French Connection!(See page 6) , .

.\..-

Vol. 8 No. 10 Citizen Band Potawatomi Tribe October, 1986

Bourassa-Nourie Scrapbook•Museum to receive

stained glass window"Flute Song to Her Spirit," a pamtmg by Potawatomi artist Woody

Crumbo. served as inspiration for this magnificent stained glass windowcreated by Mrs, Cable Ball. Mrs, Ball has generously agreed to donate thewindow to the tribal museum and it should be in place in time for nextyear's General Council meeting.

HowNIKan thanks to LorraineNourie Lewi's for this picture ofher grandmother. Delilah BourassaNourie. According to Lorraine. hergrandmother was born in MapleHill. Kansas on December 1, 1868,At the age of four. she moved toBeaverville, Illinois. Her fatherwas Eugene Bourassa, her mother

Herline (Ellen) Gagnon. Delilahwas married on January 2, 1888 toAlfred Nourie. Tbeir II childrenwere Alphie. Arline, Leonie, MarieLouise. Eugene. Antillie.Sherman. Elmer. Eustelle. Alfredand Opal. Delilah passed away onMay 4. 1942.

Page 2

Citizen Band .Potawatomi TribalChairman John Barrett,Committeeman and AdministratorFrancis Levier and HowNIKanEditor and Assistant AdministratorPat Sulcer are listed in the new"Who's Who of the AmericanIndian." According to editor BarryKlein, the publication seeks torecognize American Indians, aswell as non·Indians, active inIndian Affairs, history, art,anthropology and archaeology.

services. The problem is . who areyou? Where are you? Do you wantthe business? If you have aprofession, service or product,please send your name, address,phone number and details of yourservice or product to:

Citizen Band Potawatomi TribeGuide to Professions. Products &

Services

Tim Giago, the highly respectedand sometimes feared publisher ofIndian Country's only independentweekly, has set his sights onestablishing a statewidenewspaper to serve Oklahoma'snearly 200,000 member Indiancommunity.

Giago, who established theaward winning .Lakota Times fiveyears in South Dakota. believesNative Americans have beendenied a voice long enough. "Ithink we're going to shake somepeople up in Oklahoma." says·Giago. "We intend to cover thetribal governments and we willcover the politicians. A lot ofpeople won't like findingthemselves in the news. bur it'stime they were calledaccountable...

Giago; whose first years of

(cont. page 10)

Statewide Indianpaper planned

Cherokee NationJob recruitment

Tribe makes'Who's Who '86'

The Cherokee Nation will hav.e ajob recruiter at the NativeAmerican Center on November 17.All Native Americans seeking jobassistance are invited to visit thecenter. located on S. Harvey nearthe Oklahoma City Zoo, betweenthe hours of 9 a.m. and 3 p.m.

-Rt. 5, Box 151Shawnee, OK 74801

Buy Potawatomi! Support yourtribe by doing business with othertribal members. We will publishthis list in the HowNIKan initially,and as a se'parate publication ifparticipation demands it.Remember, there are over 12,000of us; counting spouses andunenrolled children, at least50.000 of us. That represents a

'~a~

20% DepositWith Order

• (616) 695·2060(616) 683·4946

management of any monies, andcoordinate with the tribaladministration. If you have abusiness proposition, however,read on.

This last Saturday I was honoredto be invited to the Ogee-Beaubienfamily reunion by Mr. and Mrs.J.D. Holt. Mr. Holt, a professionalengineer, and Mrs. Holt haveauthored a book about their clan.which is one of the tribe's largestand most rich in historicalinvolvement in tribal affairs. Theyrecognized three family memberswho were 12th generationBeaubien descendants and eighthgeneration Ogee descendants.They had a gold tournament atFire Lake, a dinner, and muchgood fellowship and reminiscence.Again, Megwetch, to the Holtsand their family.

I was interested to note themany members of the Ogee­Beaubien clan who wereprofessionals in their occupations:doctors, lawyers, engineers,architects, etc. This brings to lighta project we have·long felt wasneeded by the tribe. The CitizenBand Potawatomi hires theservices of many professionals. Inthe last five years our paymentsfor attorneys. architects, engineersand consultants has exceeded,S300,OOO. We have a policy ofPotawatomi preference inprocurements for goods and

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and the staggered terms of officefor elected officials. The issues arevery vital to the tribe's growth andprogress. Please vote, andencourage others to vote. Thetraditional pattern of eldersexpressing their opinions toyounger family members needs totake place. We depend on theconcern and involvement of ourelders and hope they will involvethemselves in turning out the vote.

I recently received word fromseveral members in California thatthe mailing lists we sent to someof our active members toencourage contact on a regionalbasis are being used to solicitbusiness for a commercial venture.While presented as a "Brothers ofthe Fire," Le.• Potawatomi group,the pitch also asked for money andsolicited sales of books and poems.I. don't condemn any artisticexpression by any Potawatomi. Ido condemn the unauthorized useof our attendence lists for theRegional Councils. The CitizenBand Potawatomi Tribe knowsnothing about, and in no wayendorses the efforts of thesepeople to raise money forwhatever group. We stronglysuggest that any group wishing tomeet and form some kind ofnetworking with other tribalmembers do so in Our traditionalmanner - council and Yote, electleaders who will bond their

Letter from the Chairman

HowNlKan EdUorPatricia Sulcer

Citizen Band PotawatomlBuslnes5 Committee

Chairman - John "Rocky" BarrettVice Chairman - Doyle Owens

Secrelary·Treasurer- Kenneth PeltierSr, -Commil~eeman - Dr, Francis levier

Committeeman - Bob F. Davis

Fellow Tribal Members,Aho Nikane! The news was

greeted rather calmly at the lastmeeting of the BusinessCommittee - we are out of debt.When Dr, Levier made theannouncement we all took it instride and continued on withbusiness. On reflection, however,we should have prayed - and sang- and danced. Over 15 years ofdebtor's status gone is likeremoving a yoke from our necks.In a less symbolic meaning, weare now free to begin the move wehave talked about in all of theRegional Councils and at GeneralCouncil: economic development.Two factors support our proposedexpansion; the tax free status ofthe tribe and the TribalGovernment Tax Status Act. This"one-two" punch in ourcompetition for jobs and industryhas been greatly enhanced underthe new tax laws. Look for goodthings to cornel

In the same vein, look for theSecretarial Election conductedunder BIA direction to happen inthe next 60 days. The twoprincipal issues are the TribalCharter, presently under review.

The HowNiKan is a publication of theCitizen Band Pot.....atomi Tribe. with of4flees located at 1900 Gordon CooperDrive, Shawn.oc, Oklahoma.

1be HowNiKtln .is mailed free to enroll·ed members of· the Citizen BandPotawatomi Tribe. SUbscriptions art;available to non-members .at the rate of56 annually.

The HowNiXall is • member of theNative Amerlcu PIUI AaocfatJon.Reprint permission is granted with creditto HowNiKan. Otlzea BaDd PotawatomlTribe. .

All editorials and letters become theproperty of the HowNiKan. Submissionsfor publication must be signed by theauthor and include a traceable 'address.Publication is at the discretion of theeditor.

Change of address, ~ubmissions andsubscriptions should be mailed to Route5, Box 151, Shawnee, Oklahoma 74801.

Tribal tractsAppeals courtoverturns 81A

A federal appeals court hasinvalidated a BIA requirementmandating a one-quarter minimumblood degree to be eligible foreducational assistance.

The 9th U.S. Circuit Court ofAppeals charged the Bureau ofIndian Affairs with usurping thepower of Congress and the Indiantribes by establishing a blooddegree requirement for federaleducation loan applicants.

Shawnee BIA AgencySuperintendent Joe Walker,however, says the court decisionmay not affect Potawatoml tribalmembers seeking BIA assistancewith educational costs. Accordingto Walker, the Shawnee Agencywill continue operating with theone·quarter requirement until theyhear different from theDepartmenJ of Interior. Walkeralso said he had doubts as thewhether or not the Californiaruling was applicable toOklahoma, but If it should prove tobe, the Agen.cy might have to "fallback on regulations we've neverused before" that allow preferencefor people living within theAgency jurisdictional area.

The 9th Circuit's unanimous

ruling overturns that of U.S.District Judge John Vukasin. TheAppeals Court opinion said theblood degreee requirement wasvalid when the BIA passed it in1957 because it was recognized inthe 1939 law requlating collegeloans to Indians. That law,however, was changed in 1974 todefine Indian as "any person whois a member of any Indian tribe"recognized by the federalgovernment. That left membershiprequirements and bloodpercentages up to the individualtribes.

Diane Zarr. a student at SonomaState University and a member ofthe Sherwood Valley Band ofPorno Indians in NorthernCalifornia, brought the suit againstthe BIA after being deriiededucation grants based on the factshe was 7/32 Indian. An 8/32degree would equal one-qparter.

Tribal eldershonored again

Native Times, "The good newspaper for Native people and caringfriends," recently ran a picture ofPotawatomi elders Ozetta. Peltierand Edith 0' Bright. The picture,published earlier in theHowNIKan, ran in the paper's

"We Read" section. Subscriptionsto Native Times are available for$8 annually. Write: P.O. Box 3300,Rapid City, South Dakota 57709.

Denver paperfeatures tribe

The Camp Criert anindependent Indian newspaperpublished monthly in Denver,Colorado, featured a story on theCitizen Band in its Septemberissue.

The article, written by PatSulcer as a handout for regionalcouncils, includes a historicaloverview of the tribe'sdevelopment. The Camp Crier'spublication of the story, headlined"Potawatomi Tribe Plans To BeatOdds in Mainstream," coincidedwith this year's Denver RegionalCouncil meeting.

Intergovernmentalproject proposed

Citizen Band Chairman JohnBarrett received a standing ovationat a recent Shawnee CityCommission meeting afterproposing a joipt economicdevelopment project that wouldoffer relief to recent flood vi.ctimsliving within the tribe'sjurisdictional boundaries.

The City of Shawnee has beenconsidering an Army Corps ofEngineers proposal to build alevee south of the city in hopes ofpreventing. a repeat of the 1983

Page 3

and 1986 flooding that closedSouth Beard Street and drovenumerous families t'rom theirhomes. The Business Committee'sproposal called for buying out theaffected homeowners, establishinga sand-fill operation andpromoting an industrial park in thearea. As businesses would committo locate in the area, the sandoperation would be used to raisedevelopment sites above 'the floodelevation. The project would bejointly funded, developed andmarketed by the city and the tribe.

