Four types of participleHow do we recognise them?

1.

2.

3.

4.

portans portatus portaturusPP PPP FP

carrying having been carried about to carry

Most verbs……. (all verbs except the ones on your list)

A few verbs……. (check your list!)

hortans hortatushortaturus

PP PAP FP

encouraging having encouraged about to

encourage

Four Types of Participles• Present Participle (PP)

– ………….ing– Cogidubnus, drinking the waters, felt much better

• Perfect Passive Participle (PPP):– Having been ………ed– Cogidubnus, having been carried into the baths, tasted the waters

• Perfect Active Participle (PAP):– Having ……...ed– Having returned to his villa, Cogidubnus felt much better

• Future Participle– About to………– About to leave the baths, Cogidubnus suddenly fell to the ground.

makes it passive

aedificatum

•(having been) built

•neuter singular

•nominative or accusative

scriptam

•(having been) written

•feminine singular

•accusative

gerens

•wearing

•masculine or feminine singular

•nominative

ducentes

• leading

• masculine or feminine plural

• nominative or accusative

secutus

•having followed

•masculine singular

•nominative

locuti

•having spoken

•masculine plural

•nominative

intrantem

•entering

•masculine or feminine singular

•accusative

inventos

•(having been) found

•masculine plural

•accusative

ingressos

•having entered

•masculine plural

•accusative

tenentem

•holding

•masculine or feminine singular

•accusative

facti

• (having been) made / done

• masculine plural nominative

• OR m. or n. sing. genitive

conatam

•having tried

•feminine singular

•accusative

interfectus

•(having been) killed

•masculine singular

•nominative

resistente

•resisting

•masculine, f. or n. singular

•ablative

egressis

•having gone out

•m. f. or n. plural

•dative or ablative

Participles Practice…

1. egressi forum, intrare tabernam volebamus.2. portans puerum, servus domum festinavit.3. urbem oppugnaturi sumus.4. captivi ab hostibus liberati domum ierunt.5. ingens turba pompam per Viam Sacram procedentem spectabat.6. custodes puero lacrimanti nihil dixerunt.7. milites, a dominis iussi, in longis ordinibus stabant.8. mercator amicos, a Graecia regressos, ad cenam sumptuosam

invitavit.9. fures domum egressi, fugerunt.

Future Participles…1. hodie in arena multi gladiatores morituri sunt.2. dominus ad urbem profecturus servos laborare iussit.3. locuturus magna voce, orator surrexit.4. pater vocavit filium domo egressurum. 5. nunc ego vobis cenam splendidam daturus sum.6. milites in animo volvebant quid cenurio dicturus esset.7. hospites Haterium rogaverunt num Euphrosyne saltatura

esset.8. custodes fures ceperunt, egressuros.9. hostis vobis necandus est.

1. faber, prope ianuam tabernae stans, pugnam spectabat.

2. Vilbia, e culina egressa, sororem statim quaesivit.

3. fures, ad iudicem ducti, veniam petiverunt.4. omnibus civibus tacendum est quod sacerdotes

appropinquant.5. centurio, amphoram vini optimi adeptus, ad

amicos celeriter rediit.6. subito equos appropinquantes audivimus.7. puer callidus pecuniam, in terra celatam, invenit.8. hostis vobis necandus est.

Ablative Absolutes

Ablative Absolutes

1. Noun/pronoun + participle

2. Both in the ablative

3. Often (not always) at the start of the sentence, sometimes separated by commas

How to translate Ablative Absolutes

1) urbe capta, milites discesserunt.With the city having been captured, the soldiers departedOr: After city had been captured/when the city had been captured…..

2) feminis lacrimantibus, fur effugit.With the women weeping, the thief escapedOR: While the women were weeping,….

3) rege locuturo, milites intraverunt.With the king about to speak, the soldiers enteredOr: When king was about to speak…..

sole oriente

•with the sun rising / as the sun was rising

civibus egressuris

•with the citizens about to go out / as the citizens were about to go out

servo intrante

•with the slave entering / as the slave was entering

urbibus captis

•with the cities having been captured

urbibus a militibus captis

•with the cities having been captured by the soldiers

puella datura

•with the girl about to give / as the girl was going to give

puella donum datura

•with the girl about to give a present/ as the girl was going to give a present

matre gaudente

•with the mother rejoicing / as the mother was rejoicing

magna turba comitante

•with a great crowd accompanying

nauta morituro

•with the sailor about to die / as the sailor was about to die

timore deposito

•with fear having been put aside

imperatore vivente

•with the emperor (or general) being alive / while the emperor was alive

servis dimissis

•with the slaves having been sent away / dismissed

canibus in forum currentibus

•with the dogs running into the forum/ as the dogs were running into the forum

gladio in vulnere relicto

•with the sword having been left in the wound

ancillis sequentibus

•with the slave-girls following / as the slave-girls were following

urbe incensa

•with the city having been burnt

domina ingrediente

•with the mistress entering / as the mistress was entering

his verbis dictis

•with these words having been taken said

mercatore locuturo

•with the merchant about to speak / as the merchant was going to …

servis liberatis

•with the slaves having been freed

magistris loquentibus

•with the teachers speaking / as the teachers were speaking

feminis salutaturis

•with the women about to greet / as the women were going to greet

consulibus occisis

•with the consuls having been killed

puella lacrimante

•with the girl crying / as the girls was crying

amicis hortantibus

•with the friends encouraging / urging

hostibus superantibus

•with the enemy winning / as the enemy were winning

cane abducto

•with the dog having been taken away

ianua fracta

•with the door having been broken

custodibus dormientibus

•with the guards sleeping / as the guards were sleeping

amico celeriter respondente

•with the friend quickly replying / as the friend was replying quickly

signo dato

•with the signal having been given

militibus oppugnaturis

•with the soldiers about to attack / as the soldiers were going to …

discipulis tacentibus

•with the students being quiet / as the students were being quiet

militibus egressis

•with the soldiers having gone out

consilio cognito

•with the plan having been learnt

quo facto

•with this having been done

•after this had been done

quo dicto

•with this having been said

•after this had been said

Ablative Absolute Sentences

1. his verbis dictis, nuntius discessit.2. regina horto deleto tristissima erat.3. militibus paratis imperator proficisci constituit.4. servis venditis cenam ipse paro.5. senatore locuto, cives gaudebant.6. puella laetior erat epistula lecta.7. hostibus visis omnes timebamus.8. cives clamoribus auditis auxilium statim miserunt.9. imperatore mortuo novum ducem invenire debemus.10. pueris tacere iussis senex villam intravit.

Some tricky sentences…

• quo audito, omnes senatorem laudaverunt.

• Caesare duce, hostes vicimus.

• puellis auxilium petentis cibum dedi.