Foundations Unit ReviewFoundations Unit Review

What is a civilizationWhat is a civilization Society with high levels of Society with high levels of

culture and social organizationculture and social organizationFormal states, writing, cities, Formal states, writing, cities,

trade, etctrade, etc Where did the first civilization Where did the first civilization

emerge?emerge? Along river valleys (3500 BCE)Along river valleys (3500 BCE) What contributes to the What contributes to the

development of civilizationdevelopment of civilization Specialization of labor (steady Specialization of labor (steady

supply of food allows other supply of food allows other people to build, invent, create people to build, invent, create tools, art, govt. etctools, art, govt. etc

MAPS

http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/maptext_n2/start1.html

Fertile Crescent• Fertile Crescent

- “Crossroads to the world?”

• Also known as Mesopotamia

Writing• Cuneiform Cuneiform

-Oldest in the World -Wedge depressions in clay tablets -Formed from a reed stylus

-Most important contribution

The Code of Hammurabi

first written set of laws first written set of laws 282+ laws 282+ laws ““Eye for an eye, life for Eye for an eye, life for

life” life” What does that What does that mean?mean?

Hammurabi

Babylonian Leader

1792-1750 B.C.E

Egypt: “The Gift of the Nile”• 4,160 miles longest

river in the world• Predictable Predictable

floodingflooding• carried rich carried rich

deposits of silt deposits of silt along with it.along with it.

• primary means of primary means of communication communication and and transportation. transportation.

Discuss the image of the pharaoh and the reason Discuss the image of the pharaoh and the reason for construction of the pyramids.for construction of the pyramids.

PharaohPharaohgod on earthgod on earthmaintain ma’at, the divine order of the universemaintain ma’at, the divine order of the universeHe was the link between the people and the gods, He was the link between the people and the gods,

therefore ensuring the welfare and prosperity of the therefore ensuring the welfare and prosperity of the country. country.

The death of the pharaoh was a criticalThe death of the pharaoh was a criticalbecause the well-being of the state depended on because the well-being of the state depended on

him. him. every effort was made to ensure that he had a safe every effort was made to ensure that he had a safe

journey back to the gods in his afterlife. journey back to the gods in his afterlife.

Mummification– Mummify to

preserve a sound body for the Ka to return to

– 70 day process – Improper

embalming leads to second true death

Genealogy

Judaism Heritage Chart

Father Abraham Married to Sarah

2 sons

Ishmael Mother is Hagar

Abraham's maidservant

Isaac Mother is Sarah

Cast out to desert

12 sons 12 Tribes of the Ishmaelite

Muslims

Jacob (Israel) Son of Isaac

12 sons 12 Tribes of Israel

Jews

•The Israelites were monotheistic, believing in one true God.

•The Israelites believed God to be all-knowing, all-powerful, and present everywhere.• The Israelites believed that they were God’s “chosen people.”

Judaism

Teachings on Law and Morality• The laws of the Torah address all aspects of life, from cleanliness and food preparation to criminal matters.

•The earliest Indian civilization flourished for about 1,000 years, then vanished then vanished without a trace. without a trace.

Indus Valley CivilizationIndus Valley Civilization3300–1300 BCE, flowered 3300–1300 BCE, flowered

2600–1900 BCE2600–1900 BCE

Indus Valley CivilizationIndus Valley Civilization

• Well-organized government • Carefully planned cities •Modern plumbing and sewer system

Public Bath at Harappa

Timeline of China’sTimeline of China’s Earliest Dynasties Earliest Dynasties

Religious beliefs of the ShangReligious beliefs of the ShangVeneration of ancestors Veneration of ancestors people prayed to ancestors who would speak to people prayed to ancestors who would speak to

the gods on their behalfthe gods on their behalf Oracle bonesOracle bones

Used by Shamans to understand the will of the Used by Shamans to understand the will of the gods and to foresee the futuregods and to foresee the future