Commissioners votedunanimously to both put a hold onthe Army Corps proposal and tohave the tribe submit a completeplan outlining theintergovernmental project.

Atlanta interviewsHowNiKan editor

HowNIKan Editor PatriciaSulcer was recently interviewed bythe Atlanta Constitution for anarticle on censorship of tribalnewspapers. Several newspapersacross the country operated bytribal governments have been sh.utdown and editors who disagreewith tribal governors often findthemselves the victim of a"budget cut." We are alwayspleased to inform people that thetribal Constitution guarantees FirstAmendment rights and that thecurrent tribal administration isdedicated to maintaining a tribal"news" paper.

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Page 4

Native NewsIroquois featuredin National Geographic

Acording to the Turtle QuarterlyMllflazlDe, National Geographic ispreparing a comprehensive articleon the Six Nations IroquoisConfederacy.

The article, scheduled forpublication in late 1986 or early1987, is' expected to cover theKanawake, Ohsweken,Cattaraugus, Allegany,Akwasasne, Onondaga, Tonawndaand Tuscarora Iroquoiscommunities.

'Alcohol Lake' tribekicks the bottle

A tribe in British Columbia,known for years as the Indians of"Alcohol Lake", claim to havekicked the bottle.

The nearly 400 Shuswap Indiansof Alkali Lake (300 miles NE ofVancouver) managed to breaktheir alcohol habit without outsideintervention and now claim to benearly 100 percntteetolaling.

Andy Chelsea, chief of theShuswap tribe, and his wife,Phyllis, became the movers andshakers for tribal temperance.According to Chelsea, his personalreformation occurred after losi"ng16 friends and family members toalcohol related incidents in oneyear. For three years, theChelseas and two others foughttheir temperance war alone. But,according to the chief, thingsslowly began to look up.

"On Monday mornings I'd walkthrough town, smiling and feelinggood, looking healthy, talking topeople. Other people werestumbling around, feeling bad,their heads hurting. Eventuallypeople started looking at me andwishing they were in my shoes. Itwas leadership by example."

As more and more tribalmembers attempted to dry out,Chelsea's supporters grew andbecame bolder. According to onereport, white bootleggers werethrown off the reservation, adrunken priest was forced to leaveand drinking by council membersor employees was outlawed. Tribalmembers wlio refused to quitdrinking were no longer givenwelfare checks - but were givenvouchers that were honored bytribal merchants for food, clothing- anything but booze.

Chelsea believes his methodswere jusifiable. "If they don't likeit they can leave. If they want tohave another leader they canthrow me out. If they want todevelop with a bunch of drunks,let them go ahead. But Iguarantee that if you try todevelop economically with a bunchof drunk Indians you're not goingto make it."

With the return of sobriety, arenewed interest in traditionalcustoms has surfaced. Tribalobservors say self-esteem is higharid there are now less than a

dozen alcoholics on thereservation.

Throughout North America,however. alcoholism remains thenumber one killer of NativeAmericans, dying at a rate fivetimes higher than that of the whitepopulation.

Education associationsendorse Campbell

Ben Nighthorse Campbell,Colorado's only American Indiancandidate for Congress, hasreceived the endorsement of boththe National Education Associationand the Colorado EducationAssociation.

A former U.S. Olympicchampion, the 53-year-oldCampbell has presented voterswith a shocking youth profiledeserving of attention: 40 percentof our children live in single familyhomes; 30 percent are "latch-key"with both parents employed; 20percent live in the poverty level;15 percent have physical or mentalhandicaps and 10 percent havevery poorly educated parents.

Campbell's platform alsoincludes a strong anti-drug stance.A Denver newspaper has quotedCampbell as saying, we should"educate our people on thedangerous and degrading effectsof narcotics, etadicate drugproduction in the fields andfactories where it originates. andenforce more vigorously the druglaws."

Campbell, an enrolled NorthernCheyenne, has receivedendorsements from Indian leadersacross the country, as well ascampaign support from SenatorGary Hart and Representatives PatSchroder and Tim Worth.

The last Indian to serve inCongress was Ben Reifel duringthe 1970's. Only seven AmericanIndians have held congressionalseats.

Navajo newspaperwill be indexed

The Nav. Tlmea TODAY, thiscountry's only Native Americandaily newspaper, will soon beindexed by name and subject andavailable at the Navajo NationLibrary.

Library officials have announcedreceipt of a S57,375 grant to beused for indexing the newspaper,classifying tribal documents andcataloging oral history tapes.

Pow WOW and contestdates announced

The 1987 Gathering of NationsPow Wow and Miss Indian WorldContest will be held inAlbuquerque. N.M., April 16, 17and 18.

Billed" as "the largest Indiangathering of its type in NorthAmerica••• the event is expected to

draw more than 1,200 dancerscompeting for over S28,OOO inprize money.

For more information write to:Gathering of Nations, PO Box75102, 5TA. 14, Albuquerque,N.M. 87194, or call (505)831-1820.

Oglala to openpacking plant

A joint venture project betweenthe Oglala Sioux Tribe and aCalifornia businessman hasresulted in formation of theNebraska 5ioux Lean Beef, Inc.packing plant located in Gordon,Nebraska.

The packing plant, expected toopen next month •. received morethan 1,800 applications to fill 50positions. The packing plant willemploy a rotal of 90 people, with agoal of 60 percent tribal members.

The state of Nebraska, the cityof Gordon, the First NationalBank, the former packing plantowner and the Department ofHousing and Urban Developmentare all involved in financing theproject.

Navajos buildingmarina resort

The Navajo Nation has signed alease with a developer to constructa marina resort near Lake Powellin Arizona.

According to the Nav. TlmeaTODAY, the tribe will own atwenty percent interest in theproject. The five-year plan calls forconstruction of a 300 slip marina,a hotel, lounge and shoppingcenter.

The Navajo joint ventureincludes the participation of theNational Park Service and SEVADevelopment Co. of Scottsdale.

NARF receives$50,000 donation

The Passamaquoddy Triberecently donated $50,000 to theNative American Rights Fundbased in Boulder, Colorado.

NARF provided legalrepresentation to both thePenobscot and PassamaquoddyTribes througbout negotiationsthat lead to the signing .of theMaine Indian Settlement Act of1980. The terms of the Actincluded an award totalling aroundS81 million; S27 million was placedin trust for future economicdevelopment and S54 million wasused to purchase some 300,000acres of land.

The recent donation marks thesecond such contribution to"NARFfrom the Passamaquoddy Tribe.Tribal Governors Clive Dore andJohn Stevens have stated that byhelping NARF stay finaciallystrong Indian people of all tribescould feel confident that theirrights were being protected.

Minnesota Chippewasworn in as judge

John D. Durfee, a member oftheFond du Lac Reservation ofMinnesota Chippewas, was swornin as a district court judge in July.He is the first Indian to beappointed to such a position inMinnesota. The appointment wasmade by Governor Rudy Perpich.

Durfee is a graduate of theUnivrsity of Minnesota Law Schooland a former Minnesota ChiefPublic Defender.

Tribal forestry projectsamong top producers

The July issue of ForestIndustries magazine contained the"1986 Annual Lumber Review"tabulation of the leading timberproducers in the U.S. and Canada(1985 production figures.)

Among the top 400 companiesare four tribal forest productsenterprises. They are: Fort Apache;l'imber Company, Arizona(number 99), with a production of104,527,548 board feet; NavajoForest Products, Inc., Arizona(number 201), with a production of44,000,000 board feet; WarmSprings Forest ProductsIndustries, Oregon (nu'mber 215),with a production of 39,370,000board feet; and Menominee TribalEnterprises, Wisconsin (number350), with a production of14,000,000 board feet.

Papagos vote downnon-Indian city

The Tohono O'odham (Papago)tribal council, by a wide margin,has rejected a proposal by a Califor­nia developer to build a non-Indiancity on r/Oservation land near Tuc­son, Arizona.

Nineteen of the 21 councilmembers IIoting said they did notwant Santa Cruz Properties, Inc., toproceed with the project, whichwould have created a city of100,000. Developer JamesRothchild had been seeking a9O-year lease on more than 18,700acres near the historic Mission SanXavier del Bac south of Tucson.

Sierra Nerada digages Indian history

Archaeologists working at the re­mains of a pre-COlumbian Indianstructure in the Sierra Nevada saythey may have evidence that NorthAmerica was settled much earlierthan previously believed.

The clay floor found in StanislausNational Forest, 150 miles east ofSan Francisco, could be at least10,000 years old, the oldest struc­tural remains on the continent. siteexperts say.

Sites and structures dating up to32,000 years ago have been found inSouth America, but none have been

Page 5

"Because of the Gramm­Rudman Bill, It Is hard for thegovemment to give aid to Indianreservations. For every $1 given toIndian reservations, it costs thefederal govemment $2."

- President Ronald Reagan,responding to a question fromOglala Sioux high school studentStephen Lewis.

Lewis' question? "What is theReagan Administration doing toimprove economic, health andeducation conditions on Indianreservations?"

"This contract demonstrates thesuccess of the collaborative effortof the two comprehensiveuniversities - OU and OSU," saidSteffens. "We worked well in thedevelopmental process andanticipate a stronger program fordevloping services throughout thisregion through this joint effort."

All consulting and technicalassistance services of the MRCwill be available to sehool districtsfree of charge and will involve notonly classroom teachers of limitedEnglish proficiency (LEP) studentsbut also administrators,paraprofessionals, teacher aidesand interested PTA members.

The center will serve a total of48 federally funded. Title VIIprojects in Service Area 8 whichincludes school districts inOklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska,South Dakota and North Dakota.Twenty-one Title VII projects arelocated in Oklahoma.

A variety of enthnolinguisticgroups, including Americanlndian, Hispanic, Vietnamese,European, Chinese and Filipino,live in this five~state service area,Steffens said.

According to available U.S.Census figures, nearly 40,000students between. the ages of 5and 17 who speak a languageother than English currently areenrolled in the elementary andsecondary schools in Service Area8.

MRC will offer on-site intensivetraining programs as well asregional and state workshops forschool professionals who work withbilingual students and theirparents. Technical assistance alsowill be available to help schooldistricts of states to assess theirneeds in this area and toimplement and operate specialprograms for LEP students.Services also will assist in staffdevelopment, computer-assistedlanguage learning and teaching,curriculum and materialsdevelopment, methods of teachingEnglish as a second language,assessment of LEP students, andparent-involvement programs.

