
to make parchment
Manuscripts = social &
economic network:
Butchers
Tanners
Parchment makers
Writers
Scribes
Artists
Ink & paint makers
Booksellers
Patrons
Readers
Bible(England, 1265)
H i s t o r i a t e d I n i t i a l « h » o f
E x o d u s 1 . 1
M o r g a n , M S G . 4 2 f o l . 2 1 r
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What kinds of books?
a. Sacred
Morgan MS G. 42, f. 21r. Exodus1:1 haecsuntnomina .XII. filiorumIsrahelqui ingressi sunt in Egyptumcum Iacobsingulicum dominibussuis
introierunt. Historiated initial «h»: Moses with nimbus & horns, removing sandals. Christ Logos, cross-
nimbed, rising from burning bush holding tables of the Law
(historiated initial conflates Ex. 3:2-16; Exodus 24:15-17; & Exodus 31:17-18)
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D a n t e W r i t i n g I n f e r n o
M S M o r g a n 2 8 9 f o l . 1 r ( F l o r e n c e , 1 3 3 0 - 1 3 3 7 )
What kinds of books?
b. Secular moral literarure
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MS Morgan 289
fo l . 1r ( F l o r e n c e , 1 3 3 0 - 1 3 3 7 )
Dante Writ ing
Commedia (de ta i l )
3. Medieval Scribes
vs.
Modern Digital Scribes
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Gospel of Henry I I I( O t t o n i e n , c . 1 0 3 9 - 4 0 )
Ecthernach AbbeyB r e m e n , S t a a t s b i b l i o t h e k ,
M S b 2 1 , f . 1 2 4 v
M o n a s t i c L i b r a r y
( n o t e L a y S c r i b e )
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Scr iptor iumScr ibes and Master o f Workshop
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Jean Mié lo t ( d . 1 4 7 2 ) i n h is Scr ip to r iumr e p l e t e w i t h c o d i c e s & ( a n a c h r o n i s t i c a l l y ) s c r o l l s
Paris, BnF MS fr. 9198, f. 19
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British Library, MS Harley 4431, f. 4
The Queen’s Manuscript
Christine de Pisan, Scribe
Paris, 1405-1404
Christine de Pizan =
Professional court poet
& first professional woman
writer
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Digi ta l Archi tect (Tim DiLauro) & Team fo r Rose D ig i ta l L ib ra ry
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Sayeed Choudhury,Di rec to r D ig i ta l Cura t ion Cente r,
& « Rose Programmers »
4. Thinking with Manuscripts:a digital research project
King Charles V‟s Library, Authority,
& Christine de Pizan
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Bibliothèque nationale de France
27Bibliothèque nationale de France
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Musée Condé Chantilly MS 65, f. 10v
Palais du Louvre
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry
Paris, c. 1412-1416
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Aristotle‟s Phyics, translated by
Nicole Oresme for Charles V
as Le Traité de la ssphère
BnF fr. 1082, f. 3r.
Paris, 1370-80
Christine > „Le sage roy Charles‟
Charles V institutes a “politics
of knowledge” via moral & natural
philosophy from the ancient
world for his court
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Raoul de Presle‟s translation of
Saint Augustine‟s De civitate Dei,
Paris, 1375-1377
BnF MS. fr. 22912, f. 3r
Saint Augustine presents
Raoul de Presle (kneeling)
to King Charles V to whom
Raoul offers his book
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Le livre des faits et Bonnes meurs du sage
Roy
Charles V fait et compilé par Christine de
Pisan;
damoiselle, elle etait fille de Thomas de
Pisan,
Dit de Bologne medecin du Roy Charles V.
Le der novembre 1404
Le livre des faits et Bonnes meurs du sage
Roy
Charles V fait et compilé par Christine de
Pisan;
damoiselle, elle etait fille de Thomas de
Pisan,
Dit de Bologne medecin du Roy Charles V.
Le der novembre 1404
BnF fr. 10153, Paris 1404
Christine de Pizan
Le livre des fais et bonnes moeurs du
Sage Roy
Charles V
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BnF fr. 10153, f. 2r
Christine de Pizan Paris 1404
livre des fais …du Sage Roy Charles V
Cy commence la premiere
partie du livre des fais et
bonnes
meurs du sage roy Charles –
Et premierement prologue .I.
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BnF fr. 10153, f. 74v
Christine de Pizan Paris 1404
Le livre des fais …du Sage Roy Charles V
Cy dit comment le roy
Charles approuva la pac-
ience qu’il vid avoir à
un de ses gens. .xxj.
Charles V glosses
the stoic virtues
of his librarian,
Gilles Malet
Christine’s narrative logic.:
1. Story of wise king Charles
2. Charles = wise because
of books/translations of
Aristotle, Romans, etc.
3. Wise king <> library of
“wise books”
4. Wise king <> wise
librarian & therefore
5. Story of the librarian
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[In the 1360s], King Charles was particularly attached to one of his
gentlemen for his moral virtue. In particular, this man read and wrote
superbly, and possessed uncommon understanding.
One day, tragedy struck this man – Gilles Malet by name –when one of
his small sons was killed by falling on a knife he was holding while
running. This blow caused great grief to the father, Gilles Malet. And
yet, on that very same day he came to the King at the usual hour and
read aloud to him for a long while with his accustomed demeanor.
