from hierarchies to polyarchies: visualizing multiple relationships george g. robertson microsoft...
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From Hierarchies to Polyarchies:
Visualizing Multiple Relationships
George G. RobertsonGeorge G. RobertsonMicrosoft ResearchMicrosoft Research
George G. RobertsonGeorge G. RobertsonMicrosoft ResearchMicrosoft Research
GVU 11/2000 2
What is the problem?
Hierarchies are very commonHierarchies are very common
20 years of hierarchy visualization R&D20 years of hierarchy visualization R&D
Significant problems remainSignificant problems remain
New problems appearing (Multiple Hierarchies)New problems appearing (Multiple Hierarchies)
Hierarchies are very commonHierarchies are very common
20 years of hierarchy visualization R&D20 years of hierarchy visualization R&D
Significant problems remainSignificant problems remain
New problems appearing (Multiple Hierarchies)New problems appearing (Multiple Hierarchies)
GVU 11/2000 3
Current Approaches
Many 2D and 3D hierarchy visualizationsMany 2D and 3D hierarchy visualizations
Each works for some tasks and some scalesEach works for some tasks and some scales
Very few have had user testingVery few have had user testing
Windows Tree ControlWindows Tree Control
Many observed problemsMany observed problems
Many 2D and 3D hierarchy visualizationsMany 2D and 3D hierarchy visualizations
Each works for some tasks and some scalesEach works for some tasks and some scales
Very few have had user testingVery few have had user testing
Windows Tree ControlWindows Tree Control
Many observed problemsMany observed problems
GVU 11/2000 5
Problems: Fitting Data
Extreme aspect ratio (broad and shallow)Extreme aspect ratio (broad and shallow)
May be multiple hierarchiesMay be multiple hierarchies
Scaling issuesScaling issues
Extreme aspect ratio (broad and shallow)Extreme aspect ratio (broad and shallow)
May be multiple hierarchiesMay be multiple hierarchies
Scaling issuesScaling issues
GVU 11/2000 6
Problems: Cognitive Overhead
Loss of contextLoss of context
Or loss of detailOr loss of detail
Separate detail/overview Separate detail/overview extra overhead extra overhead
Multiple focus is difficult Multiple focus is difficult
Which item is open?Which item is open?
Loss of contextLoss of context
Or loss of detailOr loss of detail
Separate detail/overview Separate detail/overview extra overhead extra overhead
Multiple focus is difficult Multiple focus is difficult
Which item is open?Which item is open?
GVU 11/2000 7
Basic View Strategies
Two view (separate detail/overview views)Two view (separate detail/overview views)
Distorted viewDistorted view
Distorted data: fisheyeDistorted data: fisheye
Distorted space: 3D, hyperbolicDistorted space: 3D, hyperbolic
Focus in Context (integrated view)Focus in Context (integrated view)
Two view (separate detail/overview views)Two view (separate detail/overview views)
Distorted viewDistorted view
Distorted data: fisheyeDistorted data: fisheye
Distorted space: 3D, hyperbolicDistorted space: 3D, hyperbolic
Focus in Context (integrated view)Focus in Context (integrated view)
GVU 11/2000 8
Basic Visualization ApproachesIndentationIndentation
Tree controlTree control
FisheyeFisheye
ContainmentContainment
TreemapsTreemaps
Pad++Pad++
IndentationIndentation
Tree controlTree control
FisheyeFisheye
ContainmentContainment
TreemapsTreemaps
Pad++Pad++
ClusteringClustering
Galaxy of NewsGalaxy of News
ThemeScapeThemeScape
Hot SauceHot Sauce
GeographicGeographic
