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Foundations of AmericaCivics & EconomicsM. Tealhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2ON2vKyjWkColonial RegionsNew EnglandMassachusettsConnecticutNew HampshireRhode Island

New England ColoniesClimate & GeographyLong winters = Short growing seasonsRocky SoilShoreline is ideal for shippingEconomyShipping, manufacturing, fishing & subsistence farmingStrength was port cities (Boston)

The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620

The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship.Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule.Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.Stated loyalty to the King, but allowed the colonists to make their own lawsNew England Town Meetings - 1629Extended self-government in the coloniesDirect Democracy

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut-1639First written constitution in the coloniesEstablished civil liberties and promoted self-rule in the colonies

Colonial RegionsMiddle ColoniesNew YorkPennsylvaniaDelawareNew Jersey

Middle ColoniesClimate & GeographyWinters shorter & less severeRich soilSome areas allow for harbors (N.Y.C. & Philadelphia)EconomyKnown as the Breadbasket colonies for the focus on wheat & other grain cropsTrading furs, manufacturing & shipping was also popular

Pennsylvanian SocietyNo provision for military defense.No restrictions on immigration.No slavery!!Blue Laws [sumptuary laws] against stage plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc.A society that gave its citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty, & religious freedom!!John Peter Zenger Trial- 1734Jury ruled Zenger was not guilty of libel of the governorEstablished freedom of the press in the colonies

Colonial RegionsSouthern ColoniesMarylandVirginiaNorth CarolinaSouth CarolinaGeorgia

Southern ColoniesClimate & GeographyShort winters = Long growing seasonsRich soil near the coastPoor harbors, but good river systemsEconomyFocused on plantation farming of cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo)N.C. produced naval stores (ship building materials)Very little manufacturing, fishing, or shippingLargest importer of African slaves

Indentured Servitude

HeadrightSystemEach Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid.

Indentured Contract, 1746The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England1st legislature in the coloniesEstablished representative govt and self-rule from EnglandA Council appointed by royal governorMainly leading planters.

Growing Political PowerMD Toleration Act, 1649

Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.Maryland Toleration Act of 1649Supported by the Catholics in MD.Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of JesusA Haven for CatholicsRichard Frethornes1623 LetterIn-Class Activity:Describe the life of the indentured servant as presented in this letter.What are some of the problems he and the other servants experienced?What are their biggest fears?What does a historian learn about life in the 17c Chesapeake colony?Reasons for Settling in the 13 Colonies (The 3 Gs)God (religious freedom)Puritans/Pilgrims in MAJohn Winthrop referred to the colony as a City Upon a HillWilliam Penn in PAReligious tolerance for all ChristiansCatholics in MDLord BaltimoreGold (economic opportunity)Fur Trading in NY, NJ & DECash Crops in VA, NC, SCGlory (make a name for ones self)

Magna Carta-1215 Took power from the King and gave it to the noblesTurned England into a limited monarchy, Established the concept of a limited govt

Colonial Government 1600sThe King appointed Colonial Governors

Colonists voted for members of a legislature (assembly) to make their own laws

Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor BerkeleyBacon suddenly diedBerkeley brutally crushed the rebellion & hung 20 rebels.Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel - BLACK SLAVES!!

Nathaniel Bacons Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Bacon

GovernorWilliam BerkeleyGovernor BerkeleysFault Line

The Characteristics of the EnlightenmentRationalism reason is the arbiter of all things.Freedom ->Of thought and expression; Bring liberty to all menConstitutionalismWritten constitutions

24Enlightenment Thinker List his/her country and areas of interest underneath the name Summarize 1. each persons philosophy/beliefs 2. how this philosopher influenced the creation of America and its government

John Locke (1632-1704)Two Treatises ofGovernment, 1690Human beings possess free will.Legislators owe their power to a contract with the people.

26John Locke (1632-1704)There are certain natural rights that are endowed by God to all human beings.life, liberty, property!He favored a republic as the best form of government.

27Montesquieu (France)Separation of Powers between branches of govt to prevent tyrannyEx: EnglandParliament-made lawsKing-enforced lawsJudges-interpreted laws

Jean Jacques Rousseau (France)Without rules people will kill each otherPeople form govts and forego freedoms for self-preservationPeople and govt have a social contract

Rousseaus Philosophy In The Social Contract:Individual moral freedom could be achieved only by learning to subject ones individual interests to the General Will.Individuals did this by entering into a social contract not with their rulers, but with each other.However, the individual could be forced to be free by the terms of the social contract.30Voltaire (1712-1778)AKA Francois Marie Arouet.Candide, 1759Men are equal; it is not birth, but virtue that makes the difference. I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.

31MercantilismA system where the mother country (England) uses colonies (13 colonies) for economic gain

The role of the colony is to make money for the mother country through trade

Favorable Balance of TradeWhen a country exports (sells goods) more than it imports (buys goods)Table of Contents

The Great AwakeningA religious movement that promoted individual experiences with God, not church leaders in England

Swept the 13 colonies, helping to unify them

The way to become boring is to say everything.Navigation Acts 1600sLaws stating colonies were only allowed to trade with England

Colonists wanted to trade with other nations for more $

French and Indian War 1754-1763

Fought between England & France

After winning, England had built up a large debt from the war

Proclamation of 1763Created the Proclamation Line which forbade colonists from moving into the Ohio Valley

Further upset colonists

Stamp Act - 1765

A special tax put on all paper goods in the colonies

Colonists refused to pay the tax and boycotted taxed items

No Taxation without Representation (p.5)Colonial statement that it was unfair for England to tax the colonies if the colonists didnt have a say in the tax.Tea Act - 1773Colonists were forced to buy all tea from the British East India Company

