Friday, October 13, 2006

TSW: Explain the causes of World War I. Understand why the United States went from having an isolationist stance to entering the war.

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The Great War - World War I

From Neutrality to War

L - Idea for Student ResponseL - Idea for Student Response

One day after school, you see two groups of schoolmates involved in a fight. Both sides yell to you to join in and help their side.

What are the advantages & disadvantages of getting involved?

If you do get involved, how do you decide which group to join?

4.1A: Europe on the Brink of War4.1A: Europe on the Brink of War

The Roots of War late 1800s and early 1900s, Europe was unsettled with tension 1) Nationalism - intense pride in one’s own nation

– Italy/Germany unified as a country instead of a kingdom 2) Militarism - glorification of armed strength and the ideals of war (build-up) to acquire and protect colonies ($ - remember the world turns due to $ large armies, navies competing for military strength (Whose is bigger?, 300%) 3) Entangled Alliances - intricate web of alliances arose to deter acts of

aggression. 1882 - Triple Alliance: Austro-Hungarian empire, Germany, Italy 1907 - Triple Entente: France, Great Britain, Russia

4.1A: Europe on the Brink of War4.1A: Europe on the Brink of War

Europe in 1914 = Powder Keg of tensions Great economic, imperial powers, armed with

massive , modern armies and inclined to support the idea of war for a national glory, were tied to one another in a series of binding military treaties

4.1A: Europe on the Brink of War4.1A: Europe on the Brink of War

U.S. was carrying an attitude of neutrality Washington’s Farewell Address No entangling alliances More worried about their own Hemisphere

4.2B: World War I Begins4.2B: World War I Begins

The “Spark” that started the Great War

June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand & wife assassinated by a Serbian Nationalist.

Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina

Serbia, small nation to the south wanted a “Slavic nation”

Black Hand - 7 assassins Archduke dodged first attempts, finally

killed by 19 y.o., Gavrilo Princip

4.2B: World War I Begins4.2B: World War I Begins

The War Begins A-H angered and supported by Germany, issued an ultimatum Suppress all anti-A-H activities or face war Russia supported Serbia Jul 28, 1914: A-H declares war on Serbia System of alliances (Triple Alliance & Entente) plunged Europe into war Germany demands Russia to stop mobilization and France to remain neutral Russia refuses and France honors alliance Germany marches through Belgium, ignoring 1839 treaty guaranteeing

Belgium’s neutral status France, Russia, G. Britain declare war on Germany WWI officially begins August 4, 1914

4.2B: World War I Begins4.2B: World War I Begins

The U.S. Declares Neutrality Same day, Wilson declares U.S. neutrality Many Americans could trace their heritage to Europe Wilson asked all Americans to remain neutral “The [United States] must be impartial in thought as well as in action Americans could not resist taking sides Britain b/c of heritage & ancestry France b/c of their help in Rev. War

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4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in Europe4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in Europe

Quick Victory Eludes the Warring Nations

all nations thought the war would end quickly

By end of 1914, thousands of casualties

War turned into a Bloody Stalemate

Boredom!

4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in Europe4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in Europe

4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in Europe4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in Europe

The Horror of Trench Warfare

Modern Weaponry: machine guns, mechanized cannons, mustard gas

Bloody, long-lasting battles No land gained 475 miles of trenches built to

protect from modern weaponry Long bombardment, followed by

infantry attacks: “No Man’s Land” Treacherous mud, very wet, rats trenchfoot = amputation “The bottom of the trench was springy like a mattress

b/c of all the bodies underneath … “

4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in Europe4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in Europe

The U.S. Maintains Neutrality Americans were horrified by the

war French Foreign Legion U.S. gov’t remained neutral Wilson unhappy with British

blockade of German ports. Violation of int’l law Wilson continued to supply food,

weapons, and war supplies Banks made billions of $

4.1D: German U-boats Violate Int’l Law4.1D: German U-boats Violate Int’l Law

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

U-boat = Unterseeboot Germany had superior submarines Feb. 1915, Germany - unrestricted

submarine warfare Even neutral or passenger ships War zone declared by Germany

4.1D: German U-boats Violate Int’l Law4.1D: German U-boats Violate Int’l Law

The Sinking of the Lusitania

May 1, 1915: NY to London Germany had warned passengers in

newspapers Warning for submarines in area,

ignored by ship’s captain 790-foot ship, sank in 18 minutes 2,000 passengers, 1,200 died, 128

Americans, 125 children Secret cargo: 4,200 cases of gun

cartridges

4.1D: German U-boats Violate Int’l Law4.1D: German U-boats Violate Int’l Law

Wilson Campaigns for U.S. Neutrality

American public outraged Wilson condemned Germany’s

actions Committed to keeping U.S. out of

war 3 more Americans killed on

unarmed French ship 1916 Election, close call “He kept us out of war” slogan

4.1E: U.S. Entry into the War4.1E: U.S. Entry into the War

The Zimmerman Telegram

Death Knell, Straw that broke the camel’s back

Restart unrestricted subm. Warfare Promise of”general financial

support Mexico would regain territory British presented to Wilson on Feb.

25, 1917 Mar. 1: published in newspapers “There is no question about going to war. Germany is

already at war with us.” former Pres. T. Roosevelt

4.1E: U.S. Entry into the War4.1E: U.S. Entry into the War

The U.S. Declares War on Germany

April 2, 1917 Wilson asked Congress for

declaration of war against Germany

“The world must be made safe for democracy … We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind”

3 A.M, April 6, 1917 - U.S. enters War

“Over There”

“Over There”

Jonnie get your gun, get your gun, get your gun, Take it on the run, on the run, on the run, Hear them calling you and me, Every son of liberty. Hurry right away, no delay, go today, Make your daddy glad to have had such a lad, Tell

your sweetheart not to pine, To be proud her boy’s in line.

“Over There”

Chorus Over there, over there, Send the word, send the word, over there That the Yanks are coming, the Yanks are coming The drums rum tumming everywhere, So prepare, say a prayer, Send the word, say a prayer, Send the word, send the word, to beware, We’ll be over, we’re coming over, And we won’t come back till its over, Over there.

“Over There”

Johnnie get your gun, get your gun, get your gun, Johnnie show the Hun, you’re a son-of-a-gun, Hoist the flag and let her fly, Like true heroes do or die. Pack your little kit, show your grit, do your bit, Soldiers on the ranks from the towns and the

tanks, Make your mother proud of you, And to liberty be true.

4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War

Mobilizing for War Ill-equipped for war Wilson initiated the draft Only 200,000 soldiers 9 million registered U.S. industry & agriculture

increased production of food, fuel, ships, weapons

Intense propaganda campaign

4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War

The Effects of Propaganda

Undemocratic practices Espionage Act of 1917 2,000 Americans were prosecuted “Liberty Cabbage” German-Americans were

discriminated against

4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War

Leaving for Europe Idealism & Excitement “… adventure & heroism” High-spirits However, they soon encountered

the horror and fear of war

4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War

American Troops in Europe

Fresh U.S. troops bolstered the broken down Allied forces

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

General John “Black Jack” Pershing

Not well-trained, inexperienced

4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War

The End of WWI Spring/Fall 1918 - American troops

helped in decisive battles 1 million troops battled Germans

over 200-mile front in France Germans overthrow Kaiser

Wilhelm 11-11-11 10 million soldiers killed 20 million soldiers wounded U.S. - 300,000 casualties U.S. - 110,000 killed

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