from al-khwarizmi to johannes kepler
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From Al-Khwarizmi to Johannes Kepler. 800 years long journey explained. By: Bilal Karim Mughal. Tycho Brahe. 14 Dec 1546 – 24 Oct 1601 Danish nobleman Known for accurate planetary observations Refuted Aristotle and Ptolemy’s theories about the Universe. Tycho Brahe. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
From Al-Khwarizmi to Johannes Kepler
800 years long journey explained.By: Bilal Karim Mughal
Tycho Brahe14 Dec 1546 – 24 Oct 1601
Danish nobleman
Known for accurate planetary observations
Refuted Aristotle and Ptolemy’stheories about the Universe.
Tycho BraheIn November, 1572, Tycho Brahe observed
the Supernova SN1572
Built an observatory “Uraniborg” in 1576
Tycho BrahePresented Geo-Heliocentric explanation of
the Solar System
Prepared detailed star charts with accurate timings, without any telescope.
Achieved supreme accuracy in predicting the positions of celestial bodies
Johannes KeplerDec 27, 1571 – Nov 15, 1630
German Mathematician, Astronomer, and Astrologer
Famous for his Laws of Planetary Motion.
Johannes KeplerWorked as Tycho Brahe’s assistant for 2
years
Tycho did not trust Kepler, allowed him little access to his data
Tycho Brahe asked him to develop an explanation of the Solar System
Johannes KeplerTycho never believed the Planets to be
orbiting the Sun.
Kepler was unable to match this with Geometrical Models.
Finally in 1609, Kepler gave Laws of Planetary Motion, describing that the Planets orbit the Sun.
The QuestionWas it purely the work of Tycho Brahe and
Johannes Kepler that led to the current understanding of the Solar System?
Era of Muslim ScientistsSpans over 600 years.
Significant improvements in Geometry and Mathematics.
Development of more sophisticated instruments like Sextant, Astrolabe.
Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi 780 – 850 C.E
Mathematician, Astronomer, Geographer
Developed the Tables for movements of Sun, Moon and 5 planets in 830. A.D
Muhammad Ibn Jabir Al Battani858 – 929 C.E
Determined the value of Solar day to be 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds.
Made significant advances in Trigonometry.
Abd al-Rehman Al SufiDecember 7, 903 – May 25, 986
Wrote “The Book of Fixed Stars” in 964
Observed and described the Stars, their magnitudes, and their positions
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi940 – 1000 C.E
Persian Mathematician, Astronomer
Accurately computed the tilt of the Earth’s axis to be (23.53°) in 994 A.D
Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni 973 – 1048 C.E
Believed the Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun
Wrote 35 treatises on Astronomy
Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni Calculated the circumference of Earth
Believed in spherical Earth therefore
Also discovered that gravity exists within the heavenly bodies
Ibn al-Haytham965 – 1040 C.E
Proposed the Earth's rotation on its axis in The Model of the Motions
Abu Said al-Sijzi945 – 1020 C.E
Persian Mathematician, Astronomer
Suggested for the first time, the heliocentric system,
in which Planets orbit the Sun
Al-Biruni agreed with his ideas
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi1201 – 1274 C.E
Built an observatory at Maragha
Made accurate tables of planetary motions
Calculated the Precession of Equinoxes
Mirza Muhammad Tariq Ulugh Beg1394 – 1449 C.E
In 1424 built an observatory at Samarkand
Found the values of trigonometric tables up to 8 decimal places Determined the Earth’s axial tilt to be 23.52
degrees
Mirza Muhammad Tariq Ulugh BegCalculated the value of Sidereal year to be
365d, 6h, 10m, 8s (only 62 seconds more than the present estimation)
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf1526 – 1585 C.E
Built an observatory at Istanbul
Wrote 33 treatises on Astronomy
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
Paved the way for the transfer of Islamic knowledge to the West
Developed an Astronomical Catalogue more accurate than Nicolaus Copernicus and Tycho Brahe
Final astronomer of Muslim Era
ConclusionTycho Brahe was the champion in observations
Kepler was successful in presenting the true image of Solar System
But the real pioneers of it were Muslim scientists of Medieval times who had researched for more than 400 years and had founded the base for Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler
ReferencesDictionary of Scientific Biography (1970)
Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science by Regis Morelon and Rushdi Rashed
The Touch of Midas: Science, Values and Environment in Islam and the West by M.A Kettani
Astronomy and Mathematics by Carra de Vaux