formulation and evaluation of plant extract gels as …
TRANSCRIPT
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FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PLANT EXTRACT GELS AS
ANTI-ACNE: REVIEW ARTICLE
Laili Zirrahmi Ahad1*, Rina Wahyuni
1 and Salman Umar
2
1College of Pharmaceutical Sciences (STIFARM), Padang West Sumatera, Indonesia 25147.
2Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Limau Manih Campus, Padang 25163, Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
Acne is a skin irritant that occurs due to blockage of the fabasea
follicle due to dead cells, sebum, and inflammation caused by the
Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. In preparing this review article,
literature studies were used to find sources in the form of books and
journals (national, international) in the last 20 years (2000-2020). In an
effort to treat acne, natural ingredients can be used. Formulation and
evaluation of plant extract gels that have the potential to act as anti-
acne are as follows: Portulaca Quadrifida, Carica papaya L., Berberis
aristata, Luffa Acutangula, A. Spinosus and M. Alba, Azadirachta
Indica, Allium Sativum, Acorus Calamus, Annona Squamosa and Chenopodium Album, M.
Micrantha Kunth, R.cordifolia, Phoenix Sylvestris and Cuscuta reflexa. Generally, gel
evaluation consists of homogeneity, color, pH, consistency, viscosity, spreadability,
washability, and antibacterial activity testing. The gel as result of Acorus Calamus, Annona
Squamosa and Chenopodium Album extracts combination has a strong inhibitory potential of
100 μg / ml (34 mm), 50 μg / ml (30mm), 25μg / ml (25mm) which is stronger than other
formulations.
KEYWORDS: Anti-acne, Extract, Gel evaluation, Gel formulation.
INTRODUCTION
Acne vulgaris is a skin disorder that occurs due to blockage of the fabasea follicle due to dead
cells, sebum and inflammation.[1]
Acne often appears on oily,[2]
dirty skin,[3]
and acne can
also be caused by the Propionibacterium acnes,[4]
Staphylococcus epidermidi,[5]
and
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.[6]
Acne usually appears on the face, back, upper chest, and
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
SJIF Impact Factor 7.632
Volume 9, Issue 12, 211-227 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357
*Corresponding Author
Laili Zirrahmi Ahad
College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences (STIFARM),
Padang West Sumatera,
Indonesia 25147.
Article Received on
06 October 2020,
Revised on 26 October 2020,
Accepted on 16 Nov. 2020
DOI: 10.20959/wjpps202012-17891
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shoulders, ranging from mild blackheads to severe inflammatory acne. This disease is
categorized as mild, moderate and severe depending on the type of acne severity.[7]
Gel preparations, sometimes called jellies, are semisolid systems consisting of a suspension
made of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules, which are penetrated by a
liquid.[8]
Gel preparations have the advantage of being easier to clean on the surface of the
skin and do not contain oil that can worsen acne as well as having high water content, thus,
they can hydrate the stratum corneum and reduce the risk of inflammation due to oil
accumulation in the pores.[9]
Natural medicine is more trusted by the public because natural remedies are safer because of
the fewer side effects compared to synthetic treatments. Thus, herbal treatment can be used
because it is non-toxic, safe, and effective, and improves patient compliance in disease
treatment.[10]
Data collection
The preparation of this review article was carried out by means of literature study techniques
in the form of primary data, namely books and journals in the last 20 years. In the making of
this article, data search was carried out using online media, as well as keywords as follows:
formulation and evaluation of plant extract gels as anti-acne. The search was conducted
through a trusted website such as Google Scholar, Researchgate, Science Direct, and other
websites and reliable journals.