When the wise king – who appreciated virtue in all matters – learned of
the death of Gilles‟s son (after he‟d departed), he said:
“If this man did not have stronger moral qualities than Nature grants to
most men, paternal grief would not have suffered him to conceal his
misfortune with such self-control.”
Christine de Pizan, The Book of Deeds and Moral Virtue of Wise King
Charles V, III, c. 21
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Aristotle interested in showing how individuals
could enact their capacity for arete (ἀρετή) or
virtue.
Since arete (ἀρετή) connotes “striving to achieve
one’s potential,” it conveys perfectly the intention
of the politics of knowledge espoused by
Charles V as portrayed by Christine.
Aristotle –in translation ordered by Charles V – defines the fortitude the king
perceives in Gilles Malet as that which a librarian, like a king, must possess
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BnF fr. 10153, f. 75a (detail)
Christine de Pizan Paris 1404
Le livre des fais …du Sage Roy Charles V
Valerius Maximus’s account
of the death of the sons of
Anaxagoras (end)
Christine adds
an anecdote
of Saint Augustine’s
about Anaxagoras
Saint Augustin dit que cellui
Naxagoras fu condemnez a
Athenes por ce que il disoit
que le soleil n’estoit autre
chose que ainsi que une pierre
ardent et ceulz d’Athenes
aouroient le soleil comme dieu
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BnF fr. 10153, f. 74v
Christine de Pizan Paris 1404
Le livre des fais …du Sage Roy Charles V
Cy dit comment le roy
Charles approuva la pac-
ience qu’il vid avoir à
un de ses gens. .xxj.
Christine adds
anecdotes about
Anaxagoras
from
Valerius Maximus
&
Saint Augustine
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BnF fr. 10153, f. 74v
Christine de Pizan Paris 1404
Le livre des fais …du Sage Roy Charles V
Cy dit comment le roy
Charles approuva la pac-
ience qu’il vid avoir à
un de ses gens. .xxj.
Christine adds
anecdotes about
Anaxagoras
from
Valerius Maximus
&
Saint Augustine
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Valerius Maximus
BnF fr. 9749, f. 1r (detail)
Paris, 1375
Valerius Maximus
Writes Latin work
c. 14-37 C.E.
Simon de Hesdin
Makes French translation
1375 C.E.
French transation of Valerius in Charles V‟s Library used by Christine
Simon de Hesdin presents
Valerius Tranlation
to Charles V
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Raoul de Presle’s trans. of St. Augustine’s De civitate Dei for Charles V
Paris, 1375-1377
BnF MS. fr. 22912, ff. 2v-3r / Christine uses this copy from Charles’s Library
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Saint Augustine presents
Raoul de Presle (kneeling)
to King Charles V to whom
Raoul offers his book
which Christine uses in her book
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The Future of Medieval Manuscripts
is Digital Media
( & vice versa )
Thank You !
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a. Complex handwritten artifacts • Parchment (animal skin)
b. Intricately organized “generative” space = • folio conceived as matrix
c. Visually “choreographed” • Image space
• Rubric space
• Decorative space
• Text space
d. Collaborative effort ≅ “social media”
• Master scribe
• Scribes
• Rubricators
• Artist
1. What are Medieval Manuscripts ?
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Rubric
Decorated Initials
(note alternating colors)
“Visuality” of MS folio reading-as-viewing
Dartmouth College,
Rauner Codex 3206, f. 5r
Ci parole Oiseuse
Ci paro[le] l’amant
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En ce livre moral sont conte-
eneus pluseurs notables et
bons livres, et est à nous
Charles, le Ve de notre
nom, roy de France, et le
fimes escrire et parfere
l‟an mil CCC LXXII.
CHARLES
[This book of moral topics,
containing various noteworthy and uplifting
books, belongs to us, Charles,
the fifth king of France with our
name, and we had it copied and completed
in the year CCC LXXII.
CHARLES]
Bibliothèque municipale de Besançon
MS français 434
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BnF fr. 10153, f. 2a (detail)
Christine de Pizan Paris 1404
Le livre des fais …du Sage Roy Charles V
Cy commence la premiere
Partie du livre des fais et bonnes
meurs du sage roy Charles –
Et premierement prologue .I.
48
BnF fr. 10153, f. 1r
Christine de Pizan Paris 1404
Le livre des fais …u Sage Roy Charles V
Cy commence la table des rubriches
de cest present volume appellé le livre
des fais et bonnes meurs du sage roy
Charles .V.e Iycellui nom. Fait et
compilé par Christine de Pizan
damoiselle; acompli le desrenier iour de
novembre l’an de grace mille .iiij. c. et
quatre. Et est parti le dit livre en troys
parties.
Cy s’ensuivent les rubriches de la
premiere partie et premierement
prologue .J.
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Valerius Maximus
BnF fr. 9749, f. 1r
Paris, 1375
Ci commence la translation du
premier livre de Valerius Max-
imus avec la declaration d’iceli
& addicions
plusieurs faite & compilée l’an
mil .ccc.lxxv. ar frere Symon
de Hesdin de l’ordene de l’hos
pital de St. Jehan de Jherusa-
lem docteur en theologie
Simon de Hesdin
creates French translation
1375 C.E.
Valerius Maximus
creates Latin work
c. 14-37 C.E.
Simon de Hesdin presents
book to Charles V
50
Frontispiece
Raoul de Presle’s translation of
Saint Augustine’s De civitate Dei,
Paris, 1375-1377
BnF MS. fr. 22912, f. 2v