forest products engineering with q&a

8/12/2019 Forest Products Engineering With Q&A

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/forest-products-engineering-with-qa 1/44

COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY – MAIN CAMPUS

MARAWI CITY

REVIEW MATERIALS IN FOREST PRODUCTS ENGINEERING

By Forester Deborah C. Achas

NOTES IN WOOD STRUCTURE AND IDENTIFICATION

Characteristics of Commercially Important Woods

Throughout history, th u!i"u #h$r$#tristi#s $!% #o&'$r$ti( $)u!%$!# o* +oo% h$( &$% it $ !$tur$

&$tri$ *or ho&s $!% othr stru#turs, *ur!itur, toos, (hi#s, $!% %#or$ti( o)-#ts. To%$y, *or th

s$& r$so!s, +oo% is 'ri/% *or $ &utitu% o* uss.

A +oo% is #o&'os% o* #uos, ig!i!, h&i#uoss, $!% &i!or $&ou!ts 012 to 3425 o* 6tr$!ous

&$tri$s #o!t$i!% i! $ #u$r stru#tur. V$ri$tio!s i! th #h$r$#tristi#s $!% (ou& o* ths

#o&'o!!ts $!% %i**r!#s i! #u$r stru#tur &$7 +oo%s h$(y or ight, sti** or *6i), $!% h$r% or

so*t. Th 'ro'rtis o* $ si!g s'#is $r r$ti(y #o!st$!t +ithi! i&its8 thr*or, s#tio! o* +oo% )y s'#is $o! &$y so&ti&s ) $%"u$t. 9o+(r, to us +oo% to its )st $%($!t$g $!% &ost

**#ti(y i! !gi!ri!g $''i#$tio!s, s'#i*i# #h$r$#tristi#s or 'hysi#$ 'ro'rtis &ust ) #o!si%r%.

Th gr$%u$ r%u#tio! i! us o* o%:gro+th *orsts i! th Phii''i!s h$s r%u#% th su''y o* $rg #$r

ogs *or u&)r $!% (!r. 9o+(r, th i&'ort$!# o* high:"u$ity ogs h$s %i&i!ish% $s !+

#o!#'ts o* +oo% us h$( )! i!tro%u#%. S#o!%:gro+th +oo%, th r&$i!i!g o%:gro+th *orsts, $!%

i&'orts #o!ti!u to *i th !%s *or +oo% i! th "u$ity r"uir%. Woo% is $s ($u$) $! !gi!ri!g

&$tri$ $s (r, $!% i! &$!y #$ss, t#h!oogi#$ $%($!#s h$( &$% it (! &or us*u.

Th i!hr!t *$#tors th$t 7' +oo% i! th *or*ro!t o* r$+ &$tri$s $r &$!y $!% ($ri%, )ut $ #hi*

$ttri)ut is its $($i$)iity i! &$!y s'#is, si/s, sh$'s, $!% #o!%itio!s to suit $&ost (ry %&$!%.

Woo% h$s $ high r$tio o* str!gth to +ight $!% $ r&$r7$) r#or% *or %ur$)iity $!% 'r*or&$!# $s $

stru#tur$ &$tri$. Dry +oo% h$s goo% i!su$ti!g 'ro'rtis $g$i!st h$t, sou!%, $!% #tri#ity. It t!%s

to $)sor) $!% %issi'$t (i)r$tio!s u!%r so& #o!%itio!s o* us, $!% yt it is $! i!#o&'$r$) &$tri$ *or

su#h &usi#$ i!stru&!ts $s th (ioi!. Th gr$i! '$ttr!s $!% #oors o* +oo% &$7 it $! sthti#$y

'$si!g &$tri$, $!% its $''$r$!# &$y ) $siy !h$!#% )y st$i!s, ($r!ishs, $#"urs, $!% othr

*i!ishs. It is $siy sh$'% +ith toos $!% *$st!% +ith $%hsi(s, !$is, s#r+s, )ots, $!% %o+s.

