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Scientific Reports, New Studies and Practical Applications

2017

RES

EAR

CH

BY RACHAEL D’AGUIAR Director, of Chase Life Extension

Foundation Advisory Board Member, RAAD

Coalition

OMEGA’S AND VITAMIN D How these common supplements could help you to live longer

FURTHER RESEARCH INTO TELOMERES AND DISEASE Discover the latest research on several cancers, inflammation and coronary heart disease.

Telomeres

Introduction

I get it…

You’re doing everything you can to maintain your health, even reverse some poor lifestyle choices you made but sometimes it feels like 2 steps backwards and one step forwards. And there is so much contradictory advice and ‘evidence’ available that it is easier to second guess yourself than to commit to making a positive change.

I understand. I’m a 41 year old mother of 2 little ones who runs 3 businesses and has never had a nanny! Whereas I want to take the best care of myself, for them, for me, for my marriage, spending the time trawling the internet in search of scientific facts usually only yields blogs on the latest health buzz trend from individuals who are only worried about the health of their bank account.

In a world where anyone can write a blog can label themselves an ‘expert’ I want to present to you actual scientific facts and evidence about how to improve your health in simple, easy to digest English with simple, easy to implement advice. Sound good? Why do I present fact when supposition can be made to sound so sexy? Well, when you retell this information to your friends I want you to know you are telling them the truth. Also, I don’t expect you to believe me, you don’t know me, fair enough! But you will believe the studies, trials and award winning, recognised science I present (in plain English, I promise!) I also make a habit of creating businesses that help others, it’s important to me. And that you can google for verification – no scientific studies on that one, I’m afraid!

In this report you’ll discover the latest proven foods, vitamins and practices to lengthen telomeres and to slow down their rate of shortening. And also why telomeres are undoubtedly the most reliable measure of how well you are ageing and why taking care of them is so, so important.

I hope you enjoy reading this and that it sheds some light on some easy choices you can make to enrich this planet with your soul for longer!

With kindness,

Rachael

Literally with my hands full! Busy life, happy heart –

wouldn’t have it any other way!

ProfessorLeonardHayflick,born20thMay,1928inPhiladephia,USA.

TheClockofAgeinghasbeenDefined

ProfessorHayflick’sdiscovery,coined‘TheHayflickLimit’changedthewayweviewedageingandlivingorganisms.HisbreakthroughbeganthehuntforthatclockthatledtothediscoveryofTelomeres.SosignificantwasthediscoveryofTelomeresandtheenzyme,Telomerase,thatCarolGreider,JackSzostakandElizabethBlackburnwereawardedthe‘NobelPrizeforPhysiologyorMedicine’fortheirefforts.

TheirdiscoverywasmadeinasinglecelledanimalcalledTetrahymena,whichisessentiallypondscum.Likemostgreatdiscoveries,theTelomerehadhumblebeginnings!

UnabletoidentifytheenzymeTelomeraseinahuman,GeronCorporationpassedthistaskovertoDrBillAndrews,whoisolatedtheenzymeTelomerasein1997.

1

In1961LeonardHayflick

discoveredthattherewasa

mechanismthatcausedour

cellstodie.Cellscanonly

divideacertainnumberof

timesbeforetheyarenolonger

abletodivideandthey,quite

literally,self-destruct.

Acell’spre-programmedability

todividewasnamedthe

HayflickLimitafterit’s

discoverer.Atthisstage,Dr

Hayflickdidnotknowwhat

thatmechanismwas.

Telomereswerediscoveredin

the1930’sandseenas‘tails’

ontheendofourDNA.Itwas

noticedtheywerelongerin

youngerpeopleandshorterin

olderpeople.

Wehavecomealongwaysince

thenandwenowknowthat

2

the Telomereistheclockthat

weallhavetickinginsideus.

Thereasonourcellscanno

longerdivideandthereforedie

is100%linkedtothelengthof

theTelomere.

