forgetting final
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FORGETTING
ANDTHEORIES OF FORGETTING
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F O R G E T T I N
G
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FORGETTING
Forgetting refers to the inability to retrievepreviously stored information.
When you foret somethin it means that it isunavailable to you at the time you are tryin toremember it! not that it is one forever.
The information may be stored in your memorybut for some reason you "annot retrieve it
#hen you #ant to. Forettin is supposed to o""ur #hen the
information in $T% de"ays due to passae oftime or due to interferen"e from othermaterial or due to the time elapsed
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FORGETTINGDefinition:
According to Munn (1967) “Forgetting is the loss, temporary or
Permanent, of the aility to recall or recogni!e something learnt
"arlier#$
According to %re&er (19') “Forgetting means failure at any
time o recall an e*perience, +hen attempting to do so, or to
perform an Action pre&iously learnt #
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Types of Forgetting
A-.A/ F0."2
M0.32% or A30.MA/ F0."2
"".A/ F0."2
4P"52F25 F0."2
P425A/ F0."2
P450/025A/ F0."2
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THE FORGETTING CURVE & forgetting curve sho#s the pattern 'rate
and amount( of forettin that o""urs over
time.
Generally this "urve sho#s that forettin is
rapid at first! then the rate of memory loss
radually de"lines as time passes.
%ore than half of the memory loss o""urs
#ithin the first hour after learnin.
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THE FORGETTING CURVE )ou "an see that
over half of #hat
is learnt is
forotten in the
first hour
%ost of #hat #e
foret 'about
*+, ( is lost in the
first - hours
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THEORIES OF FORGETTING sy"holoists have developed a number of
theories to e/plain #hy #e foret.
Forettin may o""ur be"ause0
The riht retrieval "ue is not used.There is interferen"e from "ompetin material.
There is some underlyin motivation not toremember.
%emory fades throuh disuse.
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RETRIEVAL FAILURE THEORY(LTM
Retriev!" F!i"ure T#eor$ refers to #hen #eforet be"ause #e la"1 or fail to use the riht"ues or prompts to retrieve #hat is stored inour memory.
This theory is often referred to as cue-dependent forgetting and is a usefule/planation of #hy #e sometimes fail to
retrieve information even #hen #e2re sure #e1no# the information.
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RETRIEVAL FAILURE THEORY(LTM Retrieval failure is #here the information is in lon term
memory! but "annot be a""essed.
Su"h information is said to be available 'i.e. it is still
stored( but not a""essible 'i.e. it "annot be retrieved(.
It "annot be a""essed be"ause the retrieval "ues are notpresent. When #e store a ne# memory #e also store
information about the situation and these are 1no#n as
retrieval "ues. When #e "ome into the same situation
aain! these retrieval "ues "an trier the memory of
the situation. Retrieval "ues "an be0 E%tern!" & Conte%t 4 in the environment! e.. smell!
pla"e et".
Intern!" & St!te4 inside of us! e.. physi"al! emotional!mood! drun1 et".
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INTERFERENCE THEORY• Retroactive
Interference: newinformation blocks out old
information.
• Proactive Interference:old information blocks out
new information.
Calling your new girlfriend by oldgirlfriends name.
Getting a newbus numberand forgettingold bus number.
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THEORIES OF FORGETTING Two factors involved in forgetting:
Accessibility: The information available can
be accessed at a specific time/place.
Availability: The information is represented inthe memory.
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THEORIES OF FORGETTING
Freud: Repression, conscious process ofburying memories to protect ego.
The emotions associated with therepressed memory may be recovered, orexpress themselves through:
Dream nalysis.
!ypnosis.Free ssociation.
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TI' OF THE TONGUE'HENOMENON Have you ever tried to re"all a fa"t 5 perhaps
the name of an a"tor in a movie 5 that you2resure you 1no# and feel 6ust on the vere ofrememberin7
)ou 1no# that you 1no# the ans#er but "annot 8uite brin it forth.
sy"holoists "all this the tip4of4the4tonuephenomenon.