Wrote a question on animal bones or turtle shells Wrote a question on animal bones or turtle shells and heated it till it brokeand heated it till it broke

When it cracked priests interpreted the lines When it cracked priests interpreted the lines Gods controlled the forces of nature and Gods controlled the forces of nature and

shaped destinies.shaped destinies.

importance of the Mandate of Heaven in the importance of the Mandate of Heaven in the transition from the Shang to the Zhou periodtransition from the Shang to the Zhou period

Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven Used to legitimize and strengthen their Used to legitimize and strengthen their

claims to the Shang domainclaims to the Shang domain chief god “Heaven” chief god “Heaven” the king was the “Son of Heaven” the king was the “Son of Heaven” king’s rule was a product of the king’s rule was a product of the

“Mandate of Heaven”“Mandate of Heaven” Incompetent or otherwise unfit would Incompetent or otherwise unfit would

lose the “Mandate of Heaven”lose the “Mandate of Heaven” allowed the development of important allowed the development of important

largely secular philosophies during the largely secular philosophies during the Zhou period.Zhou period.

Teachings of ConfuciusTeachings of Confucius

Confucius & The Analects His ideas included that everyone has duties and responsibilities: Filial piety, or respect for parents, is the most

important duty. A ruler has the responsibility to provide good

government. In return, the people would be respectful and loyal subjects.

Government leaders and officials should be well educated.

Harmony is achieved when people accept their place in society.

LegalismLegalism• People are evil• Emphasized the

importance of strict laws and harsh punishments

• Strong leader and central government

• Became official policy of Qin dynasty

Hanfeizi

DaoismDaoism Emphasized living in harmony with nature, for example, improving oneself mentally and physically. A direct reaction to the formalism of Confucianism:

Daoism looked for the simple Confucianism more concerned with work ethic and proper conduct

Laozi

Yin and YangYin and YangThey are the dynamic force of They are the dynamic force of

the Tao, constantly interacting the Tao, constantly interacting with one another with one another

Ying and YangYing and YangThe female is the yin (shady)The female is the yin (shady)

principal of passive, shaded, and principal of passive, shaded, and reflective. (moon)reflective. (moon)

The male is the yang (sunny)The male is the yang (sunny)principle of active, bright, and principle of active, bright, and

shining. (sun)shining. (sun)

Yin Yin "moon""moon" Yang Yang "sun”"sun”

The dynastic cycle refers to the rise and fall of dynasties.

The Dynastic Cycle in ChinaThe Dynastic Cycle in China

Qin DynastyQin Dynasty • “Shi Huangdi” (first emperor) wiped out the Zhou and conquered northern China uniting under central government

• Enforced legalism

How Did Shi Huang di Unite China? How Did Shi Huang di Unite China? How Did Shi Huang di Unite China? How Did Shi Huang di Unite China? 1. He replaced feudal states with military districts

governed by loyal officials. 2. He sent spies to report on local officials. 3. He forced noble families to live in his capital so

he could monitor them. 4. He jailed, tortured, and killed those who

opposed his rule. 5. He had all books of philosophy and literature

burned. 6. He standardized weights & measures, coins,

laws 7. He connected the various parts of the Great

Wall and expanded it. 4,000 miles

Han DynastyHan Dynasty• The Han dynasty

ruled from 207 B.C.E to 220 CE; rivaled Roman empire in power and achievement

Emperor Emperor WudiWudi

Han DynastyHan Dynasty• Established a

civil service examination for public posts

• Based on merit

• Opportunities for all males. Really?

                                                                                               

Describe the rise of the Han dynasty in China.Describe the rise of the Han dynasty in China. The Han The Han portrayed themselves as more benevolent than the portrayed themselves as more benevolent than the

Qin and subscribed to a Confucian code of Qin and subscribed to a Confucian code of responsibility. responsibility.