Everytimeacelldividesour

Telomere(thattailontheend

ofourDNA)shortens.And

whentheTelomerereaches

5000basepairs(itbeginsat

10,000whenyouarefirstborn)

itcannolongerdivide.

Theclockhasbeendefined.

TelomereshorteningISAgeing.

Thehumanracehasbeen

lookingtoreversethisclockfor

centuries,thefactthatwehave

foundourageingmechanism

meanswecannowlookat

fixingit.

3

Withinyouthereisagene

calledTelomerase,whichare

mostlyinactive,repressedin

fact,sothatitcannotdo

anything.Exceptinyour

reproductivecellswherethe

genefreelyexpressesan

enzyme,alsocalled

Telomerase.

Yourcellsdivideandthe

Telomeresshorten(ageing)

Yourgeneexpressesthe

enzymeTelomeraseandthe

Telomerere-lengthens.(Age

reversal)

4

Yourreproductivecells,in

essence, areimmortal.They

areourgermlineandour

survivalasaspeciesdepends

onthis.Thinkofitthisway,if

celldivisionISAGEINGandto

makeababyyoustartwith2

cellsandendupwitha

gorgeousbundleof3trillion

cellsatbirth–theamountof

celldivisionforthistooccuris

massive!Shouldourgermline

notexpressTelomeraseyou

wouldendupgivingbirthtoa

childbiologically ‘older’than

yourself.

WithoutTelomerase…

Thehumanracewouldonlyhave

survivedperhapsacouple

generations.

Wearenottheonlyspecieswho

survivebyexpressingTelomerase

intheirgermlinecells.Cats,dogs

andhorsesaresomeofthespecies

thatalsosharethesametelomere

processesasus.

Andtherearealsospeciesthat

expressTelomeraseinalltheir

cellsandshownosignsofageing!

Tortoises,whales,Lobsters,

Planeriumwormstonameafew.

Andtheirincidenceofcanceris

very,veryraretonon-existent.

Howcurious,Ithink

thatwehavefoundtheanswerto

theFountainofYouth

Itwashidinginsideusallalong.

Thereareessentially2waystoachievelong,

healthyTelomeres.Oneistoslowdowntherate

ofshortening,theotheristolengthenthem.

Firstly,I’llquicklytellyouhowtospeedthemup,justincaseyou’vedownloadedthisreportbecauseyou

wanttoliveashorterlife.YoucanincreasetherateofTelomereshorteningbysmoking,beingobeseand

speedingupcelldivisioninyourbody.Unfortunatelytheneedtoheal,recoverandrepaircausesincreased

celldivisionandwhenourbodyhassuccumbtoconditionsanddiseasesthatrequirethehealingprocessit

isn’tusuallybychoice!Ifyouarelookingatyourskinandthebiologicalageofyourskinyoucanincrease

therateofTelomereshorteningbyincreasingthecellularturnoverthroughaggressiveexfoliation,damage

andtreatmentsthatrequirethehealingprocesstotakecareofinflammationcausedorbrokenskin.

Now,fortherealreasonyouarereadingthisreport–howtoSlowDowntheRateofShortening(SDRS)and

howtolengthenyourTelomeres.

Fromvaryingcancerstoairpollution,metabolicandinflammatorydiseases,thesereportsallunanimously

agreethatkeepingTelomereslongisthekeytohealth.(Theseareall,barone,from2017andsourced

fromthePubMedwebsite,areliablesourceforpeerreviewedandpublishedmedicalwork.)

Youmightthink,readingthisthatsomeofitisjustcommonsenseandIwouldagreewithyou.Itseems

logicalthatbreathinginpollutedairwouldnotbegoodforyou,butnowyoucanseetheproofofdamageit

isdoingtoyourtelomeres,yourclockoflife.Somehowwhensciencebacksupyourinstinctsitseemsmuch

morerealandcanaidinincreasedmotivationtomakesomedifferentchoicestolookafteryourhealth.

