……the physics of flavorthe physics of flavor

is the flavor of physics…is the flavor of physics…

Mario Campanelli NIKHEF colloqium Jan 16,2004

From CKM to MNS and backFrom CKM to MNS and back

Physics of flavorPhysics of flavor

IntroductionIntroduction

Since the theory of Cabibbo angle in 1964, we Since the theory of Cabibbo angle in 1964, we know that eigenstates of mass and weak know that eigenstates of mass and weak interactions do not coincide.interactions do not coincide.

In the following 40 years, mixing of quarks and In the following 40 years, mixing of quarks and leptons has been one of the main subjects in leptons has been one of the main subjects in particle physics, and this program is far from being particle physics, and this program is far from being over.over.

I will try to take you around in a trip to this field, I will try to take you around in a trip to this field, with a personal look to what the future could be.with a personal look to what the future could be.

weak mixingweak mixing In the SM, fermion fields can be rotated wrt mass In the SM, fermion fields can be rotated wrt mass

eigenstates. This unitary rotation cancels out in NC and eigenstates. This unitary rotation cancels out in NC and affects CC asaffects CC as

..),,(2

int ccW

b

s

d

Vtcug

L

L

L

L

LLL

Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa mixing matrix

Also for massless particles mixing can be rotated away. Now we know that neutrinos are massive, and a similar matrix (Maki, Nakagawa,Sakata) can be defined, with analogous formalism

CKM mixing matrixCKM mixing matrix

Mixing is expressed in terms of 3x3 Mixing is expressed in terms of 3x3 unitary matrix operating on –e/3 unitary matrix operating on –e/3 quark mass eigenstatesquark mass eigenstates

b

s

d

VVV

VVV

VVV

b

s

d

tbtstd

cbcscd

ubusud

'

'

'

•After unitarity requirements, the matrix is expressed in terms of 3 mixing angles θ12 θ23 θ13 and a complex phase δ13

132313231223121323122312

132313231223121323122312

1313121312

1313

1313

13

ccescsscesccss

csesssccessccs

escscc

Vii

ii

i

•Exploiting the hierarchy s12»s23»s13,

and setting λ ≡ s12, the Wolfenstain parametrization expands in powers of λ

)(

1)1(

2/1

)(2/14

23

22

32

O

AiA

A

iA

V

Measurements of CKM elements Measurements of CKM elements (90% C.L., using constraints)(90% C.L., using constraints)

VVud ud comparing nuclear comparing nuclear ββ

decays and decays and μμ decays decaysVus from Ke3 decays

Vcd from charm production in ν interactions

Vub from charmless decays b->ulν at Υ(4S) and LEP

Vcb from decays B->D*lν

Vtb from t->b observed events

Vcs from charm-tagged W decays in LEP, giving |Vcs|=0.97±0.09±0.07. No b are produced, so look for heavy-quark characteristics (displaced vertexes, heavy mass, leading effects, presence of D*) in jets from W decay, possibly using neural networks or likelihood functions.

Tighter determination comes from ratio hadronic/leptonic W decays, leading to Σi,j|Vij|=2.039±0.025±0.001 (2 in a 3-generation CKM matrix), and using the other values as constraint, yielding

|Vcs| = 0.996±0.013

Vtb,Vts from B oscillations

9993.09990.0044.0037.0014.0004.0

044.0038.09748.09732.0226.0219.0

0048.00025.0226.0219.09756.09741.0

V

Unitarity triangle(s)Unitarity triangle(s)Unitarity condition VUnitarity condition V++V=1 results in six independent costraints; three V=1 results in six independent costraints; three

can be represented by triangles:can be represented by triangles:

VVududVVusus** + V + VcdcdVVcscs

** + V + VtdtdVVtsts**=0=0 λλ--λλ33 --λλ++λλ33 ++AA22λλ55 (1-(1-ρρ-i-iηη)=0)=0

VVususVVubub* * + V+ VcscsVVcbcb

** + V + VtstsVVtbtb**=0=0 AAλλ44 ((ρρ+i+iηη)+)+AAλλ22 --AAλλ44 --AAλλ22 =0=0

VVududVVubub** + V + VcdcdVVcbcb

** + V + VtdtdVVtbtb**=0=0 AAλλ33 ((ρρ+i+iηη)-)-AAλλ33 ++AAλλ33 (1-(1-ρρ-i-iηη)=0)=0

The first (relative to K oscillations) and the second triangle are The first (relative to K oscillations) and the second triangle are “smashed” into a segment, while the third one (relative to B “smashed” into a segment, while the third one (relative to B physics) has sides of similar length.physics) has sides of similar length.