Colonies boycotted the tea

The Boston Tea Party- 1773

In protest to the Tea Act, the Sons of Liberty (a protest group) destroyed British tea by throwing it into the harbor

Intolerable (or Coercive) Acts - 1774England punished Boston for the Tea Party by closing Bostons harbor and taking away civil liberties

Olive Branch PetitionWe your Majesty's faithful subjects entreat your Majestys gracious attention to this our humble petition.We shall decline the ungrateful task of describing the irksome variety of artifices practised by many of your Majestys ministers, the delusive pretences, fruitless terrors, and unavailing severities

Second Continental Congress 1776

Jefferson writes the Declaration of Independence which explains why the colonies want to separate from England

Common Sense by Thomas PaineMain PointsThe colonies are too far away and too big for England to rule.Colonies would be better off without England

Persuaded many colonists that is was time to separate from England

Society is produced by our wants, and government by our wickedness;but Governmentin its worst state an intolerable one: and this he is induced to do by the same prudence which in every other case advises him, out of two evils to choose the least.whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others.let us suppose a small number of persons settled in some sequestered part of the earth, unconnected with the rest;

What make it necessary to have governementWho could he be referencing?Evils of man or of government?What benefits come from government?48Declaration of Independence (1776)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZfRaWAtBVg Declaration of IndependencePage 60Make a list of Natural Rights mentionedMake a list of grievancesDeclaration of Independence Re-writeUsing the List of Natural Rights and Grievances rewrite the Declaration of Independence in your own words using one of the following methods:a song or rapa short, dramatic play/skit, perhaps in a particular style (i.e., soap opera, TV crime drama, musical theatre, etc.)a poema breakup letterThink outside the box!

Your translation shows that youdemonstrate awareness of contrasting points of viewlook for connections over timeconsider what is important informationYour translation shows that youunderstand the essential ideas from the D of I (beginning, middle, and end)provide an in-depth modern comparisonDo NowArticles of ConfederationAs the first constitution of the whole country itNamed the country The United States of AmericaGave Congress the power to create an army & make treaties with other nations

Articles of Confederation-The WeaknessesNo Executive Branch (President)- to carry out the lawsNo National Court System-to settle disputes between statesNo National Currency-each state had its own form of moneyCongress had no power to tax-no money for the govt to spendA WEAK CENTRAL GOVT

Articles of Confederation-The PositiveThe Treaty of Paris (1783)- Ended the war with England, extended the US to the Mississippi River

Articles of Confederation-The PositiveLand Ordinance of 1785- Created a system of organizing the new land in the westNorthwest Ordinance of 1787-created process for accepting new states in the union and abolished slavery in NW territory

Shays Rebellion-The Final StrawA farmers revolt in Mass. which showed the nation that the govt under the AoC was not workinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ImIEcsTEVo

Problem #1-Representation

Possible SolutionsHave representation in Congress be based on population.Have an equal number of representatives.Create a Congress with two parts. Have representation for part based on states population, and equal representation for the other part.Redraw the boundaries of each state so that the population is equal in all states. Then have equal representation.

The Great CompromiseTopic of debate: Representation in CongressLarge StatesPopulation of states determines # of reps in Congress (proportional representation)Small StatesEqual # of reps in Congress for each state (equal representation)

The Great CompromiseThe CompromiseBicameral CongressHouse of Reps: proportional representation (based on states pop.)Senate: equal representation (2 per state)

Problem #2-How to count slaves

Possible SolutionsLet each state with slaves decide whether that are to be counted in the population.Count 3 out of every 5 slaves towards population and taxes.Count slaves for taxes but not representation for 30 years, then count slaves toward both.Count slaves for representation but not for taxes for 30 years, then count slaves toward both.

The 3/5 CompromiseTopic of debate: Should slaves count toward representationNorthern StatesSlaves shouldnt count toward population, but should for taxesSouthern StatesSlave should count toward population, but shouldnt for taxes

The 3/5 CompromiseThe CompromiseCount 3 out of every 5 slaves for taxes and population

The Commerce CompromiseTopic of debate: Slave trade (middle passage)Northern StatesWant to end the slave trade from AfricaSouthern StatesWant to continue the slave tradeThe CompromiseSlave trade cannot be ended for another 20 years

Our Current Constitutional ConventionToday in your group, you are going to create your own compromises to the US Constitution using the opposing viewpoints of each political platform. On your poster you are going to describe each side of the argument and possible solutions then you are going to come up with how you would solve the issue. The fourth issue you will create.Dont forget in a compromise, each side gives up something in order to reach an agreement! Federalists &Anti-FederalistsAfter the Constitution was created, 9 out of the 13 states had to ratify it for it to take effect. Each state held a special convention (meeting) to debate and vote on ratification. From these conventions, two groups emerged, Federalists & Anti-Federalists

Unitary GovernmentStrong Federal Gov'tWeak or No State Gov'tsSeesaw of PowerConfederationWeak Federal Gov'tStrong State Gov'tsSeesaw of PowerFederalismFederal Gov'tState Gov'tsSeesaw of PowerFederalistsIncluded Washington, Hamilton, AdamsFavored a STRONG federal govt and WEAK state govtsSupported the ConstitutionDidnt see a need for a Bill of RightsWrote the Federalist Papers to support their views

Anti-FederalistsIncluded JeffersonFavored a WEAK federal govt and STRONG state govtsFeared the Constitution gave too much power to federal govtRequired a Bill of RightsThought the President would turn into a tyrant like King George

The AgreementFederalists promised to add a Bill of Rights if the Anti-Federalists agreed to support the Constitution9th& 10th Amendments addressed the concerns of the Anti-Federalists

Bill of RightsThe first 10 amendments to the ConstitutionLists our freedoms, rights, and protections from the federal govtGuarantees rights and powers for the states