Anita Chisholm, director of theAmerican Indian Institute at OU,will serve as materialsdevelopment specialist of theMRC. Ravi Sheorey, associateprofessor of Engl ish as a SecondLanguage at OSU, will be assistantdirector and ESL specialist of thecenter.

lound on the North American Conti­nent that date back more than 8,000years, according to Robert Bet­tinger. a University of California ex­pert on Sierra Nevada prehistory,

"We're taking a quantum leapinto the past with this find," saidAnn Peak, chief site archaeologist."This is telling us that there wasfairly intensive use of land inCalifornia by the Indians beyond6,000 to 7,000 years ago, which isreally the oldest most Californiasites firmly indicate."

Archaeologists are divided in opi­nion as to when the supposedmigration to the Americas occurred.Some say it happened at least20,000 years ago, and some believeit was up to 3S,OOO years ago.Others believe it was no more than15,000 years ago. A growingnumber, including many NativeAmericans, maintain the Americasare the original home of most if notall Indian peoples.

"If Indians were just getting tothe New World on their way toSouth America 10,000 years ago,"says Peak, "you wouldn't find thiskind of permanent site, which in­dicates traditional heavy use."

BIA awardsdevelopment contracts

AssIstant Secretary for Indian Af­fairs Ross Swimmer has awardedcontracts to three firms that will actas model business developmentceniers to create jobs for Indiantribes and individuals.

The three corporations, selectedfrom 21 applicants, are the UnitedIndian Development Association(UlDA) of EI Monte, California; theRensselaerville Institute ofRensselaerville, New York, and theFairbanks Native Association (FNA)of Fairbanks, Alaska.

Each firm was awarded $250,000to generate jobs in Indian Countryby attracting industry to the reser­vations and helping entrepreneursstart and run new businesses. Thecontractors, each experienced withIndian economic development. willassist business in planning. financ­ing, accounting, marketing andmanagement assistance from start­up until the business is successfullyestablished.

The firms are proposing to create1.081 jobs in Indian Country over athree·year period. The one-yearcontracts are renewable for up tothree years if the firms meet the jobcreation numbers called for in theircontracts.

About half of the nation's 1.4million Indians live on reservations.Their land holdings total more than53 million .acres where unemploy­ment runs as high as 70 percent onsome reservations. One-quarter ofthe Indian workforce is seekingemployment and 27 percent of thetotal population lives below thepoverty line.

Tribes Or businesses interested incontacting the new businessdevelopment centers should writeto the following addresses:Rensselaerville Institute. Pond HillRoad, Rensselaerville, NY 12147;United Indian Development

Association, 9650 Flair Drive, Suite303, EI Monte, CA. 91731; Fair­banks Native Association, 310 1stAvenue, Fairbanks, AK. 99701.

Tribal garment companyreceives $130,000 grant

The White Earth Garment Com­pany, Inc.. on the Minnesota Reser­vation, has received a two-year $130thousand grant from the NorthwestArea Foundation to train present

Indian employees to move up tomanagement postitions and to ex­pand marketing.

Five employees will receive train·ing, an operations manager will beadded for two years, and the pre­sent manager, Bill Osborn, willdevote more time to marketing asothers take over more of themanagement role. "This businesshas grown substantially and a firstpriority is to get some of our peopletrained to take over managementpositions. This grant will providethe opportunity for Indian people tomove up the ladder," said Osborn.

White Earth Garment Companywas started in 1982 and nowemploys about 30. A year ago, thecompany signed a cooperativeworking agreement withHoneywell, Inc., Defense SystemsDivision. As a result, Honeywell isproviding donated employeebusiness and marketing expertise togenerate additonal jobs formembers of the reservation. Thegarment company's commercialdivision manufactures Nortex sport·swear in addition to hospital andnursing home supplies, such asgowns.

The company recently added anew defense contracts division inpreparation for receiving an­ticipated 8-A set aside contracts.The company was approved for 8-Aset aside contracts in October of1985 and underwent a favorablefacilites survey.

According to Karl Stauber, vicepresident of programs for the Nor­thwest Area Foundation, the foun­dation is interested in working withlocal people to help them establishnew models for dealing with pro­blems in their communities. "In oureight state region there are about 60reservations. Unfortunately, thereare only a small handful of suc­cessful business ventures on reser­vations. We see this as an oportuni­ty to strengthen a model of how asmall for-profit business can be suc­cessful," said Stauber. "We wereinterested in the White Earth pro­posal because it clearly fits in ourguildelines for economic develop­ment. there's a business alreadythere that shows stability. and thetribal government has done a goodjob of isolating the business fromtribal politics," said Stauber.

'Stay in school'stories sought

Secretary of Education WilliamBennett recently requested thatthe public inform him of successfulefforts that have helpedyoungsters stay in school and go

on to college. The Secretarypledged to collect all the lettersand report back, emphasizing theneed to learn about and reinforceindividual efforts to keep young.potential dropouts in shcool.

Secretary Bennett expressedconcern about the Nation'smissing undergraduates - thosestudents who are not entering ourcolleges and universities becausethey never complete high school.

Success stories should beaddressed to the attention ofMissing Undergraduates,Secretary of Education WilliamBennett, U.S. Department ofEducation, 400 Maryland AvenueSW, Washington D.C., 20202,2021245-8564.

Chippewa tribe suesover Interior policy

The St. Croix Chippewa Tribe ofWisconsin has filed suit againstSecretary Donald Hodel andAssistant Secretary - IndianAfairs, Ross Swimmer in theUnited States District Court for theDistrict of Columbia.

The St. Croix Tribe challengesthe Department's statement ofpolicy published in the FederalRegister on February 19 whichstaied that the Department willnot accept off-reservation lands intrust for the purpose ofestablishing bingo or other gamingenterprises which would notconform with state or local laws.

The tribe alleges that the policywas adopted in violation of theAdministrative Procedure Act andis therefore void and of no effect.The tribe also seeks an order tocompel the Secretary toimmediately cease enforcing the"invalid rule" and requests reviewand approval of their off­reservation application to establisha bingo parlor in the village ofTurtle Lake, Wisconsin.

Oklahoma receivesbilingual resource center

A $516,970 contract to establisha bilingual MultifunctionalResource Center has beenawarded by the U.S. Departmentof Education to the division ofPublic Responsibility andCommunity Affairs at theUniverstiy of Oklahoma.

OU and Oklahoma StateUniversity collaborated on thedevelopment of the proposalrequesting the establishment ofthe MRC at OU, and the TeachingEnglish as a Second LanguageCenter at OSU will serve as asubcontractor on the project.

One of 16 such centers in theUnited States and the first to belocated in Oklahoma, the centerwill work "to strengthen thedelivery of bilingual educationservices at the local level," saidJohn E. Steffens, assistant viceprovost of the division of PublicResponsibility and CommunityAffairs. The center will be locatedwithin the American IndianInstitute at OU and will beginoperations on Oct. I.

" II

Page 6

\ Potawatomi Scrapbook-------------------------------------

TheFrench

•Connectloll,- ,,' " , '"'~jl1-''''''iii'.ti:J~.. _ (4 !t~.l~.~<""'.. '!.JjIt-ili

A story of brave men,strong women and the

society that formedthe 'Canadian psyche'

,w->'_.

Early settlers in the Old Southwest were mainly offspring of Canada'scolonists who had come to Quebec, Three Rivers and Montreal, not longafter Champlain. Migration to the Great Lakes area began in 1673 whengovernment restrictions and increased competition pushed fur traders in­land. thus changing the pattern of trade. By the early 1700's, a closely knitgroup of traders began to form in the interior. These traders. already link­ed by intermarraige. made marital alliances with the daughters of influen­tial chiefs of the surrounding tribes. Some were already mixed blood;others were descendants of Frenchmen who. early in the Seventeenth Cen­tury. had lived among the Indians and learned their language .

.It was these mixed-blood marriages which determined to a great extenthow the fur trade in the Southwest developed. The Southwest fur trade ac­comodated itself to patterns of trade already established amongst thetribes. In contrast to areas dominated by the Hudson Bay Company and theNorth West Company - where there was contrived takeover by politicallybacked entrepreneurs ---:. control here remained very much in the hands ofcertain closely related mixed-blood families. Before the end of the century .these families banded together in the Michilimackinac Company, a com­pany which was responsible in some years for as much as two-thirds of theMontreal trade. Until recently. interpretation of events of importance inthe area of the Old Southwest was done mainly in the context of the rivalrybetween the United States and Great Britain. A fact often overlooked is thecrucial role Mackinac Company traders took in the War of 1812. not only atMackinac but also in other areas where.there was Indian involvement. In­dian loyalties in the war were not strictly decided by British influence, butrather by the network of families protecting their interests.

Since the early research of Parkman. Thwaites, and Kellogg, UnitedStates scholars have left this area of history to their Canadian colleagues.and they in turn have shown little interest in "Canadian settlements placedunder American jurisdiction after the American Revolution." Originalsource material is fragmentary, widely scattered. and in some casesdestroyed; nevertheless. it is regrettable onfy perfunctory scrutiny hasbeen .given an ~rea of social history which has played such an importantpart in the development of Canada and her relations with Native people.

Historian G.F.G. Stanley describes Indian involvement in the War of1812 as that of "military auxiliaries." Sylvia Van Kirk and Jennifer Brownhave challenged such views of earlier scholars that Native people playedpassive roles exploited by Europeans. Their work would have been enhanc­cd., however. by including studies of the Southwest and theMichilimackinac Company. Curiously. Van Kirk lapses into Jhe bias of"colonial" historians when she s·tates, "The European trader took an In­dian partner not only to satisfy his sexual needs but because an Indianmate perfomed a variety of economic services necessary to the functioningof the trade." The present writers hope to dispel once and for all suchsterotyping of traders and Indian women. A genealogical approach willshow that there were not only stable mixed-blood marriages. but a struc­tdred metis establishment based on qualities deeper than sex and necessi­ty: society which was the nucleus of the Canadian psyche.

The early Frenchman. true to his church, passed on to his mixed-bloodfamily strict adherence to rules, with baptisms and marriages faithfullyrecorded form 1650 on. It js through these early documents kept by mis­sionary priests, together with information from trading licenses, that wecan ascertain why power in the trade fell into certain hands. Marriage ofmere "convenience" would not have endured. Records prove not onlylong-lasting partnerships but continuous links between families for severalcenturies.