Similarlysurelytheyounger,strongerandhealthieryourcellsthelesslikelyyouaretogetcancer?Yes!

Readonfortheproof.Thefactthatsomepeoplestilldebatethis–logicANDscience–bafflesme!

Let’sstartwiththatdiseasethat,atbest,iscurablewithconsiderablenegativesideeffectstoyouroverallhealthandwellbeingandatworstisaninsidiousandveryscaryprospect…

#1Cancer

Thefirstmentionisfromastudytitled:Telomereshorteninginhumandisease.Notonlydoesitclearlystatethatcriticallyshorttelomerescanleadtocancerbutalsohowapparentcriticallyshorttelomeresareinahostofgenetic,metabolicandinflammatorydiseases.“Overthepastdecades,manystudiesoftelomerebiologyhavedemonstratedthattelomeres

andtelomere-associatedproteinsareimplicatedinhumangeneticdiseases.Inaddition,ithasbecome

moreapparentthatacceleratedtelomereerosionisassociatedwithamyriadofmetabolicand

inflammatorydiseases.Moreover,criticallyshortorunprotectedtelomeresarelikelytoformtelomeric

fusions,leadingtogenomicinstability,thecornerstoneforcarcinogenesis”

Forthefullarticleclickhere:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/febs.12326/full*pleasenotethisarticlewaspublishedin2013andperhapswhythe‘general’conceptofcriticallyshorttelomeresiscovered.Agoodplacetostartifyouareabeginner.Articles,studiesandprooflikethisarelikelywhatpromptedmorespecificinvestigationintoTelomeres,Telomeraseandtheirconnectionstospecificdiseases,pathwaysandconditions.“Telomeredysfunctionfuelsgenomeinstabilitythatcanleadtodiseasessuchascancer”

Forthefullstudyclickhere:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28471262“Telomereshorteninghasbeendocumentedinnumeroustumortypes.Shortdysfunctionaltelomeresarecapableoffusionanditisconsideredthattheensuinggenomicinstabilitymayfacilitateclonalevolution(thewaycancersevolve)andtheprogressiontomalignancy”.Forthefullstudyclickhere:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28454108Icouldgoonandon…butthesearejustafewstudiesandarticlestogetyoustarted.ThereisirrefutableproofthatcriticallyshortTelomerescanleadtocancer.Therearerumoursatthemoment,largelyfuelledbyarecentlypublishedbookthatTelomerasecancausecancer.Theauthorsagendaforstatingthisisunclearandsheseemsunabletobackupthisclaimwithanyactualevidence(althoughherotherstatements,whicharetrue,haveprooftobackthemup.Thecancerscareseemstobejustthrowninthere)ThereasontherearenostudieswhatsoevertobackuptheclaimthatTelomerasecausescancer?Becauseitisnottrue.ButIdon’twantyoutojusttakemywordforit.Readthesearticlesandseveraldozenothers(atleast!)thatprovethatthekeytoavoidingdiseaseandcancerisbykeepingyourTelomereslongandhealthy.

Whenitcomestoyour

environmentyouusuallyhave

morecontroloverit.Soit’s

hearteningandalittlescary,to

knowthatyourliving

conditions,inparticulartheair

youbreathe,canhavea

significantimpactonthehealth

ofyourTelomeres.Statesa

2017study:“Long-term

exposuretoambientair

pollutionisassociated

withtelomereshortening.”

137cancer-freenon-smokers

were recruitedfora29year

study.Theirexposurelevelsto

indoorairwereassessedusing

aface-to-faceinterview

questionnaire,and

leukocytetelomerelength(LTL)

wasmeasured.Accumulative

exposuretosolidfuelusagefor

cookingwasnegatively

correlatedwithLTL.

