french revolution
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French Revolution . Essential Questions . What caused the French Revolution? What happened during the first events of the Revolution? How did the French create a new nation?. King Louis XIV and Queen Marie Antoinette . Old Regime . French society divided into 3 orders, or estates Clergy - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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French Revolution
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Essential Questions
1. What caused the French Revolution?
2. What happened during the first events of the Revolution?
3. How did the French create a new nation?
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King Louis XIV and Queen Marie Antoinette
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Old Regime
• French society divided into 3 orders, or estates1. Clergy 2. Nobles3. Peasants (everyone else)
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1st Estate Clergy • Church was a state within a state • Responsibilities: – Registered births, marriages, and deaths– Collected tithes – Censored books dangerous to religion and morals– Operated schools– Distributed wealth to poor
• Owned 10% of the land• Paid NO taxes, gave a “free gift”• Upper clergy similar to nobility
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2nd Estate
Nobles• 2 sets: nobles of the sword and nobles of the
robe• Held highest positions • Paid NO taxes• Owned between 1/4 and 1/3 of the land
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3rd Estate Bourgeoisie, peasants, and urban laborers (96% of the population)• Bourgeoisie– Merchants, lower officials, intellectuals– Wanted to rise socially
• Peasants– Given low wages and taxed the most
• Sans culottes– Artisans and workers of the cities – Lived in poverty No work = no food
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Early Influences
1. American Revolution 2. Enlightenment philosophes 3. Financial issues4. Bourgeoisie grievances
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“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
• Legitimate governments: – Written constitution – Elections– Powerful legislatures
• Equality before the law for everyone• Nation’s well being could override individual
interests
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French Financial Problems
• Tariffs on goods going across provinces• Overlapping and conflicting law systems• Wars, including aid for American Revolution • Inefficient and unjust tax system• King and Queen’s lavish lifestyle
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Estates General
• Louis XVI ordered Estates General to meet to solve financial problems – Had not met in 175 years– Each estate wrote “notebooks” called cahiers which
stated their grievances– Third Estate wanted to change voting rules
• Proclaimed themselves a legislature (the National Assembly)• Were locked out of meeting
– Tennis Court Oath: wouldn’t leave until constitution was written for France
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National Assembly 1789-1792• Conflict between the 1st and 2nd Estate and 3rd
Estate– 1st and 2nd Estate represented 20% of population – 3rd Estate represented 80% of population
• 3rd Estate invited 1st and 2nd to join assembly– Not one noble came
• On June 17, 1789, 3rd Estate established NA• Louis XVI commanded NA into orders, but 3rd
Estate refused• Nobles/clergy join king
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National Assembly Reforms
1. Abolition of special privileges2. Statement of human rights3. Subordination of church to state4. Constitution to France5. Administrative and judicial reforms6. Aid for business
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
• liberty, equality, fraternity” • Inspired by the Bill of Rights, American
Declaration of Independence, and writings of Enlightenment philosophers
• “All men are born equal and remain equal before the law”
• Rights did not extend to women
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Storming of Bastille
• In July 1789 tensions were high in Paris
• Fearing aristocratic plan to crush them, peasants search for weapons
• July 14: 900 Parisians gathered at Bastille and take over
• Crucial victory: Bastille seen as symbol of Old Regime
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Storming of Bastille
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The Great Fear • Great Fear was a peasant
myth of terror• Economic crisis worsened
– Burn manor houses, refuse to pay royal taxes, tithes, and manorial dues
• Feared aristocrats banding together to crush them – Took up arms to fight
• Result: Nobles give up special privileges (August decrees)
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March on Versailles
• Parisian wives (and men) marched to Versailles in 1789• Protest lack of bread • Joined by Paris Guards, 20,000 citizen guardsResult: King had to return to Paris – Promise of bread– Approved decrees and Declaration of Man
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Results of the Moderate Stage
Accomplishments of 1789 Revolution: 1. Equality before the law2. Careers open to talent3. A written constitution
4. Parliamentary government Revolutionaries felt no need to go futher
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Formation of a New Government
• 1791: Constitution completed by Assembly– Broad voting rights for citizens• Men at least 25 years old had right to vote
– Kept the monarchy• Severely restricted the king’s power
– Created new legislative body called the Legislative Assembly
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Radical Stage 1792-1794
1. Bourgeoisie2. Sans-culottes
3. Foreign invasions4. The Jacobins
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Bourgeoisie vs. San-culottes
• Discontent of sans-culottes propelled radicalism
• Feared bourgeoisie would replace the fallen aristocracy
• By close of 1792 demanded equality with the bourgeoisie
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Foreign Invasion
• Revolution might not have gone radical if France remained at peace
• War with Austria and Prussia in April of 1972• Worsened internal dissensions, economic
conditions, and threatened to undo Revolution reforms
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End of the Monarchy
• August 10, 1792 – mob marched on Tuileries Palace– Slaughtered guards– Threw Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette, and children in
prison• Legislative Assembly calls for election of new
legislature– National Convention
• Favored extreme change (radicals)• Declared France a republic
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Essential Questions
1. What changes did the radical government make in French society and politics?
2. What was the Reign of Terror, and how did it end?
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The Republic 1792-3
• In September 1792, National Convention abolished the monarchy and created a republic
• Tried to purify France and start over– Got rid of King and Queen – Got rid of anything that dealt with the Old Regime
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Revolutionary Culture
• Reminded people everyday that they were patriots, rational, and non religious society
• Brought rise to modern nationalism
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The Jacobins
• Replaced leadership in 1793• Wanted strong, centralized government in
Paris• Opposed government interference in business • Supported by the sans-culottes
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Issues
1. Civil war 2. Economic distress3. Blockaded ports4. Foreign invasion
*Feared that liberty and equality would perish if they failed
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Achievements
• New constitution (1793) – Gave all adult males the right to vote– Abolished slavery in French colonies – Made plans for free public education – Never gets implemented
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The Terror (1793-94) • Robespierre, active Jacobin • Made terror a governmental policy • Enemies of the state were executed – Massive executions took place – 16,000 died by guillotine; 40,000 executed; 20,000 died
in prison • Formulated questions: – What was the meaning of the French Revolution ? – To what extent reversed the ideals of Declaration? – Violence of mass executions indicate abandonment of
reason
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The Guillotine
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Fall of Robespierre and the Jacobins
• On July 28, 1794 he was guillotined • Jacobins dismantled • In 1795– New constitution – Reestablished property requirements for voting– New republican government (Directory) takes over
• Eventually ends with Napoleon in 1804 declaring himself “Emperor of France”
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Consequences of the French Revolution
1. Dynastic state was transformed into the modern state
2. Modern state: national, liberal, secular, and rational
3. State belonging to the people as a whole – No longer subjects, but citizens
4. Served as frame of reference for 19th century movements: conservatism, liberalism, socialism
5. Unleashed 3 destructive forces: total war, nationalism, and utopian mentality