A small number of families either in,volved in or with ties to the fur tradesettled at Quebec prior to 1637. and tIieir names are among those listed onthe famous Hebert Monument dedicated to the founders of Canada. Listedwere Gaspard Boucher and Marie LeNeuf, wife of Jean Godefroy. Their of­fspring', ambitious and principled. made names for themselves in the furtrade, in the church. and in military and political endeavors. Boucher'sson, Pierre, for example, because of his bravery in dealing with Iroquoishostilities, became commander and later governor of Three Rivers. He wassent in 1661 to persuade Louis XIV to send the Carignan Regiment, thussaving the colony from possible extinction. As a young man. he spent fouryears in Huronia with other Frenchmen from Three Rivers, and his firstwife. Marie, was Huron: Jean Godefroy lived among the Algonquin for fouryears. acting as interpreter and involved with trade. In 1636 he marriedMarie Ie Neuf. and ~f their 1f children, two girls became Ursuline Sistersand almost all of their eight sons distinguished themselves. Today theGodefroy name is a prominent one among the Miami in Oklahoma.

In 1653 at Three Rivers, Pierre Boucher and Marie Le Neuf's brother,Jacques, attended the marriage of Pierre Dandonneau dit Du Sable. Dan­donneau, described as "one of the most earnest and tenacious settlers."worked for Jean Godefroy. Fifty-nine years later the Dandonneau andBoucher families would be linked when Dandonneau's granddaughter,Marie Anne. married Boucher's grandson, Pierre Gaultier de La Veren­drye. This was not the first Dandonneau marriage of significance in the furtrade. In 1670, Marie Anne's aunt. Jeanne Dandonneau, had married thefur trader Jacques Babie. Their grandsons were prominent in the mid1700's at Detroit.His sister. Madeline. called Catherine, became known as Madame Mon­tour, famous in the history of the colonies of New York and Pennsylvania.Maurice Menard dit LaFontainc was one of her many husbands, but themost famous and powerful was known as War Chief Carondawana, or BigTree. He served on the Council of the Iroquois. Margaret Couc married

Miami Chief Jean Baptiste Laframboise and they settled at Detroit in 1701to produce a family with widespread marital connections 10 various tribesand Frenchmen in the trade. creating a powerful structure am~ng theHuron, Ottawa, Potowatomi and Miami. The Laframboise name is amongthe Potawatomi in Oklahoma today.

Madame Montour's son by another marriage. Etienne Chcsnier. marriedTherese Esther Chevalier of the same family mentioned earlier. Shebecame Queen Esther in the legends of New York Colony, mistakenly call­cd Mad~me's granddaughter. by historians. Madame's grandson. FrancoisLafontaine. married a ChevaIier~Cardinel at Mackinac. and thus the net­work spreadits web. Today the names Cook (for Couc) and Montour appearon official tribal rolls of the Wyandot in Oklahoma, and the Montour namesurvives .also on the Six Nations Reserves at Brantford. Ontario. and atKahnawake. Quebec.

Two hundred and fifty years after the arrival of the first Fafard (ditlaframbOlse). the-family name survives in [he person of Gabriel Dumont,Riel's mili[ary leader. whose mother was of [he Laframboise clan. Not sur·prisingly. Louis Riel"s grandmother was a Boucher.

An imporlant early connection was that of the Le Ber family. Ja(."qucs Lc

Ber arrived in New France before 1659 and was described as "thewealthiest merchant of Montreal." As in many of these early families, LeBer had a sister w,ho became an Ursuline nun. This family became linked tothe Bourassas by the marriage of their neice. Marie. in 1684, to FrancoiseBourassa. The Bourassas, through their Indian connections, would becomethe fulcrum of the Southwest trade. In 1754, Marie's granddaughter,Charlotte Ambroisine Bourassa, was married at Mackinac to CharlesLanglade, a man destined to influence events in the Great Lakes fur trademore than any other.

Langlade's father, Augustin Mouel, was the great-great-grandson ofGaspard Boucher, and Langlade's mother was Domitille, sister of the'Ot­tawa Chief La FO~JTche, whose tribe controlled the area aroundMichiIimackinac and was thus in a position to dominate the Native furtrade. Charles was taken by his uncle, La Fourche, to his first battle at theage of 10. Since the Oltawa had previously experienced defeat on two occa·sions, the success of this attack convinced the tribe that Langlade hadspecial powers: He proved a fearless warrior, taking part in 99 battles andskirmishes during his lifetime. The French called upon him to lead the In­dians from Mackinac against the Miami in 1752. The force did attack, butthen returned home when the Miami informed them [hey were going­against their own people, as many of the Miami had Ottawa wives. Afterthe defeat of Quebec in 1759, Langlade's switched loyalties provided thefocus of Indian-French support of the British.

With his marriage to Charlotte Ambroisine, Langlade had a tie throughher half-brother, Rene Bourassa, to the principal chief of the Potawatomi atSt. Joseph - Topinabee, as well as a connection through Rene's wife, AnnCharlotte Veronica, to the influential Chevalier family. Somelime before1777 the Langlade's daughter, Louise Domitille, married Pierre Grignon.Grignon's first wife had been a Menominee, a tribe which controlled thearea around Green Bay where Grignon traded. He and his seven sonsdominated the trade there on what Jacqueline Peterson has. described as a"patriarchal compound:" The route from the Mississippi through GreenBay was a crucial one for the Michilimackinac Company, and this familyplayed a key role in establishing it.

There were also important ties through Langlade's mother, DomitilleLaFourche, and her firs' husband, Daniel Villeneuve. Langlade had anumber of half-sisters, all of whom married traders. Agathe Villeneuvemarried Pierre Le Duc Souligny, whose descendants included a well knownMenominee chief. Later she married Amable Roy. Anotherhalf-sister mar­ried a Blondeau and a third married a Gautier. The latter's son, CharlesGautier. a close companion of Langlade. married first a Winnebagowoman, and second, Madgelene Paschal Chevalier, daughter of LouisChevalier and Magdalene Reaume, and widow of L' Areheveque. Thusanother important St. Joseph link was made.

The Indian connections of the Laframboise family, already mentioned.were equally impressive. Of particular interest was the marriage in 1804 ofJoseph Laframboise to Magdelene Marco, granddaughter of Keweinquol.one of [he most powerful OUawa chiefs. Peterson describes Kewinaquot asthe father of LaFourche. but the fact is unverified. The two were un­doubtedly closely related, as Kewinaqoot's people exercised control

Page 7

October 1986 Iaround [he area of the Grand .River south of Mackinac, where LeFourcheand Langlade traded and later also Magdelene and her husband.Magdelene's sister, Therese, became a trader too, as'did her first hus·band. Pierre Lasaliere. Therese's second husband was George Schindler,son of the silvermaker, Jonas. who supplied silver trade items to theMackinac Company backers, James and Andrew McGill, and also toDUneron Babyu. Therese's granddaughter, Jan Fisher, married JosephRolette. whom Scanlon has described as "the most successful trader atPrairie du Chien." Eventually Rolette became a partner in John JacobAstor's American Fur Company, having first been associated with itspredecessor. the Mackinac Company. He speculated in real estate and bythe lime of the land boom in 1836 he and his partner owned most of Prairiedu Chien's valuable property. He also senl cattle 10 Red River.

The Bourassas also intermarried with the forementioned French familiesat SI. Joseph, and with the' Potawatomi. Next to Mackinac, St. Joseph wasthe 1110st important center in the Southwest fur trade. Several bands ofPOlawatomi were living in this area by 1700. The Chevaliers. L'Archeve­ques and Reaumes came within the next few decades, as did MarieBaourassa's cousin, Michel LeBer. By 1740. Madeleine Couc's son, Fran­cois Menard, was an interpreter a[ St. Joseph; undoubtedly he was relatedto the Lafontaine described in the 1721 baptismal record as uncle of MichelLe Ber's son. Langlade's cohort, Louis Chevalier. lived and traded here fornearly 35 years and his infloence among both the French and thePotawatomi was such that he was left in charge when the British took overin the Southwest. In 1744, Rene Bourassa, half-brother of Langlade's wife,married Louis Chevalier's sister. Ann Charlotte Veronica. I

Their son, Daniel. and the principal chief of the Potawatomi, Topinabee,appear to be one and the same, as Daniel's daughter, MagdeleneBourassa, is referrred to as Topinabee's daughter. In 1818 she marriedJoseph Bertrand, a prominent fur trader who flourished in the SI. Josepharea and who took his furs to Mackinac. He is listed as a trader in theAmerican Fur Company records for 1817 and was undoubtedly associatedwith the earlier Mackinac Company. Potawatomi at St. Joseph named Ber­trand were among those moved to Indian Territory, and descendants live inOklahoma today.

By 1800 the Mackinac Company had a virtual monopoly in theSouthwest. The company was run by Elizabeth Bertrand, the mixed-bloodwife of Surgeon General David Mitchell of the Indian Department. David,his 'on, and his son-in-law, all became Beaver Club members. Elizabeth'srelalionship to this genealogical network, according to family tradition,.wasdescendency from a chief. To possess the power she had, it is clear she wasclosely related to the Ottawa, perhaps to La Fourche and probably toKewinaquot. Her intimate friendship with Magdelene Laframboise givesstrong support for this argument. Family tradition claims Elizabeth had abrother who was a priest, There was a Father Bertrand ordained in 1776,the year of Elizabeth's marriage. Considerable confusion exists regardinghis parentage. He is described as the son of Jacques Bertrand and LouiseDumouchel, and as the husband of Therese Dulignon, who Quebec recordssay died childless. Mackinac records show, however, that Laurent Bertrandand Therese Dulignon, had five children, including Joseph, already men­tioned, born between 1765 and 1782. It appears that Father Bertrand'sbiographers erred and that Joseph Bertrand, the priest, was not the son ofJacques, but of one of his brothers, two of whom were at Mackinac prior to1749 when the Bertrand name appears on a map of Fort Michilimackinac. Ifthe mystery of Father Bertrand is solved, the parents of Elizabeth may bediscovered.

Female forerunners of Magdelene Marcot Laframboise and ElizabethBertrand Mitchell began trading without husbands as early as 1727.Women left Montreal licensed to trade at Southwest posts escorted by theirown boatmen. The wife of Louise Hamlin went to the post of the FolieAvoine (Menominee) in 1729; Dame Charlotte Petit was licensed for GreenBay in 1727, and in 1730 Marie Cardinel and Catherine Trottier went toGreen Bay and Michilimackinac. Without the network of family ties thesewere impossible feats for women in the wilds.