EducationEducation Allowed the most educated to serve in government Allowed the most educated to serve in government

post (gentry class)post (gentry class) EconomyEconomy supplied the wealth and taxes to support the supplied the wealth and taxes to support the

Chinese people and the Han government. Chinese people and the Han government. Public ServicePublic Service All males had to donate 1 month every year to All males had to donate 1 month every year to

government projects and 2 years in the military. government projects and 2 years in the military.

Describe the lives of the Chinese people during the Han Describe the lives of the Chinese people during the Han FamilyFamily The basic Chinese social unit The basic Chinese social unit included all previous generations. included all previous generations. Confucian influenceConfucian influence

loyalty, obedience, respect, and honor. loyalty, obedience, respect, and honor. Each member of the family had a place in the Each member of the family had a place in the

hierarchy and a proper role to play. hierarchy and a proper role to play. WomenWomen subordinate the roles of women, who were controlled subordinate the roles of women, who were controlled

by their fathers, husbands, or sons. by their fathers, husbands, or sons. not considered proper for women to participate in not considered proper for women to participate in

public life or business public life or business Arranged marriagesArranged marriages

CarthageCarthage

CarthageCarthage

Why did they decline?Why did they decline?Destroyed by the Romans during the third Destroyed by the Romans during the third

Punic wars 146 BCEPunic wars 146 BCEWhat happened to them?What happened to them?Deported / integrated by the RomansDeported / integrated by the RomansSome scholars suggest fire and salt was Some scholars suggest fire and salt was

use to destroy their crops and civilization? use to destroy their crops and civilization? Maybe not why?Maybe not why?

Persian Empire under Darius, 521-Persian Empire under Darius, 521-486 B.C.E. 486 B.C.E.

How did Darius maintain control of How did Darius maintain control of his empire?his empire?

Persian controlPersian control - - building and patrolling the royal roadsbuilding and patrolling the royal roads

Postal systemPostal system / trade routes/ trade routescombining central organization with local combining central organization with local

traditions and ordinances. traditions and ordinances. Adapted the use of secret agents (used formerly by Adapted the use of secret agents (used formerly by

Assyrians)Assyrians) Why were the Persians successful rulers?Why were the Persians successful rulers? willing to adapt to local circumstances, to learn willing to adapt to local circumstances, to learn

from those with experience, and to utilize the from those with experience, and to utilize the skills of non-Persiansskills of non-Persians

Describe Persian religious beliefs during the Describe Persian religious beliefs during the height of the Persian Empire.height of the Persian Empire.

Explain Explain ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism – – Founder Zoroaster may have lived between (600-Founder Zoroaster may have lived between (600-

1800BCE)1800BCE) fostered the belief in one supreme deityfostered the belief in one supreme deity encouraged moral and ethical virtues encouraged moral and ethical virtues promised salvationpromised salvation Saw the world as a struggle between good and evilSaw the world as a struggle between good and evil

Good will prevailGood will prevail used by Persian leaders to portray the king as having used by Persian leaders to portray the king as having

a mandate to bring order to a tumultuous world.a mandate to bring order to a tumultuous world.

The Mycenaean World of Ancient Greece

EnvironmentEnvironment

How did environmentalHow did environmental constraints shaped constraints shaped Greek political structures, commerce, and Greek political structures, commerce, and societysociety??

Small city-states developed Small city-states developed Lack of natural resources and the need for Lack of natural resources and the need for

agricultural supplies spurred the growth of agricultural supplies spurred the growth of maritime commerce. maritime commerce.

Contact with other peoples brought in new ideas Contact with other peoples brought in new ideas and technologies.and technologies.

SpartaSparta • Military Society• Gov: led by two kings and

20 counselors • largest and most

sophisticated army in the known world

• Forbade: trade, travel and free speech!

• Needed army to control slave (helot) population • Outnumbered 20 to 1

• Control lasted over 250 years.

Spartan Military LifeArmy governed life What did it mean for a man? Trained in military -Started at age 7 -Marry at 20 but live in barracks -Retire at 60 53 years of service! •Males can vote at 30

Reading: Sparta, The training of Youth

Athens• It is the place

where democracy was born.

