freeport-mcmoran copper & gold inc. malaria presentation.pdf · freeport-mcmoran copper &...

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FREEPORT-MCMORAN COPPER & GOLD INC.

MALARIA


Malaria

Malaria is a serious infectious disease caused by parasites that are transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito.

4 different parasite species: Plasmodium faciparum, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivaxand Plasmodium malariae.

The predominant species in the DRC is P.falciparum which is responsible for over 90% of infections.


How is Malaria Transmitted?


The Cycle of the Parasite


Signs and Symptoms of Malaria

Lack of a sense of well being Headache Fatigue Abdominal discomfort Muscle, joint aches followed by fever & rigors Nausea/vomiting Diarrhoea Cough


Complications of Malaria

Cerebral Malaria/ Unarousable coma Convulsions Pulmonary oedema (water on the lung) Jaundice/ Hepatitis Bleeding (DIC) Shock / septicaemia from 2ry invasion from gut

bacteria Dark urine: Renal failure and Macroscopic

Haemoglobinuria Hyperpyrexia


Incubation Period of Malaria

Symptoms and signs may present as early as 7 days post exposure, with an average of 10-21 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito.


How to prevent Malaria transmission

Do not spend unnecessary time outside after dark. Use mosquito repellent skin cream or spray liberally

every night (at dusk) Wear appropriate clothes that cover as much bare skin

as possible: long sleeved shirts, long pants that are made of light colour fabric. Wear socks as well.

Spray insecticide in cars where doors or windows have been left open.

If mosquitoes are present in the room, use a knockdown spray.

Put your air conditioner on. In non-mosquito proof quarters, sleep under a bed net

with insecticide.


Recommended insect repellents

The best available product is N-diethyl-3-toluamide or DEET, a colourless, oily liquid with a slight odor. It generally lasts longer than other repellents.


Citronella Oil

It is the most effective and most commonly found plant extract but even in its pure form it is less active than DEET. Even in strong concentrations it needs to be reapplied every 40 minutes or so to remain effective. It should not be used on its own.


How to apply insect repellent

Insect repellent containing DEET should be applied on all exposed skin (except around the eyes, lips and on broken skin). To apply a spray to your face, spray your palms and then spread the repellent carefully.

Apply the repellent around the ankles and under the socks.

It should be reapplied every 5-6 hours and after showering.

Avoid breathing in a repellent spray and don’t use it near food.

Care should be taken not to get any insect repellent preparation in the eyes or mouth.

Avoid contact with plastic (DEET is a good solvent).


Chemoprophylaxis

Chemoprophylaxis is one of the most important methods of preventing Malaria. It consists of taking medication to reduce the risk of getting the disease after an infected bite.

A minimum concentration of a certain medication in the blood kills the parasites that have entered the blood stream following a mosquito bite from an infected mosquito.


Does using Prophylaxis mask your symptoms?

No, the circulating drug immediately limits the load of parasites in the bloodstream and thus in effect reduces the risk for complications.

If the malaria parasite is partially resistant to the prophylactic drug you are using, or if you forget to take your tables regularly, then breakthrough malaria can occur – usually less severe than “normal” malaria.


Which chemo prophylactic drug should I use?

Mefloquine 1 tablet a week

Doxycylcine 1 tablet a day

Atovaquone/Prouanil 1 tablet a day


How long is it safe to take chemoprophylaxis for? Doxycycline: This drug is registered for use for

up to 2 years. Mefloquine: It is recommended as safe for up to

2 years use as no proof of cumulative toxicity is available.

Atovaquone/Proguanil: This is a fairly new combination drug that is still been studied for long term use. When the individual drugs were used in isolation there were no reports of problems with long term use and safety.


How can malaria be diagnosed?

Clinical signs and symptoms

Microscopic technique

Rapid diagnostic tests


Malaria Treatment

Treatment for Malaria should be directed and supervised by qualified medical

personnel.


Where to get medical care

Bravo Clinic

Kwatebala Clinic

TFM Clinic

freeport-mcmoran copper & gold inc. malaria presentation.pdf · freeport-mcmoran copper &...

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