Finally, links with the Ojibwa and Sioux were strengthened by the mar­riage in 1806 of Elizabeth Mitchell's daughter, Jessie to Louis Crawford,nephew of the Sioux cfiief Wabasha. Wabasha's half-brother, Waub-o­jeeg, was the war chief of the Mississippi Ojibwa. Waub-o-jeeg's son-in­law, John Johnston, was the leading fur trader at Sault Ste. Marie whotraded amongst the Ojibwa and Menominee in northern Michigan. Follow­ing the 1806 agreement between the Mackinac Company and the NorthWest Company, Johnston traded exclusively with the Mackinac Company.Crawford took a leading role in the Mackinac fur trade. Sometime around1807. along with his brother-in-law, David Mitchell, Jr., and Rolette, heestablished the South West Company, a separate group associated with theMackinac Company. At the capture of Mackinac Island in the opening daysof the War of 1812, Crawford was "at the head of 140 volunteers" mostlyfrom the Mackinac Company. Accompanying them were 46 British officersand men, and approximately 400 Sioux, Winnebago, Menominee, Ojibwaand Ottawa. From here most of the Indians went on to fight at Detroit andNiagara.

Following the War of 1812, control over the Old Southwest was relin­quished and the Michilimackinac Company finally was bought out byAslor's American Fur Company. Many of the mixed-bloods and Indiansmoved up into Canada, or west of the Mississippi where trade still flourish-

(continued page 8)

Page 8

Phillips, Paul Chrisler, The Fur Trade, (University of Oklahoma Press,1967) Vol. J.Van Kirk. Sylvia, Many Tender Ties, Winnegeg, 1980.Van Krik, Sylvia, Fur Trade Social History, Some Recent Trends. (OldTrails and New Directions; University of Toronto Press, 1980).Denissen, Christian, Genealogy ofthe French Families ofthe Detroit RiverRegion 170I·I911, Ann Arbor, Michigan 1976.Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vo. XV/II. Mackinac Marriages.Wallace, W. Stewart, Documents Relating To The North West Company,(Champlain Society, 1934).Jette, Rene, Dictionnaire Genealogique des Families du Quebec, 1983.Baird, Elizabeth Theresa, Reminiscenses of Early Days on MackinacIsland, (State Historical Society of Wisconson, Madison. 1898).Winger, Otho, The Potawatomi Indians. (Elgin, Ill., 1939).Ballard, Ralph, Old Fort St. Joseph, Berrien Springs, Mich .. 1973).Osborne, A.G., The Migration of Voyageurs from Drummond Island toPenetanguishene in 1828, (Papers and records of the Ontario HistoricalSociety, Vol. Ill, 1901).

Connection(from page 7)

ed. Some later migrated to PenetanguisheDe, where names on official rollscan be identified as the same as the early Canadian colonists. The namesappear also on the United State Rolls of "Indians" removed west of theMississippi. They appear today on and off reservations throughout NorthAmerica.

Established early along the St. Lawrence, the network of fur tradefamilies bonded harmoniously into loyal alliances. The endurance of thesefamily ties indicates allegiance and fidelity, however unstructured a socielyit has become. There is continuing evidence today that fragments of thisdual ancestry and culture still linger.

A very special HowNiKan thanks to Gladys Moellerwho attained this research paper for us. Theresearch was done for a paper delivered at theFifth North American Fur Trade Conference, 1985,and was conducted by Mrs. Elizabeth Mason ofToronto, Ontario and Mrs. Adele Rohn ofBooneville, Arkansas.

\ .. •--.c:..~ ..~

Bibliography

, .

One more white version of who we wereThe following descriptive excerpts are taken from "The indians of the

great Lakes, 1615-1760," authored by W. Vernon K1n1etz and published In1940 by the UnIversity of Michigan Press.

The Potawatomi was one of the first tribes to meet the French in thevicinity of Green bay. They established friendly relations then and main­tained them throughout the period of French control of Canada. In theiralliance with the French they seem to have been much more steadfast thanany other tribe. I! will be well to keep this condition of affairs in mind inlooking at some of the characterizations of the Potawatomi. Allouez wrotein 1667 that they were the most docile and the best disposed toward theFrench of all the tribes he had encountered; their wives and daughterswere more modest than those of other tribes; they were very civil amongthemselves and also to strangers.

Thirty-five years later, La Potherie described their behavior as veryaffable and cordial. They were intelligent. had an inclination for raillery,were great talkers, and were very stubborn, being hard to turn when theyhad set their minds on anything. The old men were termed prudent, sensi­ble and deliberate, seldom undertaking any unseasonable enterprise. Thekindly way in which they received strangers was also spoken of by LaPotherie, as if it were distinctive of the Potawatomi. He said that they madegreat efforts to gain the good opinion of persons who came among them.While living on the islands at the mouth of Green Bay they undertook toentertain all who passed that way. Their opinion of themselves was so goodthat they regarded all other tribes as inferior to them. From this they setthemselves up as arbiters for all the other tribes about Green Bay. Theyendeavored to maintain this position in every direction. One of the methodsof furthering their ambition was by intermarriage. Jealousy and divorcewere caused by this. Their desire to be accounted liberal led them to makepresents of even necessary articles, and the chiefs to lavish all their pos­sessions. They liked nothing better than to hear that others were praisingtheir generosity. Their physical appearance was dismissed with the com­ment that it was good.

Charlevoix was shocked to be received better among the infidelPotawatomi at Detroit than among the Christian Huron. He termed themthe finest men in all Canada and of the sweetest natural temper and statedthat they had always been very good friends of the French.

They were very warlike, according to Cadillac, often making successfulattacks on the Iroquois. He further said that they had no respect for any­one. although their numbers were smaller than those of many other tribes.

The very earliest accounts do not mention the dress of the Potawatomi.The first description of them is that of Sabrevois, who remarked that theywere well clothed, like the Indians resident at Montreal. In summer themen wore red or blue cloth, in the winter adding highly ornamented buffalorobes In playing games, such as lacrosse. they wore only a breechcloutand deerskin moccasins. besides the moccasins, they ordinarily wore leg­gings of skin or cloth. They preferred European cloth shirts to their ownleather ones. although they often wore the cloth shirt over the leather onewhich reached to their middle. The dresses of the women reached almost tothe knee. Underneath these they wore a sort of petticoat which .covered

them from the middle down to the midleg. Some wore little bonnets. andothers covered their heads when traveling with a sort of cowl attached totheir dresses, or with their robes.

Both the men and women greased their hair and painted themselve", thewomen usually on the face with .vermillion; the men painted themselves allover on occasions, such as for lacrosse games, and with all colors. The mentattoed their bodies with all sorts of figures and designs.

The Potawatom; practiced agriculture wherever they were, raisingbeans, peas, squashes, tobacco, melons, and an abundance of very finecorn. The women had charge of the fields. The extent of their agriculturemay be judged from the comment of Raudot in 1710 that they raised muchcorn on the Isle of Poues and even supplied it to Mackinac.

The Potawatomi had a very loose political organization, like that of theOttawa. Very little was written about it in the records ofthe contact period.There was a chief and an orator at the head of civil authority, according toCharlevoix.

The principal bands of the Potawatom; on the SI. Joseph River carried astotems thc golden carp, the frog, the crab, and the turtle. The Potawatomiat Detroit had the same totems

The death customs of the Potawatomi were the same as those of theOttawa. even to the cremation of the bodies of those belonging to thefamily of the hare. which Allouez related:

"I must not omit here a rather strange circumstance: on the day after hisdeath his relatives contrary to all usage of this country. burned his bodyand reduced it entirely to ashes. The cause of this is found in a legendwhich passes here for truth.

I! is held beyond dispute that this old Man's father was a Hare, - ananimal which runs over the snow in winter, -and that thus the snow, theHare, and the old Man are of the same village, -that is, are relatives. It isfurther said that the Hare told his wife that he disapproved of their chil­dren's remaining in the depths of the earth, as that did not befit their con­dition -they being relatives of the snow~ whose country is above, towardsthc Sky: and, if it ever occurred that they were put into the ground aftertheir death. he would pray the snow, his relative, in order to punish thepeople for this offense, to fall in such quantities and for so long that thereshould be no Spring. And, to confirm this story, it is added that three yearsago the brother of our good old man died, in the beginning of the winter;and. after he had been buried in the usual manner, snow fell to such ancxtent. and the winter lasted so long, that people despaired of seeing thespring in its season. Meanwhile, all were dying of hunger, and no remedycould be found for this general suffering. The elders assembled and heldmanv councils. but all in vain; the snow still continued. Then someone ofthc ~ompany said he remembered the threats which we have related.Straightway. they went and disinterred the dead man. and burned him;when immediately the snow ceased, and spring followed. Who would thinkthat people could give credence to such absurd stories?And yet they regardthem as true beyond dispute."

Page 9

Rewarb.

FI"t".·; not n.'lurlle<l: tlll~ t'mpIO)'clI at FODIi du'Lac.

Lac Courtorellle.

Lac Coul'wreille; $1,000; July 12.

Deserted al St. )[ar)·'a. 18U.

Upper Misllisslppi.

Grand River.

!tlacklnIlC.

!llilIiwakie.

La.c du F'hUUbe:Ul; discbarg-ed.

Diacbar&,~; re.engaged .\ug. 0, $1,300, Kiukll;,ee.

Orand River.

I.A.c du Flalllheau.

Lac lIu .'ltuubeau.

.. Folleavolne: io'900: Jul)' G.

lAc Courtoreille; SI,200: Jul)' 6.

Lac Courtoreille.

.Upper Mississll>pi.

... Dlscbal'gt=u; re·eogal:cd AUI!:. G, $1,800, Klnkikee.

1\lilliwakie.

------------------------...iTo r ....rher.

"'1 (;onl'

.....:... j )Illliwaki.

"ollli lilt I.nc

lo'uud du L'l~ ..

Folleavoine .

Lac du Flambeau .. Lacdu F1ambes.u; S2,OOJ; Jut)·~.

Lac CourtoreiUe ..

Food du Lac ......

Follea,·oine.

Wabash, etc ...

lAC du Flambeau ..

Wab&l:lb, ('te ...•...

Mackinn.c ....•.7....

lUasquigooo .....

Fond du Lac ..