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TI' OF THE TONGUE'HENOMENON Ti)of)t#e)tongue (TOT is a state! or
9feelin2! that o""urs #hen individuals are
a#are of 1no#in somethin! "onfident they
#ill eventually remember it! but aren2t ableto retrieve it from memory at that point in
time.
When the souht after information isre"alled! its re"all tends to o""ur suddenly!
often seemin to 9pop2 out of memory.
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TI' OF THE TONGUE'HENOMENON These observations suest that TOT involves
a partial retrieval process in #hi"h bits ofinformation "an a"t as retrieval "ues for the
re8uired information! helpin to 9home in2 onthis information.
Furthermore! the observation that spe"ifi"
bits or types of information assist in retrievalindi"ates information in $T% is stored in an
organised way and in a variety of forms.
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TI' OF THE TONGUE'HENOMENON The TOT phenomenon is sinifi"ant be"ause
it illustrates several aspe"ts of the retrievalpro"ess.
First it sho#s that retrievin is not an all4or4nothin pro"ess.
Se"ond! information is stored in $T% but it is
not a""essible #ithout retrieval "ues.
Third! TOT e/perien"es indi"ate thatinformation stored in $T% is oranised and"onne"ted in relatively loi"al #ays.
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DECAY THEORY(STM * LTM Dec!$ t#eor$ is based on an assumption that
#hen somethin ne# is learned! a physi"al
"hane or "hemi"al tra"e of the e/perien"e
#hi"h "ontains the stored information isformed in the brain.
This is "alled +e+or$ tr!ce and is believed
to radually fade or disinterate as timepasses unless it is rea"tivated by bein used
aain.
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CLASSIC SHA'E OF THE FORGETTINGCURVE (,OOD,ORTH- ./012
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TRACE DECAY THEORY(STM *LTM Tra"e de"ay theory e/plains memories that are
stored in both short term and lon term memory
system. &""ordin to this theory! short term
memory 'ST%( "an only retain information for a
limited amount of time! around :+ to ;< se"ondsunless it is rehearsed.
If it is not rehearsed! the information #ill start
to radually fade a#ay and de"ay. =onald Heb
proposed that in"omin information "auses aseries of neurons to "reate a neuroloi"al
memory tra"e in the brain #hi"h #ould result in
"hane in the morpholoi"al and>or "hemi"al
"hanes in the brain and #ould fade #ith time.
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Repeated firin "auses a stru"tural "hane in
the synapses. Rehearsal of repeated firin
maintains the memory in ST% until a
stru"tural "hane is made.
Therefore! forettin happens as a result of
automati" fadin of the memory tra"e in
brain.
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TRACE DECAY THEORY(STM *LTM One problem #ith the de"ay theory of
forettin is that #e do not 1no# #hether
the failure to re"all somethin refle"ts that
it is no loner in our memory! or that it
refle"ts retrieval failure. erhaps it is still
there but #e "annot retrieve the memory for
some reason.
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CONCLUSIONS OF DECAY
:( Shape of the forettin "urve is reatly
influen"ed by the a"tivities durin the
retention interval.
?( The loarithmi" fun"tion does not hold forautobioraphi"al memories.
;( Therefore! there is little eviden"e that
de"ay is the primary "ause of loss of
information from lon4term memory.
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CONCLUSIONS ON FORGETTING
Four 3ifferent e%"!n!tion45
3ec!$5 +ini+!" ro"e in LTS forgetting
con4o"i3!tion5 3i4rution occur4 un3er
4eci!" circu+4t!nce4 interference t#eor$5 e%"!in4 4o+e
forgetting- 6ut t#e +ec#!ni4+4 nee3 7or8
retriev!" f!i"ure5 ric#e4t- +o4t co+"ete
e%"!n!tion- 6ut +!$ 6e circu"!r2