Floor plansFloor plans
Street mapsStreet maps
ClusteringClustering
Galaxy of NewsGalaxy of News
ThemeScapeThemeScape
Hot SauceHot Sauce
GeographicGeographic
Floor plansFloor plans
Street mapsStreet maps
Node-link diagramsNode-link diagrams2D diagrams 2D diagrams
SemNetSemNet
Cone TreeCone Tree
Fisheye Cone TreeFisheye Cone Tree
Hyperbolic viewerHyperbolic viewer
FSNFSN
XML3DXML3D
Node-link diagramsNode-link diagrams2D diagrams 2D diagrams
SemNetSemNet
Cone TreeCone Tree
Fisheye Cone TreeFisheye Cone Tree
Hyperbolic viewerHyperbolic viewer
FSNFSN
XML3DXML3D
GVU 11/2000 9
Smalltalk File Browser - 1979Xerox PARC 1979Xerox PARC 1979Xerox PARC 1979Xerox PARC 1979
GVU 11/2000 10
Fisheye Views – 1986Furnas, Bell Labs report 1981, CHI’86Furnas, Bell Labs report 1981, CHI’86Furnas, Bell Labs report 1981, CHI’86Furnas, Bell Labs report 1981, CHI’86
GVU 11/2000 11
SemNet - 1986Fairchild, Poltrock, Fairchild, Poltrock,
& Furnas, MCC& Furnas, MCC
Semantic network Semantic network 3D visualization3D visualization
Fairchild, Poltrock, Fairchild, Poltrock, & Furnas, MCC& Furnas, MCC
Semantic network Semantic network 3D visualization3D visualization
GVU 11/2000 12
Cone Tree - 1991Robertson, Robertson,
Mackinlay & Mackinlay & Card, Xerox Card, Xerox PARC, CHI’91PARC, CHI’91
Limits:Limits:
10 levels10 levels
1000 nodes1000 nodes
Up to 10,000Up to 10,000
Robertson, Robertson, Mackinlay & Mackinlay & Card, Xerox Card, Xerox PARC, CHI’91PARC, CHI’91
Limits:Limits:
10 levels10 levels
1000 nodes1000 nodes
Up to 10,000Up to 10,000
GVU 11/2000 13
Cone Tree – 10,000 nodesPerformance problems and Visual clutterPerformance problems and Visual clutterPerformance problems and Visual clutterPerformance problems and Visual clutter
GVU 11/2000 14
Fisheye Cone TreeAdding Fisheye solves problemsAdding Fisheye solves problemsAdding Fisheye solves problemsAdding Fisheye solves problems
GVU 11/2000 15
TreeMap - 1991 Johnson & Johnson &
Shneiderman, U. Shneiderman, U. Maryland, Vis’91Maryland, Vis’91
Space fillingSpace filling
~3000 objects~3000 objects
MicroLogic’s MicroLogic’s DiskMapperDiskMapper
Johnson & Johnson & Shneiderman, U. Shneiderman, U. Maryland, Vis’91Maryland, Vis’91
Space fillingSpace filling
~3000 objects~3000 objects
MicroLogic’s MicroLogic’s DiskMapperDiskMapper
GVU 11/2000 16
FSN - 1992 Tesler, SGI, 1992Tesler, SGI, 1992
2D layout on 3D 2D layout on 3D
surfacesurface
Loss of context when Loss of context when
examining detailexamining detail
Hyper-G (Graz; Hyper-G (Graz;
Andrews; InfoVis’95)Andrews; InfoVis’95)
Tesler, SGI, 1992Tesler, SGI, 1992
2D layout on 3D 2D layout on 3D
surfacesurface
Loss of context when Loss of context when
examining detailexamining detail
Hyper-G (Graz; Hyper-G (Graz;
Andrews; InfoVis’95)Andrews; InfoVis’95)
GVU 11/2000 17
Graphical Fisheye - 1992Sarkar & Brown, DEC SRC, CHI’92Sarkar & Brown, DEC SRC, CHI’92
GVU 11/2000 19
Spiral Visualization - 1994Mackinlay, Mackinlay,
Robertson, & Robertson, & DeLine, Xerox DeLine, Xerox PARC, UIST’94PARC, UIST’94
Large DAGsLarge DAGs
Only shows Only shows current pathcurrent path
Mackinlay, Mackinlay, Robertson, & Robertson, & DeLine, Xerox DeLine, Xerox PARC, UIST’94PARC, UIST’94
Large DAGsLarge DAGs
Only shows Only shows current pathcurrent path
GVU 11/2000 20
Hyperbolic Browser - 1994Lamping & Rao, Lamping & Rao,
Xerox PARC, Xerox PARC, UIST’94UIST’94
Projected onto circleProjected onto circle
1000’s of nodes1000’s of nodes
Lamping & Rao, Lamping & Rao, Xerox PARC, Xerox PARC, UIST’94UIST’94