""

GOO

000

000

000...

8.000...1,000

1,000

1,000

1.600

Wagcs.

........ .. Fon,lduLnc ..

.~QI\lI du lAC .

2,100 MnckiuAC. _. At 3lackiuc; boat Imilder.

0;00 Grand River.. IlIluoia RITer: $900; Jul,r 21.

CIOO Lo.c Courtoreillo lAC Courtorellle.

800 Folld du Lac Food du Lac; $800.

Mackinac.... ....•. Dischar~O)n bis own aCCOUDt.

Fond du Lac ... .... Deserted.

1,200 lAc Courtorellle ... Lac Courto~iIIe;SI. 400; Jul)' G.

&M) Grand River.. .. Grand Rh'er; ~,OOO.

120 Illinois RI\'t!f ...

000 Fo>u,1 tJu Loc. LllglIJ;e:.1 Cor 1"'J9; Pon,l du Lnc, June I~.

1,200 .. Illinois.

8DO Fond du Lac. Ante Quivloan.

900 Prairie du chien.... u.pper Mississippi; $000; June 24.

t800 per s. Fond du Lac •... ••• Fond du Lac; SOOO·

SIlO Lacloche ...•. .... .. l.acloche; SI,OOO.

I,SKlO Fond du Lac ••..... Rem'd Inland: t'Dgaged for 1819. at 81,200, June 12.

1.SIlO pr &0.,S2i~ sum·

mer ....aeea. Dllaols River....... DllChaf'Ked.

I,OOOpr.&D.

2,000

000

1,000

""

180 per AD. Grand River... ... Lac du Flambeau.

GOO Anee .• :. . .. Aoce Quivinnn;

I.GOO Lac Courto~iIIe.... Dl6Cbar'R"ed; l't.'·~ngapd, L..'lC ('o>urto~lIle, 2l) Jut)·.

l!tI=t .

MOuH't"al .

!lU" .

Montreal. .

)tolltreo.l.. .

Mackinac .

)Iack-Inac...

Mackinac.

)lontrea1 .

lIa<:klnac....

Iloutreal .

blackluac .

Mackinac ...

Chicago .

Mackinac .

blackinac ..... . ..

)la,ckloDC.••.•....••

Mackinac.. . .

Montreal ...

Montreal .

.. ~lacklDaC.... _.•....

... . . .. 31oDtreal ..........•

Interpreter. . . .. .IUlDola•.......•.....

Boatul.an ••.....

Boatman ..•.... Nadawasaga. desert.edstSt. Mary's, 1818

Bo&tma.n ••• .••• .III:Iontreal ........•.•

BoatJ:ll&D • •• ... Drummond Island .•

Boatman....... ~ Mary'•.........•

Boatman •...•.. Montreal .

Boatman Montreal ..

Interpreter. St. Joseph's .

Boatman •...... :Mackinac .

Boatman... .... }lacklnac ..

Boatman... Mackinac .

Ma80D, ~c ...

~tml\n ... .... Montreal .....••....

Trader .....

BoatlJ'lAn . Montrea.l .

Boatman !loDtreal .

Clt.!rk••..

Trader .

Boatm.an .

BoatIILlUl .

Boatman .

Clerk. HOlltreal .

Boatman andCarP'W-ter ....

BoatDlAD.•......

BoatU1AD. ••...•

.........Clerk, ~c .

. .. ,. Gont' ..

Free tll F\)lhl lin Lac .

So engagement

2 yrs .. BOfl,tnlAD .

srra.. Bootmnn ,

S yra.. BoatUll\ll ..

21!'8.. ,Boatman , •.• lIontreal .. , .

1 yr... Boatman....... Mackinac ..

I yr .

lyr .

lyr .

8l'n ...

I yr. .. Boatman....... Mackinac ..

Hyn: ..

lyr .

17l' .

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1 yr. .. Boatman.

8,frs .•

5yn..

1 yr...

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I yr .

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1 yr..

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3yn..

8yrs..

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....... 1 yr Clerk .

BloDdln, Je&lC. .

BoDga. Pierre .•...•..•.•••

Bonaat, Louhl .

Bouche, Ba&ll .

Boucher, Frau.~ol'l, Sr .

Boucher, FraD~o(" Jr .

Boucher, TOttlSUDt .••...•

La M1eu%, Fran~ola .. ..

KeDZie, James ...

Iyr ..

IAmOreu:Jl:, FraD90Ia.. . . .. .2 yrs ..

LaDtIrie, Pierro.•.....

L&D4r7. Bellamy •

Krnzie,JohnJr 6yrs .. C~rk ..

t..DtIor. Jaquee . ..

,._J_pb ..L6 J_ .La Pt.iDte, J6I.Il Bt•..•...

La PolD&et Joeeph ....•...

,. 11&......J_ .,.81_J_ .,.-.. Auauo&lD .

Ju.Tter, Simon ..

~(1DdlaD)•....

Laba1. Charlet .

Laerolz. Louis .

IAdebauehe, Loula .

Ladebauch6, PierTe .

Lafortune, Jean Bt .

IAlrambo1se, Glaude .

IAlrambotee. MadAme ..•

Laprd. Jean Bt. Benr •..

Laprde. Jobo St .

t.I&Dcet, AQtolDe .

IAJande. Autolue .. . . ..

BudOIl. CLeaieD.t .

Jaudola.. Antoine .

Jebon, Jeu. Bt .

Jenv1ne, Pa8cal .

Rebert. NicoIu .

Herbert, AucuatLD .

Hopi. JohD F..... ..

BoWday. Joho...•........

Holle,.. J~bD .

Bubb&rd, OurdOD 8 .•..•

""11. 181g ...

Feb. 10, IRIg ..••

11&, .. 1818.....

April 2. 1818 ....

Apm 10, 1818•..

JuIT.. 1818...•

JulJ' g, 1818 .

Jul;r 8, 1818 .

Jul;r 10. 1818...•

..,7.1818.....

A11I"... 181g .•••

IIan:h I&, 1818..

Jul;r 1818 ..

1816 .

Xareh I, 1818 .

JUDe IS, 1818 .

1810 Jalaine, IUcbel .

_""_beD__O_- .,II "_o_'''''__. Tlm~!-_C-aPAc~~__"_.b_o_,_,_._"_"_._.._d..·_1

.AprO 80, t81G•••

Feb. IS., 181g•...

April", 1818..•.

JulT. 18t8 .••...

July t. 1818. . ••

April as. 1818..•

.A.prlll6, 1818...

JUDe. 181'1 .•.

.TllDel'1, 1818 .

A1II'., 1818 .

80..... 1811•.•

May 11. 1818 ..

JUDe';,1818 .

A\1&'. 8, 1818 .

AUC.• 1818 .

AUC· 1,1818 .

Jul1•. 181G .

July g, 1818 .

Jul;r 18, 181•....

Kay. 1818 ..

July Ie, 181g ..

Aq.1818 .

_WMo_._-__-__.1 N_..... 1TI~I c..~'ty. _ Wbere eapled.

3YrB.. 1 Boatman .....•.

_Cl::l-...><Cl::l_...~~

III~1lIc: :...o 0.--"al~:::::~

8~~a.- e.. 0°u.~ ..:t~.~ c:c: l30·...y ..

.... elll~ '<

AprlllG. 1817. .. Bourdeaux. Fran~'Ols... " 2 frs.. Boa.tlll(lD..... 't<mtreai.... .... •••

Bept.. I, 1818.... BouraDa. Aluander .

Sept. 1. 1818.... BourasM. Leon .

Sept. J. 1818.... Bouruu., £loy ..

June 20. 1819 . .. Bourdeau. Pit-rre ..

J..nk~ JIlIl'On; ~),oo.l; June~.

}\md dll Lac: io":'t~; Jtln~~.

J.nk.. Uuron; ~:!.,)IJlI; JUlh.' 2G.

.• LAkE: llUl'Oo: ~J.l.'OO; JIIU~ 20.

Fonddu lAc

....... For RiwrSt. Pl'terll, 18w; C"pper )tl6lli~lppl; ;::I,OOJ.

ILowcr )!is.'·'i,."lppi .. 1 I:"lI1n!llt-.lllllnnd; Re-en..., 1t11'.1 )·r. ~; Lo....er)JJ••I issiplli, .2:) ::'ita)'.

Lac lin Flnml,cnu... l.ne .Ill Flnmbf:au.

Lndoche .

1,5tlI' L'ldocbc .

1,000 I Ladoche ..

',M

1,000

GSl.) Jlis.'4i.iS:lJ,:l\ Lncllk'Ju".

1,100 Fooll dn l.l\~.... Font. lIu J..4C; ~J,JOO; June 1~.

l!'tt. ;rr.500 Lower )Jlssis~itll'l... Lower JJissiSSIIJP1: ~.2 last GOO

MOnlre.l.. .BoalwAll •.....

'IQntrea1.. .

r )Iontrenl .

BNllmAn ...... IFoud du Lac .

Boatman .....

BoAtman .

IMackiuac..•

Tm.der I )lncklno.c ..

:6IGCklllac .HootlUAn .

BoatUliUl .

l)·r .

Irr .

S )·I'S.. Bootman .......

3,-rs.

2)·n ..

I )·r...

3)'''' ..

1 )·r... ('ler!.:. .tc....... 'Inddllac .

I J·r.

Bourdlnou. Paul. ..

Bouthillier, PI~re .

Brebant., Akxls .

Brouillard, Joseph .

Brousseau, Pi~rre... . .

July 11,1817.•••

Xarcb lU, 1818..

JUDe IS. 1818..••

Jan. 18, J81•.•..

Dec. 5. 18U!. ....

J~~.~,.~81~.:: :.::.:~~t::::::'Yr::~'~,.: ::.:.::::1 "~~'~ac.:::::::... Che..&llier, Pierre. En ga~ed In loterlOC' for trip to .

3 yrs.. Boatman....... Montreal.. ..

I)"r Boatnlan 1\lo.c1Onac .

3 )'rs.. Boatman....... lIlontl-eal ..

For J819. I yr. Food du Lac; eng. by W. !IlOrTiSOD, $1,800.

DlscbnrJ{ed.

Fond.lu l.ne; .~1,100; July 2.

Allct: QuiwilLBn.

....... l;'oud elu L:l.c; ~1.(,,)J; July 6.

)Iississaga .

Follen'l'"'line ..

Fuull <Ill LtLc

Aoee QlIh·innn.