D$&$g% +oo% is $siy r'$ir%, $!% +oo% stru#turs $r $siy r&o%% or $tr%. I! $%%itio!, +oo%

rsists o6i%$tio!, $#i%, s$t+$tr, $!% othr #orrosi( $g!ts, h$s high s$($g ($u, h$s goo% sho#7

rsist$!#, #$! ) tr$t% +ith 'rsr($ti(s $!% *ir rt$r%$!ts, $!% #$! ) #o&)i!% +ith $&ost $!y

othr &$tri$ *or )oth *u!#tio!$ $!% $sthti# uss.

Hardwoods and Softwoods

Trs $r %i(i%% i!to t+o )ro$% #$sss, usu$y r*rr% to $s h$r%+oo%s $!% so*t+oo%s. Ths !$&s

#$! ) #o!*usi!g si!# so& so*t+oo% is $#tu$y h$r%r th$! so& h$r%+oo%s, $!% #o!(rsy so&

h$r%+oo%s $r so*tr th$! so& so*t+oo%. For 6$&', so*t+oo%s su#h $s o!g$* 'i! $!% Doug$s:*ir

$r ty'i#$y h$r%r th$! th h$r%+oo%s )$ss+oo% $!% $s'!. ;ot$!i#$y, h$r%+oo%s $r A!gios'r&s8

th s%s $r !#os% i! th o($ry o* th *o+r. A!$to&i#$y, h$r%+oo%s $r 'orous8 th$t is, thy

#o!t$i! (ss &!ts. A (ss &!t is $ +oo% # +ith o'! !%s8 +h! (ss &!ts $r st

o! $)o( $!othr, thy *or& $ #o!ti!uous tu) 0(ss5, +hi#h sr(s $s $ #o!%uit *or tr$!s'orti!g +$tr

or s$' i! th tr. Ty'i#$y, h$r%+oo%s $r '$!ts +ith )ro$% $(s th$t, +ith *+ 6#'tio!s i! th

t&'r$t rgio!, os thir $(s i! $utu&! or +i!tr. Most i&'ort% tro'i#$ +oo%s $r h$r%+oo%s.

;ot$!i#$y, so*t+oo%s $r Gy&!os'r&s or #o!i*rs8 th s%s $r !$7% 0!ot !#os%



i! th o($ry o* th *o+r5. A!$to&i#$y, so*t+oo%s $r !o!'orous $!% %o !ot #o!t$i! (sss.

So*t+oo%s $r usu$y #o!:)$ri!g '$!ts +ith !%: or s#$:i7 (rgr! $(s.

Structure of Wood

Th *i)rous !$tur o* +oo% stro!gy i!*u!#s ho+ it is us%. Woo% is 'ri&$riy #o&'os% o* hoo+,o!g$t, s'i!%:sh$'% #s th$t $r $rr$!g% '$r$ to $#h othr $o!g th tru!7 o* $ tr. Wh!

u&)r $!% othr 'ro%u#ts $r #ut *ro& th tr, th #h$r$#tristi#s o* ths *i)rous #s $!% thir

$rr$!g&!t $**#t su#h 'ro'rtis $s str!gth $!% shri!7$g $s + $s th gr$i! '$ttr! o* th +oo%.

Bark, Wood, Branches, and Cambium

Cross s#tio! o* +hit o$7 tr tru!7<0A5 outr )$r7 0%ry %$% tissu5, 0;5 i!!r )$r7 0i(i!g

tissu5, 0C5 #$&)iu&, 0D5 s$'+oo%, 0E5 h$rt+oo%,

0F5 'ith, $!% 0G5 +oo% r$ys.

