french revolution
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French Revolution. The French Revolution. Serious fiscal problems in France War debts, 1780s 50% of tax revenues to war debts 25% of tax revenues to military Leads to revolution more radical than the American Repudiation of many aspects of the ancien régime. #1: Absolute Monarchy. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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French Revolution
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Serious fiscal problems in France◦ War debts, 1780s
50% of tax revenues to war debts◦ 25% of tax revenues to military
Leads to revolution more radical than the American◦ Repudiation of many aspects of the ancien régime
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The French Revolution
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Louis XVI
By A.F. Callet (1741-1823)
#1: Absolute Monarchy
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The First Esta
te1% of the Population
(Clergy)
The Second Estate1.5% - 2% of the
Population(Titled Nobility)
The Third Estate97- 98% of the Population
(Bourgeoisie & Working Lower Class)
#2: Social Inequality
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Three Estates◦ 1st Estate: Roman Catholic Clergy
100,000◦ 2nd Estate: Nobles
400,000◦ 3rd Estate: Everyone else
24,000,000 serfs, free peasants, urban residents Estates General founded 1303, had not met
since 1614 One vote per estate
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The Estates General
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“What is the Third Estate? All. But an ‘all’ that is fettered (chained) and oppressed. What would it be without the privileged order? It would be all; but free and flourishing. Nothing will go well without the Third Estate; everything would go considerably better without the other two.”
By Abbe Sieyes, a clergyman who became a revolutionary, 1789
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The cost of maintaining Versailles and expensive wars had the government spending more than it earned. Led to a greater tax burden on the Third Estate.
Bad harvests in 1789 led to widespread starvation.
Inflation.
#3 Economic Injustices
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Versailles Court
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Versailles gardens
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Marie Antoinette
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Marie Antoinette's village amusement at the Château de Versailles
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One of the cottages built in Marie Antoinette's private village
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The Enlightenment thinkers, especially those from France, led many to question France’s absolute monarchy and led to demands for democracy.
#4: The Enlightenment
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England’s Glorious Revolution The successful fight for liberty and equality in the American Revolution
#5: English and American Examples
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Protest of nobility forces King Louis to call Estates General for new taxes, May 1789
3rd Estate demands greater social change June, 3rd Estate secedes
◦ Renamed “National Assembly” July, mob attacks Bastille, bloody battle won
by mob
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1789
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Growth of the Power of the Third Estate
Third Estate
National Assembly
National Constituent Assembly
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By Jean-Pierre Louis Laurent Houel (1735-1813), entitled Prise de la Bastille ("The storm of the Bastille.”)
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Remains of the Bastille today.
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August 1789 American influence Equality of men
◦ Women not included: Olympe de Gouges (Marie Gouze) unsucessfully attempts to redress this in 1791
Sovereignty resides in the people Individual rights
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Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
• Written in 1789•Uses American D.O.I. as model•States that all men have natural rights•Declares the job of the gov’t to protect the natural rights of the people•Guarantees all male citizens equality•States freedom of religion•Promises to tax based on how much is affordable
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The Constitution of 1791
• Set up a limited monarchy and representative assembly• Declared the people had natural rights and that it was the job of the government to protect these rights• It put the Church under state control
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“liberty, equality, fraternity” National Assembly abolishes old social order Seizes church lands, redefines clergy as
civilians New constitution retains king, but subject to
legislative authority Convention: elected by universal male suffrage Levée en masse: conscription for war Guillotine invented to execute domestic
enemies◦ 1793: King Louis and Queen Marie Antoinette
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Radicalization of Revolution
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Guillotines
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The first was the Girondins, who feared the rule of Paris over France.
Next was the Jacobins who favored domination of Paris. Georges-Jacques Danton and Maximilien Robespierre were two of the most powerful Jacobins.
The third again, were the moderates who would later choose one of the two sides.
Division of the National Convention - 1792
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“the Incorruptible,” leader of “Committee of Public Safety”
Leader of Jacobin party Dominated Convention, 1793-1794 Churches closed, priests forced to marry
◦ Promoted “Cult of Reason” as secular alternative to Christianity
Calendar reorganized: 10-day weeks, proclaimed Year 1
Executed 40,000; imprisoned 300,000
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Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)
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Perspective of the counter-revolutionaries:
"The Radical's Arms", it depicts the infamous guillotine. "No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!" is written in the republican banner.
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Revolutionary enemies of the Jacobins 1794 Robespierre arrested, sent to guillotine Men of property take power in the form of
the Directory Unable to solve economic and military
problems of revolutionary France
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The Directory (1795-1799)
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From minor Corsican noble family Army officer under King Louis XIV, general
at 24 Brilliant military strategist Joins Directory 1799, then overthrew it Imposed new constitution, named self
“Consul for life” in 1802
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Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
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Napoleon as a young officer
Napoleon in His Study by Jacques-Louis David (1812)
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Concludes agreement with Pope: Concordat◦France retains church lands, but pay
salaries to clergy◦Freedom of religion, also for Protestants,
Jews 1804 promulgates Napoleonic Code
◦Patriarchal authority◦Became model for many civil codes
Tight control on newspapers, use of secret police
Eventually declared himself Emperor
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Napoleonic France
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Napoleon on his Imperial throne by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, painted 1806.
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Conquered Iberian, Italian Peninsulas, Netherlands Forced Austria and Prussia to enter into alliance Disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 Burned Moscow, but defeated by Russian weather
◦ “General Winter”◦ Scorched Earth policy
British, Austrian, Prussian and Russian armies force Napoleon to abdicate, 1814◦ Exiled to Island of Elba, escaped to take power again for
100 days◦ Defeated by British at Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena, dies
1821
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Napoleon’s Empire
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Napoleon's Empire in 1812
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Louis XVIII
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The Battle of Waterloo, by William Sadler
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Meeting after defeat of Napoleon Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria,
1773-1859) supervises dismantling of Napoleon’s empire
Established balance of power Worked to suppress development of
nationalism among multi-national empires like the Austrian
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The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)