Illinois Rh·er 11.lIscharged; rt:'~ogagcd;Illinois Rlvt!r, 13 July.

Illinois Rh·cr. Discbarged.

WalJnsb, etc... .. Deserte...l on his way from Wabash.

'Pmll·h.' du Cblen.. I H~" ~nj;ngN, t:prt"r )(isslssiPI>I, $1.000, :\lay S.

..·.1 Upper :UI!i.,>Is.C:lPPI; $2,-&00.

11IilluiS RI\el·.

::::::~~ ::: I :~:1d;'(lt ::l:l~:: ~:::1:~ Xadn,~asaga, Aug. 18.

Lac Ilu Flallll)cnll .. Lac (iu Flambeau; $3,000; July 8.

Lac tlu Flambeau... Lac du Flambeau.

., MackInac .

1.000

"'""'"000

3, ......."'()

].~

1.000

8,000

""000

1,000

5002111st GOo

3Iacklnac.....

1818 .

::\tacklul\c .

Boatman. .. . l'tlootreat .

IntE"rpreter .. l'ttacldna ..

Trader..... .. MackinAc....... ...

Boatman ..

3 rrs ..

I :rr ...

l.rr.

'1" .. · ..i.... .. .Syrs .. Boatman :.;o.daw&.saga .

1 yr... Boatman....... Fond du Lac .

1 :rr. .. B04tm3.l1 .......

SOl engaKemt'nt

1 )"r... Boatman .......

Charette Mad. (wife) .....

Cllarette, Simon .....

Cllapeau, Solomon .

Charland, Germain .

Brunelle. Loul.. . . . .• . ..

Brunets. Fran~ol..... ..

BuiMoD, Lou18 ..

Cadleu. AmabJe .

Cadieu, lllebe! .

Cadotte, Jean Bt...... . ..

Campben. DUDC&D.... . ••

campbell, SCott .

Cardinal, Joseph ..

ChantltOWl:, Louis .

JaIl'S!, 181g.....

11&1' 8, 181g.....

June 18, 1818 ..•

June Ie, 1818 •••

)[arch 81. 1818•.

July lU, 1818 .

JuJy 24, 1818 .

Dec. !n, 1818..•.

JuJ,..I7, 1818., ..

Jull' B, 1818...•

-Page 10

CHR'stribe's

travelingangels

NeAl calls for Swimmer's removal

They're seldom seen around thetribal administration building.Some tribal employees don't evenrecognize their faces. But moreoften than not, it's their namesyou hear mentioned in acomplimentary fashion in thesurrounding communities.

"They" are the two RegisteredNurses; one Licensed PracticalNurse, one field health specialistand one administrative assistantwho make up the Citizen BandPotawatomi Community HealthRepresentative Program.

Tucked away in offices underthe tribal museum, the CHR'sconduct medical certifications forthe Women, Infants & Children'sfeeding program and handle thepaperwork for the tribe'sProsthetic Program. Out "in thefield" they make pre-natal to post­partum home visits, deliver

A recent article in the LakotaTImes reports the NationalCongress of American Indians haspassed a resolution demanding theresigna tion or removal of RossSwimmer as Interior AssistantSecretary for Indian Affairs.

The resolution was approved bymajority vote of the 117 tribes andsome 800 individuals attending theCongress's 43rd annual conventionin Phoenix, Az.

The resolution cites seveninstances where Swimmerallegedly violated the government­to-government relationship of theUnited States and Nativegovernments. as well as PresidentReagans's 1983 Indian PolicyStatement. They were:

- The failure to keep Indiangovernment informed. includingthe dismantling of the BIA'sPublic Information Office;

. The failure to provide access toSwimmer's office and the refusalto conduct more than superficialmeetings with Indian and AlaskaNatives'

- The decision. absent anyconsultation. to limit proposals [0

handle the investment of $1.7billion in tribal trust funds to sixselect banks, and the failure to

engage in meaningful dialogue

medicine to homebound Indians.conduct health screening clinicsand administer the tribe's USDAbutter and cheese distributionprogram. In their spare time theyvolunteer to do health needs andhousing surveys for theadministration, set up a pow wowfirst aid tent and conduct healthscreenings during special events inthe towns of Shawnee andTecumseh. They administer aninfant car seat program (ISO seatsloaned last year), have donatedtraining and supplies to the tribalpolice and the county sheriff'sdepartment, monitor individualswith chronic diseases and everysummer educate 6O-sorneteenagers in CPR and first aidtraining.

Ken Cadaret, Registered Nurseand program director alsorepresents the tribe on the

regarding this property right priorto or since announcing thisdecision;

- The decision to prohibit BIAcentral office key officials and allPhoenix area BIA employees fromattending the NCAI conventionwithout Swimmer's expressrequest, including the decision toprohibit any BIA participation inthe Indian and Native VeteransOutreach Business DevelopmentSeminar or the first NationalIndian and Native ArchivesConference, both held inconjunction with the NCAI 1986Convention;

- The proposal. developedwithout consultation. to set allcontract support cost rates at afixed IS percent level. which is atransparent attempt to reduce theBIA budget for direct-to-tribesfunding, which is illogical andimpractical in management termsand which is in conflict with thefederal policy of self­determination;

. The repeated undermining oftribal jurisdictional and sovereignrights. such as Swimmer's aHemptto place certain educational andchild welfare programs under slatecontrol and thc altcmpt to put theFive Civilized Tribes under

Oklahoma City Area IHS HealthAdvisory Board, the PottawatomieCounty Chapter of the Red Cross,the Council for HandicappedInfants and Their Parents and theIntervention Council for IndianChildren. He is also the electedPresident of the University ofOklahoma College of NursingAlumni Association!

Tribal members Sherri Gobeland Joyce Abel, RN, work closelywith the Prosthetics Committeeand the Older American AidProgram. Christine Wood andGeorgia Shaw have weatheredseveral administrations as thetribe's "visiting angels." offeringservices, referrals andcompanionship to the homebound.

And aren't we proud to havethem?

Oklahoma authority and therefusal to place lands into truststatus at their request, and;

- Swimmer's recent dismissal ofa lease cancellation petition filedby the Arapaho and ShoshoneWind River Tribes. withoutaffording the tribes an opportunityto be heard for the stated reasonthat such dismissal would facilitatea settlement of the matter when.instead. promptly following suchdismissal the Icasces withdrewfrom settlement negotiations.

The NCAI resolution wasinitiated by an Affiliated Tribes ofNorthwest Indians' resolution.which noted Swimmer's fullsupport of the currentAdministration's effort toextinguish Indian culture. toabolish the BIA and to abrogateIndian treaties.

In response. Swimmer statedthat he had received "littleassistance" from CArsleadership even though he had"repeatedly" requested theirinput. He also said. "I have everyintention of continuing ... With thesupport of the President andSecretary Hodel. J am firmlyconvinced that no administrationcould be a greater advocate forIndian people."

Prosthetics Committee, leftto right, Joyce Abel, farllawson & Committeeman BobDavis

G iago (from page 2)

newspaper publishing near thePine Ridge Reservation weremarred by threats, gunshots andfirebombs. is no stranger tocontroversy. He is, however,regarded as a fair and moderateproponent of the Indian peopleand an unflagging advocate foraccountability at both the nationaland tribal level.

Giago's 8,OOO-circulation weekly,founded during the turbulentWounded Knee days to serve asthe voice of reason, now hassubscribers in SO states and 14foreign countries. His weeklycolumns are syndicated andcarried in 14 non·Indiannewspapers ranging from theMinneapolis Tribune to thePhoenix Gazelle.

Giago, 52, a Navy veteran and agraduate of San Jose StateUniversity and the University ofNevada, was also instrumental infounding the Native AmericanPress Association, now in its thirdyear of operation, His commitmentto First Amendment rights andfreedom of information for tribalmembers appears to be the for~ethat fuels him.

Giago, alorig with GeraldGarcia, former publisher of theTucson Citizen, have recentlyformed Native AmericanPublishing. Inc. The Lakota Timesnow becomes a subsidiary of thecorporation Giago hopes will oneday publish eight to 10 regionalIndian newspapers. as well as anational Indian publication. InDecember Giago plans to open anewspaper for the Red Lake Bandof Chippewa in Minnesota. Bymid·1987 the statewide Oklahomapaper should be on the presses.

"Usually the Indian point ofview doesn't fit in the white­owned newspapers, .. says Giago... And there is a rarity of freedomof the press on Indian reservationsbecause all of them are funded bytribal councils. II is time for IheIndian people 10 have a voice. andI hope (0 make that possible."

Page 11

In your opinionHello Election Folks & Editor,

Please send me a ballot!!Always, always, always!

Just want to compliment all ofyou for the great job that you aredoing in all your endeavors. WeIhal don 'I reside in Oklahomareally appreciate you. Because wewere displaced in our early yearsdoe~n 't mean that our drumbeatisn't still there and always will be,My grandfather, John B,Pambogo, used to go out in thewoods each spring to gather herbsand then he made an elixir fromIhem 10 cleanse our blood frombeing shut in over the winter. Thiswas back in the Thirties, but ifanyone of your has the ingredientsof this elixir I would like to hearfrom them, It tasted bad but itmade you feel good,Keep the good times roiling,Joanna J. Nichol1619 Shoreview Ave.San Mateo, California 94401

Dear Editor:Can you put this in "In Your

Opinion" column please? (Youhave a good informative paper,too),

This year I had the opportunityto travel and participate in thePotawatomi Pow·Wow held in lateJune. Some in attendance mayormay not remember me. I was theprincess from Walpole Island,Ontario, Canada.

At this time I'd like to thank thePow·Wow Committee who were sofriendly and generous to me, I wastreated like royalty and I dobelieve the spirit of sharing wasvery alive that weekend, I justcan't describe the good feleing Ihad when I was down there. Ienjoyed seeing your gourd dancingfor the fist time and meeting thedifferent Anishnabe (Indians).Hopefully, I'll be back next year.

In friendshipand peace,

lreen Ahnung SandsAlgo...." Michigan

Dear Sirs,I'm doing research into my

family and would like to hear fromanyone who is doing th,e same. Ihave traced my family back toLaurent Solomon Juneau. marriedto Josell Vieau. I would likeinformation if anyone has any.

Just wanted to add how proud Iam to be a member of thePotawatorni Tribe. I have a reallonging to learn all I can of myancestors. I have read theinformation given at the LongBeach Council and the pow wowand it just makes me thirsty formore history.Yours Truly,Wilma Matlock33250 Barber Rd.Agua Dulce, California 91350

How-Ni·Kan:It has taken two monlhs for me

to calm down so I could write thisletter without anger or violence inmy heart. This letter is inresponse to the article of apathyby Charley Reese. I have only pityfor this person and sorrow that heor she wil/ never see some of theresponses to this article.

It is Irue that the United Stateshas the authority to cancel,backout of and refuse to honor anytreaty they have established. Thishas been proven many times inhistory with "Indians" not just"Red China."

Let us 'go further with notmaking our children feel guilty orsympathetic about the tribulationsof the American Indian. I grew uplistening and learning what the"great(?) white man" did to theblack slaves. Also to the JapaneseAmericans placed into POWcamps. Their properties werestolen. also but America's excusewas WW n. Does this mean Ishould not feel guilty about this?

No, we Indians didn't needlessons on cruelty, torture orkil/ing from whites, They taughtus more; mistrust, dishonesty,how to take land belonging to

others. They taught us the whiteway. How to fight amongourselves. But we are stilllearning, standing together.

We were moved to rese.rvations.Away from our homelands and(old "as long as the grass growsand the rivers flow" this is yours.The Indians again were moved tonew reservations because gold,silver. copper or oil was found.Whe,n we tried to stand on ourown we were knocked to theground. The "red savages" don'tneed this much. We learned andwe have survived.

You came in peace', you said.We accepted you in peace. Youwanted more, all of it. You put upa statue called Lady Liberty whichsays: "Give me your tired, yourpoor, your huddled massesyearning to breathe free ... "

When wil/ you let us have this?We were freer before you gave usfreedom.

Lee HallDenver, "";010.

To The Editor,Patricia Sulcer, I have a story to

tell and wanted to do it for a longtime. This happened 16·17 yearsago and in some places couldhappen again. I think the CitizenBand Tribe would have handled itdifferently.

I ain 69 now and for the pastfive years having gone throughmany illnesses, its made mewonder about such a thinghappening. I've tried to preparefor it but the times, inflation andeven family and friends cbange.

We're living longer and needmore care. If you land in a homeas I did, hurt at times so badly,and then be treated as a third orfourth class citizen. Care costs alot of money. When you have onlya moderate income you get care,some good, some not so good.

Family and friends get too busyto come check on how things aregoing.

I know the younger people havetheir own responsibilities butsometimes a call or short visitmeans so much. There are manygood thoughtful young onesaround, yet!

Luckily, God blessed me withtwo extra special friends: a Rev.and his wife who saw me throughand helped me in any way theycould. Especially to believe inGod. The first lines ( learned "Ican do all things through Christwho strengthens me." I had hitbottom, I thought and could see noway out. They always encouragedme and after 16 months the daycame when I was well enough tobe on "Independent living" andmove out.

My story concerns somethingthat happened when I was runninga drycleaner station out on W.17th St. here in Topeka. Oneevening this Indian fellow, ridingon a bicycle came in. He wantedto use the phone and wondered ifI'd help him. I said sure. It seemsthere was an Indian lady lying atone of the funeral homes here intown. 'I called and talked to themortician for him. She had beenthere 6-7 days, was fromOklahoma he told me. No one hadclaimed the body, This wassomething new for me. This Indianfellow and some of his and herfrien'ds had got together enough toget her out for burial. Theywanted the funeral home to bringthe body over to a little oldwooden church in North Topekaand were going to have servicesand see that she was buried. Ofcourse the mortician agreed. Inever saw him again and don'tknow where she was buried,probably at Mayetta.

This has made me think a lot.What if such a thing wouldhappen to you? Nobody claimedher, but thank God, her friendsdid.

(continued page 12)

In our opinion Does Rehnquist believe Indiansare a conquered race?

By Glenn T. MorrisFor those people of the opinion thaI decisions of the Supreme Court

under the leadership of Chief Justice Warren Burger have been less thanfriendly to Indian nations and individuals. the prospects became evenworse on June 17. On that day, Ronald Reagan appointed Associate JusticeWilliam Rehnquist to replace Burger as Chief Justice.

Rehnquist. more than any other sitting justice on the highest court, has areputation for antagonism toward the principles of Indahl sovereignty andsetl-determination. A cursory examination of fifteen years of Indian lawdecisions by Rehnquist indicates that he favors a diminishment of tribalsovereignty. reduced respect for treaty and land rights. and limited protec­tion for traditional cultural and religious freedom.

Perhaps Rehnquist"s most infamous Indian law opinion was the 1979case of Oliphant \'. Suquamish Tribe. The decision stripped Indian nationsof their inherent criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians on their lerritory. Itwould be similar to' the Court saying that the United States could not pro­secute a Canadian for robbing the U.S. Treasury in Washington. D.C. Sucha decision severely limits the effectiveness of Indian nations to control cir­cumstances 011 their own lands.

Rehnquist apparently believes that Indians are a conquered race, andshould be treated accordingly. He holds the opinion that treaties andsovereignty and Indian self-determination are archaic principles whichhave no place in modern jurisprudence. As Chief Justice, Rehnqaist' pro·mises to continue the erosion of Indian sovereignty and Indian rights - hewill revive the termination of the 1950's throught judicial opinion.

The current prospects for Indian rights at the Supreme Court are dim. IfReagan is given the opportunity to appoint more members to the Court whoagree with Rehnquist, the prospects seem dimmer yet. Coupled with adecline of Indian allies in the Congress and the White House, it becomesevidcnt that the survival of Indian nations requires a principal, unified~tsserlion of sovereignty by Indian nations themselves.

As Oren lyons. Faithkeeper of the Onondaga Nation has said, "In order10 be treated as a sovereign. a nation must act sovereign." The days of ask­ing Washington 10 protect Indian sovereignty should be placed in the past.It is clear that the Reagan White House and the Rehnquist Supreme Courtwill erode Indain sovcreignly and self-determination at every opportunity.For the survival of Indain peoples. Reagan and Rehnquist lll!Jst bc opposedc\'cry step of the way. (Reprinted from the Cwnp Crier).

Page 12

Letter(from page 11)

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION PRICE AMOUNT

Keepers of the Fire - Dr. Edmunds 17.50

Grandfather Tell Me a Story 5.00

Potawatomi Lan~ua~e Tape 5.00

Fla~ w/seal (l color) 20.00

Flal! w/seal (4 color) 22.50

Caps w/ 101!0 6.00

MU~s w/seal 2.00

Cloth Patches 7.00

Window Decals 1.00

Crumbo Note Cards 6.50

Can Wraps w/10"'0 1.50

Adult Short Sleeve T-Shirt w/lo~o 8.00

Adult Lonl! Sleeve T-Shirt w/lol!o 12.00

Youth Short Sleeve T-Shirt w/logo 7.50

POSTAGE

TOTAL AMOUNT

I~.

The Potawatomi Language Tapewas composed specifically for theCitizen Band by spiritual leaderDon Perrote. Tribal members willlearn many words they can usedaily. native words for tablefoods, animals and householditems are included.

T·shirts and softball caps rangein size from small to extra largeand carry the Keeper of the Firedesign. Sorry, no choice of color.

The Potawatomi tribal sealadorns coffee mugs. sew-onpatches. window decals. cold canwraps and flags. A great stockingstuffer!

We're also proud to offer sets of10 notecards adorned with fullcolor reproductions of Potawatomiartist Woody Crumbo's prints.

And don't forget. Christmasdonations to the HowNiKan aretax deductible!

There will be no postage charged on thecloth patches or window decals, All otheritems will have a $1 per item postage rate.

Why not demonstrate your pridein your Potawatomi heritage thisholiday season? Your purchase~

help support the PotawatomiMuseum and Trading Post. as wellas spread the .Potawa tomi Pride'message across the nation.

Dr. David Edmunds' book,Potawatomis, Keepers of the Fire,is an in·depth study of thePotawatomi Nation prior toremoval. With nearly 400 pages ofscholarly research and seldomseen illustrations. this book is amust for tribal members interestedin reclaiming their indigenousheritage,

Grandfather, Tell·Me A Storycontains interviews with more thana dozen tribal elders. In 1983 thePotawatomi Tribe received a grantfrom the National Endowment forthe Humanities to conduct an oralhistory Project. The interviews inthis book were conducted by tribalyouth ranging in age from 14 to

Potawatomi Trading Post

Route 5, Box 151

Shawnee, OK 74801

Please send mail orders to:

Sincerely,Marguerite Schuyler

Topeka, Kansas

SIncerely,Elisa Berger

Dallas, Texas

Dear Editor,My mother and members of her

family went to an Ogee familyreunion in Oklahoma this week.They were very pleased to meetJohn Barrett at the reunion. whocame to address the gathering oncurrent events among thePotawatomi Tribe. My mother.Lavena Powell Terry, said Mr.Barrett is as wonderful a speakerand a person as his articles in theHowNiKan profess him to be. Weare all very glad to be part of atribe so abley governed.

My husband, Russell Berger II,is an accoustical consultant. If hisprofessional services could be usedin any Indian activity, he would bedelighted. My mother suggestedthat often professional directoriesare consulted when the communitywants to find workers who arehonest and knowledgable of Indianheritage. Even if never calledupon, my husband would bedelighted to be connected with myIndian background.

1 read How·Ni·Kan from onepage to the end.

I read where they were talkingabout a $500 survivor benefitinsurance guarantee. A lot of extrawork I'm sure but I feel a goodinvestment. We're all entitled todignity as persons both in life andin death. 1 hope they study itfurther.

Another thing that interests meis talk of acquiring a traditionalburial grounds in Mendan,Michigan. They will research thisissue.

They are working on manythings 1 realize and it all takes somuch money, these days andtimes.

1 hope to be able to attend thenext regional meeting in KansasCity. Three of my cousins werehere to see me this summer andhad nothing but praise for the oneat Long Beach.

The tribe has come a long ways.I've been to some of the meetings.quite awhile back when a Mr.Moses out of Chicago was thelawyer. Much has happened sincethen. I'm proud of my Indianheritage. 1 wish more people wereas considerate and thoughtful inhelping their fellow man as thoseare in the tribe there at Shawnee.

None of us know what will comealong and upset our lives.Presently I'm writing for asubsidized apartment. It's gettingclose. I am in a private home nowOK'd by S.R,S, I'm on a limitedincome. 1 thank God for giving memore time to live and enjoy lifeand help someone else.