A #ross s#tio! o* $ tr sho+s th *oo+i!g +:%*i!% *$turs 0*ro& outsi% to #!tr5< )$r7, +hi#h

&$y ) %i(i%% i!to $! outr #or7y %$% '$rt 0A5, +hos thi#7!ss ($ris gr$ty +ith s'#is $!% $g o*

trs, $!% $! i!!r thi! i(i!g '$rt 0;5, +hi#h #$rris *oo% *ro& th $(s to gro+i!g '$rts o* th tr8

+oo%, +hi#h i! &r#h$!t$) trs o* &ost s'#is is #$ry %i**r!ti$t% i!to s$'+oo% 0D5 $!%

h$rt+oo% 0E58 $!% 'ith 0F5, $ s&$ #or o* tissu o#$t% $t th #!tr o* tr st&s, )r$!#hs, $!% t+igs$)out +hi#h i!iti$ +oo% gro+th t$7s '$#. S$'+oo% #o!t$i!s )oth i(i!g $!% %$% tissu $!% #$rris

s$' *ro& th roots to th $(s.

9$rt+oo% is *or&% )y $ gr$%u$ #h$!g i! th s$'+oo% $!% is i!$#ti(. Th +oo% r$ys 0G5, hori/o!t$yori!t% tissu through th r$%i$ '$! o* th tr, ($ry i! si/ *ro& o! # +i% $!% $ *+ #s high to&or th$! 31 #s +i% $!% s(r$ #!ti&trs high. Th r$ys #o!!#t ($rious $yrs *ro& 'ith to )$r7

*or stor$g $!% tr$!s*r o* *oo%. Th #$&)iu& $yr 0C5, +hi#h is i!si% th i!!r )$r7 $!% *or&s +oo%

$!% )$r7 #s, #$! ) s! o!y +ith $ &i#ros#o'.

Sapwood and Heartwood

S$'+oo% is o#$t% )t+! th #$&)iu& $!% h$rt+oo%. S$'+oo% #o!t$i!s )oth i(i!g $!% %$% #s

$!% *u!#tio!s 'ri&$riy i! th stor$g o* *oo%8 i! th outr$yrs !$r th #$&)iu&, s$'+oo% h$!%s th

tr$!s'ort o* +$tr or s$'. Th s$'+oo% &$y ($ry i! thi#7!ss $!% !u&)r o* gro+th ri!gs. S$'+oo%

#o&&o!y r$!gs *ro& = to > #& 03:3?@ to @ i!.5 i! r$%i$ thi#7!ss. I! #rt$i! s'#is, su#h $s #$t$'$$!% )$#7 o#ust, th s$'+oo% #o!t$i!s *+ gro+th ri!gs $!% usu$y %os !ot 6#% 3 #& 03?@ i!.5 i!

thi#7!ss.

Growth Rings

I! &ost s'#is i! t&'r$t #i&$ts, th %i**r!# )t+! +oo% th$t is *or&% $ry i! $ gro+i!g

s$so! $!% th$t *or&% $tr is su**i#i!t to 'ro%u# +:&$r7% $!!u$ gro+th ri!gs 0Fig. @–@5. Th $g

o* $ tr $t th stu&' or th $g $t $!y #ross s#tio! o* th tru!7 &$y ) %tr&i!% )y #ou!ti!g ths



ri!gs. 9o+(r, i* th gro+th i! %i$&tr is i!trru't%, )y %rought or %*oi$tio! )y i!s#ts *or 6$&',

&or th$! o! ri!g &$y ) *or&% i! th s$& s$so!. I! su#h $! (!t, th i!!r ri!gs usu$y %o !ot

h$( sh$r'y %*i!% )ou!%$ris $!% $r tr&% *$s ri!gs. Trs th$t h$( o!y (ry s&$ #ro+!s or

th$t h$( $##i%!t$y ost &ost o* thir *oi$g &$y *or& $! i!#o&'t gro+th $yr, so&ti&s #$% $

%is#o!ti!uous ri!g.