Projected onto circleProjected onto circle
1000’s of nodes1000’s of nodes
GVU 11/2000 21
Continuous Zoom - 1995Bartram et al, Simon Fraser, UIST’95)Bartram et al, Simon Fraser, UIST’95)
GVU 11/2000 22
Fsviz - 1995Carriere and Carriere and
Kazman, Kazman, Waterloo, Waterloo, InfoVis’95InfoVis’95
Up to 5000 Up to 5000 nodes with no nodes with no occlusionocclusion
Carriere and Carriere and Kazman, Kazman, Waterloo, Waterloo, InfoVis’95InfoVis’95
Up to 5000 Up to 5000 nodes with no nodes with no occlusionocclusion
GVU 11/2000 24
Aaaamon.dll
Edb500.dll
Label.exe
Oakley.dll
Tapi.dll
Wavemsp.dll
Index View - 1995T. Masui, Sharp, UIST95T. Masui, Sharp, UIST95
Vertical picks focusVertical picks focus
Horizontal controls zoomHorizontal controls zoom
T. Masui, Sharp, UIST95T. Masui, Sharp, UIST95
Vertical picks focusVertical picks focus
Horizontal controls zoomHorizontal controls zoom
Aaaamon.dll
Edb500.dll
Label.exe
Oakley.dll
Tapi.dll
Wavemsp.dll
Ksproxy.axLabel.exeLmrt.dll
Aaaamon.dll
Edb500.dll
Label.exe
Oakley.dll
Tapi.dll
Wavemsp.dll
Ksproxy.axKsuser.dllLabel.exeLegacy.infLmrt.dll
Aaaamon.dll
Edb500.dll
Label.exe
Oakley.dll
Tapi.dll
Wavemsp.dll
Ksproxy.axKsqmf.axKsuser.dllKsvpintf.axLabel.exeLanman.drvLegacy.infLinkinfo.dillLmrt.dll
GVU 11/2000 25
H3 - 1997Munzner, Stanford Munzner, Stanford
Univ., InfoVis’97Univ., InfoVis’97
Projected onto sphereProjected onto sphere
20,000 nodes20,000 nodes
Munzner, Stanford Munzner, Stanford Univ., InfoVis’97Univ., InfoVis’97
Projected onto sphereProjected onto sphere
20,000 nodes20,000 nodes
GVU 11/2000 26
Reconfigurable Disk Tree - 1998Jeong and Pang, Jeong and Pang,
UC Santa Cruz, UC Santa Cruz, InfoVis’98InfoVis’98
Number of Number of identifiable identifiable nodes:nodes:3000 – 40003000 – 4000
Jeong and Pang, Jeong and Pang, UC Santa Cruz, UC Santa Cruz, InfoVis’98InfoVis’98
Number of Number of identifiable identifiable nodes:nodes:3000 – 40003000 – 4000
GVU 11/2000 27
Disk Tree - 1998Chi et al, Xerox Chi et al, Xerox
PARC, CHI’98PARC, CHI’98
Compact 2D Compact 2D representationrepresentation
Chi et al, Xerox Chi et al, Xerox PARC, CHI’98PARC, CHI’98
Compact 2D Compact 2D representationrepresentation
GVU 11/2000 28
Sunburst - 2000Stasko & Zhang, Stasko & Zhang,
Georgia Tech, Georgia Tech, InfoVis 2000InfoVis 2000
Radial space-fillingRadial space-filling
Techniques for Techniques for viewing more detailviewing more detail
Stasko & Zhang, Stasko & Zhang, Georgia Tech, Georgia Tech, InfoVis 2000InfoVis 2000
Radial space-fillingRadial space-filling
Techniques for Techniques for viewing more detailviewing more detail
GVU 11/2000 29
Visualization Taxonomy - 1994Noik (Graphics Interface’94)Noik (Graphics Interface’94)
Implicit (use of perspective)Implicit (use of perspective)
Continuous focus and contextContinuous focus and context
Filtered (removing items of low interest)Filtered (removing items of low interest)
Discrete focus and contextDiscrete focus and context
Distorted (size, shape, position of elements)Distorted (size, shape, position of elements)
Adorned (color, texture)Adorned (color, texture)
GVU 11/2000 34
Unresolved Problems
Multiple focusMultiple focus
Multiple hierarchiesMultiple hierarchies
Multiple focusMultiple focus
Multiple hierarchiesMultiple hierarchies
GVU 11/2000 35
Multiple HierarchiesOne hierarchy changing over timeOne hierarchy changing over time
Time TubeTime Tube
Taxonomy visualizationTaxonomy visualization
MultiTrees (shared subtrees)MultiTrees (shared subtrees)
XML3D XML3D