However, it was shown by C.Jarsklog that the area of all triangles, half the determinantit was shown by C.Jarsklog that the area of all triangles, half the determinant

J= |Im(VJ= |Im(VududVVcbcbVVubub*V*Vcdcd*)| = |Im(V*)| = |Im(VududVVcscsVVcdcd**VVusus

**)| = …)| = …

is the same, and proportional to direct CP violation.is the same, and proportional to direct CP violation.

Representations of the b triangleRepresentations of the b triangleWe can align VWe can align VcdcdVVcbcb

** on the x axis, and setting cos of small on the x axis, and setting cos of small angles to 1, the relation becomesangles to 1, the relation becomes

VVubub* * +V+Vtdtd=s=s1212VVcbcb

**

and rescaling by sand rescaling by s1212VVcbcb**, the triangle will have base on (0,0)-, the triangle will have base on (0,0)-

(1,0) and apex on(1,0) and apex on

(Re(V(Re(Vubub)/|s)/|s1212 V Vcbcb|,-Im(V|,-Im(Vubub)/|s)/|s1212 V Vcbcb|) = |) = ((ρρ(1- (1- λλ22 /2)/2),, ηη(1- (1- λλ22 /2))/2))

(0,0) (1,0)

(ρ,η)

VudVub*/

VcdVcb*

VtdVtb*/

VcdVcb*

α

β γ

cdcb

udub

cdcb

tdtb

udub

tdtb

VV

VV

VV

VV

VV

VV

*

*

*

*

*

*

arg

arg

arg

B oscillations and the side of the triangleB oscillations and the side of the triangleThe main constraints to the apex position (apart from direct CP) come from |Vub| and ε from K decays.

Information on the VtdVtb*/VcdVcb

* side comes from B oscillations (virtual t production)

d,s

d,sb

b

t

tW W

Vtd,ts

Vtd,ts

Vtb

Vtb

Bd osc. in dileptons in Belle: ΔMd=0.503± 0.08 ±0.10 ps-1

BBss mixing mixingFrom Bd oscillations, using lattice QCD, we can derive the relation |Vtb

*Vtd|=0.0079±0.0015; however, most of the uncertainties cancel out in the ratio

2*

2*

2

2

||

||ˆ

ˆ

tdtb

tstb

BB

BB

B

B

B

B

VV

VV

fB

fB

M

M

M

M

dd

ss

d

s

d

s

So a measurement of the Bs mixing would be the single largest improvement in the understanding of the CKM matrix.

The present limit from LEP, SLD is ΔMs>14.4 ps-1 at 90% C.L.

I will discuss in detail expected improvements at the Tevatron

The angle The angle ββ and CP violation and CP violation In b decays, CP violation can occur in mixing, decay or interference In b decays, CP violation can occur in mixing, decay or interference

between the two (decay into CP eigenstates)between the two (decay into CP eigenstates)

Mtep

q

ftBftB

ftBftBta deci

ff

sinIm))(())((

))(())(()( 2

00

00

± 1

When tree decays are dominant, mixing and decay can result in a single weak phase, like in the golden channel J/Ψ Ks, where

2*

*

*

*

*

*

)/( i

cdcs

cdcs

cscb

cscb

tdtb

tdtbs e

VV

VV

VV

VV

VV

VVKJ

p

q

CDF RunI results

Belle LP’03

sin21= 0.733±0.057±0.028

What about other channels?What about other channels?

f

f

f

A

A

p

q

mtmtta

2

2

||1

sinIm2)cos()||1()(

sin 2β can also be measured in other charmonium channels and channels with considerable penguin contribution. In that case the asymmetry gets more complicated:

And rather than measuring directly sin 2β, constraints are put to the penguin contribution (the cosine term, zero in the no-penguin case).

Still open (3.5% C.L.)sin2βeff (φ KS) :Babar: +0.45±0.43±0.07Belle: -0.96 ±0.50

Other anglesOther angles Penguin diagrams are unavoidable in measurement of the Penguin diagrams are unavoidable in measurement of the

other angles, since no channels with dominant tree-level other angles, since no channels with dominant tree-level are present.are present.

