freedom in motion current trends: from neighborhood electric vehicles to plug-in hybrids mark e....

freedom in motionfreedom in motion

Current Trends: From Neighborhood Electric Vehicles to Plug-In Hybrids

Mark E. Hairr, Research Program DirectorATTRP/UT Chattanooga


The ATTRP is a program of applied research by the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga to develop and

deploy transportation technologies that utilize clean and secure sources of energy.


In January 1969In January 1969

Chattanooga was citied by the Department of Health, Education and

Welfare as having the worst particulate air pollution of any city in

the nation

Chattanooga was citied by the Department of Health, Education and

Welfare as having the worst particulate air pollution of any city in

the nation

Worse than Los AngelesWorse than Los Angeles

Worse than New YorkWorse than New York

Worse then New OrleansWorse then New Orleans


CHATTANOOGA TODAYCHATTANOOGA TODAY


NEIGHBORHOOD ELECTRIC VEHICLES (NEVs)/NEIGHBORHOOD ELECTRIC VEHICLES (NEVs)/LOW SPEED VEHICLES (LSVs)LOW SPEED VEHICLES (LSVs)

Usually one- to four-passenger vehicles with rechargeable Usually one- to four-passenger vehicles with rechargeable batteries and electric motors. Plugs in to a standard 110-batteries and electric motors. Plugs in to a standard 110-volt outletvolt outlet

Defined by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Defined by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration as having four wheels, weighing less than 2,500 pounds, as having four wheels, weighing less than 2,500 pounds, with a top speed of 25 mphwith a top speed of 25 mph

About 40 states have legislation regarding LSVs—limited to About 40 states have legislation regarding LSVs—limited to streets posted at 35/mph or lowerstreets posted at 35/mph or lower

Vehicle cost range = $6,000-$12,000Vehicle cost range = $6,000-$12,000 Typically used in planned communities, universities, Typically used in planned communities, universities,

military bases, national parks, airports, etc.military bases, national parks, airports, etc.


A MULTITUDE OF SMALL SCALE VEHICLES A MULTITUDE OF SMALL SCALE VEHICLES


HYBRID TRANSIT VEHICLESHYBRID TRANSIT VEHICLES Combines an electric propulsion system with a power Combines an electric propulsion system with a power

plant ICE, turbine or fuel cell stackplant ICE, turbine or fuel cell stack

Benefits of electric drive system (acceleration, quieter, Benefits of electric drive system (acceleration, quieter, energy efficiencyenergy efficiency

Eliminates limitations of pure battery-electric buses Eliminates limitations of pure battery-electric buses (shorter range, reduced power for steeper grades)(shorter range, reduced power for steeper grades)

Batteries charged while bus in service and operatingBatteries charged while bus in service and operating

Balance of low emissions with required performance for Balance of low emissions with required performance for transit operatorstransit operators


HYBRID BUSESHYBRID BUSES

•Series hybrid (engine decoupled from drive wheels, Series hybrid (engine decoupled from drive wheels, energy produced from engine converted electric power energy produced from engine converted electric power from generator which powers traction motors as well as from generator which powers traction motors as well as recharging energy storage device) Can operate in all-recharging energy storage device) Can operate in all-electric modeelectric mode

•Parallel hybrid (both combustion engine and electric Parallel hybrid (both combustion engine and electric motor have direct connection to transmission. motor have direct connection to transmission. Combustion engine used during higher, constant speeds Combustion engine used during higher, constant speeds and electric motor at stops and low speeds)and electric motor at stops and low speeds)


HYBRID ELECTRIC FUEL CELL BUSHYBRID ELECTRIC FUEL CELL BUS

Consortium with University of Delaware, Ebus, Ballard Consortium with University of Delaware, Ebus, Ballard Power Systems, EPRI, Air Liquide and Delaware Power Systems, EPRI, Air Liquide and Delaware Transit Corp.Transit Corp.

Funded by FTAFunded by FTA 22-foot hybrid electric bus22-foot hybrid electric bus Fuel cell is 19kh (reduces costs, matches transit Fuel cell is 19kh (reduces costs, matches transit

operating environment on campus shuttle)operating environment on campus shuttle) Can operate in battery-only mode for 40 milesCan operate in battery-only mode for 40 miles Project includes extensive data collection Project includes extensive data collection

re:performance, efficiency, emissions, maintenance, re:performance, efficiency, emissions, maintenance, etc.etc.