Athenian Democracy• Only those with both

parents born in Athens could have citizenship

• Athens had a direct democracy: all male citizens had the right to attend the Assembly and a vote.• met 40 times a year

• No elections, leaders chosen by drawing lots• Member of 500

WomenWomen: Athens VS Sparta: Athens VS Sparta AthensAthens Seldom allowed in Seldom allowed in

publicpublic No formal education No formal education Could not own Could not own

property property Primarily responsible for Primarily responsible for

house and domestic house and domestic dutiesduties

No political powerNo political power Marriage Marriage

Purpose was to create Purpose was to create male offspring male offspring

SpartaSparta Taught to read and Taught to read and

write write Women were trained in Women were trained in

athletic eventsathletic eventsProduce strong Produce strong

healthy babies healthy babies (prefer males)(prefer males)

Taught loyalty to the Taught loyalty to the state state

Had Property RightsHad Property Rights No political powerNo political power

The Persian Wars: Overview The threat of the powerful

Persian empire united the Greek city-states.

Around 500B.C. Greeks Around 500B.C. Greeks were attacked by the were attacked by the PersiansPersiansGreeks joined together to Greeks joined together to fight Persiansfight Persians

3 Persian Wars3 Persian Wars (499-479 (499-479 BCE)BCE)

The Peloponnesian War: The Peloponnesian War: The Alliance System Fails!The Alliance System Fails!

The Peloponnesian War: EffectsThe Peloponnesian War: Effects

1. Persia gained control of many city-states

2. Defeated democracy in Greece

3. Sparta would eventually fall to Persia

4. Athen’s cultural influence continues

The Three Great Greek ThinkersWho are they?Who are they?

Socrates“Socratic Method” question & answer

approach; helped people recognize they didn’t have all the answers!

“Know thy self”… Self-examination leads to

correct behavior and ethical living.

The Empire of Alexander the GreatThe Empire of Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great (336-323) Alexander the Great (336-323) B.C.E.B.C.E.

Accomplishments Accomplishments Conquers Egypt, Mediterranean Sea region, Conquers Egypt, Mediterranean Sea region,

Persia, and far as Pakistan Persia, and far as Pakistan Declared pharaoh in EgyptDeclared pharaoh in Egypt

Alexander had encouraged blending by marrying a Persian woman and adopting Persian customs.

Explain what is meant by the Hellenistic Explain what is meant by the Hellenistic Age.Age.

The Hellenistic Age was a period that followed the The Hellenistic Age was a period that followed the conquests of Alexanderconquests of Alexander lasting from about 323 to 30 B.C.E. lasting from about 323 to 30 B.C.E.

During the Hellenistic Age, Greek culture acted as the During the Hellenistic Age, Greek culture acted as the dominant influence dominant influence northeastern Africa and western Asianortheastern Africa and western Asia

The Hellenistic Age boasted new forms of science, art, The Hellenistic Age boasted new forms of science, art, and scholarship. and scholarship.

The city of Alexandria in Egypt epitomized the The city of Alexandria in Egypt epitomized the Hellenistic Age through its art and architecture, its Hellenistic Age through its art and architecture, its great library, and its cosmopolitan culture. great library, and its cosmopolitan culture.

Long after Greeks ceased to exert any direct political Long after Greeks ceased to exert any direct political control on those areas, their culture remained a control on those areas, their culture remained a powerful influence.powerful influence.