TheLTLofresidentswhowere

exposedtosolidfuelcombustion

forthreedecadeswassignificantly

shorterthanthatofother

populations.Forsure,socio-

demographicfactorsmayplaya

mediatingroleinthecorrelation

between

leukocytetelomerelengthand

environmentalexposuretoindoor

airpollution.Inconclusion,long-

termexposuretoindoorair

pollutionmaycause

LTLdysfunction”.

Thisisthefirststudytoinvestigate

aclearassociationbetweenindoor

airpollutionandleukocyte

telomerelength.I’msurenotthat

Telomereshavebeensopositively

embracedasameansto

eradicatingdiseasethatmany

morepracticalstudiessuchasthis

areonthehorizon.

Forthefullstudyclickthebelow

link:

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28448823

LabtestsatJohnsHopkinsUniversitySchoolofMedicineshowthatwhenstemcellsinyourlungsthatarenecessaryforoxygenabsorptionhavetelomeresthataretooshort,itdisruptsyourbreathingPreviously,itwasbelievedthatemphysemawasjustaninflammatoryproblem.ButtheHopkinsresearchershaveshownitisinitiallyatelomereproblemthatleadstoinflammation.Mostdiseasesknowntohuman-kindhavenowbeenlinkedbacktotheabundanceoftoomanycriticallyshorttelomeres.

#2YourEnvironment

Evidenceprovesthathigher

vitaminDconcentrationsare

associatedwithlongerTelomere

length.VitaminDinhibitsthe

inflammationresponse/process

andtherebydiminishesturnover

ofleukocytes.Leukocyte

TelomereLength(LTL)decreases

witheachcellcycleandincreased

inflammation.Thisstudyfurther

supportstheconceptthatLTL

mayserveasacumulativeindex

ofanindividual’slifelongburden

ofoxidativestressand

inflammation.Someofthe

factorsthatheightenoxidative

stressandinflammationare

genetic,butothersareclearly

environmentalinnature,anda

fewmaybeeasilymodifiable.For

instance,cigarettesmoking,

obesity,andsedentarylifestyle

areassociatedwithshortenedLTL.

Theselifestylehabitsare

completelyinyourcontrolforyou

tochangeandvitaminD

concentrationsareeasily

modifiablethroughnutritional

supplementationorsunshine

exposure.

Thestudynotedabove(theseare

2verysmallextracts)was

performedon2160womenaged

18–79yearsold.Ifyouare

interestedindelvingdeeper

simplyclickthislinkwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2196219/forthefullarticle.Also(slightly

unrelatedtoTelomerelength

directlyhere)ifyousufferfrom

Auto-immuneDiseaseI

recommendyougoaheadand

readthewholearticle,thereis

informationaboutVitaminDand

Auto-immuneDiseasewhichyou

mayfindhelpful.

Again,ifyouhaveastronginterest

inthescientificproofthatcomes

withVitaminDandTelomeres,

theJournalofNutritionhassome

excellentinformationandstudies.

VitaminD-Howdothe

numbersstackup?

“Every10-nmolincreaseinlevels

of25-hydroxyvitaminD(25(OH)

D),thenon-active‘storage’form

ofthevitamin)wasassociated

witha0.03-kpblongertelomerein

leukocytesinmiddle-agedadults,

accordingtodataextractedfrom

theNationalHealthandNutrition

ExaminationSurvey(NHANES)

2001-2002”

Thisissignificantbecausemost

adultcells(excludingthegermline

cells)havetelomereswhichare,

onaverage10-15kplong.

#3VitaminD

#4Omega-3

Giventhecardioprotectiveeffectsofomega-3fattyacids,itwassoughttodeterminewhetheromega-3fattyacidlevelswereassociatedwithchangesinleukocytetelomerelength((LTL)over5yearsinastudyofoutpatientswithcoronaryarterydisease.

TheobservedMarineOmega-

3Fattyacidsinthisstudy

wereDHAandEPA.