Analysis method
The following are the data source of the review article consisting of gel formulation, gel
evaluation and acne-causing antibacterial activity test.
a. Portulaca quadrifida extract formulation.[11]
Material Formulation
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8
Extract (%) 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
Carbopol 934 (g) 0.5 1 1.5 2.5 - - - -
HPMC - - - - 0.5 1 1.5 2
Propylene glycol 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Propyl paraben (0.2%) (ml) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Triethanolamine (ml) q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s
Distilled water (ml) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
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b. Papaya leaf (carica papaya L.) extract formulation.[12]
Ingredients Formulation(100 g)
F1 F2 F3
Papaya leaf extract 5 10 15
Carbomer 934 0.95 0.9 0.85
Methyl paraben 0.19 0.18 0. 17
Glycerin 4.75 4.5 4.25
Triethanolamine 0.95 0.9 0.85
Distilled water ad 100 100 100
c. Berberis aristata extract formulation.[13]
Ingredients Formulation (100 g )
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12
Extract 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.5 2 1.5 2
Carbopol 934 1 1.5 1 1.5 1.5 1.5 2 2 2 1.5 1.5 2
PEG 400 20 20 20 20 20 30 20 30 20 20 20 20
Propylene glycol 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Methyl paraben 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Propyl paraben 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
Triethanolamine q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s
Distilled water ad 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
d. Luffa acutangula, Amaranthus spinosus and Morus Alba Extract Formulation.[14]
Ingredients Formulation (%)
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Luffa acutangula extract ( g) 1 1 1 1 1 1
Amaranthus spinosus extract (g) 1 1 1 1 1 1
Morus alba extract (g) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Carbopol 940 (mg) 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1. 25 1.5
Polyethylene glycol (ml) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Methyl paraben (mg) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
Triethanolamine (ml) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Distilled water ad (ml) 100 100 100 100 100 100
e. Azadirachta Indica (Neem) & Allium Sativum (garlic) Extract Formulation.[15]
Ingredients Formulation (%)
F1 F2 F3
Neem extract 1 - 0.5
Garlic extract - 1 0.5
Carbazole 940 2 2 2
PEG 400 2 2 2
Methyl paraben 0.1 0.1 0.1
Triethanolamine 2 2 2
Distilled water ad 100 100 100
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f. Garlic (Allium Sativum) extract.[16]
Ingredients Formulation (100 g)
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9
Extract 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Carbopol 934 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 1 1 1 1
HPMC 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
PEG 4000 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Propylene glycol 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
Methyl paraben 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Triethanolamine q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s
Distilled water ad 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
g. Acorus Calamus, Annona Squamosa and Chenopodium Album Extract
Formulation.[17]
Ingredients% Formulation
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Acorus calamus extract (mg) 500 500 500 500 500 500
Annona squamosa extract 500 500 500 500 500 500
Chenopodiumalbum extract 500 500 500 500 500 500
Carbopol 940 (mg) 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5
Polyethylene glycol (ml) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Methyl paraben (mg) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
Triethanolamine (ml) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Distilled water ad (ml) 100 100 100 100 100 100
h. Mikania micrantha kunth extract formulation.[18]
Material Formulation(100 g)
F1 F2 F3 F4
M. micrantha Kunth Extract 10 12.50 15 17.50
HPMC 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50
Propilen glycol 15 15 15 15
Methyl paraben 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Ethyl paraben 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Distilled water ad 100 100 100 100
i. Rubia cordifolia root extract formulation.[19]
Ingredients Formulation(100 g)
F1 F2 F3
Extract 0.02 0.05 0.1
Carbopol 940 0.9 0.9 0.9
Propylene glycol 20 20 20
Propyl paraben 0.08 0.08 0.08
Methyl paraben 0.2 0.2 0.2
Triethanolamine q.s q.s q.s
Distilled water ad 100 100 100
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j. Phoenix Sylvestris and Cuscuta reflexa Extract Formulation.[20]
Ingredients Formulation (%)
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Phoenix Sylvestris extract 1 1 1 1 1 1
Cuscuta reflexa extract 1 1 1 1 1 1
Carbopol 940 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
Polyethylene glycol 2 2 2 2 2 2
Methyl paraben 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
Triethanolamine 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
Distilled water ad 100 100 100 100 100 100
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Evaluation of plant extracts gels preparations as anti-acne
S.
no. Formul
a
Evaluation plant extracts gels Reference
Physical Appearance pH Viscosity
(ρ)
Spreadibility
Test
Washability Gelling Extrudability
Odor Color Homogeneity Consistency
a. Portulaca Quadrifida Extract [11]
F1 - Greenish Homogeneous - 7.0 32170 37.5 - - -
F2 - Greenish Homogeneous - 6.8 48240 25.46 - - -
F3 - Greenish Homogeneous - 6.4 53180 22.12 - - -
F4 - Greenish Homogeneous - 7.0 64250 48.47 - - -
F5 - Greenish Homogeneous - 6.8 55380 30.0 - - -
F6 - Greenish Homogeneous - 7.0 65640 24.7 - - -
F7 - Greenish Homogeneous - 7.2 78720 17.79 - - -
F8 - Greenish Homogeneous - 7.0 81540 16.44 - - -
b. Papaya Leaf (carica papaya L.) Extract [12]
F1 Typical
odor
Brown Homogeneous Soft 6 - 6.2 - - -
F2 Typical
odor
Chocolate Homogeneous Soft 6 - 6.5 - - -
F3 Typical
odor
Dark brown Homogeneous Soft 6 - 6.7 - - -
c. Berberis Aristata Extract [13]
F1 - - - - 6.2 21869 13. 184 - √√ -
F2 - - - - 6.4 47823 27.296 - √ -
F3 - - - - 6.7 23227 14.646 - √√√ -
F4 - - - - 6.5 34784 18.472 - - -
F5 - - - - 6.93 29186 16.98 - √√ -
F6 - - - - 6:27 65125 37.902 - √ -
F7 - - - - 6.6 46157 23.857 - √√ -
F8 - - - - 6:48 53180 25.428 - √ -
F9 - - - - 6.03 32174 17.298 - √√ -
F10 - - - - 6.93 27467 19.143 - √√√ -
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F11 - - - - 7.1 48246 24.076 - - -
F12 - - - - 8.02 61212 33.176 - - -
d. LuffaAcutangula, Amaranthus spinosus and Morus Alba Extract [14]
F1 - Brown Homogeneous Fine 6.82±0
.11
3150 ±
10
15.23± 0.12 √√ - √
F2 - Brown Homogeneous Fine 6.95±0
.15
3256± 15 14.65 ± 0.15 √√ - √
F3 - Brown Homogeneous Fine 7.02 ±
0.11
3365 ±
18
14.15 ± 0.25 √√ - √
F4 - Chocolate Homogeneous Fine 7.05 ±
0.14
3458 ±
20
13.65 ± 0.35 √√ - √
F5 - Chocolate Homogeneous Fine 7.00 ±
0.12
3654 ±
25
13.12 ± 0.15 √√ - √
F6 - Chocolate Homogeneous Fine 7.15 ±
0.13
3562 ±
22
13.25 ± 0.33 √√ - √
e. Azadirachta Indica (Neem) and Allium sativum (Onion) Extract [15]
F1 - Brownish - Semi solid 6.67 - 11.76 - - √√√
F2 - Slightly
yellowish
- Semi solid 6.58 - 11.50 - - √√√
F3 - Brownish - Semi solid 6.79 - 12.3 - - √√√
f. Garlic ( Allium Sativum) Extract [16]
F1 - Light yellow - Semi solid 7.38 - 10.56 √√ - -
F2 - Light yellow - Semi solid 7.52 - 6.45 √√ - -
F3 - Light yellow - Semi solid 7.35 - 8.25 √√ - -
F4 - Light yellow - Semi solid 7.89 - 35.67 √√ - -
F5 - Light yellow - Semi solid 7.10 - 52.34 √√ - -
F6 - Light yellow - Stiff 7.55 - 14.22 √√ - -
F7 - Light yellow - Stiff 7.69 - 11.16 √√ - -
F8 - Light yellow - Stiff 7.84 - 6.29 √√ - -
F9 Light yellow - Stiff 7.65 - 7.36 √√ - -
g. Acorus Calamus, Annona Squamosa and Chenopodium Album Extracts [17]
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F1 - Chocolate Homogeneous Fine 6.75 ±
0.32
2565 ±
12
14.56 ± 0.45 √√ - √
F2 - Chocolate Homogeneous Fine 6.32 ±
0.35
2872 ±
35
6.56 ± 0.32 √√ - √
F3 - Chocolate Homogeneous Fine 6.87 ±
0.65
3012 ±
47
13.25 ± 0.46 √√ - √
F4 - Chocolate Homogeneous Fine 6.89 ±
0.45
3125 ±
45
13.10 ± 0.58 √√ - √
F5 - Chocolate Homogeneous Fine 7.02 ±
0.58
3256 ±
32
12.25 ± 0.36 √√ - √
F6 - Chocolate Homogeneous Fine 6.85 ±
0.45
3314 ±
14
14.65± 0.25 √√ - √
h. Mikania Micrantha Kunth Extract [18]
F1 Stable Chocolate Homogeneous Semi Solid 6.2 - - - - -
F2 Stable Chocolate Homogeneous Semi Solid 6.2 - - - - -
F3 Stable Chocolate Homogeneous Semi Solid 6.2 - - - - -
F4 Stable Chocolate Homogeneous Semi Solid 6.2 - - - - -
i. Rubia cordifolia Root Extract [19]
F1 - Bright
orange
- - 6.94 24.937 23.67 - -
F2 - Orange - - 7.08 23.062 24.12 - -
F3 - Orange - - 7.18 16.500 25.67 - -
j Phoenix Sylvestris and Cuscuta reflexa Extract Formulation [20]
F1 - Chocolate Homogeneous Fine 7.1 ±
0.11
2500 13.33 ± 0.32 √√ - √
F2 - Chocolate Homogeneous Fine 7.2 ±
0.15
2500 13.33 ± 0.32 √√ - √
F3 - Chocolate Homogeneous Fine 7.2 ±
0.11
2700 13.06 ± 0.64 √√ - √
F4 - Chocolate Homogeneous Fine 7.1 ±
0.14
3000 13.06 ± 0.54 √√ - √
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F5 - Chocolate Homogeneous Fine 7.3 ±
0.12
3200 13.05 ± 0.21 √√ - √
F6 - Chocolate Homogeneous Fine 7.0 ±
0.13
3500 12.00 ± 0.11 √√ - √
√ = Average, √√ = Good, √√√ = Very good
Antibacterial Activity of Some Plant Extract Gels with the Most Potential as Anti-Acne.
Formulation Formula Inhibition Zone (mm) Reference
P. Acnes S. Epidermidis S. aureus Positive control
Portulaca Quadrifida Extract F4 15 - - - [11]
Papaya Leaf (Carica papaya L.) Extract F3 6.800 ± 0.351 - - 20.400 ± 0.451 [12]
Extract Berberis aristata F3 14.17 ± 0.03 10.13 ± 0.07 - - [13]
Luffa Acutangula, Amaranthus Spinosus and
Morus Alba Extracts
F5
100mg / ml
50 mg / ml
25mg / ml
20 ± 0.74
17 ± 0.86
16 ± 0.5
- - 18 ± 0.5
16 ± 0.94
15 ± 0:57
[14]
Azadirachta Indica and Allium sativum
Extract
F3 - - 17 - [15]
Allium sativum L. Extract F5 - - 7 10 [16]
Acorus Calamus, Annona Squamosa and
Chenopodium Album Extract Formulations
F5
100μg / ml
50 μg / ml
25μg / ml
34 ± 0.69
30 ± 0.58
25 ± 0.45
- - 33 ± 0.45
32 ± 0.76
22 ± 0.45
[17]
a. Mikania Micrantha Kunth Extract F4 - 16.69 ± 0.1 - 26.99 ± 0.15 [18]
b. Rubia cordifolia Extract F3 28.2 20.4 - 36.7 (P.acne)
35.3 (S.epidermidis)
[19]
c. Phoenix sylvestris and Cuscuta reflexa
Extract
F5
100μg / ml
50 μg / ml
25μg / ml
20 ± 0.12
17 ± 0.15
15 ± 0.11
- - 35 ± 0.15 (35 μg / ml)
29 ± 0.13 (20μg / ml)
25 ± 0.19 (10 μg / ml)
[20]
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Under this test, gel formulation from Portulaca Quadrifida extract was made in 8
formulations using different polymers, namely carbopol 934 and HPMC with different
concentrations, and afterward its physical parameters were evaluated, such as, its color,
homogeneity, viscosity, spreadability, and pH. From testing, the Portulaca Quadrifida
formulation was proven to have anti-acne properties. The F4 is better than other formulations
with greenish color, homogeneity, spreadability of 48.47 g.cm/sec, viscosity (64250 cps), pH
(7), and 15 mm inhibition zone in Propionibacterium acnes. Anti-acne activity testing was
carried out using the disc diffusion method, and by measuring the resistance of bacterial
growth. Disc paper that has been dipped in formula at a certain concentration and placed on
the agar medium, then the inhibition zone around the disc paper was measured. Based on the
test results, it can be concluded that the plant extract gel has a significant effect in the
treatment of acne.[11]
The papaya leaf extract gel formulation was made in three formulations with concentrations
of 5, 10 and 15%, then tested for antibacterial activity, which was compared with the
formulation that is available on the market (erythromycin) using the well-known diffusion
method. The positive control used was dissolved by injection of aqua pro with a
concentration of 25 mg / L (0.005%). Antibacterial activity test was carried out by inserting
0.1 ml bacterial suspension into sterilized petri dishes. As much as 20 ml of nutritional
medium was added, stir until homogeneous and let it harden. After the media hardened, a
hole was made, then a 50 mg gel preparation was put and incubated for 24 hours at a
temperature of 35-37 0C. After 24 hours, the diameter of the inhibition zone was measured.
The antibacterial activity of papaya leaf gel extract inhibited the growth of P. acnes along
with the increasing concentration of the extract, where F3 had the greatest inhibitory power,
namely 6.8 mm, dark brown in color, soft, homogeneous, and pH 6. And as comparison of
antibacterial activity in acne, namely the preparation that is available on the market
(erythromycin), it has an inhibitory power of 20.4 mm.[12]
The testing of the Berberis aristata DC stem extract formulation was made into 12
formulations by making a differentiation in the concentration of the extract, carbopol 394 and
PEG 400. Anti-acne activity was investigated against two acne-causing bacteria, namely
Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis using the disc diffusion method.
The test results showed that batches F3 and F10 met the desired characteristics of the gel and
were selected for the evaluation of the antimicrobial test. In this method, each petri dish was
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added with 100 μg gel and 100 μg marketed erythromycin gel (2% w/w), then incubated at 37
° C for 24 hours for S. epidermidis and for 24-48 hours for P. acnes. Then the inhibition was
measured. The antibacterial activity test showed that the inhibition zone of formulation 3 was
13.03 mm (P. Acne), 8.23 mm (S. Epidermidis), and formulations 10 were 14.17 (P. Acne),
10.13 (S.Epidermidis). The selected formulations F3 and F10 showed an inhibitory effect on
the tested bacteria comparable to the marketed preparation, namely erythromycin.[13]
In this test, 6 formulations of anti-acne gel were made by varying the concentration of 940
carbopol polymers in extracts from the fruit of Luffa acutangula, Amaranthus spinosusleaves
and Morus alba and later evaluated for their physicochemical properties, such as pH,
washability, extrudability, spreadability and visicosity. The formulations (F1-F6) were tested
for their anti-acne activity by the well diffusion method against Propionibacterium acnes.
The test results showed that the gel is non-irritating, stable and has anti-acne activity.
Antibacterial activity testing was carried out in 3 concentrations, namely 25, 50 and 100 mg /
ml. Then the incubation was carried out at 370 C for 24 hours and the inhibition zone was
examined. The anti-acne activity test of the extract formulation was compared with Clintop (a
gel on the market) and the test results were almost the same as Clintop. Inhibition zone of
extract gel formulation with concentration of 100 mg / ml, 50 mg / ml, 25 mg / ml which is
20 mm, 17 mm, 16 mm and Clintop inhibition zone with concentration of 100 mg / ml, 50 mg
/ ml, 25 mg / ml is 18 mm, 16 mm, and 15 mm. Thus, this shows that Luffa acutangula,leaves
Amaranthus spinosus fruit and Morus alba have the potential to fight acne-causing bacteria
and therefore can be used in topical acne-fighting preparations and can overcome antibiotic
resistance from these bacteria.[14]
The herbal anti-acne gel formulation was carried out by making 3 formulations using
Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum extract and a combination of the two extracts. The gel
formula was evaluated in accordance to its physical appearance, pH, spreadability,
extrudability, and anti-acne activity test against S. aureus. Anti-acne testing was carried out
using the well diffusion method by placing 0.2 ml of nutrients into a petri dish and then
allowed it to harden. After hardening, made a hole and a 0.5 ml gel formulation was added
and incubated at 370C for 24 hours and measured the inhibition zone. Of all the formulations
performed, the formulation (F3) was found to be optimal for all parameters, namely the
formulation was brownish, pH 6.79, spreadability 12.03 gm.cm/ sec, semisolid consistency
and inhibition zone of 17 mm. The two extracts namely Azadirachta indica and Allium
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sativum extract in combination show potential anti-acne effects and also provide a synergistic
effect on bacteria.[15]
The garlic extract formulations were made into 9 formulations by comparing the
concentrations of carbopol 934 and HPMC, and evaluations were carried out such as color,
consistency, washability, pH, spreadability and anti-acne activity. Antibacterial activity was
carried out by the well diffusion method by placing 0.2 ml of nutrients into a petri dish and
then allowed it to harden. After hardening, a hole was made and a 0.5 ml gel formulation was
added to it, compared to the clindamycin gel on the market. After that, the incubation was
carried out at 370C for 24 hours and the inhibition zone was measured. Of all the
formulations performed, formulation 5 was optimal for all parameters, namely light yellow,
semisolid, washable, pH 7.10, spreadability 52.34 gm.cm/sec, inhibition zone 7 mm and
inhibition zone for comparison (clindamycin), was 10 mm.[16]
The formulations were made in 6 kinds from a combination of rhizome Acorus calamus,
seeds Annona squamosa andleaves Chenopodium album extract by varying the concentration
of carbopol 940. The gel was evaluated and tested for anti-acne activity against
Propionibacterium acnes. The test parameters for topical gels included organoleptic,
extrudability, spreadability and pH. The anti-acne activity test of Acorus calamus, Annona
squamosa and Chenopodium album was carried out using the agar well diffusion method by
means of bacteria in the seedlings by spreading it on a potato dextrose agar plate, then
incubating it for 24 hours at 37 °C and measuring the inhibition zone. The test results showed
that the extracts of Acorus calamus, Annona squamosa and Chenopodium album had anti-
acne activity. Of all the formulations, F5 gel was found to be the best and the formulation
was compared to the preparation on the market, namely clindamycin. The inhibition zones of
the extract and clindamycin gel were obtained, namely 100μg / ml (34 mm, 33 mm), 50 μg /
ml (30mm, 32mm), 25μg / ml (25mm, 22mm).[17]
Tests were carried out by making 4 formulations using different extract concentrations. All
formulations (F1-F4) showed good formulations on physicochemical evaluation and
antibacterial testing. The antibacterial test method used was the agar diffusion method
(Kirby-Bauer) that is by measure the diameter of the bacterial inhibition zone around the
paper disc. Inhibition zone diameter increases with increasing concentration of extract and
bioplacenton as a comparison on the market. The evaluation of the M. Micrantha Kunth gel
extract showed that all formulas had similar color, odor, pH and homogeneity and
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antibacterial tests on S.bacteriaEpidermis. The test results showed that M. micrantha Kunth
extract had significant antibacterial activity against S.epidermis. Where bioplacenton has an
inhibitory power of 26.99 mm and the extract that has the greatest inhibitory power is
formulation 4 (16.69 mm).[18]
In the formulation test, 3 formulations were made using different concentrations of R.
cordifolia extract and various parameters test were conducted such as color, pH, visicosity,
spreadability and anti-acne activity test. Anti-acne testing was carried out using the cup plate
diffusion method on P. acne and S. epidermidis bacteria. The test was carried out by
sterilizing in an oven at a temperature of 160 0C for 1 hour, then the media was sterilized by
autoclaving. The sterile media was poured 20 ml into each petri dish and allowed to solidify.
After solidifying an 8 mm hole was made and filled with the test substance. Petri dishes were
stored in an incubator at 370C for a certain time and the inhibition zone was measured. The
extract gel formulation was compared with the gel that is available on the market, namely
clindamycin. From the test results, R. Cordifolia gel formulation that contains 0.1% (F3)
extract showed optimal results in the anti-acne activity test on P.acne (inhibition zone 28.2
mm) and S.epidermidis (inhibition zone 20.4. mm) compared to market formulations, namely
Clindamycin gel (inhibition zone P.acne 36.7 and S.epidermidis 35.3 mm). The results of the
physical evaluation were dark orange, transparent, pH 7.18, visicosity 16,500 and
spreadability 25.67 gm.mm/min). Therefore, R.Cordifolia in gel formulation is proven to
have better potential in treating acne.[19]
The Phoenix Sylvestris seed extract formulation and Cuscuta reflexa whole part extract were
made in 6 formulations with different carbopol 940 concentrations. The evaluation of the
formula consisted of color, homogeneity, consistency, washability, extrudability,
spreadability, pH, visicosity and antibacterial activity test. Antibacterial testing was carried
out by diffusion method on P.acne bacteria, measured its inhibition zone and compared it
with a commercially available formulation (ciprofloxacin). The antibacterial activity test used
the concentrations of 100, 50, and 25 mg per ml. From testing the F5 formulation consisting
of the two extracts, it was relatively better than the other formulations and continued with the
antibacterial activity test. The results showed that formula 5 has a brownish, homogeneous,
smooth, washable color, spreadability (2.00 g cm / sec), pH 7.3, visicosity (3500 cps) and an
extract inhibition zone of 100 mg / ml (20 mm) 50 mg / ml (17 mm), 25 mg / ml (15mm), and
ciprofloxacin are 35 μg / ml (35 mm), 20μg / ml (29 mm), 10 μg / ml (25 mm).[20]
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Evaluation of gel preparations
1. Organoleptic examination.
Physical parameters such as color, odor, homogeneity and consistency were examined
visually.[15]
2. pH examination
pH is checked by making a 1% dilution formulation of distilled water which is measured
using a digital pH meter that is calibrated at a constant temperature.[15]
Good pH is a formula
that fits the skin's pH range, namely 4.5-6.[21]
3. Viscosity examination.
The viscosity of the gel was tested using a Brookfield digital viscometer. Viscosity was
measured using spindle no. 6 at 10 rpm at room temperature about 25-300C. The viscosity
value was recorded after stable reading.[17]
The range of good viscosity values is 2000 cps-
4000 cps.[22]
4. Washability Test.
The test is done by applying it to the skin and then the level easiness of washing with water is
checked manually.[14]
5. Determination of the extrudability of the formulation.
The test was carried out by means of the gel formulation being filled in a foldable metal tube.
The tube is then pressed to remove the material and an extrudability check is carried out.[14]
Good quality gel is a gel that requires only a small amount of pressure to exit the tube.[23]
6. Spreadability Test
The spreadability test shows the area over which the gel is easily spread when applied to the
skin or areas of interest. The criterion for the gel to meet the ideal quality is that it must have
good dispersion which will affect the efficacy of the therapy.[15]
Good spreadability is
characterized by the less time required for separation of two glass slides.[14]
S = ML / T
S = Spreadability (gcm /sec), M = Weight bound to top slide, L = Length of glass slide, T =
Time taken to separate slides.[15]
CONCLUSION
From the results of this review, it can be concluded that plants that have been studied in the
formulations and evaluation of plant extract gels have the potential to act as anti-acne,
including Portulaca Quadrifida, Carica papaya L., Berberis aristata, Luffa Acutangula, A.
Spinosus and M. Alba, Azadirachta Indica, Allium Sativum, Acorus Calamus, Annona
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Squamosa and Chenopodium Album, M. Micrantha Kunth, R.cordifolia, Phoenix Sylvestris
and Cuscuta reflexa. Gel evaluation generally consists of homogeneity, color, pH,
consistency, visicosity, spreadability, and washability, as well as antibacterial activity testing
which showed that the extract combination of Acorus Calamus, Annona Squamosa and
Chenopodium Album has a stronger inhibitory potential than other formulations.
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