Es. without penguins Es. without penguins B->B->ππ++ ππ-- equivalent to equivalent to B->J/B->J/ΨΨKK, , but cosine term predicted (and measured) far from zerobut cosine term predicted (and measured) far from zero

The separate measurements of sine and cosine term (together with knowledge of ρand η) can be interpreted in the complex plane of the ratio of tree to penguin contributions And used to get information on α using

theoretical assumptions and the neutral B-> π0 π0 modes

hadronic and leptonic mixinghadronic and leptonic mixing

Hadronic mixing matrix has been studied for 40 Hadronic mixing matrix has been studied for 40 years now, elements are measured with good years now, elements are measured with good precision.precision.

Hierarchic structure, allows perturbative Hierarchic structure, allows perturbative expansion, expressed with a triangle whose expansion, expressed with a triangle whose nonzero area predicts CP violation in the b nonzero area predicts CP violation in the b system, as observed.system, as observed.

Still much to do, but a clear picture is emerging.Still much to do, but a clear picture is emerging. Experimental evidence of nonzero neutrino Experimental evidence of nonzero neutrino

masses (therefore a measurable mixing masses (therefore a measurable mixing matrix) only came in 1998 with atmospheric matrix) only came in 1998 with atmospheric neutrino oscillations from SuperKamiokande.neutrino oscillations from SuperKamiokande.

Neutrino oscillationsNeutrino oscillations If leptons mix, interaction will have non-diagonal If leptons mix, interaction will have non-diagonal

terms between weak eigenstates:terms between weak eigenstates:

pc

LmH

eeeH p

mix

pp

mmi

xppi

4sin2sin||

2sin2sin2sin

2222

2)(

2

21

22

21

21

In three families, the probability becomes

E

LmUUUUP ij

ijjjii

22** 27.1sin4)(

Where the MSN mixing matrix U is normally expressed with exactly the same formalism as CKM

Some differences with hadron mixingSome differences with hadron mixing Trivial:Trivial:

– do not bind into mesons, no hadronic effects, direct do not bind into mesons, no hadronic effects, direct measurement of oscillation parametersmeasurement of oscillation parameters

– stable particles in relativistic motion, oscillate like stable particles in relativistic motion, oscillate like sinsin22((ΔΔmm22L/E)L/E) instead of instead of ee--ΓΓt t cos(cos(ΔΔmt)mt)

Not so trivialNot so trivial– can be antiparticle of itself (Majorana); in that case, two can be antiparticle of itself (Majorana); in that case, two

additional phases occur, non observable in oscillations (but in additional phases occur, non observable in oscillations (but in νν-less -less ββββdecay)decay)

– In this case, a see-saw mechanism would explain the In this case, a see-saw mechanism would explain the smallness of smallness of νν masses, being physical states mixing of a masses, being physical states mixing of a massless left-handed state and a right-handed state at the massless left-handed state and a right-handed state at the Plank scale; Plank scale; mm11=M=MDD

22/M/MR,R,, m, m22≈M≈MRR

– No hierarchical structure of mixing matrix is emerging, two No hierarchical structure of mixing matrix is emerging, two angles are large, one is smallangles are large, one is small

– Propagation in matter can largely modify oscillation patternPropagation in matter can largely modify oscillation pattern

The atmospheric neutrino regionThe atmospheric neutrino region ννμμand and ννee produced in produced in

cosmic rays (appr. ratio cosmic rays (appr. ratio 2:1) reach detector after 2:1) reach detector after a baseline dependent on a baseline dependent on the angle.the angle.

angular dependence of angular dependence of ννμμ disappearance disappearance interpreted as interpreted as oscillations; pattern not oscillations; pattern not observed for observed for ννee, so , so leading oscillation must leading oscillation must be be ννμμ→ν→νττ or oscillation or oscillation into a sterile state.into a sterile state.

However, matter propagation for neutrinos coming from below would be different; sterile fraction <19% at 90% C.L.

The confirmation: long-baseline beamsThe confirmation: long-baseline beamsOscillation observed also in the first terrestrial long-baseline experiment (K2K); other projects aim at precision parameter measurement (MINOS) and direct τ identification (CNGS)

τ events in νμ→ντ oscillation for a 3kton ICARUS in Gran Sasso, detected using kinematic techniques

Solar neutrino regionSolar neutrino region

Historical indication of neutrino Historical indication of neutrino oscillations, solar neutrinos always oscillations, solar neutrinos always seen as “a problem”.seen as “a problem”.

Final evidence from SNO, that can Final evidence from SNO, that can see not only see not only ννee disappearance disappearance from charge current events, but from charge current events, but also the other flavors via neutral also the other flavors via neutral currents.currents.

Standard solar model finally tested after 30 years!

The confirmation: KamLANDThe confirmation: KamLAND All reactors in Japan are a source for the first long-baseline All reactors in Japan are a source for the first long-baseline

reactor experiment, Kamland, that confirmed reactor experiment, Kamland, that confirmed ννee disappearance (towards the maximally-mixed disappearance (towards the maximally-mixed ννμμννττ combination)combination)

Solar angle is not maximal as the atmospheric one, but it is not small. Δm2 more than one order of magnitude smaller than the atmospherics

The search for The search for θθ1313 The third angle, connecting The third angle, connecting ννee to to

the others, has not been the others, has not been measured. The best limit comes measured. The best limit comes from the reactor experiment from the reactor experiment CHOOZ. Finding this angle is the CHOOZ. Finding this angle is the goal of most of the future goal of most of the future experiments:experiments:

New reactors aim sin22θ<0.01 with:

•50 kton (10xCHOOZ) deep detector (less BG)

•2 detectors for syst. 3%->1%

Conventional (NuMI) beam and super-beam (JHF) can extend by similar amount

Conditions for CP violationConditions for CP violation Nothing is known about the phase Nothing is known about the phase δδ. Like in the . Like in the

hadronic system, it is connected to the amount hadronic system, it is connected to the amount of CP violation. In vacuum, the of CP violation. In vacuum, the ννee→ν→νμμ oscillation oscillation probability is made of three terms:probability is made of three terms:P(e)=P(e)=

4c213[sin2 23s2

12s213+c2

12(sin213s213s2

23+ sin212s212(1-(1+s2

13)s223))]

-1/2c213sin212s13sin223cos[cos213- cos223-2cos212sin212]

+1/2c213sinsin212s13sin223[sin212-sin213+sin223]

Independent of

CP-odd

CP-even

The last term changes sign under CP, so for δ>0 the oscillation probability does not conserve CP.

To have an observable effect, however, θ13 cannot be so small otherwise the CP-violating term gets too small with respect to the constant solar term

Campanelli

How to measure CP violationHow to measure CP violation Running an off-axis super-beam with Running an off-axis super-beam with ννμμ

and and ννμμ

– low energy, few eventslow energy, few events– systematics for cross sectionsystematics for cross section– marginal sensitivitymarginal sensitivity

Coupling with a collimated Coupling with a collimated ββ-beam from -beam from ion decayion decay66HeHe++++66LiLi++++++ee- - ννee

1818NeNe1818F eF e+ + ννee

to have a clean to have a clean ννe e beam and search t-beam and search t-violationviolation– feasible but challengingfeasible but challenging– not optimal for the low-not optimal for the low-θθ13 13 regionregion

2 years neutrino, 10 years antineutrino, CERN-Frejus superbeam

40 kton 400 kton

M.Mezzetto

-ee+

e

eτ

τ

e

+ee-

e

eτ

τ

e

Neutrino factoriesNeutrino factories The most lavish way to search The most lavish way to search

for CP violation would be with for CP violation would be with high-energy beams of high-energy beams of ννee,,ννμμ, , ννee,,ννμμ produced in decay of produced in decay of stored muons. Large (O(50 stored muons. Large (O(50 kton)) detector with muon kton)) detector with muon charge ID detect neutrinos charge ID detect neutrinos after thousands of kilometers.after thousands of kilometers.

8 oscillation modes simultaneously observable, strong signature from wrong-sign muons

Bueno, Campanelli, Rubbia

Remarks on a future leptonic CP Remarks on a future leptonic CP observationobservation

Observing difference in oscillation probability not Observing difference in oscillation probability not sufficient to claim lepton CP discovery. sufficient to claim lepton CP discovery. Propagation in matter is not symmetric, a Propagation in matter is not symmetric, a difference will be observed regardless of difference will be observed regardless of δδ. Matter . Matter effects can be subtracted but sensitivity degrades effects can be subtracted but sensitivity degrades above ~4000 km.above ~4000 km.