Polyarchy (multiple intersecting hierarchies)Polyarchy (multiple intersecting hierarchies)
One hierarchy changing over timeOne hierarchy changing over time
Time TubeTime Tube
Taxonomy visualizationTaxonomy visualization
MultiTrees (shared subtrees)MultiTrees (shared subtrees)
XML3D XML3D
Polyarchy (multiple intersecting hierarchies)Polyarchy (multiple intersecting hierarchies)
GVU 11/2000 36
Time Tube - 1998Chi et al., Xerox PARC, CHI’98Chi et al., Xerox PARC, CHI’98Chi et al., Xerox PARC, CHI’98Chi et al., Xerox PARC, CHI’98
GVU 11/2000 37
Taxonomy Visualization - 2000Graham et al., Napier Univ. IJHCS 2000Graham et al., Napier Univ. IJHCS 2000Graham et al., Napier Univ. IJHCS 2000Graham et al., Napier Univ. IJHCS 2000
GVU 11/2000 38
MultiTrees - 1994Furnas & Zacks, Bell Core, CHI’94Furnas & Zacks, Bell Core, CHI’94
DAG’s with shared subtreesDAG’s with shared subtrees
Furnas & Zacks, Bell Core, CHI’94Furnas & Zacks, Bell Core, CHI’94
DAG’s with shared subtreesDAG’s with shared subtrees
GVU 11/2000 39
XML3D - 2000Munzner, Stanford, IJHCS 2000Munzner, Stanford, IJHCS 2000Munzner, Stanford, IJHCS 2000Munzner, Stanford, IJHCS 2000
GVU 11/2000 40
Polyarchy Visualization Problem: People and Resources Example
Multiple Hierarchies ExistMultiple Hierarchies Exist
Direct reportingDirect reporting
Cost or Profit CenterCost or Profit Center
LocationLocation
Implicit relationshipsImplicit relationships
Multiple Hierarchies ExistMultiple Hierarchies Exist
Direct reportingDirect reporting
Cost or Profit CenterCost or Profit Center
LocationLocation
Implicit relationshipsImplicit relationships
But only one But only one
hierarchy is shownhierarchy is shown
But only one But only one
hierarchy is shownhierarchy is shown
GVU 11/2000 41
Show Other HierarchiesFind:
Daniel RobbinsNaming hierarchy is
default
Allow maintainer to Allow maintainer to
define hierarchiesdefine hierarchies
Show search results Show search results
in current viewin current view
Morph between viewsMorph between views
Naming hierarchy is
default
Allow maintainer to Allow maintainer to
define hierarchiesdefine hierarchies
Show search results Show search results
in current viewin current view
Morph between viewsMorph between views
GVU 11/2000 42
Visualization Opportunities Perceptual cues to provide pattern informationPerceptual cues to provide pattern information
User can search or browseUser can search or browse
Show hierarchies an object participates inShow hierarchies an object participates in
Show relationships between hierarchiesShow relationships between hierarchies
ShowShow relationships between objectsrelationships between objects
Perceptual cues to provide pattern informationPerceptual cues to provide pattern information
User can search or browseUser can search or browse
Show hierarchies an object participates inShow hierarchies an object participates in
Show relationships between hierarchiesShow relationships between hierarchies
ShowShow relationships between objectsrelationships between objects
GVU 11/2000 47
Unresolved Problems
Multiple focusMultiple focus
Multiple hierarchiesMultiple hierarchies
Evaluate hierarchy visualizationsEvaluate hierarchy visualizations
Multiple focusMultiple focus
Multiple hierarchiesMultiple hierarchies
Evaluate hierarchy visualizationsEvaluate hierarchy visualizations
GVU 11/2000 48
Polyarchy VisualizationUser StudiesStudy 1: Mockup of visual pivotStudy 1: Mockup of visual pivot
Issues list guided development of prototypeIssues list guided development of prototype
Study 2: Prototype: 2D vs 3DStudy 2: Prototype: 2D vs 3D
