fragmentation of muslim world european intervention
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Fragmentation of Muslim world
European intervention
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1798-1801 French occupation of Egypt
19th c. European powers take effective controlof much of Muslim world
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Attempts at reform by Muslim states
1826 Ottoman sultan Mahmut II (r. 1808-39)destroys janissaries, suppresses BektashiSufi Order
1839 Mahmut II issues first of Tanzimat(re-organisation) decrees
1839-76 Era of Tanzimat
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Tanzimat…
Incl. European-style education and legalsystems
Centralisation of power
Opposed by bureaucrats, religious scholars,foreign powers and domesticChristians
Capitulations Abdulaziz (r. 1861-76)
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Sunni reformers:
Rejection of customary practices
Return to Qur’an and hadith as onlysources of Islamic practice, mediatedthrough ijtihad
Translations of the Qur’an
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Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab (1702/3-91/2)
Muwahhidun (Unitarians)/Wahhabis
1744 Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab allies withMuhammad ibn Sa‘ud of Dir‘iya
1810 Allies complete conquest of most ofArabia
Map Link: First Saudi State:
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/First_Saudi_State_Big.png/800px-First_Saudi_State_Big.png>
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1893 ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Faysal of Sa‘udifamily (d. 1928) takes refuge in Kuwait
Wahhabi combination of reform and force
Shrine of al-Husayn at Karbala
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Twelver Shi‘ism:
Late 18th c. Usulis dominate religiouselite
Guidance from Hidden Imam given tomujtahids (qualified scholars), incl.ayatollahs (“signs of God”)
Religious elite tightening grip onreligious interpretation
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18th c. Establishment of modern practicesmarking ‘Ashura’ (10th Muharram),commemorating martyrdom of al-Husaynin 680
ta‘ziye
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Nizaris:
1841 Nizari Imam (Aga Khan), afterconflict with Qajar shah of Persia,flees to Afghanistan
1848 Imam moves to Bombay (Mumbai),recognised as leader by most Khojasof S. Asia
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May 1844 Sayyid ‘Ali Muhammad claimsto be the Bab (gate) to the 12th Imam
1848 The Bab is imprisoned. Claims to be the12th Imam
8th/9th July 1850 The Bab is executed.Persecution of Babis follows
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1853 Mirza Husayn ‘Ali (Baha’u’llah [“Gloryof God,” 1817-1892]) begins to havevisions while in prison
Flees to Baghdad, eventually exiled toEdirne, then ‘Akko
Meanwhile, gathers followers
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1892 Death of Baha’u’llah. Leadership passes tofamily, then in 1957 to ruling council
1963 Election of the first members of theUniversal House of Justice
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Major Baha’i principles:
1. Oneness of God
Same being worshipped by other faiths
2. Oneness of humanity
Rejection of racism/sexism
3. Oneness of religion
Progressive revelation
Emphasis on spiritual advancement and unity
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Islamic reform:
At one end – Sunni, scripture-basedmovement
At other end – Baha’i faith, not evenIslamic
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‘Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Hasan al-Jabarti. Fromprominent family
Historian best known for ‘Aja‘ib al-Atharfi’l-Tarajim wa’l-Akhbar, originally meantas biographical dictionary, but he turned itinto a history covering 1688-1821
Text here is from Muzhir al-Taqdis bi-DhahabDawlat al-Faransis, history of Frenchoccupation of Egypt, finished 1801 or 1802
Al-Jabarti 1753-1825/6)