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Friday, October 13, 2006
TSW: Explain the causes of World War I. Understand why the United States went from having an isolationist stance to entering the war.
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The Great War - World War I
From Neutrality to War
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L - Idea for Student ResponseL - Idea for Student Response
One day after school, you see two groups of schoolmates involved in a fight. Both sides yell to you to join in and help their side.
What are the advantages & disadvantages of getting involved?
If you do get involved, how do you decide which group to join?
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4.1A: Europe on the Brink of War4.1A: Europe on the Brink of War
The Roots of War late 1800s and early 1900s, Europe was unsettled with tension 1) Nationalism - intense pride in one’s own nation
– Italy/Germany unified as a country instead of a kingdom 2) Militarism - glorification of armed strength and the ideals of war (build-up) to acquire and protect colonies ($ - remember the world turns due to $ large armies, navies competing for military strength (Whose is bigger?, 300%) 3) Entangled Alliances - intricate web of alliances arose to deter acts of
aggression. 1882 - Triple Alliance: Austro-Hungarian empire, Germany, Italy 1907 - Triple Entente: France, Great Britain, Russia
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4.1A: Europe on the Brink of War4.1A: Europe on the Brink of War
Europe in 1914 = Powder Keg of tensions Great economic, imperial powers, armed with
massive , modern armies and inclined to support the idea of war for a national glory, were tied to one another in a series of binding military treaties
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4.1A: Europe on the Brink of War4.1A: Europe on the Brink of War
U.S. was carrying an attitude of neutrality Washington’s Farewell Address No entangling alliances More worried about their own Hemisphere
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4.2B: World War I Begins4.2B: World War I Begins
The “Spark” that started the Great War
June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand & wife assassinated by a Serbian Nationalist.
Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina
Serbia, small nation to the south wanted a “Slavic nation”
Black Hand - 7 assassins Archduke dodged first attempts, finally
killed by 19 y.o., Gavrilo Princip
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4.2B: World War I Begins4.2B: World War I Begins
The War Begins A-H angered and supported by Germany, issued an ultimatum Suppress all anti-A-H activities or face war Russia supported Serbia Jul 28, 1914: A-H declares war on Serbia System of alliances (Triple Alliance & Entente) plunged Europe into war Germany demands Russia to stop mobilization and France to remain neutral Russia refuses and France honors alliance Germany marches through Belgium, ignoring 1839 treaty guaranteeing
Belgium’s neutral status France, Russia, G. Britain declare war on Germany WWI officially begins August 4, 1914
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4.2B: World War I Begins4.2B: World War I Begins
The U.S. Declares Neutrality Same day, Wilson declares U.S. neutrality Many Americans could trace their heritage to Europe Wilson asked all Americans to remain neutral “The [United States] must be impartial in thought as well as in action Americans could not resist taking sides Britain b/c of heritage & ancestry France b/c of their help in Rev. War
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4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in Europe4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in Europe
Quick Victory Eludes the Warring Nations
all nations thought the war would end quickly
By end of 1914, thousands of casualties
War turned into a Bloody Stalemate
Boredom!
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4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in Europe4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in Europe
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4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in Europe4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in Europe
The Horror of Trench Warfare
Modern Weaponry: machine guns, mechanized cannons, mustard gas
Bloody, long-lasting battles No land gained 475 miles of trenches built to
protect from modern weaponry Long bombardment, followed by
infantry attacks: “No Man’s Land” Treacherous mud, very wet, rats trenchfoot = amputation “The bottom of the trench was springy like a mattress
b/c of all the bodies underneath … “
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4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in Europe4.1C: A Bloody Stalemate in Europe
The U.S. Maintains Neutrality Americans were horrified by the
war French Foreign Legion U.S. gov’t remained neutral Wilson unhappy with British
blockade of German ports. Violation of int’l law Wilson continued to supply food,
weapons, and war supplies Banks made billions of $
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4.1D: German U-boats Violate Int’l Law4.1D: German U-boats Violate Int’l Law
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
U-boat = Unterseeboot Germany had superior submarines Feb. 1915, Germany - unrestricted
submarine warfare Even neutral or passenger ships War zone declared by Germany
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4.1D: German U-boats Violate Int’l Law4.1D: German U-boats Violate Int’l Law
The Sinking of the Lusitania
May 1, 1915: NY to London Germany had warned passengers in
newspapers Warning for submarines in area,
ignored by ship’s captain 790-foot ship, sank in 18 minutes 2,000 passengers, 1,200 died, 128
Americans, 125 children Secret cargo: 4,200 cases of gun
cartridges
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4.1D: German U-boats Violate Int’l Law4.1D: German U-boats Violate Int’l Law
Wilson Campaigns for U.S. Neutrality
American public outraged Wilson condemned Germany’s
actions Committed to keeping U.S. out of
war 3 more Americans killed on
unarmed French ship 1916 Election, close call “He kept us out of war” slogan
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4.1E: U.S. Entry into the War4.1E: U.S. Entry into the War
The Zimmerman Telegram
Death Knell, Straw that broke the camel’s back
Restart unrestricted subm. Warfare Promise of”general financial
support Mexico would regain territory British presented to Wilson on Feb.
25, 1917 Mar. 1: published in newspapers “There is no question about going to war. Germany is
already at war with us.” former Pres. T. Roosevelt
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4.1E: U.S. Entry into the War4.1E: U.S. Entry into the War
The U.S. Declares War on Germany
April 2, 1917 Wilson asked Congress for
declaration of war against Germany
“The world must be made safe for democracy … We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind”
3 A.M, April 6, 1917 - U.S. enters War
“Over There”
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“Over There”
Jonnie get your gun, get your gun, get your gun, Take it on the run, on the run, on the run, Hear them calling you and me, Every son of liberty. Hurry right away, no delay, go today, Make your daddy glad to have had such a lad, Tell
your sweetheart not to pine, To be proud her boy’s in line.
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“Over There”
Chorus Over there, over there, Send the word, send the word, over there That the Yanks are coming, the Yanks are coming The drums rum tumming everywhere, So prepare, say a prayer, Send the word, say a prayer, Send the word, send the word, to beware, We’ll be over, we’re coming over, And we won’t come back till its over, Over there.
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“Over There”
Johnnie get your gun, get your gun, get your gun, Johnnie show the Hun, you’re a son-of-a-gun, Hoist the flag and let her fly, Like true heroes do or die. Pack your little kit, show your grit, do your bit, Soldiers on the ranks from the towns and the
tanks, Make your mother proud of you, And to liberty be true.
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4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War
Mobilizing for War Ill-equipped for war Wilson initiated the draft Only 200,000 soldiers 9 million registered U.S. industry & agriculture
increased production of food, fuel, ships, weapons
Intense propaganda campaign
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4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War
The Effects of Propaganda
Undemocratic practices Espionage Act of 1917 2,000 Americans were prosecuted “Liberty Cabbage” German-Americans were
discriminated against
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4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War
Leaving for Europe Idealism & Excitement “… adventure & heroism” High-spirits However, they soon encountered
the horror and fear of war
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4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War
American Troops in Europe
Fresh U.S. troops bolstered the broken down Allied forces
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
General John “Black Jack” Pershing
Not well-trained, inexperienced
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4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War4.1F: U.S. Mobilization & the End of the War
The End of WWI Spring/Fall 1918 - American troops
helped in decisive battles 1 million troops battled Germans
over 200-mile front in France Germans overthrow Kaiser
Wilhelm 11-11-11 10 million soldiers killed 20 million soldiers wounded U.S. - 300,000 casualties U.S. - 110,000 killed
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continued on next slide
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