Th i!!r '$rt o* th gro+th ri!g *or&% *irst i! th gro+i!g s$so! is #$% $ry+oo% $!% th outr '$rt*or&% $tr i! th gro+i!g s$so!, $t+oo%. A#tu$ ti& o* *or&$tio! o* ths t+o '$rts o* $ ri!g &$y

($ry +ith !(iro!&!t$ $!% +$thr #o!%itio!s. E$ry+oo% is #h$r$#tri/% )y #s +ith r$ti(y $rg

#$(itis $!% thi! +$s. L$t+oo% #s h$( s&$r #$(itis $!% thi#7r +$s. Th tr$!sitio! *ro&

$ry+oo% to $t+oo% &$y ) gr$%u$ or $)ru't, %'!%i!g o! th 7i!% o* +oo% $!% th gro+i!g

#o!%itio!s $t th ti& it +$s *or&%.

Gro+th ri!gs $r &ost r$%iy s! i! s'#is +ith sh$r' #o!tr$st )t+! $t+oo% *or&% i! o! y$r

$!% $ry+oo% *or&% i! th *oo+i!g y$r, su#h $s i! th !$ti( ri!g 'orous h$r%+oo%s $sh $!% o$7,

$!% i! so*t+oo%s i7 southr! 'i!s. I! so& othr s'#is, su#h $s +$tr tu'o, $s'!, $!% s+tgu&,

%i**r!ti$tio! o* $ry+oo% $!% $t+oo% is sight $!% th $!!u$ gro+th ri!gs $r %i**i#ut to r#og!i/.

Wood Cells

Woo% #sth stru#tur$ &!ts o* +oo% tissuis o* ($rious si/s $!% sh$'s $!% is "uit *ir&y

#&!t% togthr. Dry +oo% #s &$y ) &'ty or '$rty *i% +ith %'osits, su#h $s gu&s $!% rsi!s,

or +ith tyoss. Th &$-ority o* +oo% #s $r #o!si%r$)y o!g$t% $!% 'oi!t% $t th !%s8 ths #s

$r #usto&$riy #$% *i)rs or tr$#hi%s. Th !gth o* +oo% *i)rs is highy ($ri$) +ithi! $ tr $!%

$&o!g s'#is. 9$r%+oo% *i)rs $(r$g $)out 3 && 03?@1 i!.5 i! !gth8 so*t+oo% *i)rs r$!g *ro& B to

&& 03? to 3?B i!.5 i! !gth.

I! $%%itio! to *i)rs, h$r%+oo%s h$( #s o* r$ti(y $rg %i$&tr 7!o+! $s (sss or 'ors. Ths

#s *or& th &$i! #o!%uits i! th &o(&!t o* s$'. So*t+oo%s %o !ot #o!t$i! (sss *or #o!%u#ti!g

s$' o!gitu%i!$y i! th tr8 this *u!#tio! is 'r*or&% )y th tr$#hi%s.

;oth h$r%+oo%s $!% so*t+oo%s h$( #s 0usu$y grou'% i!to stru#turs or tissus5 th$t $r ori!t%hori/o!t$y i! th %ir#tio! *ro& 'ith to+$r% )$r7. Ths grou's o* #s #o!%u#t s$' r$%i$y $#ross th

gr$i! $!% $r #$% r$ys or +oo% r$ys. Th r$ys $r &ost $siy s! o! %ggr$i!% or "u$rtrs$+!

sur*$#s, $!% thy ($ry gr$ty i! si/ i! %i**r!t s'#is. I! o$7s $!% sy#$&ors, th r$ys $r

#o!s'i#uous $!% $%% to th %#or$ti( *$turs o* th +oo%.

R$ys $so r'rs!t '$!s o* +$7!ss $o!g +hi#h s$so!i!g #h#7s r$%iy %(o'.

A!othr ty' o* +oo% #s, 7!o+! $s o!gitu%i!$ or $6i$ '$r!#hy&$ #s, *u!#tio! &$i!y i! th

stor$g o* *oo%.

Species Identification

M$!y s'#is o* +oo% h$( u!i"u 'hysi#$, &#h$!i#$, or #h&i#$ 'ro'rtis. E**i#i!t utii/$tio!%i#t$ts th$t s'#is shou% ) &$t#h% to !%:us r"uir&!ts through $! u!%rst$!%i!g o* thir

'ro'rtis. This r"uirs i%!ti*i#$tio! o* th s'#is i! +oo% *or&, i!%'!%!t o* )$r7, *oi$g, $!%

othr #h$r$#tristi#s o* th tr.

G!r$ +oo% i%!ti*i#$tio! #$! o*t! ) &$% "ui#7y o! th )$sis o* r$%iy (isi) #h$r$#tristi#s su#h

$s #oor, o%or, %!sity, 'rs!# o* 'it#h, or gr$i! '$ttr!. Whr &or 'ositi( i%!ti*i#$tio! is r"uir%,

$ $)or$tory i!(stig$tio! &ust ) &$% o* th &i#ros#o'i# $!$to&y o* th +oo%.

Structural nalysis !"uations

E"u$tio!s *or %*or&$tio! $!% strss, +hi#h $r th )$sis *or t!sio! &&)rs $!% )$& $!% #ou&!

%sig!. Th *irst t+o s#tio!s #o(r t$'r% &&)rs, str$ight &&)rs, $!% s'#i$ #o!si%r$tio!s su#h$s !ot#hs, sits, $!% si/ **#t.

A thir% s#tio! 'rs!ts st$)iity #ritri$ *or &&)rs su)-#t to )u#7i!g $!% *or &&)rs su)-#t to

s'#i$ #o!%itio!s. Th "u$tio!s $r )$s% o! &#h$!i#s 'ri!#i's $!% $r !ot gi(! i! th %sig! #o%

*or&$t *ou!% i! Ao+$) Strss Dsig! or Lo$% $!% Rsist$!# F$#tor Dsig! s'#i*i#$tio!s.



#eformation !"uations

E"u$tio!s *or %*or&$tio! o* +oo% &&)rs $r 'rs!t% $s *u!#tio!s o* $''i% o$%s, &o%ui o*

$sti#ity $!% rigi%ity, $!% &&)r %i&!sio!s. Thy &$y ) so(% to %tr&i! &i!i&u& r"uir%

#ross:s#tio!$ %i&!sio!s to &t %*or&$tio! i&it$tio!s i&'os% i! %sig!.. Co!si%r$tio! &ust )

gi(! to ($ri$)iity i! &$tri$ 'ro'rtis $!% u!#rt$i!tis i! $''i% o$%s to #o!tro ri$)iity o* th

%sig!.

$ial %oad

Th %*or&$tio! o* $! $6i$y o$%% &&)r is !ot usu$y $! i&'ort$!t %sig! #o!si%r$tio!. Mor

i&'ort$!t #o!si%r$tio!s +i ) 'rs!t% i! $tr s#tio!s %$i!g +ith #o&)i!% o$%s or st$)iity.

A6i$ o$% 'ro%u#s $ #h$!g o* !gth gi(! )y<

δ PL

AE

Whr is #h$!g o* !gth, L !gth, A #ross:s#tio!$ $r$, E &o%uus o* $sti#ity 0EL +h! gr$i!

ru!s '$r$ to &&)r $6is5, $!% P $6i$ *or# '$r$ to gr$i!.



Wood &reser'ation and Seasoning

By (orester #eborah C) chas

&ests that #amage Wood

U!%r 'ro'r us #o!%itio!s, +oo% #$! gi( #!turis o* goo% sr(i#. ;ut u!%r u!*$(or$) #o!%itio!s,

+oo% &$y r$%iy ) %$&$g% $!% %stroy% )y *u!gi, i!s#ts, $!% &$ri! )orrs. Ths 'sts #$! $tt$#7i! &$!y +$ys, usi!g th +oo% *or *oo% or shtr. Co!s"u!ty, +oo% &ust ) 'rot#t% to i!sur

&$6i&u& sr(i# i* +h! us% u!%r #o!%itio!s *$(or$) to ths 'sts.

Wood*Inhabition (ungi

Woo% %#$y, &o% $!% &ost s$'+oo% st$i!s, $r #$us% )y *u!gi. Ths *u!gi *% o! i(i!g or %$%+oo%. Th &$!y *u!gi th$t %(o' o! or i! +oo% #$! ) %i(i%% i!to t+o &$-or grou's, %'!%i!g o!

th %$&$g thy #$us<

+oo%:%stroyi!g *u!gi 0%#$y *u!gi5,

+oo%:st$i!i!g *u!gi 0s$'st$i!i!g *u!gi, &o% *u!gi5.

;oth o* ths *u!gi grou's 'ro%u# s'ors 0$!$ogous to ti!y s%s5, +hi#h $r %istri)ut% )y +i!% $!%

+$tr. Th s'ors #$! i!*#t &oist +oo% %uri!g stor$g, 'ro#ssi!g $!% us.

A *u!gi th$t gro+ o! +oo% h$( #rt$i! )$si# r"uir&!ts<

F$(or$) t&'r$tur : usu$y r$!gi!g )t+! 14 %grs $!% 4 %grs F. Th o'ti&u& is

$)out 4 %grs to 1 %grs F. Woo% is )$si#$y s$* *ro& %#$y $t t&'r$turs )o+ B1 %grs F

$!% $)o( 344 %grs F. A%"u$t &oistur : Fu!gi +i !ot $tt$#7 %ry +oo% 0i.. +oo% +ith $ &oistur #o!t!t o* 3

'r#!t or ss5. D#$y *u!gi r"uir $ +oo% &oistur #o!t!t 0M.C.5 o* $)out B4 'r#!t 0th g!r$y$##'t% fiber saturation point o* +oo%5. Thus, $ir %ri% +oo%, usu$y +ith $ M.C. !ot 6#%i!g 3

'r#!t $!% 7i! %ri% +oo% +ith $ M.C. o* 31 'r#!t or ss #$! usu$y ) #o!si%r% s$* *ro& *u!g$

%$&$g.

A%"u$t o6yg! : Fu!gi #$!!ot i( i! +$tr s$tur$t% +oo% Foo% sour# 0+oo% its*5.

Wood #estroying (ungi

;oth th s$'+oo% $!% h$rt+oo% o* &ost tr s'#is $r sus#'ti) to %#$y. D#$y *u!gi &$y gro+ i!

th i!trior o* th +oo% or $''$r o! +oo% sur*$#s $s *$!:sh$'% '$t#hs o* *i!, thr$%i7, #otto!ygro+ths or $s rooti7 sh$'s. Th #oor o* ths gro+ths &$y r$!g *ro& +hit through ight )ro+!,

)right yo+, $!% %$r7 )ro+!. Th s'or:'ro%u#i!g )o%is &$y ) &ushroo&s, sh*:i7 )r$#7ts, or

stru#turs +ith $ *$tt!%, #rusti7 $''$r$!#. Fi!, thr$%i7 *u!g$ str$!%s gro+ throughout th

+oo% $!% %igst '$rts o* it $s *oo%. I! ti&, th str!gth o* th +oo% is %stroy%. D#$y +i sto' +h!th t&'r$tur o* th +oo% is ithr too o+ or too high or +h! th &oistur #o!t!t is %rir th$! th

*u!giHs r"uir&!ts. 9o+(r, %#$y #$! rsu& +h! th t&'r$tur $!% &oistur #o!t!t )#o&

*$(or$) $g$i!.

Woo% %#$y *u!gi #$! ) grou'% i!to thr &$-or #$tgoris<

)ro+! rot,

+hit rot, $!%

so*t rot.Brown rot * Fu!gi +hi#h #$us )ro+! rot $r $) to )r$7 %o+! th #uos #o&'o!!t o* +oo% *or

*oo%, $(i!g $ )ro+! rsi%u o* ig!i!. ;ro+!:rott% +oo% #$! ) gr$ty +$7!% (! )*or %#$y

#$! ) s!. Th *i!$ st$g o* +oo% %#$y )y th )ro+! rots #$! ) i%!ti*i% )y<

%$r7 )ro+! #oor o* th +oo%

6#ssi( shri!7$g

#ross:gr$i! #r$#7i!g, $!%

th $s +ith +hi#h th %ry +oo% su)st$!# #$! ) #rush% to 'o+%r.



;ro+!:rot *u!gi $r 'ro)$)y th &ost i&'ort$!t #$us o* %#$y o* so*t+oo% s'#is us% i! $)o(grou!%

#o!stru#tio! i! th Phii''i!s. ;ro+!:rot, +h! %ry, is so&ti&s #$% %ry rotH. This is $ 'oor tr&,

)#$us +oo% &ust h$( &oistur $!% +i !ot %#$y +h! it is %ry. A *+ *u!gi th$t #$! %#$y r$ti(y

%ry +oo% h$( +$tr:#o!%u#ti!g str$!%s th$t $r $) to #$rry +$tr *ro& %$&' soi to +oo% i! u&)r

'is or )ui%i!gs. Ths *u!gi #$! %#$y +oo% th$t othr+is +ou% ) too %ry *or %#$y to o##ur. Thyso&ti&s $r #$% th %ry rot *u!giH or +$tr:#o!%u#ti!g *u!giH.

White rot * Whit:rot *u!gi, +hi#h )r$7 %o+! )oth ig!i! $!% #uos, h$( $ )$#hi!g **#t+hi#h &$y &$7 th %$&$g% +oo% $''$r +hitr th$! !or&$.

Soft rot * So*t rot *u!gi usu$y $tt$#7 gr! 0+$tr:s$tur$t%5 +oo% 0high M.C.5, #$usi!g $ gr$%u$

so*t!i!g *ro& th sur*$# i!+$r% th$t rs&)s )ro+! rot.

+he Wood*Staining (ungi

Sap staining fungi * Ths *u!gi '!tr$t $!% %is#oor s$'+oo%, '$rti#u$ry o* th so*t +oo%

s'#is. Ty'i#$ s$'st$i!, u!i7 st$i!i!g )y &o% *u!gi, #$!!ot ) r&o(% )y )rushi!g or '$!i!g.

S$'st$i! *u!gi &$y )#o& st$)ish% i! th s$'+oo% o* st$!%i!g trs, s$+ogs, u&)r $!% ti&)rs

soo! $*tr thy $r #ut $!% )*or thy #$! ) $%"u$ty %ri%. Str!gth o* th +oo% is itt $**#t%, )ut

th +oo% &$y !ot ) *it *or uss +hr $''$r$!# is i&'ort$!t 0su#h $s si%i!g, tri&, *ur!itur $!%

6trior &i+or7 th$t is to ) #$r:*i!ish%5. Southr! 'i! )ts o*t! #$rry )u st$i! *u!gi i!to trs.

This #$! #$us th +oo% o* i!*#t% trs to ) st$i!% )*or thy $r #ut.

old fungi * Ths *u!gi *irst )#o& !oti#$) $s gr!, yo+, )ro+! or )$#7 *u//y or 'o+%ry

sur*$# gro+ths o! so*t+oo%s. Frshy #ut or s$so!% sto#7, 'i% %uri!g +$r&, hu&i% +$thr, &$y )

!oti#$)y %is#oor% i! 1 to > %$ys or ss. As +ith s$'st$i!s, &o%s %o !ot r%u# +oo% str!gth,

ho+(r, thy #$! i!#r$s th #$'$#ity o* +oo% to $)sor) &oistur, thr)y o'!i!g th %oor to $tt$#7

)y %#$y *u!gi.