A simultaneous measurement of A simultaneous measurement of θθ1313 and and δδ can can result in large correlations or degeneracy; they result in large correlations or degeneracy; they can be solved by using multiple baselines or can be solved by using multiple baselines or combining neutrino factory and super-beamscombining neutrino factory and super-beams

A.Donini et al.

Bueno Campanelli Navas Rubbia

Some theoretical speculationsSome theoretical speculations

what to do with two different matrices we do not understand?what to do with two different matrices we do not understand?

9993.09990.0044.0037.0014.0004.0

044.0038.09748.09732.0226.0219.0

0048.00025.0226.0219.09756.09741.0

V

Theorists proposed several kind of models. For instance (Fritzsch), writing

100

0

0

0

0

00

100

0

0

dd

ddt

uu

uu

cs

sc

cs

sc

e

cs

sc

V

Some approximate relations hold:

i

c

u

s

diudcd

iduus

sdtstdd

cucbubu

em

m

m

meV

essV

mmVV

mmVV

/|/|tan

/|/|tan

According to the model, some specific relations can hold (like φ=π/2) allowing predictions on triangle angles

M.C.Gonzalez-Garcia

More speculationsMore speculations

For lepton mixing, anarchical, semi-anarchical and hierarchical models predict in SU(5)xU(1) scenario a (unification scale) mass matrix for neutrinos of the kind

Similar exercises trying to unify both matrices require larger symmetries like SU(10)xU(2)

11

11

2

m

with ε=1, λ and λ2,respectively. Trasporting this matrix to our scale yields low-energy predictions

“Anarchy” model successfully predicts large mixing angles and small mass ratios, and a value of θ13 close to present bounds.

Altarelli Feruglio Masina

Murayama

sin2213

Next big thing in lepton mixing: Next big thing in lepton mixing: θθ13 13

search in JHFsearch in JHF

~1GeV beam

KamiokaJ-PARC(Tokai)

0.75MW 50 GeV PS

Super-K: 22.5 kt

JHF 0.75MW + Super-Kamiokande

Plan to start in 2007

4MW 50 GeV PS

Hyper-K: 1000 kt

Future Super-JHF 4MW + Hyper-K(~1Mt) ~ JHF+SK 200

2008?

Two phases (second not yet approved)

p

140m0m 280m 2 km 295 km

sin22

Off axis 2 deg, 5 yearsat

Sin2213>0.006

CH

OO

Z e

xclu

ded

Next big thing in hadron mixing: Next big thing in hadron mixing: ΔΓΔΓs s

in CDFin CDF

At least 30 times fasterthan Bd mixing Δmd=0.502 ± 0.006 ps-1

Needs exquisite proper time resolution B

T

Bxy p

mLct

Minimise error on pTwith fully reconstructeddecays Bs→Ds π CDF ~ 65 fs (50 fs with L00) D0 ~ 75 fsFlavour tagging Need everything for εD2~5%ε = tag efficiencyD = tag correct (dilution)

Yield – need >O(1000) eventsSo far, seen ~0.7 ev/pb-1

With improved trigger and detector almost factor 2 gainAdd more decay modes

Bs Ds, Ds

Ds , K*K,

Triggering on heavy flavors in Triggering on heavy flavors in hadronic environmenthadronic environment

CDF can have such an ambitious program CDF can have such an ambitious program in b physics thanks to its unique trigger in b physics thanks to its unique trigger system. At level 1, the XFT can measure system. At level 1, the XFT can measure tracks in the chamber with tracks in the chamber with eff.=96% σ(Φ)=5mr σ(pT)=(1.74 pT)%.

Information is combined with silicon hits and compared to predefined roads stored into an associative memory

SVT impact parameter (μm)

35μm 33 μmresol beam σ = 48 μm

Displaced two track triggerTracks: pT>2 GeV, d0>120 μmΣpT>5.5 GeVFully hadronic B decays (B→hh’, Bs→Dsπ, D→Kπ …)

First measurements on BFirst measurements on Bss

Not enough luminosity to see oscillations: Not enough luminosity to see oscillations: measurement of relative Bmeasurement of relative Bss and B and Bd d yieldsyields

BBss mixing sensitivity mixing sensitivity S=signal eventsS=signal events B=background eventsB=background events σσtt proper time resolutionproper time resolution εεDD22 effettive tagging efficiency effettive tagging efficiency

BS

Se

DScesignifican

tsm

2

)(2 2

2

currently:

s=1600 ev/fb-1, S/B=2/1, εD2=4%, σt=0.0067 ps

2σ measurement of Δms=15ps-1 from 500 pb-1 data

improvements:

s=2000 ev/fb-1 with additional channels, εD2=5% with TOF, σt=0.005 ps with L00 and event beamline

2.11 fb-1 (baseline) and 3.78 fb-1 (design) by 2007

ΔΓΔΓss//ΓΓss

ΔΓΔΓss//ΔΔmmss =-3 =-3ππ/2 m/2 mbb22/m/mtt

22ηη((ΔΓΔΓss)/)/ηη((ΔΔmmss))

SM: SM: ΔΓΔΓss//ΔΔmms s =3.7=3.7+0.8+0.8-1.5-1.5 10 10-3-3

LQCD: LQCD: ΔΓΔΓss//ΓΓss=0.12±0.06=0.12±0.06

Present 95% C.L. limit: Present 95% C.L. limit: ΔΓΔΓss//ΓΓss<0.54<0.54

CKM-independent QCD factors

Disentangle on a statistical basis contributions to the B->hh peak, then fit lifetimes for the different charges

Expected sensitivity:

•0.29 at 500 pb-1

•0.10 at 2 fb-1

B physics in the LHC eraB physics in the LHC era Dominated by dedicated hadron Dominated by dedicated hadron

experiment(s) LHCb (and BTeV)experiment(s) LHCb (and BTeV) Multiple channels allow measurement Multiple channels allow measurement

of angles of angles αα and and γγ Es. measure Es. measure ΦΦss from B from Bss->J/->J/ΨΦΨΦ (5 (5

discovery possible in 1 year) and discovery possible in 1 year) and γγ++ΦΦss from asymmetry of Bfrom asymmetry of Bss->D->DSS

++KK--

Using the four B->hh channels precision can go to 40-60 with contributions from penguins or new physics

Dalitz-plot analysis of B->π+π-π0 can give sin(2αα)) and and cos(2αα)) for for δδ((αα) = 4) = 400

all this will lead to stronger constraints on new physics

What can ATLAS and CMS do?What can ATLAS and CMS do? In principle complementary to In principle complementary to

dedicated experiments in dedicated experiments in ηη coverage and larger statistics for coverage and larger statistics for leptonic channels, in practice limited leptonic channels, in practice limited by bandwidth and PID. Competitive by bandwidth and PID. Competitive in rare leptonic decays like in rare leptonic decays like B->B->μμμμ(X) and B(X) and Bcc->J/->J/ΨΨ(X)(X)

Some b-physics capability could be recovered using a similar system to the CDF SVT, a dedicated processor (FastTrack) for on-line track recognition. Without interfering with the rest of the DAQ, it “sniffs” tracker data going to the memory buffer and stores good quality tracks to another buffer accessible by higher-level triggers.

Presently proposed to ATLAS as an upgrade, for low-luminosity running as well as high-pt b physics

SummarySummary

We made a quick tour in the world of flavors, trying We made a quick tour in the world of flavors, trying to stress differences and similarities between to stress differences and similarities between leptons and hadrons.leptons and hadrons.

Both sectors saw in the recent past important Both sectors saw in the recent past important discoveries, and more are announced for the next discoveries, and more are announced for the next futurefuture

Big expectations from b-factories, neutrino beams, Big expectations from b-factories, neutrino beams, hadron collidershadron colliders

Although techniques are very different, the Although techniques are very different, the underlying physics is the sameunderlying physics is the same

Three reasons to expect something newThree reasons to expect something new

Both neutrino oscillations and CP-violation in b Both neutrino oscillations and CP-violation in b physics are recent discoveries: much more physics are recent discoveries: much more has to be dughas to be dug

Historically, new phenomena have been seen Historically, new phenomena have been seen first in low-energy data (neutral currents, top at first in low-energy data (neutral currents, top at LEP; GUT from see-saw? SUSY in b decays?)LEP; GUT from see-saw? SUSY in b decays?)

Reductionism (driving force of physics since Reductionism (driving force of physics since Kepler and Newton): there are too many free Kepler and Newton): there are too many free parameters over there. There must be some parameters over there. There must be some underlying structure! underlying structure!