Ancient RomeAncient Rome

From a Republic to an Empire From a Republic to an Empire

509 B.C. – 476 A.D. 509 B.C. – 476 A.D.

The Roman Republic: GovernmentThe Roman Republic: GovernmentSee handout…See handout…

300 men300 men

2211

Majority of Majority of PopulationPopulation

SenateSenate

PatriciansPatricians

DictatorDictatorConsulsConsuls

The Roman Republic: GovernmentThe Roman Republic: GovernmentSee handout…See handout…

300 men300 men

2211

Majority of Majority of PopulationPopulation

TribunesTribunes

PlebeiansPlebeians

SlavesSlavesNo No powerpower

The Punic WarsThe Punic Wars 264 -202 BCE 264 -202 BCE

Rome vs. CarthageRome vs. CarthageFought 3 Punic Fought 3 Punic

Wars why?Wars why?To dominate To dominate

western western Mediterranean trade Mediterranean trade and islandsand islands

Describe the failure of the Roman Republican Describe the failure of the Roman Republican system of government.system of government.

What’s wrong with the senate?What’s wrong with the senate? Greed and self-interest replace Greed and self-interest replace good virtuesgood virtues Examples of corruptionExamples of corruption While Roman farmers were abroad fighting for the While Roman farmers were abroad fighting for the

empire, the privileged and powerful purchased or empire, the privileged and powerful purchased or otherwise took possession of the peasants’ land. otherwise took possession of the peasants’ land.

What happened to the returning soldiers?What happened to the returning soldiers? Lost land and soldier status because mLost land and soldier status because military was only ilitary was only

open to men with propertyopen to men with property What do ambitious generals do?What do ambitious generals do? Allow Allow landless men to enter the ranks, their loyalties landless men to enter the ranks, their loyalties

lay with the generals who rewarded them with land lay with the generals who rewarded them with land and money.and money.

The Rise of Julius CaesarThe Rise of Julius CaesarElected consul in 60 B.C.Elected consul in 60 B.C.AccomplishmentsAccomplishments Conquered territories Conquered territories Gaul, Germanic tribes, Gaul, Germanic tribes,

& Britain & Britain Seen as a military hero-Seen as a military hero-Becomes Becomes dictator for dictator for

life in 45 B.C.life in 45 B.C.EE

Provided jobs for poor

Army veterans given land

Aligned with the solar year

Libraries, temples & Forum built

Course of Tiber River alteredBuilt roads & bridges to

connect empire

“All roads lead to Rome”

Colonies established for trade

Distributed free grain

Roman EmpireRoman EmpireAugustus laid the Augustus laid the

foundation for a stable foundation for a stable government that would government that would function well for 200 function well for 200 years. years.

This period was called the This period was called the Pax Romana. Pax Romana.

Roman army was Roman army was reorganized from a reorganized from a defensive to an offensive defensive to an offensive warwar

Was there really 200 years Was there really 200 years of peace?of peace?

The Empire ExpandsThe Empire ExpandsThe Empire ExpandsThe Empire Expands

How did the empire maintain control and How did the empire maintain control and communication?communication?

Good EmperorsGood EmperorsMarcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius, last , last

good emperor of the good emperor of the Pax Romana era. Pax Romana era.

Strong sense of duty Strong sense of duty Philosopher Emperor Philosopher Emperor His son began the reign His son began the reign

of bad emperors leading of bad emperors leading to Rome’s decline.to Rome’s decline.

Two ReformersTwo Reformers

DiocletianDiocletian Divided the empire into Divided the empire into

two parts to make it two parts to make it easier to govern easier to govern

ConstantineConstantine

Continued Diocletian’s reforms Continued Diocletian’s reforms Converted to Christianity and granted Converted to Christianity and granted

toleration to Christians, which led to toleration to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of Christianity the rapid growth of Christianity

Built a new capital at Constantinople, Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the eastern part of the empire making the eastern part of the empire the center of power the center of power

Divided Empire Divided Empire Weaker co-emperor in Rome Weaker co-emperor in Rome Best generals serve eastern emperor Best generals serve eastern emperor No western leadership No western leadership Capital moved to ConstantinopleCapital moved to Constantinople

Foreign InvasionsForeign Invasions •A weakened Rome could not withstand the forces of Hun and Germanic invasions.

•476 CE end of the Western Roman empire

Review: The Decline Review: The Decline and Fall of Romeand Fall of Rome

5

Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity