Four novel designs for output buffer circuit

Abstract

Four novel output buffer circuits with noise immunity have been developed. A delay

circuit, a control circuit and/or an overcurrent absorption circuit are introduced and appended

in the developed output buffer circuits. The appended circuits can drain the part of current of

the output transistor, while the output transistor is from OFF to ON state. These novel output

buffer circuits can efficiently inhibit the instantaneous induced voltage at the ground and

prevent ground voltage from fluctuation. Therefore, the noise immunity and the stability of

the entire semiconductor chip can be improved.

Keywords: output buffer, noise immunity, delay circuit, overcurrent absorption circuit ,

fluctuation, stability, instantaneous induced voltage.

Ming-chuen Shiau : Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering HIT.

[1]-[10]

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A Localization System of a Mobile Robot UsingUltrasonic Measurements

Abstract

Based on ultrasonic sensory information, an approach based on ultrasonic time-of-flight

(TOF) data is proposed for localization of an autonomous mobile robot (AMR). It will be

proven that the combination of two ultrasonic transmitters and three receivers can be used to

determine both the position and the orientation of an AMR with respect to a world frame

uniquely. A series of simulation and experimental results are provided to show the validity

and feasibility of the proposed methods.

Keywords: autonomous mobile robots, localization, ultrasonic sensors, time-of-flight.

Hung-Hsing Lin : Instructor, Department of Electrical Engineering, HITChing-Chih Tsai : Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing

University

1. IntroductionNavigation of the autonomous mobile

robots (AMRs) usually needs two kinds of

sensor systems whose functions can

complement each other. The first one is the

use of the internal sensing systems or

methods that have been widely used for

most wheeled mobile robots to calculate

their current locations with respect to an

inertial frame of reference. Such sensors

include encoders, speedometers, rate-gyros,

tilt sensors and so on. The type of

navigation system can be achieved by the

dead-reckoning(DR) method or the inertial

navigation system(INS) [1-3]. The second

one is the external sensing systems that

provide temporal or spatial information

obtained from the vehicle to its surrounds.

The most prevalent external sensors are

digital compasses, ultrasonic ranging

sensors, vision systems, Differential Global

Position System(DGPS) and so on. Each

kind of sensing system has its strong points

and drawbacks due to the operation

environments. The selection of the

navigation sensors depends upon price,

desired measurement range and accuracy

[4,5].

AMRs have already found widespread

applications in automated factories, offices,

hospitals and warehouses, It can be

permitted to install the sensing equipment

on a special environmental space, in order

to describe the environmental modeling and

to provide accurate absolute locations for

the autonomous mobile robots. In the

outdoor environment, the use of sensor

equipment is quite different from the

obvious road mark or the beacons of robots

operation environment. Due to the very

properties of ultrasonic sensors, such as

low-cost, and noncontactness , the purpose

of this paper is to design a novel self-

localization of autonomous mobile robots.

Wu and Tsai [6] used three ultrasonic

transmitters and two receivers to find the

localization and orientation of an

autonomous mobile robot based on

ultrasonic sensory information. Tsai [7]

developed a novel location system for an

autonomous mobile robot designed to

perform missions in any given structured

environment. Its hardware consists of a

multisensorial dead- reckoning subsystem,

a modified ultrasonic location subsystem,

and a host PC 586 computer. However, the

proposed system in [7] suffers difficulties

of finding initial position and orientation of

an AMR. The aim of the paper is to

combine the techniques proposed in [6] and

[7] for developing a new type of location

system. This novel location system not only

provides an initial position and orientation

information for the AMR, but also

determines the dynamic robot position and

orientation information [8,9].

The outline of the paper is organized

as follows. Section 2 shows the

mathematical frame of the location system.

Section 3 describes the hardware

configuration of the location system.

Several computer simulations and

experimental results for self-localization of

the AMR are shown in Section 4.

Conclusions of the paper are given in

section 5.

2. Mathematical Frame of theLocation System

This section presents a hardware

configuration and an approach for self-

localization of the AMR using mere

ultrasonic measurements. Figure 1 depicts

the physical configuration of the novel

ultrasonic location system, which consists

of two RF controlled ultrasonic transmitters

installed at the known position with respect

to the reference frame, two sets of RF

controlled switches operating in different

frequencies, and three ultrasonic receivers

placed on the AMR. In order to measure

the time-of-flight (TOF) data between the

ultrasonic transmitter/receiver modules, the

computer selects and drives one ultrasonic

transmitter by means of one RF controlled

switch to send modulated signal.

Simultaneously, each 16-bit counter with a

2 MHz counting rate accumulates the TOF

data until the corresponding receiver

confirms that the ultrasonic modulated

signal has been received. The ultrasonic

transmitters can be installed at any arbitrary

position with respect to the reference

frame, but it is constrained by that the two

transmitters must be installed at the same

height along the z-axis and the distance

between them must be suitable (about 15-

20 cm). The geometric arrangement of the

receivers mounted on the robot is shown in

Figure 2, in which three receivers are

installed at the same height on the robot.

Suppose that two ultrasonic

transmitters are installed at the known

positions T1:(xtl, ytl, zt) and T2:(xt2, yt2, zt)

and three receivers' locations are denoted

by R1:(x1, y1, z), R2:(x2, y2, z) and R3:(x3, y3,

z), respectively. Then the pose of the robot,

represented by (x, y, z,θ), can be determined

uniquely by the distances from the

transmitters to receivers. Let d1, d2, ...,d6

denote the distances from the points (xtl, ytl,

zt) and (xt2, yt2, zt) to the points(x1, y1, z), (x2,

y2, z) and (x3, y3, z), respectively. Then one

will obtain

From Figure 1, let the mobile robot's

location be denoted by (x, y, z), whose

geometric relations to the position of the

receivers R1, R2 and R3 are expressed by

where b represents the distance from

the location (x, y, z) to each receiver and θ

is the robot heading angle.

After manipulating some complicated

calculations, we can obtain x1 and y1 from

Eqs. (1-6) and (7-9).

(9)

According to the relative position of

the transmitter and receiver, the value of z

can be determined from one of the two

possible values in Eq. (14). Furthermore,

substituting the values of x1 and y1 into Eq.

(7) gives

Finally, From Eqs. (12-13), we obtain

the orientation θ of the vehicle as follows

This completes the derivation of the

position and orientation of the robot from

the six ultrasonic measurements and

geometric relations of the receivers[10].

3. Hardware ConfigurationThe physical configuration of the

proposed location system is shown in

Figure 3, in which two ultrasonic

transmitters are installed at positions

[0,0,0], [0,a,0] of the reference frame,

respectively, and three receivers are

mounted on the AMR. The only

requirement is that the three receivers must

be installed at the same height along the z-

axis.

In addition to the two transmitter

modules and the three receiver modules,

the hardware of the location system also

contains a pair of RF controlled switches

and a PC-based controller as depicted in

Figure 4. The first RF controlled switch

sends a radio signal to the corresponding

receiver and the personal computer counter

starts the counting of the TOF. Once the RF

receiver receives the radio signal, the ith

ultrasonic transmitter module will send

ultrasonic pulses back to the jth receiver

immediately in Figures 5 and 6. In this

manner, if the distance between the ith

transmitter and the jth receiver is denoted

by dij , then one will obtain

where TOFij is the time-of-flight

(TOF) between the ith transmitter and the

jth receiver, and VE and VU denote the

speeds of the electromagnetic wave and the

ultrasonic wave, respectively. However,

since VE is much larger than VU in practice,

(18) can be further simplified to be

Performing the above procedure

repeatedly, the values of dij , 1 i 2, 1

j 3, will be determined sequentially.

4. Simulation, ExperimentalResults and Discussion

In this simulation, it is assumed that

the two ultrasonic transmitters are installed

at (xt1, ytl, zt) (15, 12, 190) and (xt2, yt2, zt)

(20, 28, 190) with respect to the

reference frame. The TOF measurements

are mixed with noise modeled as zero-

mean white Gaussian processes with the

standard deviation . The true

position and orientation of the AMR is (x,

y, z, θ)=(10, 20, 5, 130 ). Applying the

static localization estimation algorithm, the

history of the estimated position and

orientation of the robot are depicted in

Figures 7 and 8, respectively. In Figure 7,

the circle is the true position, the cross sign

inside the circle denotes the estimated

position. Similar results can be shown in

Figure 8. It is explicit that the estimates are

very close to the true values, and the

detailed estimates are

(9.91, 20.21, 5.07, 130.71 )

The following experiment was performed

to investigate the accuracy and precision of

the proposed method for static pose

estimation of the AMR. Figure 9 display

the actual ultrasonic transmitters and

receivers. The detailed circuit diagram is

shown in Figures 10 and 11. The two

ultrasonic transmitters were installed at the

positions (xt1, ytl, zt) (0, 0, 256) and (xt2,

yt2, zt) (15, 11, 256) (unit: cm) with

respect to the world coordinate reference

system, and the spaced distance of the

receiver was measured as b=20 . While

the experiment was being performed, the

mean ambient temperature was fixed to be

almost constant (Ta=26.4 ) with small

temperature fluctuations allowed

and the correct speed of

the ultrasonic wave was 34695.137 /s

[10]. The true position of the robot was (x,

y, z)=(0, 0, 46) (unit: cm) with respect to

the reference frame, and the heading angle

θ were 0˚, 45˚, 90˚, 135˚, 180˚, 225˚, 270˚

and 315˚, respectively. The experimental

results are given in Table 1. It is observed

by statistics that the ultrasonic location

system is proved to be capable of having

position accuracy of less than 3 and

heading accuracy of less than 3˚. Although

the heading angles are different, the

optimal position and orientation estimates

of the AMR are all very close to the actual

values, which verifies that the proposed

system provides highly accurate and

reliable estimates.

5. ConclusionsThis paper has developed a novel

ultrasonic localization system of an AMR

in any 3D environment. The physical

configuration of the system consists of two

RF controlled ultrasonic transmitters

installed at known positions, controlled by

two sets of RF control switches, and three

ultrasonic receivers mounted on the AMR.

When the AMR stops inside the effective

coverage area of ultrasonic wave

propagation, the position and orientation of

the robot can be determined uniquely with

respect to the world frame by the proposed

method. The static localization

experimental results have verified that the

proposed method provides highly accurate

and reliable pose estimates of the robot.

6. References[1]. T. Fukao, H. Nakagawa, and N. Adachi

"Adaptive Tracking Control of a

Nonholonomic Mobile Robot," IEEE

Transactions on Robotics and

Automation, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 609-

615, October 2000.

[2]. D. Maksarov, and H. Durrant- Whyte,

"Mobile vehicle navigation in

unknown environments: A multiple

hypothesis approach", IEEE Proc.

Contr. Appl. Theory, vol. 142, no. 4,

pp. 385-400, 1995.

[3]. M. Drumheller, "Mobile robot location

using sonar", IEEE Trans. Pattern

Anal. Machine Intell., vol. PAMI-9,

pp. 325-332, Mar. 1987.

[4]. J. J. Leonard, and H. F. Durrant- Whyte

, "Directed Sonar Sensing for Mobile

Robot Navigation", Boston/London

/Dordrecht:Kluwer,1992.

[5]. B. Triggs, "Model-based sonar

localization for mobile robots",

Robotics, Autonomous Syst., vol. 12,

pp. 173-186, 1994.

[6]. C. J. Wu and C. C. Tsai, "Localization

of an autonomous mobile robot based

on ultrasonic sensory information,"

Journal of Intelligent and Robotic

Systems 30, pp. 267-277, 2001.

[7]. C. C. Tsai, "A localization system of a

mobile robot by fusing dead-reckoning

and ultrasonic measurements," IEEE

Transactions on Instrumentation and

Measure- ment, vol. 47, no. 5, pp.

1399-1404, October 1998.

[8]. J. C. Hsu , "Self Location of an

Autonomous Mobile Robot Using

Fuzzy Adaptive Extended Information

Filtering Schemes", MS thesis,

Department of Electrical Engineering,

National Chung-Hsing University, July

2002.

[9]. S. W. Lai, "Multisensorial Self-

Localization of an Autonomous

Mobile Robot over Uneven Terrain",

MS Thesis Department of Electrical

Engineering, National Chung- Hsing

University, June 2000.

[10]. A. M. Sabatini, "A digital signal

processing techniques for

compensating ultrasonic sensors",

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 44.

no. 4, pp. 869-874, 1995.

GPS

(NMEA) NMEA-0183

(GIS) (ϕ, , h) (x, y, z)

LabVIEW Matlab

GPS

(Pseudo-range error) (Carrier

Phase-delay)

(NMEA) (GPS) (GIS)

(WGS ) (TWD)

Design of a Real-time and On-line PrototypeSoftware in GPS/GIS Application

Abstract

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based radio positioning/navigation

system providing accurate, three-dimensional, common grid position, velocity and time

information to unlimited users and areas. In this paper, a virtual instrumentation-based

technology was adopted to construct the prototype software for GPS/GIS applications.

Including NMEA specification and GIS technology, this study combines the flexible GUI

functions of LabVIEW with the advanced analysis programming of MATLAB to develop a

novel real-time and on-line prototype software for the pseudo-range position measuring and

geodetic coordination transforming.

Indeed, the primary software features of this system is considered in its all aspect of

low-cost, flexibility, and graphic-user-interface concepts on the PC-based platform. It

functionally acquires and decodes NMEA-0183 information sentence, and then GPS user

could not only simply integrate the geodetic data into positioning and navigation

applications, but it also allows researchers do their developing on versatile programs.

Keywords: NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association), GPS (Global Positioning

System), GIS (Geographic Information System), WGS (World Geodetic System), TWD

(TaiWan Datum)

Chih-Yeh King : Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering HIT.

1. INTRODUCTIONEach GPS satellite broadcasts signal

continually that says, "According to its

atomic clock, the time is now t", and each

satellite periodically broadcasts a current,

precise estimate of its orbital elements. The

elements are determined by the ground

processing, using precise observations of

the satellite by a global network of the

tracking station whose locations have been

precise surveyed. In addition, each satellite

timing clock is monitored and regularly

calibrated by ground based processing

[2,3]. All of these estimates and

calibrations are regularly uploaded to

satellite, which in turn regularly broadcasts

them to users.

Thus, in effect, GPS receiver hears a

message; "At that time t, by its clock, its 3-

dimensional position was P." It means a

typical user is in the directing line-of-sight

of several GPS satellites simultaneously,

and these positioning data, which are

received from several satellites almost

simultaneously.

Conclusively, those straightforward

computation on the time-difference is

sufficient to calculate the user position

quite accurately, but the user's receiver gets

time-of-arrival signal inaccurately.

However, these error aren't significant,

because it is consistent across satellite. The

algorithm is built into the receiver

estimates the user's clock error along with

the user's 3-dimensional position. All that

required is a good simultaneous view of at

least four GPS satellites.

For the users with commercial GPS

receivers, the main sources of error in

computing 3-dimensional position are

listed as follows [4]:

1. Bias errors, even after the regular

calibration in the satellite clocks; at

calibration, the satellite clock biases

begin a random walk which, after a

certain hours, dominates the error,

2. Errors in ground estimates of those

satellite orbital elements,

3. Signal propagation delay error dues to

the tropospheric and ionospheric effects,

4. Relativity effects of large satellite

velocities relative to the users,

5. Earth tide, which is slight distortion of

the solid earth due to tidal forces from

the sun and moon, and

6. Signal measurement error occurs in GPS

receiver.

Several of the errors can be partially

compensated by the position estimation

algorithm within the user's receiver, but

residual errors are still remained. The

significant factor in the final result is how

these satellite ephemeredes have been

estimates and how the satellite clocks have

been calibrated recently. If the upload

estimates are not refreshed at least daily,

the resulting navigation accuracy for

precision users degraded. Using a fixed

GPS receiver in precisely surveyed

position, or Differential GPS (DGPS) can

then correct the relative instantaneous bias

errors in the clocks of all the GPS satellites

in view. The effect of this method is to

compensate not only for the SA noise, but

also for the related errors that are originated

from the tropospheric and ionospheric

transmission delays, earth tides and etc.

However, as a user moves away from the

based receiver, viewing a different

combination of GPS satellites than are

viewed by the referred receiver, the

accuracy of DGPS sharply degrades. Some

of GPS users have long desired

generalization of DGPS, that it could

provide superb navigational accuracy over

a wide geographical area. The reminder of

this paper discusses this concept further,

and it also describes a particular real-time

prototype of such a system being studied in

LabVIEW and MATLAB [5,6].

2. PSEUDO-RANGEPosition calculations are generally

made of using triangulation algorithm. GPS

signals from at least four satellites are

required in order to calculated the 3-

dimensional position information. A

receiver computation is based on signal

transmission delays, and is decided to

measure the distance between user and

satellites. Moreover, these distances are

called pseudo-ranges and is written as

and

R4 =C . Wherein C denotes the speed

of light and present the

time-of-arrive delays that encounter in

reaching the receiver upon transmission

from satellites 1, 2, 3 and 4 [7].

Conclusively, user's position in Earth

Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF) coordinates

Xu, Yu, and Zu can be computed by the

following equations:

where Xi , Yi , and Zi respectively are

satellite positions, and RB = CTB is due to

clock bias, TB and Ri are included as a range

correction, which is caused by offset

between the satellite and receiver clock

with the respect to GPS time (see Figure 1).

In this study, the algorithm is considered to

avoid the aforementioned ambiguity of Eq.

(1) by utilizing the adjacent-in-time

difference phase with a linearized filter to

observation model in matrix, which is

given by [8]

Herein Pn and are the pseudo-range

measured and related predicated value;

are the delta carrier-phase

measurement and the related predicated

value; is an estimated correction at

epoch n; and An is the measured partial

derivatives for epoch n; are the

system errors respectively, which is

associated with their carrier phase and

pseudo-range measured. [9,10]

Many significant algorithms are in use

today; none of them can meet all the basic

requirements (i.e. mobile, low cost,

accuracy, short range, reliable) [1]. For

Example, GPS may acquire a static

accuracy of 16 cm, however in the

relatively combined positioning mode, the

accuracy is reduced to 1.2 m. But GPS is

not self-contained positioning system and

its system accuracy could be degraded by

the availability and anti-spoofing [2].

Navigation system such as Loran C,

DECCA, and ILS can't either achieve

submeter accuracy over a range of 6 Km [3,

4].

A novel approach to determine

absolute position with a high degree of

accuracy and it is suited for real time range

estimation. Herein we implement the

Wiener-Kolmogorov model and the

Spectral Prony Algorithm (SPA) with a

priori of the system, then a wide class of

signal estimation will be lead to a solution

of optimum linear estimation problems of

GPS application.

Conclusively, this study constructs a

general description of the relevant SPA

analysis, then an advanced model will be

demonstrated. Finally we will discuss the

features with the simulation results to make

positive remarks as well as orientation of

future research.

However, the optimized estimation for Eq.

(2), in a least-square sense, is

and CP are the covariance matrix and

and WP are the disclosure vectors for

the pseudo-range and time difference

carrier phase.

3. TRANSFORMATIONALGORITHMS

First, a three-dimensional geometry is

used to derive coordinate conversion

transforming the measured geodetic

latitude, longitude and spheroid altitude

Figure 1: Pseudo-range and

position-based calculation.

into the Cartesian coordinates or vice verse

[11,12].

3-1. Transformation using the

Molodensky-Badekas Model

In the geodetic context, the general

transformation model is often referred to as

the Bursa-Wolf model. But it is invoked for

small network; its rotation parameters are

highly correlated with the translation

calculation. Therefore we choose the

alternative Molodensky- Badekas model to

avoid this correlation problem [13] and to

compute the 3-D transformation difference.

As we know TWD97(XA YA ZA), which is

based on GRS80 ellipsoid. Therefore we

had to convert data ideally through ITRF94

intermediately, and then calculated it under

ECEF (Earth-Center Earth Fixed) system

into WGS84(XB YB ZB) by using the

following formulas:

(4)

Hereinafter we must also realize that

TWD97 is based on GRS80 geodetic

ellipsoid but ECFF is corresponding to

WGS84 geodetic ellipsoid. In this study, it

simply adopts parameters as three

translation (Tx Ty Tz), one distortion S,

and three rotation (R1 R2 R3) factors listed

in table 1, which were official published by

IERS [14].

Conclusively, the calculated difference

between the two coordinate frames was the

philosophy of how an inertial datum should

be defined, and was ignored by all but a

handful of geodesics that are working at the

extraordinary levels of accuracy. The

transformation based on the above derived

difference of plus or minus few

centimeters, Therefore, as long as

proceeding is recognized, it can be stated

that WGS84 and TWD 97 are based on

same ellipsoid as commercial applications.

3-2. Transverse Mercator Mapping to

geographical conversion

The inverse formulas for the TM map

projection, as shown in Figure 2, were

taken directly from the Dept. of Defense

World geodetic system [15], and the

conversion algorithm will be duplicated in

this study. However, it is worth

emphasizing, the geographical constants

used must be those of the spheroid

associated with the mapping datum. In the

case of the Map Grid of Taiwan, the

geographical flattering and semi-major axis

length of the TWD97 are required

3-3. Ellipsoid to Cartesian conversion

In Figure 2, the three-dimensional

geometry will be used to derive the

conversion formulas from a spheroid

coordinates ( , , h) to the Cartesian

coordinates, which are centered on the

same spheroid and its axes are aligned with

the minor and major axes of that ellipsoid.

The formulae used in this package are those

given in [16].

3-4. Cartesian to geographical datum

conversion

Rearranging the specified equations,

we can derive the conversion formulas

between the Cartesian coordinates and the

geographical coordinates. However, There

is at least one difficulty, which is the

geographical latitude, it inevitably presents

on both sides of one of inverse equations.

This necessitates that some form of rotation

be used for its solution.

(A) Ellipsoidal (WGS84 , , h) to

Cartesian (ECEF X, Y, Z)

( , , h): WGS84 Latitude, Longitude and

Height

(X, Y, Z): ECEF Cartesian Coordinates

(B) Cartesian (ECEF X, Y, Z) to Ellipsoidal

(WGS84 , , h)

a : Semi-Major Axis or Equatorial Radius

b : Semi-Minor Axis or Polar Radius

Horizontal Positioning

Range,

Ellipsoidal Compensated

Angle,

First Eccentricity Square,

Second Eccentricity

Square, and

Flattening Parameter.

In this study, we also provide a

simplified formulas allowing user make the

suitable conversion transformation between

WGS84 and TWD97 datum, which adopts

GRS80 ellipsoid data and refers to ITRF

(International Terrestrial Reference Frame).

Furthermore, there are two main schemes

being considered in this study; one is to

design a control and acquisition system

using a friendly GUI (Graphic-User-

Interface) software for processing GPS

signal; another is to build-up the

conversion algorithm for concisely

coordinate transforming and dealing with

factor compensation.

(6.1)

(6.2)

(6.3)

3-5. UTM map projection

The formulae used for the UTM

projection were again taken from the

Defense Image / Mapping Agency [18]. The

eastern and northern reference are now

matched with the Map Grid of Taiwan,

which is the UTM projection of

geographical coordinates on TWD97 datum.

Since TWD97 datum uses the Geocentric

Reference System (GRS80) spheroid, the

flattening factor and its semi-major axis

Coordinate Transformation of Transverse Mercator Projection [18]

wherein E ' and N ', derived as shown in Figure 2, are the projected Easting and Northing

coordinates with

length of GRS80 must be used as

geometrical constants.

UTM provides coordinates on a world

wide flat grid for the simple computation.

UTM divides the world into 60 zones, each

being 6 longitude wide, and extending

from 80 south latitude to 84 north

latitude. The first zone was started at the

International Date-Line proceeding

eastward and it excludes the both polar-

regions.

4. SOFTWAREDEVELOPMENT

(version 6i) programming language was

implemented for this project because of its

flexibility to communicate through RS-232

or USB and to acquire signal transferring

from GPS receivers, which are easily

constructed with automating environment

for personal computers. LabVIEW's

software also enables the designer using the

object-oriented GUI (Graphic User

Interface) program in the operations that it

occurs whenever an object-task is

activated. As a result, the transformation

algorithm be discussed earlier is effectively

transparent to the user and only a little

understanding of mathematical relation

between different geodetic datum is

required.

The majority of the transformation

parameter sets between datum (stored as a

ASCII file, named Datum.dat that

accompanies this software). In Taiwan, a

national-wide set of transformation

parameters is derived here and has been

stored in "Datum.dat". If they are refined in

future reasonably which is likely as

researcher derives its own representative

transforming parameter, Datum.dat file can

be manually edited using any WINDOW's

text editor. This feature also allows the

transformation is user-defined.

5. GPS RECORDINGSince the LabVIEW's simulation is

matured, timing benchmarks showed that

the process time (on a Pentium IV

machine) was considerably less than these

time being simulated. Thus we believe that

the proposed algorithm could be

implemented in real time. In April 2002,

our group recorded that live signals over a

two-hour period by using the Garmin GPS-

25LP receiver, and then began to adopt the

algorithms from the simulation mentioned

above to process this recorded sensor data.

Reading the NMEA-0183 sentences

(seen as table 2) by LabVIEW and

converting information into WGS84, the

gedoditic position format turned out, as we

expected, not to be difficult.

3-5. Table 2: NMEA0183 samples

reading through a RS-232 channel

NMEA-0183 Standard is used to

define the electrical signal requirements,

data transmission protocol and timing

specific sentence. It formats for a 4800

baud-rate serial data bus and is based on

RS232 interface. Moreover, NMEA

information of GPS set is transmitted from

Satellite Vehicles to any receiver with a

maximum length of 80 character.

In particular we analyzed the GPS

signal by using its spectrum adopting

MATLAB. It surprises us to learn the

similar second order's Power Spectrum

Density (PSD) contour is existed (see

Figure 3), can be described as:

where are corresponded to the

GPS receiver's performance character and a

is the unknown-decay coefficient.

Therefore, the interfering error can be

eliminated by using a low-pass filtering

technology.

Having successfully demonstrated this

proposed algorithm with recorded data, we

could turn our attention to develop a

demonstration system. With an analytic

state equation, a 2nd order model can be set

up to re-process the data before the

Spectrum density (dB) vs. Frequency (Hz)

Figure 3 : Power Spectrum density ofmeasured Latitude error.

positioning calculated.

Thus special software was written and

checked on a personal computer at GPS

test-bench. It controls the receiver, acquires

data at one-second intervals, selects the

data of interest and formats it into ASCII

formats. Then data will be transmitted to

main programming loops over LabVIEW

interfaces by means of a standard

communication package.

In order to execute the measured GPS

coordination transformation, this study is

simply focused on deriving an optimized

set of conversion parameter, which is

between TWD97 or TWD96 and WGS84

for Taiwan users by using a Molodensky-

Badekas model and a multiple regression

skill to pre-evaluate GPS signals as needed.

6. CONCLUSIONThis prototype software allows the

received GPS positioning signal to be

smoothed, and to be transformed from a

spheroid Cartesian coordinates and/or the

existing TaiWan Datum to Ellipsoid

Cartesian of World Geodetic System.

It can handle reasonably large data

sets quickly and efficiently and a few

extensive tests have showed that results in

round-off errors does not affect the

transformed coordinates at sub-meter level.

However, users should be aware that the

calculation accuracy strongly depends on

the parameter used.

The friendly environment of the

LabVIEW and MATLAB will provide

graphic-oriented operation, as shown in

Figure 4.

Most importantly, such a fundamental

program is of practical use to those who

wish to transform geodetic datum between

Figure 4 : Sample of Datum-mapping ofcoordinate-trantsformation.

the different coordinate system. The main

benefit derived from studying such a

software in-house is that it is optimized for

special requirements of popular users, and

the effort overcomes some unknown

reliance, which appears to be all too

common unfortunately to be used

nowadays.

7. REFERENCE[1]. NMEA Publication 0183, "NMEA0183

Interface Standard",2nd Edition,

National Marine Electronic

Association, May 1991.

[2]. D.Wells, "Guide to GPS Positioning",

N.B. Frederiction: Univ. of New

Brunswick Graphic Service, 1987.

[3]. I.A.Getting, "The Global Positioning

System", IEEE Spectrum Magazine,

36-47, Dec. 1993.

[4]. B. Hofmann-wellenhof, H. Lichtenegger

and J. Collins, "Global Positioning

System Theory and Practice", 4th

Edition, Spring Wien, 1997.

[5]. "LabVIEW User Manual; P/N

320999C-01", National Instruments,

June. 2000.

[6]. "LabVIEW Measurements Manual;

P/N 322661A-01", National

Instruments, June. 2000.

[7]. B. Hofman-Wellenhof, H. LichTengger,

and J. Collins, "GPS Theory and

Practice", 2nd edition, Springer-Verlag

Wien NY, 1993.

[8]. P. W. McBurney, "A robust approach to

reliable real-time Kalmam filtering",

Proc. Of IEEE Position, Location, and

Navigation Symposium, 549-556,

March 1990.

[9]. S. P. Karatsinides, "Enhancing filter

robustness in cascaded GPS-INS

integration", IEEE Trans. on

Aerospace & Electronic Systems,

1001-1008, Oct. 1994.

[10]. C. C. Arcasoy and B. Koc,

"Analytical solution for continuous-

time Kalman tracked filter with

colored measurement noise in

frequency domain", IEEE Trans. on

Aerospace & Electronic Systems,

1059-1063, Oct 1994.

[11]. RTCM 134-89/SC 104-68, "RTCM

Recommended Standards for

Differential NAVSTAR GPS Service",

Ver. 2.0, Radio Technical Commission

for Maritime Services, 1993.

[12]. , "TWD67 GPS

", GPS

, ,

pp.66~78, 1996.

[13]. B. R. Bowring, "The accuracy of

geodetic latitute and height equations",

Survey Review vol. 28(218), pp. 202-

206, 1985.

[14]. C. Boucher, Z. Altamimi, P. Sillar

(eds), "The 1997 International

Terrestrial Reference Frame", IERS

Technical Notes No. 27, 1997.

[15]. MIL-STD-2401, "Department of

Defense world geodetic system",

Department of Defense Standard

Practice, Jan. 1991.

[16]. ; ; , "TWD97

",

( ), pp. 1024-1032, Aug. 2000.

[17]. ; , "

"

(42:1), ISSN: 0496-333, pp.53-68,

Mar. 2000.

[18]. NIMA Technical Report TR8350.2,

"Department of Defense world

geodetic system 1984: its definition

and relationships with local geodetic

systems", Defense Image and Mapping

Agency, Washington, 3rd Edition, July

1997.

Maxwell

Application of Broyden's method to handle thecomplicated initial value for the process of theshooting process: the onset of convection for

the Maxwell viscoelastic fluid

Abstract

This article investigates the application of Broyden's method to handle the complicated

initial value for the process of the shooting process and applies to the oscillatory mode

critical stability problem in the state of frequency not zero. We take the example of the

onset of convection for the Maxwell viscoelastic fluid which upper boundary will be rigid

and free upper surface, compare the results to related published papers. The Broyden's

method has been well proved to be very accurate to deal with the correction of eigenvalues

for the whole iterating process.

Keywords: Broyden's method, shooting process, oscillatory mode, viscoelastic fluid.

Ko-Ta Chiang : Assoicate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, HIT

(the shooting

technique)[1]

Mahajerin[2],

Davey[3]

- -

(Runge-Kutta-Gill's method) Hsu

et al.[4]

(

- Rayleigh-Benard

instability) [5,6]

(

Marangoni instability) [7,8]

( -

Benard-Marangoni

instability)[9,10]

-

Hsu

et al.[4]

Maxwell

Herbert [11]

Vest and

Arpaci [12]

Hamabata [13]

Maxwell

(viscoelastic fluid layer)

L x y

z

Maxwell

(viscous stress tensor)

(constitutive equation) Maxwell

[11-13]

λ=µ /G ( re laxa t ion

time) V µ

G G→ λ=0

(Newtonian fluid)

λ 10 12

rheological fluid λ

1012

z=0

z=L

z=

ξ

γ ξ0

T0

w ' T '

( h o r i z o n t a l

Laplacian operator) 2=∂2/∂x2+∂2/∂y2+

∂2/∂z2

( )

( )

Z

(17)

(norma l -

mode perturbations)

=0

=0

0

(plan form function)

a

(18)-(19) (3),(4),(8) (9)-(12)

(17)

D=d/dz

z=1

(20) (21)

(22)

(23)-(25) (26)

Pr Γ

C Β0

Βi a

R M

- (Sturm- Liouville's

problem)

- - (Runge-Kutta- Gill's

method) (the shooting

technique) [1]

Broyden's method [1]

(22)

(23)-(25) z=1

z=0

(26)

5.1

(20) (21)

(27a)-(27f)

(22)

(23)-(25)

(26)

z=1

5.2

(27a)-(27f) -

-

(28)

(29a)-(29c)

(30)

(33)

5.3

(36)

5.4

M R σi

(38) M R

σ i

(secant method)[4]

M R σi

Jacobian

f (36)

f 10-6

M

R σi

-

σ i

σ i

σi -

MC RC

M R

σi σi

Hsu[4]

σi

-

Perez-Garcia and

Carneiro [10] Chebyshev

Tcn(z)(n=0,1,2...)

Γ=0 -

C

C 0

C

Mc

-

RC

MC ROC MOC

-

Maxwell

Γ (stress

relaxation time) Vest and Arpaci [12]

Γ

Γ Vest and

Arpaci [12] Maxwell

C h e b y s h e v

-

- -

Hsu et al.[4]

σ i

Maxwell

1. R. L. Burden and J. D. Fairs, Numerical

analysis, Prindle, Weber and Schmidt

Publishers, MA (1985).

2. E. Mahajerin, An extension of the Runge-

Kutta method for nth order initial value

problems. Comput. Struct. 42, 551-553

(1992).

3. A. Davey, Numerical methods for the

solution of linear differential eigenvalue

problem, University of Newcastle Upon

Tyne Press, 485-498 (1976).

4. C. H. Hsu, K. Y. Kung and J. J. Jou,

Runge-Kutta method for a two layer

system to shoot method from two

constraint sets to the same target set,

Comput. Struct. 60, 291-296 (1996).

5. S. Chandrasekhar, Hydrodynamic and

Hydromagnetic Stability, Oxford

University Press (1961).

6. P. G. Drazin and W. H. Reid,

Hydrodynamic Stability, Oxford

University Press (1961).

7. J. R. A. Pearson, On convection cell

induced by surface tension, J. Fluid

Mech. 4, 489-500 (1958).

8. L. E. Scriven and C. V. Sternling, On

cellular convection driven by surface

tension gradients: effect of mean surface

tension and surface viscosity, J. Fluid

Mech. 19, 321-340 (1965).

9. C. L. McTaggart, Convection driven by

concentration-and temperature-

dependent surface tension, J. Fluid

Mech. 134, 301-310 (1983).

10. P. G. Carlos and C. Graciela, Linear

stability ananlysis of Benard-Marangoni

convection in fluids with a deformable

free surface, Phys. Fluids A 3(2), 292-

298 (1991).

11. D. M. Herbert, On th stability of visco-

elastic liquids in heated plane Couette

flow, Journal of fluid Mechanics, 17,

353-359 (1969).

12. C. M. Vest and V. S. Arpaci,

Overstability of viscoelastic fluid layer

heated from below, Journal of fluid

Mechanics, 36, 613-623 (1969).

13. H. Hamabata, Overstability of

viscoelastic liquid layer with internal

heat generation, International Journal of

Heat and Mass Transfer, 29, 645-647

(1986).

a

Bi

Bo

C

g

G

H

K

L

M

Pr

R

t

T

V

w z

W z

x,y,z

Z

α

∆T

Φ(x,y)

Γ

γ

η(x,y,t)

Θ

κ

λ

µ

v

σr ,σi

τ

ξ

o

c

Perez-Garcia and Carneiro [10]

Vest and Arpaci [12]

(cross-sectional area) (flame stretch)

(flame stretch) Le (Lewis number)

Effects of Flame Stretch and Lewis Number onthe Extinction of Dilute Sprays

Abstract

The influences of flame stretch, preferential diffusion and internal heat transfer on theextinction of dilute spray flames propagating in a duct with varying cross-sectional area areanalyzed using activation energy asymptotics. A completely prevaporized mode and apartially prevaporized mode of flame propagation are identified. We consider a non-conserved system in which the initial gas-phase composition is maintained the same, but theliquid fuel loading is systematically varied. Therefore, the influences of liquid fuel can beindependently explored. The internal heat transfer resulted from droplet gasification, is afunction of the liquid fuel loading and the initial droplet size. The analysis is restricted to adilute spray, i.e., the amount of liquid fuel loading in the fresh mixture is so small thatexpansion in perturbation analysis can be performed. The results show that the internal heattransfer, associated with the liquid fuel loading of the spray, provides internal heat loss forrich sprays but heat gain for lean sprays. The burning intensities of a lean°]or rich°^spray isenhanced°]or reduced°^with increasing liquid fuel loading and decreasing initial droplet size.The positive stretch coupled with Lewis number (Le) weakens the lean methanol-spray flame(Le>1) but intensifies the rich methanol-spray flame (Le<1). For the Le <1 flame withpositive stretch or the Le >1 flame with negative stretch, no extinction occurs. A positively-stretched Le>1 flame or a negatively-stretched Le<1 flame can be extinguished by increasingthe stretch. The flame stretch is found to strongly dominate the tendency for flame extinctioncharacterized by a C-shaped curve.

Keywords: Dilute spray; Stretch; Lewis number; Heat loss; Extinction

Chih-Hsin Tsai : Instructor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, HIT.Shuhn-Shyurng Hou : Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kun Shan

University of Technology

1. INTRODUCTIONA homogeneous laminar premixed

flame influenced by external heat loss can

be described by a C-shaped extinction

curve (a double-valued function) in the

classical flame-quenching theory [1-3]. It

is well known that a given combustible

premixture will have two possible flame

speeds under a fixed amount of heat loss:

the upper branch representing stable

solution; and the lower branch showing

unstable solution. The extinction limit,

identified by the critical point in connecting

the upper and lower branch, indicates that a

sufficiently large external heat loss leads to

flame extinction.

Since flow stretch was further

recognized as an important parameter on

flame extinction [4-7], various theories [4]

and experiments [5-7] on extinction

characteristics were then demonstrated in

the stagnation-point flow in which flow

stretch is positive. It was concluded that

with increasing positive stretch, burning

intensity of a premixed flame is weakened

or enhanced, when the Lewis number (Le)

of mixture is larger or smaller than one,

respectively. There is also a study for the

propagation of a premixed flame in a close

tube with varying cross-section area [8]. It

was concluded that positive flame stretch

increases the mass burning rate, negative

flame stretch has the opposite effect, with a

Lewis number larger (smaller) than one.

Studies on flame extinction introduced

above were only focused on homogeneous

mixture. However, the participation of fuel

spray effects [9] further produced so-called

internal heat loss (or gain) to the system,

and thereby resulted in an S-shaped

extinction curve (a triple-valued function)

on spray flame extinction. Because the fuel

spray absorbs heat for the gasification

process, the internal heat transfer

embedded in the rich and lean spray

respectively resulted in heat loss and heat

gain for the system. It was generally

concluded that the S-shaped extinction

curve is found for a rich spray, if the spray

is thick enough and consists of liquid

droplets large enough. On the contrary, the

flame propagation flux of a lean spray is

increased with increasing liquid fuel

loading and decreasing initial droplet size

without the occurrence of flame extinction.

In the present study, we have

formulated an extinction theory on

stretched spray flames with non-unity

Lewis number in a nonconserved system in

which the initial gas-phase composition is

maintained the same, but the liquid fuel

loading is systematically varied. Therefore,

the influence of liquid fuel will be

independently explored without the

participation of the leaning effect from the

gas-phase mixture. Furthermore, the

coupling effects of stretch and internal heat

transfer on extinction with non-unity Lewis

number will be discussed. The

mathematical technique used is the

matched asymptotic analysis in the limit of

large activation energy. We shall also

restrict our analysis to dilute sprays [10-13]

in which the amount of liquid fuel loading

in the total fresh mixture is very small and

can be expanded in perturbation analysis.

Theoretical ModelWe adopt a one-dimensional

coordinate system in which a planar flame

sits at x=0 in a duct with varying cross-

sectional area; the two phase combustible

mixture composed of various

concentrations of oxidizer, nitrogen, fuel

vapor, and fuel droplets of a certain radius

comes from x= ; and equilibrium

reaction products move away toward x=

, as illustrated in Fig. 1., a completely

prevaporized mode and a partially

prevaporized mode of flame

propagation, shown in Fig. 1(a) and Fig.

1(b) respectively, are identified by a critical

initial droplet size for the droplet to

achieve complete vaporization at the

premixed flame front. We assume that the

droplet will start to evaporate at x=xv , only

when the gas temperature has reached the

boiling point of the liquid. Droplets then

ignite upon crossing the flame, and vanish

at x=xe upon complete combustion for lean

sprays or complete evaporation for rich

sprays.

We further assume that the external

heat transfer being O( ) is proportional to

(T Tu) in the upstream region of xv to 0. Tu

denotes the wall temperature in the

upstream region. Since the spray is dilute

and the external heat transfer is small

compared with the heat release of

combustion, it is reasonable to assume that

the amount of liquid fuel loading and the

amount of external heat transfer is of O( )

in the asymptotic analysis. Here =T /Ta

is the small parameter of expansion for

large activation energy reactions of interest

to combustion. Finally, we assume that the

fuel and oxidizer reaction for the bulk

premixed flame is one-step overall, that the

fuel droplets burn in the flame sheet limit,

and the conventional constant property

simplifications apply. More detailed

assumptions and comments were described

in an earlier study [13].

We designate the extent of gas-phase

heterogeneity by the parameter

such that Z=1 represents the completely

vaporized state. Following the previous

formulation [13], the present case for a duct

with varying cross-sectional area can be

modeled by adding -ρZu , (1/Le)(dY/dx),

dT/dx times (1/A)(dA/dx) [3] to the right-

hand sides of the non-dimensional

equations for gas-phase continuity,

conservation of fuel, oxidizer, and energy.

Where A is the cross-sectional area of the

duct, and these equations are respectively

given by

where

(5)

(6)

and the function H(x) in Eq.(4) is equal to 1

as

while x = is the non-dimensional

distance expressed in units of the preheat

zone thickness, . During the

derivation, has been

stretched as [8]. Here is called the

stretch parameter. In Eqs.(1)-(4), the

function F(T,Y0) and the constant

parameters , fF, f0, and fT are respectively ,

,1,0 and hLG for the

vaporizing droplet and ,

0, 1, and ( 1-hLG) for the burning droplet. K

represent the heat transfer coefficient for

the external heat transfer in the upstream

region. In this study, we assume

for simplification.

Performing the inner and outer

expansions based on the small parameter of

, and following the detailed matching

procedure of the previous study [13] to

match the inner and outer solutions, we

therefore reach the final results as follows:

(7)

Equation (7) indicates that the flame

propagation flux is exponentially affected

by the first-order temperature downstream

near the flame. The first- order temperature

T1+(0)is expressed by the following

equation:

For the sake of notation compactness,

we use =1 for lean sprays and =0 for

rich sprays. The liquid fuel loading is

represented by through the expansion of

for dilute sprays [13].

For completely prevaporized sprays,

the value of xe is equal to zero, we obtain

where

Here we use i= F for lean sprays and

i=O for rich sprays. Equation (9) also

indicate that the flame flux is independent

of the initial droplet size of the spray.

On the basis of the formulated results,

Eqs. (7) and (9), sample calculations for

methanol burning in air are now considered

in a nonconserved manner which maintains

the initial gas-phase composition not varies

the liquid fuel loading. We adopt an

external heat loss parameter

which is similar to that

of the earlier studies [10-11]. The influence

of flow stretch and preferential diffusion on

dilute spray flames in the problem will be

assessed based on four parameters, namely

the initial droplet radius , the liquid

fuel loading ( ), flow stretch ( ), and

Lewis number (Le). Here and show

the internal heat transfer (heat gain or heat

loss) for the fuel spray. Lewis number is

defined as in which the

diffusion coefficient of the deficient

reactant in the mixture is used and variables

are determined based on the mean gaseous

temperature upstream of the flame.

Methanol-air premixture of =0.8 and

=1.5, corresponding to Le=1.0371 and

0.9477, respectively, are adopted to show

the influence of nonunity Lewis number.

Lean spray flame with Le 1We first investigates the completely

prevaporized sprays in which no

liquid droplets exists downstream of the

flame. Fig. 2 demonstrates the flame flux

of lean methanol-spray flame with no

heat loss as functions of and

. In the region of positive stretch, the

increase of flow stretch results in the

decrease in flame propagation flux for Le >

1. However, when the flame experiences

negative stretch, the flame extinction would

never occur. Therefore, the upper and

lower branches of the C-shaped extinction

curves correspond to the stable and

unstable solutions, respectively, and are

connected at critical points represented by

the symbol . The critical points are

identified as points of flame extinction. For

a given , the increase of first leads to

decrease of indicating that a largerm

m

stretch lead to a more weakened flame, and

finally results in flame extinction when the

flow stretch is large enough. This is mainly

resulted from the suppression of burning

intensity by flow stretch for an Le > 1

flame. In the contrary, when the stretch is

negative, the decrease of would never

extinguish the flame because the negative

stretch would strengthen the burning

intensity.

Considering the partially prevaporized

sprays , the influence of the

initial droplet size on flame characteristics

is shown in Fig. 3 for a lean methanol-

spray flame of ΦG=0.8, =0.04, and

Le=1.0371. Fig. 3 shows that with

increasing the initial droplet size, the upper

branch corresponding to the stable solution

for a partially prevaporized spray first

deviates from that for the completely

prevaporized spray , and

approaches that for a homogeneous mixture

( = 0). This indicates that the flame flux

decreases with increased initial droplet size

or flow stretch. The former is due to the

reduction of internal heat gain; the latter is

caused by the augmentation of the Le > 1

effect. A lean spray containing larger

droplets will have weaker prevaporization

upstream of the flame and provides a

smaller amount of internal heat gain, and

therefore has a diminished burning

intensity. Hence, it can be extinguished by

a smaller flow stretch.

Rich spray flames with Le < 1Fig. 4 shows the flame propagation

flux of rich methanol-spray flames of

ΦG=1.5 and Le = 0.9477 as functions of

and under completely prevaporized

sprays with no heat loss. Contrary to the

lean spray, the liquid fuel absorbs heat for

upstream prevaporization, producing the

secondary gasified fuel which is equivalent

to the inert substance with no contribution

to burning for a rich spray, thus providing

an overall internal heat loss, and weakening

the flame propagation flux. For a given ,

the increase of leads to decrease in

because a larger absorbs a larger amount

m

of heat from flame for upstream droplets

evaporation representing a larger heat loss.

For a given ,the decrease of

leads to decrease of , and finally results

in flame extinction represented by the

symbol which is the critical point by

connecting the upper and lower branches.

However, when the flame with positive

stretch, the flame flux increases with

increased stretch for the Le < 1 effect.

For partially prevaporized sprays, the

effects of on flame flux with various

initial droplets size for a rich spray is

shown in Fig. 5 Fig. 5 hows that with

increasing the initial droplet size, the flame

flux first deviates from that for the

completely prevaporized spray ,

and approaches that for a homogeneous

mixture ( = 0). This indicates that the

flame flux increases with increased initial

droplet size or flow stretch. The former is

due to the reduction of internal heat loss;

the latter is caused by the enhancement of

the Le < 1 effect. A rich spray containing

larger droplets endures a weaker

m

prevaporization upstream leads to a smaller

amount of internal heat loss, and therefore

has a enhanced burning intensity.

ConclusionFollowing activation energy

asymptotics, an extinction theory of stretch

premixed flames with combustible sprays

was developed to explore the influence of

liquid fuel spray, flow stretch , and Lewis

number on the flammability limit and

extinction of methanol sprays. Results are

summaried as follows:

1. The flow stretch weakens and

strengthens the burning intensity of the

Le > 1 flame (lean methanol flame) and

the Le < 1 flame (rich methanol flame),

respectively.

2. For the lean methanol-spray flame with

Le > 1, the burning intensity weakened

by the flow stretch can be enhanced

when the lean spray has a larger amount

of liquid fuel loading or a smaller initial

droplet size.

3. For the rich methanol-spray flame with

Le < 1, the burning intensity weakened

by the flow stretch can be enhanced

when the rich spray has a smaller

amount of liquid fuel loading or a larger

initial droplet size.

Reference[1] Spalding, D.B., Pro. Roy. Soc., A 240

(1957), p.83

[2] J.D. Buckmaster, Combust. Flame

26(1976) p.151

[3] J.D. Buckmaster and G..S.S Ludford,

Theory of Laminar Flame , p.38,

Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge, England (1982)

[4] Kim, Y.D and Matalon, M.,Combust.

Flame 73:303 313 (1988)

[5] Ishizuka, I. And Law, C.K., in

Nineteenth Symposium (International)

on Combustion , The Combustion

Institute, Pittsburgh, 1982, pp. 327

335

[6] Sato, J., Nineteenth Symposium

(International) on Combustion, The

Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1982,

pp.1541 1548

[7] Tsuji, H. and Yamaoka, I., in Nineteenth

Symposium (International) on

Combustion, The Combustion Institute,

Pittsburgh, 1982, pp.1533 1540

[8] J. H. Tien., Combust. Flame 107:303

306(1996)

[9] Huang, C. L., Chiu, C. P., and Lin, T.

H.,J. Chinese Soc. Mech. Eng. 10:333

343(1989)

[10] Liu, C.C. and Lin, T.H., Combust.

Flame, vol.85 (1991), p.468

[11] Hou, S.S, Liu, C.C. and Lin, T.H., Int.

J. Heat Mass Transfer , vol.36,

No.7(1993), p.1867

[12] Hou, S.S. and Lin, T.H., Atomization

and Sprays, vol.9 (1999), p.355

[13] Lin, T.H., Law, C.K. and Chung, S.H.,

Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer ,

vol.34, No.5 (1988), p.1023

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of (a) completely

prevaporized, and (b) partially

prevaporized burning sprays

Fig. 2. variations of the flame flux ( )

with the flow stretch ( ) and the liquid

fuel loading ( ) for a lean spray flame

m

Fig. 3. Flame flux ( ) as a function of the

flow stretch ( ) with various values of

for a lean spray flame

Fig. 4. variations of the flame flux ( )

with the flow stretch ( ) and the liquid

fuel loading ( ) for the rich spray flame

m

m

Fig. 5. Flame flux ( ) as a function of the

flow stretch ( ) with various values of

for a rich spray flame

m

300 1

(Spearman Rank

Correlation Coefficient)

1 2003 7th Conference of Youth Mountaineering

Global Positioning System Usage andMountain Climbing Safety in Australia

Mountaineering Associations

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to explore possible relationship between the use of

Global Positioning System (GPS) and mountain climbing safety. The hypothesis for this

research was: There was a significant relationship between the use of GPS and mountain

climbing safety. The method employed quantitative research method in conducting this study

was measured the use of GPS in various Australia climbers and provided an overview of the

method of GPS applied in mountain climbing safety. The research participants were 300

Climbers in Australia Mountaineering Associations.1 The Spearman Rank Correlation

Coefficient and descriptive statistics were used to test the research hypothesis. Research

result supported the research hypothesis that there was a significant relationship between the

use of GPS and mountain climbing safety. Research result also indicated that this relationship

between the use of GPS and mountain climbing safety was positive.

Keywords: Global Positioning System; Mountain Climbing Safety.

Jui-lin Wang : Lecturer Insturtor Department of Industrial Management, HIT

1. INTRODUCTION1.1 Purpose and Hypothesis

The purpose of this research was to

explore possible relationship between the

use of Global Positioning System (GPS)

and mountain climbing safety. The

hypothesis for this research was: There was

a significant relationship between the use

of GPS and mountain climbing safety. GPS

is an invaluable tool in nearly every

activities of mountain climbing.

1.2 Significance of Research

Mountain climbing that cannot utilize

GPS both as directed tool and as a safety

tool may have a tremendous disadvantage

in their operations. This exploratory study

investigated the possible relationship

between the use of GPS and mountain

climbing safety of mountain climbing. This

study may offer important information

about the impact of GPS applied and

mountain climbing safety for mountain

climbing.

2. Literature ReviewThe Global Positioning System (GPS)

is a radio navigation system that allows

land, sea, and airborne users to determine

accurate location, velocity, and time

twenty-four hours a day, anywhere in the

world. A GPS receiver is in many ways a

highly technologically advanced version of

the magnetic compass, but with capabilities

that far surpass traditional orienteering. The

receiver continually gathers real-time data

from satellites, from which it calculates a

person's speed, location, altitude, and

direction of travel (Broda and Baxter,

2002). GPS provides a wide range of

mountain climbing safety benefits that

include navigation, aiding police and

ambulance dispatchers and future

applications such as the ability to locate the

origin of emergency calls from wireless

phones. But vital services would be placed

at risk if existing spectrum allocations for

GPS were removed to allow sharing by

mobile satellite services providers (Clarke,

1999). According to Australia Federal

Highway Administration (AHA) (1995),

the GPS multipurpose project will help the

Federal Highway Administration determine

what's out there and what shape it's in. The

project will include a basic inventory of the

features on each of the routes, road

conditions, and safety features. The use of

GPS technology can provide innovative

solutions for enhancing intelligent

mountain climbing including assisting

climbers in reaching a desired destination

with in-vehicle navigation systems that also

increase personal safety enroot through

collision avoidance and mayday signaling

(Johnson, 1995). GPS signals is increased

satellite power, the study found, recent

proposals have suggested a 6-dB power

increase. The author also found that GPS

systems could be affected by unintentional

interference, a combination of procedural

and technical measures should be

implemented to reduce the effects of

interference on the GPS navigation

(Leopold, 1999).

GPS is being used to map anything in

the outdoors you can imagine. Tree

locations, turf areas, shrub and flowerbeds,

woodlands - you name it and you can map

it. The beauty of good-quality GPS is that

you not only map the item, but also collect

and store information about it. Imagine

having an accurate map of the property you

manage, with detailed information about

everything on it. GPS can tell you your

exact position anywhere on the globe. Your

position can be described in many different

ways. Some prefer the old confusing

"latitude and longitude" system, while

others use a newer "state plane coordinate"

system, or some modification of it. The

state plane coordinate system simply uses

two numbers to describe your location on

an "X" and "Y" axis. A third number can be

used to describe a "Z" axis for three-

dimensional locations. This third dimension

is important for elevation information. The

"system" is composed of three main parts.

First, a constellation (or group) of satellites

orbits the earth transmitting signals.

Second, a small hand-held receiver stores

the signals transmitted by the satellites.

Third, a powerful computer interprets the

signals and provides the location

information you want. Many GPS units on

the market today combine the receiver and

computer into a single hand-held or

backpack-mounted unit. GPS is capable of

providing estimated time of arrivals to the

stores that are accurate within minutes.

This helps plan personnel for unloading the

trailers and reduces the waiting times for

tractors, trailers and climbers thereby

reducing the cost of delivery and improving

timeliness of shelf replenishment (Kincaid,

2002). GPS is as simple as the ancient

technique of triangulation and as

sophisticated as a $100,000 atomic clock.

Orbiting in precisely fixed paths some

12,000 miles from the surface of the earth

are 21 compact-car-size satellites (and three

backups). When a GPS receiver as small as

a credit card is activated, it compares its

distance from four satellites by measuring

the length of time it takes the satellites'

radio signals to reach it, computing

altitude, latitude, longitude and even speed

and direction of travel. GPS tells you where

the sun will be in 15-minute increments on

a given day. It's a great way to stay ahead

of problems." In an age in which velocity is

a fact of life, GPS is also the best way yet

to stay on the top of age-old question,

"Where am I?" Using this uncannily

accurate navigation tool, one's location

anywhere on the globe can be pinpointed to

within a few hundred feet (Granatstein,

1997).

3. Methodology3.1 Research Design and Participants

The method employed quantitative

research method in conducting this study

was measured the use of GPS in mountain

climbing and provided an overview of the

method of GPS applied in mountain

climbing safety. All Australia

Mountaineering Associations served as

respondents. Each individual was randomly

assigned to the sampling from the U.S

profession investigation database. In total,

the sample consisted of n=300 due to the

limited investigation cost.

The goal of this study was to help

climbers understand how important it was

to integrate GPS into mountain climbing. A

correlation research design was utilized to

test the research hypothesis. The hypothesis

for this research was: There was a

significant relationship between the use of

GPS and mountain climbing safety. The

research participants were 300 Climbers in

Australia Mountaineering Associations.

3.2 Data Collection and Data Analysis

In this research, the author used

survey instrumentation to collect the

research data. This research was focus on

300 Climbers in Australia Mountaineering

Associations. Data analyses were based on

research data and compiled from the

responses to the Survey of the Impact of

GPS Applied in Mountain Climbing to test

the correlation between the use of GPS and

mountain climbing safety. Statistical

procedures were conducted to determine

the possible existence of a relationship of

GPS applied and mountain climbing safety

of marketing organizations. Descriptive

statistics was used to analyze the impact of

GPS applied in the marketing

organizations. The Spearman Rank

Correlation Coefficient was used to test the

research hypothesis for whether there is or

is not a relationship of the use of GPS and

mountain climbing safety of marketing

organizations. The accepted level of

significance in research has been

established at the 0.05 level of significance

(Fraenkel & Wallen, 1993; Popham and

Sirotnik, 1992). The Statistical Package for

the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer

software program was used to complete the

analysis of data.

4. Presentations and Analysis ofData

The purpose of this chapter was to

present a description of the research data

and to analyze the data relating to the

research hypothesis of the study. The

hypothesis for this research was: There was

a significant relationship between the use

of GPS and mountain climbing safety. The

findings in this chapter contain the raw

data, and the narrative results relating to the

research. The results are organized and

discussed in three sections: source of data,

analysis of data, and summary.

4.1 Source of Data

The research was conducted with 300

Climbers in Australia Mountaineering

Associations. Each participant completed

the Survey of the Impact of GPS Applied in

Mountain Climbing. The specific rank

variable of Spearman Rank Correlation is

identified by the perceptions of mountain

climbing safety.

4.2 Analysis of Data

This section includes an analysis of

the data obtained using the research

instrument. The analysis of the data for

research results provides information

necessary to answer the hypothesis posed.

The sample consisted of 300 Climbers in

Australia Mountaineering Associations.

(n=300). The survey instrument, The

Survey of the Impact of GPS Applied in

Mountain Climbing, designed to determine

the impact of GPS applied in the

organization. The responses from the

surveys were entered into the Statistical

Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and

a series of statistical tests were run using a

significance level of 0.05. The hypotheses

are listed below.

The study contained a major

hypothesis. There was a significant

relationship between the use of GPS and

mountain climbing safety. This hypothesis

was examined as follows. The Spearman

Rank Correlation Coefficient was used to

examine the relationship between the use of

GPS and mountain climbing safety.

Correlation is a statistical technique that is

used to measure and describe an impact

between two variables. Siegel and

Castellan (1988) stated that the Spearman

Rank Correlation Coefficient is used to

discover the strength of a link between two

sets of data. The Spearman Rank

Correlation Coefficient is identified by

letter r compared to the of

population .

These analyses were based on

research data and compiled from the

responses to the Survey of the Impact of

GPS applied in Mountain Climbing.

Correlation between the use of GPS and

mountain climbing safety, Spearman r had

a value of 0.516 (p = 0.000) for the total

sample. This result explained the desire to

use the GPS technology, and the need to

utilize the GPS information database.

However this study supported the research

hypothesis that there was a significant

relationship between the use of GPS and

mountain climbing safety. The result also

indicated that this relationship between the

use of GPS and mountain climbing safety

was positive.

4.3 Summary

The Spearman Rank Correlation

Coefficient results were used to test the

primary research hypos thesis: There was a

significant impact of the GPS applied on

mountain climbing safety. The Spearman

Rank Correlation Coefficient results

supported the following research

hypothesis: There was a significant

relationship between the use of GPS and

mountain climbing safety.

5. Conclusions andRecommendations

The purpose of this chapter is to

present and discuss the results of the study.

The chapter is divided into the following

major categories: findings, conclusions,

and recommendations.

5.1 Findings

This section describes the finding of

this research. All findings are based on

Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient.

The results indicated that most of

participants agree or strong agree that the

use of GPS could have important impact on

their mountain climbing safety. Therefore,

the analysis supported the research

hypothesis: There was a significant

relationship between the use of GPS and

mountain climbing safety.

The major focus of the study was to

determine if there was relationship between

the use of GPS and mountain climbing

safety. Research hypothesis was examined.

Specifically, the research hypothesis stated

that there was a relationship between the

use of GPS and mountain climbing safety.

Research participants were surveyed and

tested scores to determine the relationship.

A Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient

was conducted to determine if relationship

existed between the use of GPS and

mountain climbing safety. The data

revealed there was a significant relationship

between the GPS applied and mountain

climbing safety (p= 0.000). The two

variables, the GPS applied and mountain

climbing safety, were shown to have a

significant and positive relationship (r=

0.516). This positive relationship suggested

that as the use of GPS increased, the impact

of mountain climbing safety increased.

Therefore, there was a positive significant

relationship between the use of GPS and

mountain climbing safety. The finding

supported the research hypothesis: There

was a significant relationship between the

use of GPS and mountain climbing safety.

5.2 Conclusions

The goal of this study was to help

Climbers understand how important it is to

integrate GPS into mountain climbing. The

study showed the existence of a significant

positive relationship between the use of

GPS and mountain climbing safety. What

are the implications of these findings? The

results substantiated the existence of

relationship between the use of GPS and

mountain climbing safety. Overall, the

study accomplished the task of establishing

the relationship between the use of GPS

and mountain climbing safety. The results

of this research supported the research

hypothesis: There was a significant

relationship between the use of GPS and

mountain climbing safety.

5.3 Recommendations

The study provided a starting point for

investigating the relationship between the

use of GPS and mountain climbing safety.

While providing useful information, further

research should be conducted to obtain

more concise information in the use of

GPS. For some of climbers involved in the

study, it would be interesting to investigate

further with larger groups of participants,

focusing on different kind of climbers

around the world. The future research also

could focus on the impact of the use of

GPS in the any kinds of mountain climbing

around the world.

The impact has been established in

this study. The challenge now is to assist

plan for the use of GPS to exceed mountain

climbing. However, with the following

recommendations, the car manufactories'

leaders and climbers can effectively utilize

GPS to gain competitive advantages for

mountain climbing safety:

1. Determine the types of resources that the

climbers intend to utilize and the

services that the climbers will be

providing applying GPS.

2. Determine what types of GPS connection

best suits the needs of climbers.

3. Determine what types of efforts and

activities are needed for use of GPS in

the climbers.

4. Train climbers on the proper use of GPS

tools.

5. Emphasize the nature of GPS and the

importance on mountain climbing

safety.

ReferenceAustralia Federal Highway Administration

(AHA) (1995), Federal Highway

Administration Inventorying Unpaved

Roads, Geo Info Systems.

Broda, H. W and Baxter, R. E. (2002).

Using GIS and GPS technology as an

instructional tool, The Clearing House,

49.

Clarke P. (1999). GPS coalition voices

opposition to sharing spectrum with

Mss., Satellite News.

Granatstein, L. (1997). Making contact

once the exclusive navigation tool of the

U.S. military, Time, 52.

Johnson, W. W. (1995). Enhancing

intelligent mountaineering with GPS.

(Global Positioning System), Satellite

Communications, Vol. 19, 70.

Kincaid S. (2002). Reliable GPS is here,

Grounds Maintenance.

Leopold G. (1999). News: Study: GPS can

fly as commercial air navigator,

Electronic Engineering Times, 18.

Nunnally, J. (1967). Psychometric theory.

New York: McGraw-Hill.

Popham, W. J. and Sirotnik, K. A. (1992).

Understanding statistics in education,

Itasca, Illinois: F. E. Peacock Publishers.

Siegal S. and Castellan Jr. N.J. (1988).

Nonparametric statistics for the

behavioral sciences 2nd. Ed. McGraw

Hill Book Company New York.

16

WTO

t

PZB SERVQUAL

Developing the Model for Measuring theOverall Service Quality in Banking Industry

Abstract

For responding the policy of the liberalism of the finance, the government pushesforwards the finance to open the measure, encouraging the folks to establish the commercialbank. Ministry of Finance respectively approve 16 new commercial banks, such as GrandBank, from June of 1991 and June of 1992. Those of banks have start practice ding up tonow and mostly and all exceed decade. Along with new bank join the market, causing sametrade its the competition tends the vehemence more, and along with financial development ofthe liberalism and internationalization trend bottom, and after Taiwan join WTO, needfinancial environment that face it and change, the first lesson faced by banking, exactlywhole service quality promotes.

This research is regarding our country bank of the region of Tainan as range of research,and chooses three kinds of banking of industries (include government operated, run byprivate capital and new bank). Eight customer of the bank of the house representatives beused as the research the inquisition the object. According to cultural heritage the idea of theservice quality and model and measure the method for foundation, this research aim at everykind of service quality to measure the mode, by the inquisition of the questionnaire and carryon mean, T test and Chi square test to examine five dimensions of service qualities andmeasure the service quality of the banking in order to find the difference of service quality ofthe cognition of the customer. This research finds that three kinds of banking of industries areeach to have the difference the existence in service quality comparing mutually. And theresearch will promote the service quality what if in the future for banking consequently withhelp to promote the competition ability, according to with draft the suggestion of the servicequality and to provide the bank the operator to promote the reference of service quality.

Keywords: Banking industry, Service quality, PZB Model, SERVQUAL

Meng-Chueh Wu : Chang Jung Christian University Department of Finance, InstructorDuan-Sheng Hiau :Hsiuping Institute of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Instructor Yuan-Duen Lee : Chang Jung Christian University, Department of International Business, Professor Chung-Lin Tsai : National Cheng Kung University, Graduate school of Business Administration,

Doctoral Student

90 1

[1]

Stafford[2]

Morrall & Katherine[3]

1.

2.

[4]

Sasser

Wyckoff [5] 1978

1980

Gronroos [6] 1983

Parasuraman,

Zeithaml & Berryd [7] 1985

Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Berry [8]

PZB 1988

SERVQUAL

[9]

1991

PZB Parasuraman, Zeithaml &

Berryd, 1985

Intangibility

Heterogeneous

Simultaneous production and

consumption Perishability

Saaksjarvi & Saarinen

[10]

Parasuraman [7]

(expected

quality)

(perceived quality)

Parasuraman[7]

Parasuraman

[8]

Kolter[11]

[12]

PZB 1988

22

[13]

16

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

SERVQUAL

[19]

SERVQUALParasuraman 1991

SERVQUAL

PZB

800

47%

53% 26~45

38% 66 5%

35%

3%

41-50 37% 61

4%

4~10 39% 1-4

4%

Parasuraman Zeithaml

Berry[9]

SERVQUAL Likert

22

22

0.64 Cronbach's (

0.75

(F 3.139 F 5,194 0.05=2.21)

(F=2.56

> F(4,195) 0.05 = 2.37)

=0.01

[20]

( )

( )

[1] " "

90 37 12

81-84

[2]Stafford & Marla Royne, Demographic

discriminators of service quality in the

banking industry, The Journal of

Services Marketing, Santa Barbara;

1996; Vol. 10, Iss. 4, p6-12.

[3] Morrall & Katherine ,Service quality:

The ultimate differentiator, Bank

Marketing, Washington; Oct 1994; Vol.

26, Iss. 10; p33-38.

[4]

88

[5] Sasser, W. E. Jr. & D. D. Wyckoff,

"Understanding service operations,"

Management of Service Operations,

1978 Boston: Allyn and Bacon,

Chapter 2.

[6] Gronroos, C., "Strategic Management

and Marketing in Service Sector,"

1983 MA: Marketing Science

Institute.

[7] Parasuraman, A., V. A. Zeithaml and L.

L. Berry, "A conceptual model of

service quality and its implication for

future research," Journal of Marketing,

1985, Vol49, p41-50.

[8] Parasuraman, A., V. A. Zeithaml and L.

L. Berry, "SERVQUAL: A multiple-

item scale for measuring consumer

perceptions of service of service

quality," Journal of Retailing, 64, No.1,

1998, Spring, p12-40.

[9] Parasuraman, A., V. A. Zeithaml and L.

L. Berry, "Refinement and

reassessment of the SERVQUAL

scale," Journal of Retailing,

1991,Winter,Vol67, No. 4, p420-450.

[10] Saaksjarvi, M. and Saarinen, T.,

"Evaluation of service quality of

information system," Proceedings of

the 2nd International Software Metrics

Symposium, London, 1994. October,

p84-94.

[11] Kotler, P., "Marketing Management

Analysis, Planning, Implementation

and Control." The 7th edition, NY:

Prentice-Hall,1991.

[12]

82

[13]

89

[14]

85

[15]

-

81

[16]

89

[17]

84

[18]

90

[19]

86

27 12 71-87

[20]

90 9

http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/

FM/090/FM-R-090-044.htm

R( /W)

Effect of wind speed and numbers of flake finon the heat removal efficiency of a computer

heat sink under forced convection

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of wind speed and numbers of flake fin

for the influence of heat removal phenomenon in a computer heat sink under the force

convection state and to analyze the results by means of the velocity distribution in the flow

field as well as the temperature field of module. This study makes use of integrated analysis

software of Electronic System Cooling to build the model of rectangular flat heat sink and

analyzes the temperature field of the fin and the velocity filed of the forced convection to

understand the state of heat conduction. The results show that increasing the wind velocity

and the fin flakes will reduce both the temperature and the thermal resistance in the heat sink

and the degree of decrease will retard. But increasing the amount of fin flakes will reduce the

gap of fin flakes and effect the flow field of force convection. Beside, the cooling ability to

heat sink module mainly comes from the wind capacity supplied with the electric fan above

the module. It will benefit to the capability of heat removal, if pressure gradient in the flow

field draws into ambient cold air.

Keywords: heat sink, forced convection, the amounts of flake fin, fan, the thermal resistance

Ko-Ta Chiang : Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, HIT

1. IntroductionComputer heat-sink design has

become a significant issue in computer

technology. The insufficient heat dissipate

ability is a serious fatal wound for

electronic device. In addition, the constant

rising in computer technology, develop

components into thin and tiny are in the

trends. Developing orientation and guide

principle are "Advance Integrated" and "To

curtail the coil wire of crystals distance",

also inclining to compact tight is the trend

of structural design in the area of electronic

device area. Increasing heat generation is

the opposite of the reinforcing the power of

Central Processing Unit, especially for the

sake of increasing the speed and calculating

capability of chipsets. Nevertheless without

appropriate and efficient heat sink design, it

will produce heat stress for chipsets,

baseboard and sealed body. Nevertheless, it

will critically affect the functions of chipset

such as stability and lifetime, etc. Bar-

Cohen and Kraus [1] discovered that the

dependence and stability of chipset reduced

by 10% if two degrees of centigrade of

chipset is increased and over fifty

percentage [2] of computer element failures

are caused by this overheat problem. How

can the dependence and long-lifetime of

computer elements be assured through the

most economic cost and efficient design to

dissipate the heat expeditiously? Quality

and competition of computer are

consequent upon how to use exterior flow

field, then, to analyze the heat dissipation

and conduction that are generated by

electronic element [3-7].

Modifying electronic element of

geometry site on the main board to deal

with natural convection and ability of heat

transfer, or choosing forced convection to

blow cold air across main board as fluid

medium to obtain the optimum result of

heat dissipation and cooling purpose are

most common methods to take care with

the problem of heat dissipation. Since the

natural convection is not able to carry away

enough heat, neither the forced convection

generated by fan to blow air flow across the

main board is dispersed nor centralized.

Particularly, it can not afford the need of

central processing unit - main source of

heat loading unit. A heat sink attached

directly to the central unit processor draws

away heat, and a small fan attached in turn

to the heat sink blows air onto the heat

sink, dissipating the heat into the

surrounding air. It is the way to handle

upon problem. Designing the heat sink fin

to play the substantial role is upon quantity

of fins. The size of shape may influence the

effect of convection and ability of heat

dissipates for the heat transfer analysis. The

higher rate of conduction has, the better

conduction results for material. The

conduction in sequence is Silver(410W/m

), Cooper(385 W/m ), Gold(295W/m

), Aluminum (202W/m ). In general to

consider the Cooper or Aluminum as

majority choice is for the heat sink fin,

because the capitalized cost and weight are

into account.

The fin's shape is limited by internal

space; in addition to, surface area, amount

of fins, gap distance, fin direction, or the

full volume of heat sink fin, etc. are dealing

with convection upgrade and strengthen

heat dissipative ability. In the past, heat

sink fin is regarded as two-dimensional

rectangular plate for theory analysis [9-13]

by the scholars, and the temporary state of

conduction is connected with heat sink

materials that are measured in "Biot

Numbers" that increases in quantity.

According to the heat loads and whether

being enough to sway heat by the

calculation of necessary airflow for the

entire specific system, it also prevents

overheat under the permit of temperature

raising range. According to the conditions

that heat loading and weather sway enough

thermal by the necessary dissipative airflow

amount for specific system, and prevent

overheat of system happen under the permit

of temperature raising range to chosen an

electric fan. Efficiency of thermal

dissipation level is influenced by the fan

mounting location, shape size of heat sink

through the three dimensional turbulent

current produced in the forced convection

airflow field that is caused by the fan.

Maximum temperature occurred within the

radius of hub as electric fan tightly close to

the top end of heat sink center. According

to the result of experiment made by Wirtz,

Sohal, and Wang [14] that the weakest heat

dissipative phenomenon is just within the

radius of hub of electric fan. In fact,

adjusting the mounted angle of fan and

distance between fan and heat sink can

promote the ability of heat dissipation.

From the analysis of the previous

works, there have been close correlations

between the ability of heat dissipative

module for central processing unit, shape

configuration of heat sink, and selection of

electric fan. This article investigates the

wind velocity supplied by the electric fan

and amounts of heat sink fin for the

influence of thermal dissipative

phenomenon in a computer heat sink under

the forced convection state and analyzes

the results by means of the velocity

distribution in the airflow field as well as

the thermal field of module. In order to get

imitation and explanation to assist analyze

the thermal field and velocity field of

whole module, coordinated meshing

assistant model that supported by the

Electronic System Cooling software [15] as

well as integrate software I-Deas Master

Series 8 of CAD/ CAM/ CAE/CAT are

used. This analysis software provides an

enormous figure and bond with

hydrodynamics current fluid dynamic

technology and heat dynamic technology to

be able precisely imitate the complicated

curved surface qualities, such as

convection, conduction, radiation, heat, etc.

2. Mathematic formulaThe computer heat sink module

geometry is shown in Figure 1. The basic

presume conditions for heat sink module

mounted onto the center processor unit as

following:

1. To set up air as a fluid medium and

the Newtonian Fluid fluid.

2. Three-dimensional turbulent flow

state.

3. Ignore the Radiation effect.

4. None thermal source from the heat

sink and the base bounded by the

equivalent thermal rate from the

running center processor unit

chipset.

Secondary, it sets up the physical

module of surrounding fluid field of flat

heat sink fin, for the purpose to

comprehend the heat transfer capacity that

transfer by fluid field. Found a rectangle

space that above the center processor unit

in a computer. Governing equations for

turbulent condition to describe by time

average value for the Continuity Equation,

Momentum Equation, and Energy Equation

as following [16 ]:

where is the velocity in the

coordinate direction, P and is the static

pressure and the viscous stress tensor,

is the energy transport due to conduction,

and are the additional source term

for momentum and energy respectively. E

and H are respectively the total energy and

enthalpy, defined as

where e and h are the internal energy and

static enthalpy respectively. To calculate

the convecting faces and convective

conductances from the thermal model to

the faces of the flow model using

where is the overlapping area between

the two elements and ,are the local

surface and fluid temperature respectively,

is the local adiabatic convective heat

transfer coefficient form surface element I

to near fluid element J . The local heat

transfer coefficient is derived from a

near-wall function using Reynolds analogy

which is a derivative of that of Kader [17].

The local heat transfer coefficient is

calculated by use of the local distribution

velocities, shear stresses and other

turbulence quantities in the near-wall

region.

3. Numerical procedureFirst, it uses thin shell factor of 3-node

tetrahedral as the base to set up meshing for

heat sink fin. The base was controlled by

the equivalent thermal rate from the

running center processor unit chipset. The

next, it uses substantiality element of 4-

node tetrahedral to produce the meshing for

heat sink, after that meshing the fluid field

of forced convection that generated by fan

and surrounding the heat sink. In the mean

time to combine both meshing and element

that is set up by heat sink and surrounding

air.

For the reason of accuracy in the

dimension of meshing, thus the element

chosen has been segment and compare

repeatedly. The space is open and within

the compass of length 150mm, width

150mm, and high 24mm to analyze the

forced convection fluid field that is

surrounding the heat sink after generated

by electric fan. To set up the meshing and

element for fan that is upon the heat sink by

using 3-node tetrahedral shape thin shell.

The geometry and the element for whole

module are shown in Figure 2.

Definition by setting up the

convergent condition in this temperature

field of heat sink fin and the velocity in this

forced convection field as following:

The convergent condition for thermal

field of rectangular flat heat sink

The convergent condition for surrounding

thermal field, fluid field velocity of

rectangular flat heat sink

4. Results and discussionTo determine whether the heat sink

module design being able to reach its'

optimum state can be done by judging the

level of thermal carried away by the forced

convection fluid field, after the thermal

conducted from center processor unit

chipsets.

First of all, in this investigation

according to the value of thermal field

distribution and maximum temperature of

flake fin in as consult data, and calculate

the thermal resistance value R ( /W). The

next, it analyzes fluid field condition of

forced convection, highest velocity, and

cold airflow in this open space. Not only

the cold air-flow blowing into the heat sink,

the electric fan also build up the optimum

state of heat sink module which was

designed to carry thermal away, in addition

the cold air-flow is brought by the forced

convection. Only if no more thermal gather

in the heat sink fin and bottom that the

thermal field distribution range of flake fin

of heat sink module will tend to lower the

temperature's phenomenon.

From upon analysis of heat dissipation

progress, the heat dissipation module and

shape design of surface area are counted on

the heat dissipation ability and the amounts

of heat sink flake fin; those are dealing

with close connection. In addition to those

factors, whether the airflow that produced

by the electric fan is affordable to carry the

thermal away from the heat dissipation-

taking place without a hitch. This

investigation is trying to find out heat

dissipation ability and analyze the

correlation between thermal field of heat

sink fin and velocity profile of velocity

field that influence by the forced

convection through amounts of flake fin

and the airflow velocity provided by

electric fan. We set up four composes of

variety heat sink modules as our research

objects; the amounts of fin, size of shape,

volume and surface area as listed on Table

1. The material is Aluminum Alloy (

AL6063), thermal conductivity coefficient

K is 192.13W/m , Environment Reference

temperature set up as 30 ,

atmosphere pressure is 101.35 kPa. Air is

the medium of heat dissipation fluid.

Normal airflow blow current across the

heat sink modules is arranged by six

varieties of speed from 5m/s to 30m/s. This

thermal power is set at 40 W when the heat

sink bottom contacted with central

processing unit chipsets; varieties of central

processing units and clock frequencies have

different thermal power.

4.1 Analysis of velocity field and thermal

field for the heat sink module.

First, analyze the variation of thermal

field and velocity field as blow airflow

across 9 flake fin of heat sink by 20 m/s

velocity of electric fan. As shown in Figure

3-A, velocity Profile as electric fan created

forced convection. It has shown less

airflow amount within the radius of fan-hub

and cold air that is drawing to the right and

left sides of the heat sink. From Figure 3-B,

obvious phenomenon is shown that air is

drawing to the right and left side of exterior

fin, because of the air pressure distance

between the interior and exterior heat sink,

which allowed the cold airflow to ambient

the temperature by draw to the two sides as

well as the fan blowing the air from the

middle to two sides on normal directions.

Furthermore, because of the airflow is

generated within from inner to outer radius

of fan, it caused two sides received more

airflow amount than the middle of heat sink

flake fin. As shown in Figure 4-A, B to

improve that two sides of heat sink flake

fin under the inner and outer radius

received more amount of airflow than the

middle of heat sink flake fin underneath to

the fan hub received comparatively less

amount of airflow. On the other hand, the

thermal variation of heat sink fin has

obviously correlation with airflow amount

that the more airflow the lower temperature

of fin contained. As shown in Figure 5-A,

Temperature of fins within the radius is

increased from inner to outer. Highest

thermal distributed at the location that heat

sink underneath the fan hub. For the

thermal field, the temperature increased

from the top to the bottom elucidates the

thermal conducted from the base of module

of heat sink to each fin. Figure 5-B

Thermal field elucidate the predication that

in the middle base of heat sink that just

under the inner radius received the least

airflow amount.

4.2 Airflow velocity effect

Heat dissipation phenomenon is under

the aegis airflow field of forced convection

react on the surface of each flake fin. Heat

dissipation effect is relied on the carrying

the ability of airflow field that generated by

convective thermal transmission between

two fins. In Figure 6, nine pieces of fin of

heat sink module tested by six airflow

velocities. Thermal area diminished on

account of increasing airflow velocity. The

thermal area is abating apparently declined

from 90.858 to 83.703 before reaching

to 20m/s airflow velocity, but only abated

from 47.279 to 40.542 after raising

airflow velocity to 30m/s. The temperature

decrease by degrees in the thermal field has

its utmost. As Table 2 listed, describe the

data in the Lowest Temperature , Highest

Temperature , Temperature Difference,

Average Temperature, and Thermal

Resistance R ( /W) etc. As shown in

Figure 7 Analysis for the variation on

highest thermal value of heat sink fin.

Predicting the phenomenon that thermal

would not abated to ultimate value, as to

generate the fan to six expectant velocities,

as the thermal value is not decrease by

degrees anymore. How to comprehend the

decrease by degrees of thermal value as

increasing the generation of airflow

velocity by taking highest temperature of

four modules at 5m/s airflow velocity? The

degree of abatement only got 6.3%, 5.2%,

4.6%, and 4.0% once developed the

velocity to reach 30m/s. Before the velocity

of 20m/s, the degree of abatement for this

four modules reached to the highest

temperature are 41.7%, 35.4%, 28.0%, and

25.8%. In addition to the degree of

convective thermal transmission has

reached to its' maximum value as the

airflow velocity reached to some level to

transport the thermal amount (capacity) by

airflow field. The thermal dissipation

ability will reach to the bond that only

generated by electric fan.

4.3 The effect of dealing with amount of

flake fin of heat sink

Upon the conclusions, to reach the

maximum level of convective thermal

transmission is the promotion of related

factors between airflow field and surface of

flake fin. By raising or abating the amounts

of flake fin is the utmost easy route to

increase or decrease the heat dissipative

area. As list in Table 1 in the meantime

raising the flake fin number to increase the

surface area, change the forced convection

as well. Figure 8 has shown four modules

running by 20m/s airflow velocity of

electric fan. The velocity field that under

the fan within the inner and outer radius

that increment is 38.17%, because the

velocity is advanced from the value

28.935m/s to 39.981m/s. Under the same

amount of airflow, velocity value promoted

only due to short the distance of gap

between fins after raised the flake fin

numbers. Furthermore, thermal dissipate

ability is improved because of increased

two sides on the right and left ambit cold

air is evaluated by the velocity value

followed by shorten the middle gap

distance of whole modules. As shown in

Figure 9, thermal field variation after raise

the amounts of flake fin, thermal field was

abated from high thermal field (52.973 ~

46.058 ) to low thermal field (38.868 ~

36.855 )

As raised the amounts of flake fin, as

well as the variety thermal value and

thermal resistance value R( /W) etc., the

value was decrease by degrees. How to

relate the heat dissipation field and

decrease by degrees of high temperature

after raise the flake fin numbers under the

basis of utmost thermal field (52.973 ) of

nine pieces of flake fin module blown by

airflow in 20m/s velocity? Raising four

flake fin numbers is as one unit and for

each unit is 2,142mm2. The total surface

area will increase by 8,568mm 2. The

highest thermal decrease by degrees is

14.44% 8.09% 6.70%. In fact, under the

consideration of minimum gape distance is

the reason of limitation of flake fin

numbers. The thermal value do not

declined anymore when increasing the

flake fin to its' ultimate number, because

the gape distances between two fins for the

four modules decreased in series by

5.125mm 2, 3.083mm 2, 2.063mm 2, and

1.450mm2. Airflow section area abated

caused by variety of the forced convection

airflow field.

5. ConclusionsComprehend the analysis of the

airflow velocity supplied by fan and

amounts of flake fin for the influence of

thermal dissipative phenomenon in the state

and analyze the results by the forced

convection distribution in the airflow field

as well as the thermal field module. The

results are as following:

1. The level of thermal transmission of the

surface area with the airflow field

reached to its maximum value as against

abating the variety of thermal value as

well as resistance value R ( /W) on

flake fin after increasing the wind

velocity of fan.

2. The thermal field will in stable at the low

temperature state as when increasing

thermal dissipation area by raise the

amounts of flake fin for each module.

Variety of thermal and resistance value

R( /W) decrease by degrees, and slow

down the level of decrease by raising

flake fin numbers.

3. To change the forced convective airflow

field through shorten gape distance by

increasing the amount of flake fin.

4. Majority thermal dissipation ability for

these modules are came from the cooling

airflow caused by the atmosphere

pressure distance to bring ambit air

through upon electric fans. If different

pressures of flow field attract outside of

cooling air, it can promote the capability

of heat removal module.

For the sake of uniform diffuses the amount

of heat and avoids the appearance of

centralizing heat on the base of heat sink

module, we will take the effect of copper

bottom in the base of module for the

effective of heat removal capability as

future work.

NOMENCLATURE

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"Advances In Thermal Modeling of

Electronic Components and System",

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technologies in electronic equipment",

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[3] A. Zebib and Y. K. Wo, "A two-

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S., "Electronic device of three-

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system", Chinese Mechanical

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national scholar discussion for

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"Numerical stimulation of Chipset

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form of the transient heat transfer

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Y.G., "Two-dimensional rectangular fin

with variable heat transfer coefficient",

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dimensional effects in a triangular

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generation, anisotropy, and base

temperature nonuniformity on heat

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of transient heat transfer in a cylindrical

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Heat Transfer , Vol. 12, pp. 281-283,

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"Thermal performance of pin-fin fan-

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technologies, 1995.

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thermal and hydraulic performance of

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Transfer, Vol. 21, pp. 1541-1544, 1981.

The Linkage of Hi-Tech Industry between U.S.,Japan and Taiwan Stock Markets

Abstract

Recently, the information industry has replaced the financial industry becomes the

mainstream in Taiwan stock market. Most empirical researches that related to the influence

of U.S. and Japan stocks on Taiwan's electric stocks often use NASDAQ Index and Dow

Jones Index as research targets. Therefore, we can use the methodology of time series to

investigate the relationship linkage between the stock market of U.S. and the stock of Japan

and the stock of Taiwan. According to the empirical results analysis, we can find the

profitability of stock price return of every country only has single causality and does not

have feedback relationship. Each stock price return rushes impulse reaction response

analysis: No matter what the bull period and the bear period is, would finish to reaction in the

short times.

Keywords: Stock price index, Granger, Vector Autoregression model.

Ching-jun Hsu : Associate Professor, Department of Financial Management, Nan-Hua UniversityMing-Heng Wu : Postgraduate student, Department of Financial Management, Nan-Hua University

(NASDAQ)

IBM

(

1999)

(OEM)/ (ODM)

OEM

IC

1.

2.

(Intel) (Compaq) (Dell)...

NEC...

Markowitz(1952,1959)

(Portfolio theory)

Grubel(1968)

Lessard(1974)

( )

1987

Fisher and Palasvirta(1990)

23

Liu. et al.(1993)

(VAR)

(1993) (

VAR )

(1998) Granger

NASDAQ

NASDAQ

(1999)

- VAR GARCH

Grubel(1968)

Makridakis and Wheelwright(1974)

Solnick(1974)

Bang Nam Jeqn and Von

Furstenberg(1990)

1987 10

Maldonado and Saunders(1981)

Bailey and Stulz(1990)

( )

( )

( )

( )

( ) 1987 10

1987 10

......

(

) ( )

Granger and

Newbold(1974)

( 1 ) D i c k e y - F u l l e r ( D F ) ( 2 )

Augmented Dickey-Fuller(ADF)

(3)Phillips-Perron(PP)

Dickey and

Fuller(1981) ADF

P ( AR(P))

Y

Y (First difference)

(Drift) t

Yt =0 Yt

H0

0( ) H1

0( )

VAR

(Efficiency)

Aka ike (1973 ) AIC(Aka ike

Information Criterion)

Schwarz(1978) SBC(Schwarz

Bayesian Information Criterion)

AIC

Hsiao(1981)

(FPE)

VAR

Granger

(1981,1986) Engle and Granger(1987)

Engle and Granger(1987)

J o h a n s e n

(1988)

(Gaussian vector autoregressive model)

(Likelihood ratio)

Johansen(1988)

(Trace test)

(Maximum eigenvalue test)

Rank(π) r π=αβ'

r

(Brownian Motion)

Granger

Granger(1969)

(Predictablility)

(F-test)

H 0

X Y

H 1

Y X

Sim(1980)

(Vector Autoregress

model VAR)

VAR

VAR

Sims(1980) VAR

Yt n 1

i n n

n 1 n 1

n 1 Yt i

VAR

(persistence ) (volatility)

VAR

(innovation)

Eun and Shim(1989)

1999 2 5 2002 1 31

636

225

1997 7

1999 2 2000 2 17

5475 10202 87.6%

18 2002 1 31 5872

42.4%

1

ADF

2

AIC FPE

3

1

4 5

Granger

Granger(1969)

Granger

( )

(

)

Granger

6

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Granger

(VAR)

(VAR)

9

99

1

90

80

1

90

225

1999 2 5 2002 1 31

Granger

2 4

4

McDonald(1973)

Management 16 summer, pp57-61.

Bang N. J. & V. Furstenberg (1990),

Growing International Co-movement in

Stock Price Indexes , Quarterly Review

of Economic and Business 3, ppl5-29.

Dickey, D.A. and W.A. Fuller (1981),

Likelihood Ratio Statistics for

Autoregressive Time Series with Unit

Root , Econometrica 49, pp.1057-1072.

Engle, R. F. & C. W. J. Granger

(1987), Cointegration and Error Correction

: Representation, Estimation and Testing ,

Econometrica 55, pp.254-276.

Eun, C. and S. Shim. (1989),

International Transmission of Stock

Market Movements , Journal of Financial

and Quantitative Analysis 24, pp241-256.

Fisher, K. P. & A. P. Palasvirta.

(1990), High Road to a Global

Marketplace: The International

Transmission of Stock Market

Fluctuation , The Financial Review 25,

pp.371-394.

Grubel, H. G. (1968), International

Diversified Portfolio: Welfare Gains and

( 80)

27 10 11-19

( 88) "

"

( 88)

( 82 )

Akaike, H. (1973), Information

Theory and an Extension of the Maximum

Likelihood Principle , in B. P., and F. C.

eds., Second International Symposium on

Information Theory, Budapest : Akademiai

Kiado.

Bailey, W., and R. M. Stulz. (1990),

Benefits of International Diversification:

The Case of Pacific Basin Stock

Markets , Journal of Portfolio

Capital Flows , American Economic

Review 58, ppl299-1314.

Granger, C. W. J. (1969),

Investigating Causal Relations by

Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral ,

Econometria 37, pp.424-438.

Granger, C. W. J. (1981), Some

Properties of Time Series Data and Their

Use in Econometric Model Specification ,

Journal of Econometrics 16(1), pp.121-130.

Granger, C. W. J. (1988), Causality ,

Cointegration and Control ,Economic

Dynamics and Control 68, pp.13-228.

Granger, C. W. J. (1986),

Developments in the Study of Cointegrated

Economic Variables , Oxford Bulletin of

Economics and Statistics 48 , no.3, pp.213-

228.

Granger, C.W.J. and Newbold, P.

(1974), Superious Regressions in

Econometrics , Journal of Econometrics

2(2), pp.111-120.

Hsiao, C. (1981), Autoregressive

Modeling and Money-Income Causality

Detection , Journal of Monetary

Economics, Vol.7, pp.85-106.

Johansen, S. (1988), Statistical

Analysis of Cointegration Vectors ,

Journal of Economics and Dynamics and

Control 12, pp.231-254.

Johansen, S. (1991), Estimation and

Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration

Vectors in Gaussian Vector autoregressive

Models , Ecornetria 59, pp.1551-1580.

Johansen , S. (1994), The Role of

the Constant and Linear Terms in

Cointegration Analysis of Nonstationary

Variables , Econometric Review 13(2),

pp.205-229.

Lessard, Donald R. (1974), World,

national and industry factors in equity

returns , Journal of Finance 29, pp.379-

391.

Markowitz, H. M. (1952), Portfolio

Selection , Journal of Finance, pp.71-91.

Markowitz, H. M. (1959), Portfolio

Selection: Efficient Diversification of

Investments , New York: John Wiley &

Sons.

Makridakis, S.G., and S.C.

Wheelwright. (1974), An Analysis of the

Interrelationships among the Major World

Stock Exchanges , Journal of Business

Finance and Accounting 1, ppl95-215.

Maldonado, R and A. Saunders.

(1981), International Portfolio

Diversification and the Intertemporal

Stability of International Stock Market

Relationships , Financial Management,

pp54-63.

Schwert, G. W. (1987), Effect of

Model Specification on Tests for Unit

Roots in Macoreconomic Data , Journal

of Monetary Economics, pp.73-103.

Sims, Christopher A . (1980),

Macroeconomics and Reality ,

Econometria, Vol.48, pp.1-48.

Solnik B. (1974), The International

Pricing: A Empirical Investigation of the

World Capital Market Structure , Journal

of Finance, pp365-378.

A Problem-Solving Approach in Practical Topic Research The Design of A

[Chemical-Energy-Car]

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to understand the creativity creative design and the

process and ability of problem-solving in the process of manufacturing a Chemical Energy

Car as a practical topic research. A problem-solving approach method was used in data

collection and analysis, and anecdote records observation records by teacher

experimental records oral report and result of the works of the authentic performance

evaluation was used to understand creativity creative design and problem-solving process

and ability of students. They designed a special chemical energy car by themselves with

cooperative learning, and they also solved problems of the car body transmission system

chemical energy and stopping in the setting distance with loading. Obviously, the practical

subject in the course of topic research can make students learn more with cooperative

learning, and help them to solve the practical problem which they will meet in the future.

Keywords: Chemical Energy Car problem-solving authentic performance evaluation

topic research.

Chen-Tung Huang : Associate Professor, Department of Chemcial Engineering, HIT

1

15 20 25

30m 100 200 300

400 500g

1.

2.

3.

2002

4.

5.

32*20*12cm

6. 500ml

5

7. 15000

8.

9.

e

2002

1.

2.

3.

1. ?

2. ?

3. ?

4. ?

5.

?

1997

1998

1993

1997

2000

Hsiao 1997

Parnes

1987

1993

2001

1

2 3

4 5

Graey 1992

1999

Reid &

Romanoff 1997

1999

2001

( )

authentic performance

assessment

2000

2000

2000

1

2

3

4

1996

1996

1998

1998 1997

2001

Garcia & Pearson 1994

2000

-

Calfee & Hiebert, 1991

1998

Maurer, 1996

(informal)

Muir & Wells,

1983

1994

900

2 3

-

-

1012

-

- 1.10

1989

-

-

- 2.70

1989

- 1.80

Mg Mg2+

1MMgSO4

Cu2+ Cu

1MCuSO4

Mg(s)+ Cu2+(aq) Mg2+

(aq) +Cu(s)

50 -

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CuSO4 1.80

-

-

1

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MgSO4 CuSO4

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CuSO4

MgSO4

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CuSO4 1.0M

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1

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MgSO4 CuSO4

1.0M

MgSO4 (

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CuSO4 5.0ml

CuSO4

MgSO4

MgSO4 10.0 ml

MgSO4 40.0 ml

MgSO4

10.0ml 40.0ml

-

MgSO4

MgSO4 CuSO4 1.0M MgSO4

40.0 ml CuSO4

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12

Mg HCl

12

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Mg HCl (

) HCl Mg

Mg

Mg HCl

HCl

5%

PU

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12 11

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MgSO4 CuSO4

1.0M MgSO4 40.0 ml

CuSO4 5.0ml

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Skemp

HSiao 1997

3. Mg HCl

Mg

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2.

1991

1.

Chem-E-Car(

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2.

3.

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2.

Chem-E-Car

1. 1987

2. 1993

3. 1989

4. 1998

45 39-44

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6. 2000

40

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7. 2000

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8. R. R. Skemp.

1991

9. 2001

244 22-27

10. 1996

13 44-48

11. 1994

12. 1997

48 90-94

13. 2000

231

49-57

14. 1997

15. 2001

410 28-31

16. 1999

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17. 1996

9 44-48

18. 1998

25 46-52

19. 1998

149 3082-3087

20. 2001

604

2-14

21. 1999

379 10-15

22. e

2002

23. 1997

24. 2000

8

395-410

25. Calfee, R., & Hiebert, E. (1991).

Classroom assessment of reading. In R.

Barr, M. L. Kami, P. Mosenthal, & P. D.

Pearson (Eds.), The handbook of

reading research (Vol. 2, pp.281-309).

New York: Longman.

26. Garcia, G. E. & Pearson, P. D. (1994).

Assessment and diversity in L. Darling-

Hammond (Ed). Review of Research in

Education, 20, pp.337-391.

27. Graey, R. W. (1992). Problem Solving

with Workstations. Program

Description, Teacher Materials, and

Student Information. Teacher Developed

Technology Education for the Nineties

(TD-TEN). New Jersey State Dept. of

Education.

28. Hsiao, H. C. (1997). The improvement

of creativity and productivity of

technical workers through partnership

between university and industry. Taipei,

Taiwan: The International Conference

on Creativity Development in Technical

education and Training.

29. Maurer, R. E. (1996). Designing

alternative assessments for

interdisciplinary curriculum in middle

and secondary schools. MA: Ally &

Bacon.

30. Muir, S. & Wells, C. (May/June 1983).

Informal evaluation. The Social Studies,

95-97.

31. Reid, C & Romanoff, B. (1997). Using

multiple intelligence theory to identify

gifted children. Educational Leadership,

55(1), pp.71-74.

.

pade`

A Novel Approach to Study Wave Characteristics ofMultimode Interference Couple: Polarized TE Modes

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a new method to study wave propagation in Longitudinally

invariant waveguides with arbitrary index profile. In our method, we keep, in the wave

equation, the second order derivative of transverse wave field with respect to the propagation

direction, which is usually neglected in paraxial approximation utilized in many cases. An

explicit expression for the wave field at any longitudinal position along an optical waveguide

is derived, thus excluding the use of beam propagation algorithm for computation. This study

has demonstrated that our approach yields the same results as those by using a commercial

software in which a beam propagation method with Pade' approximation is used.

Keywords: Fourier cosine series, matrix method, index profile, optical waveguides.

Chin-Sung Hsiao : Instructor, Department of Electrical Engineering, HIT

I.Introduction Beam- propagation methods (BPM)

have been frequently used to compute the

wave field along an optical waveguide.

With these methods, the field distribution at

any longitudinal position of a waveguide

can be found by either finite- difference [1-

4] or finite-element [5-8] discretization in

the transverse domain. These conventional

methods, especially the finite-difference

BPM algorithm, are nowadays highly

referenced and used in commercial

softwares [e.g. BPM-CAD and

BeamPROP].

In dealing with the wave propagation

with the paraxial approximation valid in

use, the second order derivative with

respect to propagation distance in the wave

equation is simply neglected. This then

results in a set of first-order linear

differential equations, which can be easily

solved. If the paraxial approximation is

invalid, as is true in many cases, the

aforementioned second order derivative

should remain in order to obtain exact and

accurate solutions in solving the

corresponding wave propagation problems.

A recurrence formula for the BPM

scheme has been widely employed to

consider the effect of the aforementioned

second-second derivative in the so-called

wide-angle approximation [9,10] . The

Pade' approximant is commonly used as

one kind of such approximation. The

numerical results obtained by using the

Pade' approximation in a BPM method are

more accurate and closer to exact ones

when a higher-order Pade' approximant

operator is used [11, 12].

II. The Proposed methodWe assume that the transverse domain

of the wave field is one-dimensional. That

is, we deal with the following wave

equation in our problem

The resultant wave equation in the

example of slab waveguides with

longitudinally invariant structures

corresponds to the following matrix

equation:

Here we have expressed the electric field as

where N is a large enough number, T the

window (or the period) for Fourier cosine

series, and the propagation constant. In

deriving Eq. (2), we have assumed the

wave propagates in the z direction and x is

the one-dimensional transverse coordinate.

The matrix B in Eq. (2) is a constant full

matrix, and E is defined as

( ), where t represents

transpose. In the conventional BPM (

beam propagation method ) method for

solving Eq.(1) with Pade' approximation

used, a recurrence formula is employed to

obtain approximate results. Basically Eq.

(2) can be solved with similar

approximation used.

However, such Pade' approximation in

dealing with matrix arithmetic could result

in quite complicated computing algorithm

and yield computational inefficiency. Here

we propose a novel method to solve the

second -order matrix equation ( i.e., Eq.

(2)). Since the matrix B in Eq. (2) is not

diagonal, it is difficult to solve it directly.

In this new method, Eq. (2) is first

transformed into a matrix equation such as

Here the vector F is defined as E=Y F,

where Y is a matrix containing all the

eigenvectors of B; is the diagonal matrix

with its diagonal elements being the

eigenvalues of B (see Eq. (5) below).

Once it is solved, the vector E can be

obtained. Eq. (3) can now be readily solved

because is diagonal. To show how to solve

it, we first note that the matrix equation in

(3) corresponds to a set of second-order

ordinary differential equations:

where (i=0,1,2,....N) are

( )

elements of F and Λ ,respectively. That is,

F and Λ are defined here as

and

The solution of Eq.(4) is simply exp

exp

depend on the initial conditions. This

solution is explicit in expression and

henceforth the vector E can be explicitly

obtained as

where and are constants and

are the eigenvector of B.

As we can see above, the conventional

beam propagation method would not be

used to solve the wave propagation

problem. In the method proposed here,

simply a set of ordinary differential

equations are to be solved. The whole

method is quite efficient in computation.

We have used the method to solve an

MMIC (multimode interference coupler)

problem as shown in Fig.1, where the input

waveguide is single-mode with the core

index 1.8 and the cladding index 1.446; and

the multimode waveguide has the same

refractive indices for the core and the

cladding as the input waveguide. In the

study here, we have assumed a TE wave is

launched at the input end of the multimode

waveguide. The electric field distribution at

the output end of the multimode waveguide

calculated by use of the proposed method

with N=500 is shown in Fig.2 (a). To

compare our method with others, we have

also used a commercial software. Fig.2 (b)

shows the corresponding electric field

distribution obtained by BeamPROP with

the approximation of Pade' order (4,4) (the

output end of the multimode waveguide is

at z=60un). It can be seen from Figs.2 (a)

and (b) that the discrepancy between both

results (i.e., in Figs. (a) and (b)) is quite

negligible. Fig. 2(c) shows the

corresponding result as Pade' (1,0)

approximation is used by the commercial

software. This is equivalent to the result

obtained with paraxial approximation used,

i.e., the result obtained with the term

in Eq. (2) neglected.

III. Numerical results

Fig.1 MMIC slab waveguide under study

Fig.2(a)

.

Fig. 2(b)

Fig. 2(c)

Fig,2 Electric field distributions of the

MMIC shown in Fig. 2. (a) and (b) are the

results obtained by use of the proposed

method and BeamPROP, respectively. (c) is

the result obtained with paraxial

approximation used. The result of 2(a) is in

good agreement with that of 2(b) at

z=60um.

V. References:[1]Chung, Y. and Dagli, N. "An

assessment of finite difference beam

propagation method." IEEE J. of

Quantum Elrctron, QE-26, pp.1335-

1339, 1990.

[2] H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, G. J. M. Krijnen,

and P.V. Lambeck, "Efficient interface

conditions for the finite difference beam

propagation method ", IEEE J.

IV. ConclusionIn conclusion, we have proposed a

new method for investigating the wave

propagation in an optical waveguide with a

longitudinally invariant structure. An

explicit expression for the field at any

longitudinal position along the waveguide

can be obtained in this method, thus

excluding the use of beam propagation

algorithm for computation. The

computational results are quite correct as

they compared with a conventional BPM

method. We strongly believe that the

proposed method is quite efficient in

computation.

Lightwave Technol., vol. 10, pp. 1352-

1355, 1992.

[3] Y. Chung, and N. Dagli. "Modeling of

guide-wave optical components with

efficient finite-difference beam

propagation method.", in Tech. Dig.

IEEE AP-S Int. Symp,, 1992,, vol. 1,

pp.248-251.

[4] J. Yaamaaucchi, J. Shibayama, and H.

Nakano, "Modified finite-difference

beam propagation method based on the

generalized Douglas scheme for

variable coefficients", Photon. Technol.

Lett., vol. 7, pp.661-664, 1995.

[5] O. C. Zienkiewitz, The Finite Element

Method, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New

York, 1973

[6] Rahman, B. M. A. and Davis, J. B.

"Finite-element solution of integrated

optical waveguides." IEEE J. Lightwave

Technol., vol. 2, pp.682-688, 1984.

[7] Hayata, K., Koshiba, M., Egushi, M.

and Suzuki, M. "Novel finite-element

formulation without any spurious for

dielectric waveguides" Electro. Lett.,

vol. 22, pp.295-296, 1986

[8] M. Koshiba, H. Saitoh, M. Eguchi, and

K. Hirayama, "Simple scalar finite

element approach to optical

waveguides," IEE Proc. J., vol. 139, pp.

166-171, 1992.

[9] Y. Chung and N. Dagli, "A wide angle

propagation technique using an explicit

finite difference scheme," IEEE Photon.

Technol. Lett., vol. 6, pp. 540-542, 1994.

[10] G. R. Hadley, "Wide-angle beam

propagation using Pade' approximant

operators," Opt. Lett., vol. 17, pp. 1426-

1428, 1992.

[11] G. R. Hadley, "A multistep method for

wide- angle beam propagation," Opt.

Lett., vol. 17, pp. 1743-1745, 1992.

[12] I. Ilic, R. Scarmozzino, and R. M.

Osgood, Jr., "Investigation of the Pade'

approximant-based wide-angle beam

propagation method for accurate

modeling of waveguiding circuit" J.

Lightwave Technol., vol. 14, pp. 2813-

2822,1996.

( ) ( )

The Marketing Strategic and OrganizationalDesign for Taiwanese Businessman in

Uncertainty

Abstract

It is a time period of "Large fish eating small fish", and "fast fish eating slow fish".Usually programming could not varies as fast as changing, thus swifting is not as imporant aselasticity only large scheme can lead to good result.

To face the future, what should an enterprise to do to meet challenging, and further tograsp the opportunity, so why don't we to start from innovational strategic planning andorganizational structure design,and in further obtainning competing advantage.

Innovation will not only influence the strategic planning in an enterprise, but in achanging society like present time, if we want to creat new marketing space, we must enlargeour view, over passing traditional thinking model, then we could creat innovational value.

Time is changing , it is full of challenging , many people feel these are risks everywhere. There is uncertainty in future, also unsafety. No matter which time, there is chance.A man with long range view and acting power, could create chance any way.

The population in developing countries and four major Asian small tigers, after themarket is maturing, there is still a large portion of labor force is looking for a job, not onlytheir income is limited, their competency leads the decreasing of value of their products.

China is the more important developing country, Taiwan not only close to the mainlandgeographically, but also similar in language, custom and other things. Cooperation ofTaiwan and the Chinese mainland economically, is a major portion of globally economiccooperation, therefore Taiwan business man should expand to the west reasonablly andprogram globally.

Reasonable economic strategies which is objectically utilize Taiwan asset to overcomedifficulties strategically, and to achieve a reasonable objective.

Keywords: Uncertainty, Marketing Strategic Design, Organizational Design, Innovation

Shih Rong-Ann : Instructor, Department of Chemical Engineering, HIT

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International Monetary Fund

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DRUCKER'S CLASSICS

2003 6

6 .

DRUCKER'S CLASSICS

2003 6

7.The Art and Discipline of Strategic

L e a d e r s h i p

Mike Freedman with

Benjamin B. Tregoe

2003 7

8.Andrews, K. R. The Concept of

Corporate Strategy. Illinois: Burr

Ridge: Dow Jones-Irwin, 1971.

9.Monks, R. A. G., and N. Minow

, Corporate Governance,

Cambridge, MA: Black-Well, 1995.

10.Campbell, A., M. Devine, and D.

Young. A Sense of Mission.

London: The Economist Books

Limited, 1990.

Core Value, Leadership.

Predicting Core Values-East Meets West in aDoctoral Class

Abstract

As Asian from Taiwan, we have had several opportunities to observe that American

students seem to have somewhat different priorities than we have regarding the most

important values that contribute to characteristics of leadership. Asian culture is strongly

committed to respect for experience and age, while American's seem to value equity and

problem solving over experience. This paper explores briefly, however, how a small group

(doctoral students in a course) compared and contrasted in their basic values.

In a small classroom study, a group of doctoral students from two different cultures

identified their preferred values. To compare the five top values selected by both groups, we

find that both groups preferred three values: namely, be honest, be tolerant, and become

educated. This study allow us to rethink about how the developing global society may or

may not be building a common set of values between homogeneous groups in different

cultures.

Keywords: Core Value, Leadership

Chao-Ming Lin : Lecturer, General Education Center, Hsiuping Institute of TechnologyHsun-Cheng Lin : Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hsiuping Institute of TechnologyJui-Chang Cheng : Associate Professor, Department of Finance, National Taichung Institute of

Introduction

These students in higher education administration were interested in values associated

with leadership in order to build mutual appreciation and understanding between the East and

West. The group was surprised, however, after taking a simple value inventory, that neither

group could predict the other's most preferred value statements. This paper suggests that

other groups may find it very interesting to discuss the use of similar values inventories to

build across cultural understanding.

As leaders in Asia and the Western world continue to engage in common problem

solving and project development, the need for both societies (let alone among leaders within

these cultures) to understand "value roots" will increase. The continuing increase in

information technologies and globalism may provide an exciting opportunity for leaders to

compare, contrast, and synthesize behaviors and values for mutual benefits.

Core Values of Leaders

Lord and Brown (2001) presented a model which suggests that values and subordinate

identity levels act as constraints on one another and that powerful leadership effects will be

realized only when values and self identities form coherent, interrelated patterns. In their

prior work they showed that leaders can impact many subordinate processes by influencing

the self-concept of others (Lord & Freiberg, 1999). Organizational behavioral patterns and

expectations are often re-evaluated by employees when a new top leader is selected. How

does the new leader seem to see the future?

How does the leader engage others in discussion? Is the interaction open, formal,

casual, planned, frequent, or infrequent? A leader's view of the world may reflect core

values about the nature of organizations, societies, and the purposes of people or life in

general. The core values of leaders who come from monocultural contexts may not be in the

conscious of these leaders. However, as globalism brings leaders into close dialogue with

people from alternative cultural roots, these core values will likely become important in

building common understanding and progress.

The Characteristics of Leaders in the West and East:

The Western vision of ideal organizations and leadership stems from the historical

struggle for individual rights and freedom from authoritarian domination (Macoby, 1994).

Western leaders may have more awareness of the need for individual initiative that older

Eastern cultures that have placed values on experience and wisdom from time-tested

societies.

In the ideal Asian organization, leadership is part of a natural hierarchy. The good

leader is like a good father who accepts responsibility for the development and well-being of

employees (Macoby, 1994). Chinese culture is highly relational and its first virtue is "human

heartedness" or concern for humanity (Liu, 1986a, 1986b). Imbued also with a strong sense

of duty and hierarchy, Chinese people are expected to see themselves in the context of others

and understand the need for reciprocity and obligations (Tjosvold etc. 2001).

Because the culture different in managing an organization, in Chinese culture, a leader

should to make the organization more harmony. In addition, the managing style and core

values of leader between west and east are different.

Significance of Comparative East-West Values Study

Cross-cultural understanding is critical, particularly in the complex global society

frustrated by terrorism. Although hard to define and difficult to put a finger on, culture is

extremely powerful (Peterson & Deal, 1998). Primary cultural mores affect leadership style

and expectations for professional performance. The US and Asia continue to build common

understanding and leadership processes, a necessary ingredient for world peace and

productivity.

An assessment and analysis of norms, mores, and cultural values most strongly valued

by leaders in each of the cultures of the West and the East may lead to opportunities for

discussion and mutual understanding of leadership approaches. This is particularly important

for educators seeking to build cultural understanding with students from both cultures in the

same learning groups.

What do Americans most value in leadership? What do Asian leaders most value and

respect in leaders? How do these values and mores compare and contrast? Which values

should be included in studies of leadership?

A Small Classroom Study of How East and West Saw Their Values

This article focuses on an informal action research study of a group of doctoral students

from two cultures and their preferred administrative values. A group of 10 American

doctoral students and 10 Taiwanese doctoral students in a course in the politics of education

at the University of South Dakota in the spring of 2000 participated in an activity to rank

each other's values.

The intention of the activity was to ask each group to rank a list of commonly-held

philosophical and administrative values in a list of 25. Secondly, each group was asked to

speculate about how the other cultural group would likely rank the list of values. The class

activity was to determine the extent to which each group could predict the preferred values of

the other group. Each of the groups had taken at least three doctoral classes with each other

and were familiar with each other.

Because the University of South Dakota is a relatively smaller research institution, the

doctoral classes are usually under 30 students, allowing students and faculty to become well

acquainted. Could the Midwestern Americans predict the Taiwanese student most and least

preferred values? Or, could the Taiwanese students studying in the US predict the American

groups' most and least favored values?

Results of the Simple Class Survey

Using a traditional American values inventory from Jones and Pfeiffer (1991), the two

groups of students were asked from a list of 25 statements to select their top and bottom five

most and least preferred values. Then the Americans were asked to predict what the

Taiwanese would select and vice versa. The unusual finding from this class experiment was

that neither group was able to predict each others most or least preferred values. How can

this be? These people knew each other and had taken classes together.

Americans predicted that Taiwanese student would list the following as most preferred

values:

Taiwan Predictions for Americans

Most Preferred:

Both groups of students rated each of 25 statements on a Likert-type scale to indicate

how much each item was valued (1-5 from not at all to strong preference). While both

groups' ratings of the items listed above were above the midpoint, neither group ranked any

of the items in their top five preferences. The following top five preferences were listed by

each of the groups:

It is interesting to note that among these five top values three were shared by both

groups, namely, be honest, be tolerant, and become educated. What was somewhat

surprising to the class, however, was that each group did not predict the other's top five

values. The class assumed that some national or ethnic stereotyping was yet at work when

considering primary values.

The values worksheet by Jones and Pfeiffer included 25 items. It was noteworthy for

the bicultural class of Taiwanese and American students that several items were least

preferred by either of their groups. These excluded items included the following:

The Traditional American Values Worksheet generated significant discussion about how

the developing global society may or may not be building a common set of values between

the US and Taiwan. This class experience made such a strong impact on the writer that the

topic of developing consensus of professionals in the global community about basic values

has been selected as a doctoral dissertation topic. The Traditional American Values

Worksheet may be very useful for other groups, classes, or organizations interested in

building cultural dialogue and understanding.

Many researchers have explored the values and beliefs that individuals and groups seem

to hold. Core values appear to change very slowly, even in the developing global

community. In 1998 the Kenan-Flagler Business School at Kishwaukee College in Malta,

Illinois, surveyed 170 institution employees, 380 new students, and 295 student parents in

1998 (http://kish.cc.il.us/committess/ corevalues/survey.shtml)

Common values held by these Americans included the following: Preferred Values of

Faculty, New Students, and Parents in the Kishwaukee College Survey:

Honesty and tolerance (respectfulness) are two strong values shared by the American

and Taiwanese group with the Kishwaukee group. This type of value surveying has strong

potential to generate dialogue and healthy communication, particularly among cultural

groups that look forward to building stronger relationships.

Discussion of Values Development Process

To improve the performance of organizations is a primary goal for a leader of most any

organization. How a university, government, or company keeps and motivates its employees

and clients becomes the most important task of a leader. A great leader should give

followers clear goals that require time for synthesizing vision and behavior. The core values

of leader will influence the performance of an organization. The job of a leader in the

workplace is to get things done through employees. In order to do this, the manager should

be able to motivate employees to maximize their work performance.

Owen (1990) wrote, "To manage is to control; to lead is to liberate." However, in the

global and information world, leaders and their followers can communicate through the

Internet, E-mail, Voice conference and Satellite. Leaders may have the capability today and

into the future to manage their subordinators through virtual reality.

Most definitions of leadership share the common assumption that leaders influence

subordinate's task and social behaviors (Yukl, 1992). Therefore, leaders need clear core

values to communicate to employees. A leader may need to find time for reflection on the

truly basic values that may influence day-to-day behaviors. Organizational behavior,

leadership behavior, and personal behavior may all find their roots in values of cultures.

But, what are the basic values of the East and West that may be at work in influencing

organizational behavior? How clear are contemporary leaders about how their behaviors and

cultural values may compare and contrast to those of other leaders in the highly interactive

global society? This paper begins a dialogue on these questions and the paper's purpose is to

encourage others to use comparative values inventories to stimulate discussion, mutual

understanding, and focus on shared values.

Clemmer (2000) advised leaders to ask themselves whether they had "true internal bone

deep" beliefs or an external "should" value system. Szabo, Reber; Weibler; Brodbeck. and

Wunderer compared findings on values and behavior in leadership studies across three

German-speaking countries: Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. Their results showed both

similarities and inconsistencies, and suggested that the complexity of situational and

contextual factors influencing leadership made cultural value identification difficult.

Complexity and Subtlety in Core Values

The purpose of this paper was to report a useful educational activity to identify,

compare and analyze the differences between western and eastern core values of two

respective homogeneous groups of doctoral students. The results of discussion showed that

each homogeneous group could not predict the core values of each other even though those

students there are over three classes study together. Stereotypes of cultures were not able to

predict basic core values.

It appears that even in advanced education settings at the doctoral level, groups assume

that the core values of people may be obvious. However, the obviousness may not be so

easily found. Core values may or may not be part of general conversation, class discussion,

or social interactions. Core values established in childhood and influenced by many complex

variables of life experiences and education may not even be evident to individuals

themselves.

Core values may govern behaviors in subtle ways, not necessarily in the conscious of

people. Some people who uphold a particular value simply may treat their friends or

subordinates in a manner that might be assumed to relate to a core value. A Chinese

expression suggests that "it's too narrow to see the world from a hole." People across the

world's cultures will likely need to have considerable dialogue to avoid making small "hole"

assumptions about such important issues as core values. Cultures are complex, not narrow,

and international peace, global cultural development, and rich rewards from across culture

communications require a broad and synthetic view of why people behave from bases of core

values.

However, American and Taiwanese groups at the University of South Dakota did find

many shared topics of values and much opportunity for exploring similarities, as well as

differences. But, the surprising aspect of discussion was how imprecise each group appeared

to be about guessing the top preferred values of each other. It may be interesting in the

future to ask students to consider if the 9-11 New York tragedy may have influenced their

values or how other cultures in the world may assume any changes. The writers of this

article recommend that students at most any level might enjoy the challenge of discussing

how values that may be below the surface of consciousness may be a part of cultural

differences and similarities.

Summary

This article briefly introduced an experience in core values discussion. Literature on

the development of preferred core values suggested that values that influence behavior,

attitudes, politics, and stereotypes may be a fruitful topic for discussion, particularly among

students and teachers interested in cultivating the positive values for the emerging global

society. The clarity of the core values of tomorrow's global leaders will likely influence the

capabilities of these important people to catch the enthusiasm of people from many cultural

backgrounds. The Traditional American Values Worksheet of Jones and Pfeiffer generated

significant discussion at the University of South Dakota about how the developing global

society may or may not be building a common set of values between two homogeneous

groups of US and Taiwanese students. Among the five top values doctoral students in one

class in the politics of education perceived that each would prefer included namely, be

honest, be tolerant, and become educated.

References

Clemmer, Jim (2000). Knowing Thyself. CMA Management, 74(5), p.15.

Jones, J. E., Pfeiffer, J. W., (1973). Traditional American values worksheet. The 1973

Annual Handbook for Group Facilitators, San Diego, CA: University Associates.

Liu, S. H. (1986a). The contemporary significance of Chinese philosophy. Journal of

Chinese Philosophy, 13, pp.203-10.

Liu, S. H. (1986b). A philosophic analysis of the Confucian approach to ethics.

Philosophy East &West, 22, pp.417-25.

Lord, R. G., & Brown, D. J. (2001). Leadership, values, and subordinate self-concepts.

The Leadership Quarterly, 12, pp.133-52.

Lord, R. G., Brown, D. J., & Freiberg, S. J. (1999). Understanding the dynamics of

leadership: the role of follower self-concepts in the leader/follower relationship.

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 78, pp.167-203.

Macoby, Michael (1998). Creating quality cultures in the east and west. Research

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Yukl, G. (1992). Theory and research on leadership in organizations. In: Dunnette, M.

D. & Jough, L. M. (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, 3, pp.147-

98.

The brief discussion on Epic of Shui HuZhuan (Outlaws of the Marsh)

Abstract

In the first epic of Shui Hu Zhuan (Outlaws of the Marsh), the 108 heroes are the groups

of patriotic who are subdued by the government finally after their first insurgence against

corrupt in Mount Liang. After their subdue, they quell a lot of uneasiness within and out of

border. However, these some heroes can't get the equal reward as they deserve, even some

are succumbed to wicked tricks. The rest are depressed and sorrowful to have pitiful life

after. The cunning people , such as sai-jian and kao-chou...etc did not get their deserved

punishment. On the contrary, they are still controlling the whole government, deceiving

emperor, imposing ugly things on patriotic and good-deed people. In order to overturn the

decayed force and make righteousness foremost, then they ferment the second insurgence.

The novel depicting the second insurgence is the sequel(second epic) of Outlaws of the

Marsh with two different edition because of different authors.

The second epic of Shi Hu Zhuan(Outlaws of the Marsh)depicts that patriotic hero

such as Song-jian and Ru-jiun-yi are plotted to death by this unrighteous people and

reincarnate as Yan-yao and Wang -mo etc. They ferment their insurgence in Dong-Ting Lake

and fought brave against heartless or pompous governor and the wicked. Therefore, the

second epic is relative close to the first epic in though and content...etc. No doubt, this is the

sequel of Outlaws of the Marsh(Shui-Hu Zhuan).

Keywords: the Host of Green-Lotus Room, The honorable guest of Rainbow Bridge, The

epic of Shui hu Zhuan .Wang- mo, Yan- yo.

Zhoau shi-me : Instructor, General Education Center, HIT

1

:

2

1 1987 52 < > 1983 139

3

;

;

3 < > 1983 7

< >

4

.

4 < > 1983

1 1985 4

1

1991 4

2

1993 4

1 1973

2 1981 7

3 1981 8

4 6 1983 7

5 1984 11

6 1985 6

7 1985 8

8 1985 12

9 1985 7

10 1986 7

11 1987 5

12 1987 8

13 1987 8

14

1988

(AD1126)

An exploratory study of the Chuen-Chiou spiritstandard and a courtier's loyalty moral in the

anarchy times-The discussion is mainly according to the responses

of the monarch and the courtiers of the Da-Churegime

AbstractIt is a common sense that the loyalty moral to a monarch is traditionally a kind of

universal and absolute value°F however, in the times of anarchy, it is very difficult andhesitated for a courtier to make the decision. Obviously, the theory of the loyalty moral to amonarch has its limitation. The purpose of this research is to illustrate the values and thelimitation of the loyalty moral to a monarch with some history instances.

This research investigates the loyalty moral violation of Jang-bang Chang, evaluated ashe deserved it by the Chuen-Chiou spirit standard described in the historical records, and tryto understand the viewpoints and characteristics of the Sung-Jin anarchy times. Moreover,the author tries to explore the possibility of loyalty thought in the times of anarchy throughthree dimensions. First, there shall be an object person for others to be loyal to°F however,how should a subject courtier conduct himself to come up against the national doom?Second, when there is a connection between personal moral integrity and the survival of thepopulace, what should a subject courtier consider first? Third, is there leave any space for anew government to found an autonomy regime while the preceding monarch has passed butthe coming one has not yet ascended the throne?

Investigating the establishment process of Bang-jang Chang's Da-Chu regime, theresearch tries to figure out and understand the dilemma and the tragic fate of those courtiersin the times of anarchy. Examining the loyalty thought of the Chuen-Chiou spirit standard,the research also finds that though some people considered " faithful loyalty surpasses one'sfree will ", but still more others were hesitate and indecisive in the times of anarchy. Theopinion of this research is that the loyalty thought of the Chuen-Chiou spirit standard is afixed and absolute model, but the problems occur randomly and develop relatively, and as aresult, there are some difficulties to come up against the highly changeable situation with achangeless theorem.Keywords: the Chuen-Chiou spirit standard the loyalty moral to a monarch

Song Gao-zong Gang Lee Bang-jang Chang

NIEN CHEN-HO : Iecturer, General Education Center, Kaohsing Hospitality College

1

2

3

4

1. ( 1969 6 )136-149

33 7 1936 4 213-218 ( 121990 ) 10-25

2. ( 1991 ) 122 1891-18923. 4. ( 1985 ) 5 161

5. 19 1984 3 1-7

5

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7

8

9

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5. 19 1984 3 1-76. 3 217. 5 1618. 1955 1815 8 979. 1955 1815 6 5710. 1983 3 34

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23

24

25

26

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AD1126

30

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32

34

35

36

37

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40

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100

101

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104

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135. 107 12

The New Strategy of Taiwan's Foreign Policyin the Post-U.S.-Iraq War Era

Abstract

Owing to the strengthening relationship between Sino-Russian relationship and theirpeaceful solutions of the border controversies, a new strategic triangle has come into being again.Moreover, in the wake of the end of Cold War, the international system has transformed itself intoa new one in which the Sino-Russian bloc and the Euro-American bloc compete each other. Aspart of international system, the cross-Strait relations will inevitably get involved in thetransformation of international system in the future.

When the political power has become the most important factor in the transformation ofinternational system, the economic strength and strategic advantage of Taiwan will becomeindispensable in the competition between Sino-Russia and Euro-America. In relation with thesesituations, the cross-Strait relations will back to a tight circumstance as cold war period. After thestrengthening of Sino-Russian relations, the course of action in Taiwan's foreign policy will playan important part in the keen competition between the two blocs. Among others, the interactionsbetween Taiwan and Russia will have strategic implications for the competition in the post-U.S.-Iraq War era.

Strategically speaking, there have existed multi-layered ambiguous relations betweenRussia, America, and China. But for Taiwan, they imply that there is quite a large room forstrategic consideration. Economically, the geopolitics, huge natural resources, economicstructures, and talents have made it possible for Taiwan and Russia to develop a mutuallycomplementary relationship. Given strategic and economic considerations, it will be prudent forTaiwan to form an interdependent economic relationship with Russia from their existingrelationship.

In the post-U.S.-Iraq War era, the international system has transformed itself into a multi-layered system. If Taiwan's decision makers continue to pursue its foreign policy in the traditionalway, its strategic values and economic strength will decrease to zero under the uncertainty ofglobalization. Therefore, a multi-layered way of thinking will inevitably become one of themainstreams in Taiwan's strategic thought if a diplomatic breakthrough is to be made.

Keywords: interdependence, integration, geopolitics, strategic triangle

Ta-Chun Chen : Instructor core course, National Taichung Institute of Technology.

drive

displacement

horizontal displacement

policy framework sensitivity vulnerability

hierarchical displacement

1

geo-strategic realm

geo-political region gateway region

shatterbelt 1

1. Saul B. Cohen, Global Geopolitical Change in the Post-Cold War Era,Annals the Association of American Geographers vol. 81, no. 4(1991), 562.

2

Saul B. Cohen

2. Cohen hinges

Saul B. Cohen, Global Geopolitical Change in the Post-Cold War Era,Annals the Association of American Geographers vol. 81, no. 4(1991), 570-573.

Integration theory

Interdepence theory low politics

3

noncoerciveness 4

3.

B. M. Russett responsiveness

34-384. 5

5

Fede ra l i sm In te rgovernmenta l i sm

Supranationalism 6

Functionalism

Neo-functionalism Communication theory

Dialectical Functionalism Historical

Institutionalism Political Economic Approach

5.

6. 39 853-70

Dorette

Corbey

2

1.

2. A 1

2 -> 3

3. B 2 3 ->

1

4. C 3

1 -> 2

39

8 53-70

costs 7

policy

framework8

Nye Keohane

mutual dependence

reciprocal effect 9

asymmetrical interdependence

10 sensitivity 11 vulnerability

Complex Interdependence12 Multiple Channels 13

7. Robert O. Keohane, and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence World Politics in Transition. Toron:Little, Brown, 1977, 8-11.

8. Robert O. Keohane, and Joseph S. Nye, Power and

Interdependence World Politics in Transition.Toron: Little, Brown, 1977, 11. 9. Keohane and Nye, op. cit., 8-9. 10. 11. 12. Keohane and Nye, op. cit., 23-29. 13.

Absence of Hierarchy among Issues 14

Minor Role of Military Force 15

variety

linkage strategies

agenda setting transnational and

transgovernmental relations role of international organizations16

14.

15.

16. Keohane and Nye, op. cit., 30 - 37.

cooperation interdependence

17

Martin I. Glassner

17. Saul B. Cohen, Global Geopolitical Change in the Post-Cold War Era, Annals the Association ofAmerican Geographers vol. 81, no. 4(1991), 562.

18

TMD 1987

19 1979

1987

18. 30 16519.

171-227

power asymmetry

sovereignty claim20

1991 3 1992 6

1996

21

1994 199722

20. 17-1821. 1995

22. 1993 12 8

1994 1 10

12 108-1091994

1997

7-12

1997

23

23. 3687-110

24

WTO

1999 12 10

24. 12422-26

25

25. 11

26

26. 1999 12 10

(NATO)

(spill over)

1. 12 108-109

2. 171-227

3. 11

4. 39 8

53-70

5. 124

22-26

6. 30

165

7. 36

87-110

8.

34-38

9.

7-12

1. Saul B. Cohen, Global Geopolitical Change in the Post-Cold War Era, Annals the

Association of American Geographers vol. 81, no. 4,1991.

2. Robert O. Keohane, and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence World Politics in

Transition. Toron: Little, Brown, 1977.