forests, fungi, and small mammals: the impact of fire and forest thinning on truffle production and...
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Forests, fungi, and small mammals: the impact of fire and
forest thinning on truffle production and consumption
Marc Meyer and Malcolm NorthMarc Meyer and Malcolm NorthUSFS PSW Research StationUSFS PSW Research Station
Sierra Nevada Research CenterSierra Nevada Research CenterDavis, CaliforniaDavis, California
Douglas KeltDouglas KeltDepartment of Wildlife, Fish, & Department of Wildlife, Fish, &
Conservation BiologyConservation BiologyUniversity of California, DavisUniversity of California, Davis
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?
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Study Questions:
What effect does burning and What effect does burning and mechanical thinning have on the mechanical thinning have on the forest ecosystem?forest ecosystem?
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Study Questions:
What effect does burning and What effect does burning and mechanical thinning have on the mechanical thinning have on the forest ecosystem?forest ecosystem?
Does combining treatments (fire + Does combining treatments (fire + thinning) have a greater impact thinning) have a greater impact than burning alone?than burning alone?
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ectomycorrhizal fungi
small mammals
fruiting bodies (truffles)provide a major food
source
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ectomycorrhizal fungi
small mammals
fruiting bodies (truffles)provide a major food
source
dispersal offungal spores
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ectomycorrhizal fungi
small mammals
fruiting bodies (truffles)provide a major food
source
dispersal offungal spores
foresttrees
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TeakettleExperimental
Forest
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Experimental forestboundary
Stream
Teakettle Experimental Forest
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200 m
•18 plots total
•Plots 4 ha in area
•Plots represent replicate stands
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Teakettle Experimental Design(n = 3 per treatment; 6 treatments total)
No Burn Burn
No Thin
Light Thin(understory)
Heavy Thin (overstory)
light thin only light thin & burn
heavy thin only heavy thin & burn
control burn only
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Truffle sampling (2002-2003):
9 grid points per plot in 3 x 3 grid (50 m 9 grid points per plot in 3 x 3 grid (50 m spacing, 50 m buffer)spacing, 50 m buffer)
truffle sampling (4 mtruffle sampling (4 m22 plots) at all grid plots) at all grid points - 100 mpoints - 100 m22 per plot per season per plot per season
2 seasons of sampling for 2 years2 seasons of sampling for 2 years Frequency, species richness, and biomass of Frequency, species richness, and biomass of
trufflestruffles
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Truffle consumption Lodgepole chipmunks (Lodgepole chipmunks (Tamias speciosusTamias speciosus) )
sampled June-August 2002-2003 at truffle sampled June-August 2002-2003 at truffle grid pointsgrid points
microhistological analysis of chipmunk microhistological analysis of chipmunk dietsdiets frequency of truffle consumptionfrequency of truffle consumption generic richness of truffles in dietgeneric richness of truffles in diet
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Truffles
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MANOVA results for effect of thinning & burning on truffle production
Dependent variable
Factor F df P
MANOVA BurnThinB × T
6.5824.0180.848
3,226,446,44
0.0020.0030.068
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Truffle frequency 2002-03Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals
No thin Light thin Heavy thin-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Lo
g1
0(%
truffle
freq
ue
ncy)
No burn
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Truffle frequency 2002-03Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals
No thin Light thin Heavy thin-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Lo
g10
(% tru
ffle fre
qu
en
cy)
Burn No burn
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Truffle biomass 2002-03Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals
No thin Light thin Heavy thin-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Lo
g1
0(tru
ffle b
iom
ass, g
/ha
)
No burn
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Truffle biomass 2002-03Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals
No thin Light thin Heavy thin-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Lo
g1
0(tru
ffle b
iom
ass, g
/ha
)
Burn No burn
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Truffle consumption
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MANOVA results for effect of burning & thinning on truffle consumption
Dependent variable
Factor F df P
MANOVA BurnThinB × T
15.6534.7860.570
2,214,422,21
0.0010.0030.686
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2002-03 Diet frequency for T. speciosusVertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals
No thin Light thin Heavy thin30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% fre
qu
en
cy of tru
ffles in
die
t
No burn
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2002-03 Diet frequency for T. speciosusVertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals
No thin Light thin Heavy thin30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% fre
qu
en
cy of tru
ffles in
die
t
Burn No burn
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2002-03 Diet data for T. speciosus
Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals
no thin light thin heavy thin0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
log
10(#
of tru
ffle g
en
era
in d
iet)
NO BURN
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2002-03 Diet data for T. speciosus
Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals
no thin light thin heavy thin0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
log
10(#
of tru
ffle g
en
era
in d
iet)
BURN NO BURN
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MANOVA comparisons in burned + thinned vs. burned only
Dependent variable F df P
Truffle production
Truffle consumption
4.990
9.069
3,22
2,21
0.009
0.001
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Conclusions: Significant reduction in truffle production Significant reduction in truffle production
& consumption following burning or & consumption following burning or thinningthinning
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Conclusions: Significant reduction in truffle production Significant reduction in truffle production
& consumption following burning or & consumption following burning or thinningthinning
Plots pre-treated with thinning prior to Plots pre-treated with thinning prior to burning had lower truffle production & burning had lower truffle production & consumption than plots burned onlyconsumption than plots burned only
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Management implications:
Current forest management policy in the Current forest management policy in the Sierra Nevada (i.e. Sierra Nevada Forest Sierra Nevada (i.e. Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment 2001) uses combined thin Plan Amendment 2001) uses combined thin & burn treatments for fuel reduction& burn treatments for fuel reduction
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Management implications:
Current forest management policy in the Current forest management policy in the Sierra Nevada (i.e. Sierra Nevada Forest Sierra Nevada (i.e. Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment 2001) uses combined thin Plan Amendment 2001) uses combined thin & burn treatments for fuel reduction& burn treatments for fuel reduction These combined treatments have a These combined treatments have a
substantial impact on truffle production substantial impact on truffle production & consumption& consumption
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Management implications:
Current forest management policy in the Current forest management policy in the Sierra Nevada (i.e. Sierra Nevada Forest Sierra Nevada (i.e. Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment 2001) uses combined thin Plan Amendment 2001) uses combined thin & burn treatments for fuel reduction& burn treatments for fuel reduction These combined treatments have a substantial These combined treatments have a substantial
impact on truffle production & consumptionimpact on truffle production & consumption
Long-term data neededLong-term data needed
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Acknowledgments
USFS PSW Research Lab USFS Forest Health Technology Enterprise
Grant, Joint Fire Science Program Grant, NIGMS IMSD Fellowship, UC Graduate Opportunity Fellowships
Sarah Reed, Blake Meneken, Jamie Burke, Kerry Byrne
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