Myconclusion?Highlevelsof

Omega-3fattyacidsare

showntodecreasetherateof

Telomereshorteninginthis

newstudy.Overtheyears

Omega-3hasalsobeen

observedtoslowage-related

cognitivedecline,assist

againstvascularstiffnessand

reducetheincidenceofage-

relatedmacular

degeneration.Wellworth

ensuringyouhaveadequate

amountsinyourdietary

intake.

Theauthorsofthefollowing

studycommentedthat:

LeukocyteTelomereLength

(LTL)isamarkerofbiological

agethatindependently

predictswhetherpatientswith

cardiovasculardiseaseswilllive

ordie.Thislongitudinalstudy

observedbaselinelevelsof

marineomega-3fattyacids

overa5yearperiod.

Thehigherbaselineomega-3

levelswereassociatedwith

slowingdowntelomere

attrition.

Sowhereasomega-3willnot

lengthenyourtelomeres,a

highlevelwillmostcertainly

slowdowntherateof

shorteningwhichiscertainly

verybeneficialindeed.

Rememberthelongertheyare

themorecapabletheyareof

protectingyourhealth.

Multiplelarge,randomized,

controlledtrialshave

demonstratedhighersurvival

ratesamongindividualswith

cardiovasculardiseasewho

haveahighdietaryintakeof

omega-3fattyacids.Onthis

basis,theAmericanHeart

Associationrecommends

increasedoilyfishintakeand

theuseofomega-3fattyacid

supplementsfortheprimary

andsecondarypreventionof

coronaryheartdisease.

Telomeres2017-Keypoints

Take heed, the . Avoid triggering an increase in

cellular turnover. eg. Skin treatments, inflammation, avoidable cellular damage.

The length and integrity of telomeres are maintained to prevent , which

has been linked to .

Long-term exposure to .

Increased levels of

Increased levels of

Practical advice:

The easiest way to apply the research above is to supplement your diet with Vitamin D and Omega-3’s.

My ‘take-away’ from all of my research. Higher Vitamin D levels positively impact the length of your

Telomeres (and reduce inflammation which is ageing in itself). Such an inexpensive and easy

supplement to take, I used to be inconsistent with my Vitamin D supplement – but not now! Same

with omega -3’s. I’m not someone who takes every supplement under the sun just for the fun of it.

But the evidence behind these 2 is so strong and positive that it makes it a no-brainer.

Also, the importance of your environment and the air you breathe. Are you cooking often using solid

fuel? Hanging out with smokers? Having fresh air is more important than you might have thought.

Do your telomeres a favour and seek it out.

Disclaimer:IamnotadoctororaPhdscientistandinthisreportIhavemixedmyopinionwithscientificandmedical

studies.Youmaywishtospeaktoyourchosenhealthpractitionerbeforeaddinganutritionalsupplementtoyourdiet.

Ihavetriedtomakethedefinitionsclearbetweenwhatismyopinionandwhatisscientificproof.Iurgeyoutodelve

deeperintothesestudiesifapointIhavemadeinterestsyou.

Glossary

Acceleratedtelomereerosion yourtelomeresshorteningatagreaterratethanis‘normal’

Baselinelevels informationfoundatthebeginningofastudy,usedforcomparisonlater

Cellcycle thecellcycleorcell-divisioncycleistheseriesofeventsthattakeplace

inacellleadingtoitsdivisionandduplicationofitsDNA(DNA

replication)toproducetwodaughtercells.

Clonalevolution alongstandingcancermodel,knownas"clonalevolution,"tumorsarise

fromnormalcellsthatmutateandgenerateabnormaloffspringthatalso

mutate,formingamassofgeneticallyvariedcancercells

Exfoliation theprocessofremovinglayersofskinatanun-naturallyfastratein ordertoincreasecellularturnover.

Genome yourcompletesetofDNAincludingallofyourgenes.