HYBRID ELECTRIC FUEL CELL BUSHYBRID ELECTRIC FUEL CELL BUS



•Fuel cell drive•Battery dominant hybrid-electric drive system•Pure battery drive system

•Composite panel Bus-32 ft. long•Gross Vehicle weight = 20,000 lbs.•Seats 37 passengers


HYBRID BUSESHYBRID BUSES• The EV20h will be a series hybrid-electric 22-foot bus with a small 20 The EV20h will be a series hybrid-electric 22-foot bus with a small 20 kWh battery that will be engine dominant. This vehicle will typically kWh battery that will be engine dominant. This vehicle will typically operate with the engine running and although not as quiet or clean as an operate with the engine running and although not as quiet or clean as an electric or hybrid-electric bus with a larger battery, this vehicle typifies electric or hybrid-electric bus with a larger battery, this vehicle typifies the type of hybrid-electric bus available in the United States.the type of hybrid-electric bus available in the United States.

•The EV70h will be a hybrid-electric 22-foot bus with a 70 kWh battery that The EV70h will be a hybrid-electric 22-foot bus with a 70 kWh battery that will be capable of operating for longer periods of time on electricity only. will be capable of operating for longer periods of time on electricity only. This vehicle could be driven to an area some distance from the garage This vehicle could be driven to an area some distance from the garage and then operated on batteries for a longer period of time.and then operated on batteries for a longer period of time.


PROPOSED UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PROPOSED UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS INDUCTIVELY CHARGED ELECTRIC BUSINDUCTIVELY CHARGED ELECTRIC BUS

•Induces electrical energy intoInduces electrical energy into vehicle mounted pick-up unit. vehicle mounted pick-up unit.• Contact-less charging system.Contact-less charging system.• No wear and tear due to No wear and tear due to friction.friction.

Preliminary Technical Assessment:Preliminary Technical Assessment:•Route analysisRoute analysis•Determine appropriate bus Determine appropriate bus sizesize•Clean power recommendationClean power recommendation


INDUCTIVE CHARGING SYSTEMINDUCTIVE CHARGING SYSTEMGENOA, ITALYGENOA, ITALY


PLUG-IN HYBRIDS (PHEVs)PLUG-IN HYBRIDS (PHEVs)

Plug-in vehicle research began in 1970sPlug-in vehicle research began in 1970s Can be operated on electricity or internal Can be operated on electricity or internal

combustion enginecombustion engine Have larger batteries than typical hybrid vehiclesHave larger batteries than typical hybrid vehicles All electric range of 20- to 60-milesAll electric range of 20- to 60-miles Plug in to standard 110-volt outletPlug in to standard 110-volt outlet Conversions of Toyota Prius, Development of Conversions of Toyota Prius, Development of

Daimler-Chrysler Sprinter Vans, School Buses, Daimler-Chrysler Sprinter Vans, School Buses, other prototypesother prototypes


PLUG-IN HYBRIDS (PHEVs)PLUG-IN HYBRIDS (PHEVs)

Advantages:Advantages:• Reduced fuel consumption and emissionsReduced fuel consumption and emissions• Better fuel efficiency and performanceBetter fuel efficiency and performance• At-home charging from standard 110-volt At-home charging from standard 110-volt

outletoutlet• Energy recover from regenerative brakingEnergy recover from regenerative braking• Lower fuel costs compared to typical battery Lower fuel costs compared to typical battery

hybridshybrids

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:• Cost and size of batteriesCost and size of batteries• Battery technology development ongoingBattery technology development ongoing• Higher initial costHigher initial cost• Cost and complexity of two powertainsCost and complexity of two powertains• Added weightAdded weight• Wide scale availability of charging locationsWide scale availability of charging locations• Assumes over-night charging during non-peak periodAssumes over-night charging during non-peak period


CONTACT INFORMATIONCONTACT INFORMATION

Mark E. HairrMark E. HairrResearch Program DirectorResearch Program Director

ATTRP/University of Tennessee at ChattanoogaATTRP/University of Tennessee at Chattanooga615 McCallie Avenue615 McCallie Avenue

Dept. 2522, Room 214 EMCS Bldg.Dept. 2522, Room 214 EMCS Bldg.Chattanooga, TN 37403Chattanooga, TN 37403

423.425.5454423.425.5454423.425.5464423.425.5464

[email protected]@utc.edu

freedom in motion current trends: from neighborhood electric vehicles to plug-in hybrids mark e....

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