Visual Pivot animation was misleadingVisual Pivot animation was misleading
Animation Speeds were too slowAnimation Speeds were too slow
Study 1: Mockup of visual pivotStudy 1: Mockup of visual pivot
Issues list guided development of prototypeIssues list guided development of prototype
Study 2: Prototype: 2D vs 3DStudy 2: Prototype: 2D vs 3D
Visual Pivot animation was misleadingVisual Pivot animation was misleading
Animation Speeds were too slowAnimation Speeds were too slow
GVU 11/2000 49
Polyarchy VisualizationUser StudiesStudy 3: Animation Styles and SpeedsStudy 3: Animation Styles and Speeds
Six animation styles: Picked two bestSix animation styles: Picked two best
Twice as fast as study 2: Still too slowTwice as fast as study 2: Still too slow
Study 4: Prototype: 2D vs 3DStudy 4: Prototype: 2D vs 3D
Identified most effective animation styleIdentified most effective animation style
Identified best speed rangeIdentified best speed range
Study 3: Animation Styles and SpeedsStudy 3: Animation Styles and Speeds
Six animation styles: Picked two bestSix animation styles: Picked two best
Twice as fast as study 2: Still too slowTwice as fast as study 2: Still too slow
Study 4: Prototype: 2D vs 3DStudy 4: Prototype: 2D vs 3D
Identified most effective animation styleIdentified most effective animation style
Identified best speed rangeIdentified best speed range
GVU 11/2000 50
Two Styles of Visual Pivot
SlidingSliding
RotatingRotating
SlidingSliding
RotatingRotating
GVU 11/2000 51
Visual Pivot StylesSliding versus Rotating
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Mea
n S
ub
task
Co
mp
leti
on
Tim
e (s
)
Sliding
Rotating
GVU 11/2000 52
Visual Pivot Styles Learning Effects
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
1 2 3
Repetition Number
Lo
g M
ean
Su
bta
sk C
om
pet
ion
Tim
e (s
) Sliding
Horizontal Visual Picot
GVU 11/2000 53
Visual Pivot Speed
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Mea
n S
ub
task
Co
mp
leti
on
Tim
e (s
)
Instant
Fast
Medium
Slow
GVU 11/2000 54
Unresolved Problems
Multiple focusMultiple focus
Multiple hierarchiesMultiple hierarchies
Evaluate hierarchy visualizationsEvaluate hierarchy visualizations
Get the solutions out to real users!Get the solutions out to real users!
Multiple focusMultiple focus
Multiple hierarchiesMultiple hierarchies
Evaluate hierarchy visualizationsEvaluate hierarchy visualizations
Get the solutions out to real users!Get the solutions out to real users!
GVU 11/2000 55
SummaryUse perception to reduce cognitive overheadUse perception to reduce cognitive overhead
Need continued research to solve problems Need continued research to solve problems
Help user focus on multiple items of interest without losing Help user focus on multiple items of interest without losing contextcontext
Multiple hierarchies and other relationshipsMultiple hierarchies and other relationships
Handle larger scaleHandle larger scale
Evaluate Evaluate Iterate Iterate get results out get results out
Use perception to reduce cognitive overheadUse perception to reduce cognitive overhead
Need continued research to solve problems Need continued research to solve problems
Help user focus on multiple items of interest without losing Help user focus on multiple items of interest without losing contextcontext
Multiple hierarchies and other relationshipsMultiple hierarchies and other relationships
Handle larger scaleHandle larger scale
Evaluate Evaluate Iterate Iterate get results out get results out