Genomicinstability referstoasetofeventscapableofcausingunscheduledalterations

withinthegenome(yourDNA)Genomicinstabilityisacharacteristicof

mostcancercells.Itcaninitiatecancer,augmentprogression,and

influencetheoverallprognosisoftheaffectedpatientandcanarisefrom

manydifferentpathways,includingtelomeredamage

Germline theDNAingermcells(eggandspermcellsthatjointoformanembryo).

GermlineDNAisthesourceofDNAforallothercellsinthebody.

HayflickLimit discoveredin1961thatthereisamechanismthatcausesourcellstodie.Cellscanonlydivideacertainnumberoftimesbeforetheyarenolongerabletodivideandthey,quiteliterally,self-destruct.Thenumberofdivisionspossibleiscalledthe‘HayflickLimit’.

Inflammation maybedefinedasthenormalresponseoflivingtissuetoinjuryor

infectionitispartofthecomplexbiologicalresponseofbodytissuesto

harmfulstimuli,suchaspathogens,damagedcells,orirritants,andisa

protectiveresponseinvolvingimmunecells,bloodvessels,andmolecular

mediators.

JournalofNutrition http://jn.nutrition.org/

Publishedsince1928,TheJournalofNutrition(JN)wasthefirst

scientificjournalcreatedsolelyforpublicationofnutritionresearch.

Contentsincludepeer-reviewedresearchreportsonallaspectsof

experimentalnutrition,criticalreviews,commentaries,and

symposiumandworkshopproceedings.

KpborKb kilo-basepair,aunitofmeasurementofDNAorRNAlength

usedingenetics,equalto1,000nucleotides.

Leukocytetelomerelength(LTL) isacomplexgenetictrait.Itshortenswithageandisassociatedwitha

hostofaging-relateddisorders.Abiomarkerofagingandaforecaster

oflongevityinhumans.

Longitudinalstudy isanobservationalresearchmethodinwhichdataisgatheredforthe

samesubjectsrepeatedlyoveraperiodoftime.Theycangoonfor

years,orevendecadesandalwaysusethesamesetofsubject.

Malignancy termfordiseasesinwhichabnormalcellsdividewithoutcontroland

caninvadenearbytissues.Activeandinvasive.

Nmol aunitofmeasurement.Nanomolesperlitre

Oxidativestress theprocessofoxidationhappensasourbodiesprocesstheoxygenthatwebreatheandourcellsproduceenergyfromit.Thisprocessalsoproducesfreeradicals,whichinteractwiththemoleculesinourcellsresultingindamage.Freeradicalsarenormal.Itisonlywhentheamountoffreeradicalsoverwhelmstherepairprocessthatisbecomesanissue.Thisiswhatwecalloxidativestress.

Senescence theprocessinwhichhealthycellsceasedividing.WhenacellreachestheHayflicklimititbecomessenescent.

Telomere Atelomereisaregionateachendofachromosome,whichprotects

theendofthechromosomefromdeteriorationorfromfusionwith

neighboringchromosomes.Telomeresshortenwitheachroundofcell

divisionthechromosomesareshortenedbyabout25-200basesper

replication.

Telomerecontd: However,becausetheendsareprotectedbytelomeres,the

only partofthechromosomethatislost,isthetelomere,andtheDNA

isleftundamaged.LeukocyteTelomereLengthisusedasabiomarker

ofageingandawayofpredictingmorbidityincertaindiseases.

Knownasthe‘clockofageing’itmeasureshowmuchtimeyourcells

(andyou)haveleft.

Telomereshortening anunavoidablesymptomofcellulardivisionthathappensinallhuman

cellsexceptourgermlinecells.Whentelomeresbecomecritically

shorttheyaresusceptibletomutationswhichcanleadtodiseaseand

death.

Telomerase thenameofageneandalsotheenzymethatitexpresses.Inallcells

exceptourgermlinecellsthegeneisrepressedandnoenzymeis

expressed.Whentelomeraseisexpresseditrelengthensthetelomere

andcanreversecellularageing.

Tetrahymena afreshwater,onecellorganismthatfeedsonbacteria.

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