Chemical Stains

Ch&i#$ st$i!s &$y rs&) )u or )ro+! st$i!s, )ut $r !ot #$us% )y *u!gi. Ths st$i!s rsut *ro&

#h&i#$ #h$!gs i! th +oo% %uri!g 'ro#ssi!g or s$so!i!g. Th &ost i&'ort$!t #h&i#$ st$i!s $r thbrown stains th$t #$! %o+!gr$% u&)r *or so& uss. Thy usu$y #$! ) 'r(!t% )y r$'i% %ryi!g $t

r$ti(y o+ t&'r$turs %uri!g 7i! %ryi!g.

Insects

S(r$ 7i!%s o* i!s#ts $tt$#7 i(i!g trs, ogs, u&)r $!% *i!ish% +oo% 'ro%u#ts *or *oo% $!%?orshtr. Ths 'sts i!#u% ($rious tr&its, $!ts, $!% )ts.

+ermites : Tr&its us +oo% *or *oo% $!% shtr $!% $r th &ost %stru#ti( o* $ +oo% i!s#ts. A!ts

#$!!ot us +oo% *or *oo%, )ut thy $r o*t! #o!*us% +ith tr&its )#$us th t+o oo7 so&+h$t

si&i$r. 9o+(r, thr $r s(r$ %isti!#t %i**r!#s i! thir 'hysi#$ $''$r$!#. A!ts h$( )o+%H

$!t!!$8 tr&its %o !ot. A!ts h$( !$rro+ +$ists +hr$s tr&itsH )o%is $r )ro$%. A!tsH +i!gs h$(

*+ (i!s $!% th hi!% +i!gs $r s&$r th$! th *ro!t +i!gs. ;oth '$irs o* tr&it +i!gs $r si&i$r i!sh$' $!% si/ $!% h$( (ry s&$ (i!s.

Tr&its $r %i(i%% i!to thr &$-or grou's.

Su)trr$!$! or grou!%:i!h$)iti!g tr&its

Dry+oo% Tr&its

D$&'+oo% Tr&its

Subterranean Termites - Ths tr&its $tt$#7 +oo% 'ro%u#ts i! )ui%i!gs $!% othr +oo% 'ro%u#tsthroughout &ost o* #o!ti!!t$ U!it% St$ts, )ut &ost %$&$g o##urs i! th +$r&, southr! #o$st$

rgio!s $o!g th At$!ti# O#$! $!% Gu* o* M6i#o. At #rt$i! s$so!s o* th y$r, +i!g% &$s $!%

*&$s $r 'ro%u#% )y th tr&it #oo!y. Thy s+$r&, &$t, os thir +i!gs, $!% $tt&'t to )gi! $

!+ #oo!y i! th soi. Tr&its )ui% tu!!s through $rth $!% $rou!% o)stru#tio!s to gt to $ sour# o**oo% 0ithr sou!% or %#$yi!g +oo%5. Thy $so r"uir $ #o!st$!t sour# o* &oistur – usu$y o)t$i!%

*ro& th soi.

Th 'rs!# o* su)trr$!$! tr&its &$y ) !ot% )y<

Th s+$r&i!g o* +i!g%, $!t:i7 i!s#ts $!% th %is#$r%% +i!gs o)sr(% $*tr s+$r&i!g

E$rth! shtr tu)s )uit o(r &$so!ry or othr *ou!%$tio!s to $ sour# o* +oo%

Th 'rs!# o* +hit +or7rs +h! tr&it shtr tu)s $r )ro7! o'!



Th hoo+%:out #o!%itio! o* )$%y i!*st% +oo% 'ro%u#ts

Drywood Termites - Dry+oo% tr&its $r *ou!% !$tur$y o!y i! 9$+$ii, Purto Ri#o, $!% i! $ !$rro+

stri' o* $!% 6t!%i!g *ro& southr! C$i*or!i$ $!% T6$s to Fori%$ $!% $o!g th At$!ti# #o$st to

Virgi!i$. A*tr s+$r&i!g, %ry+oo% tr&its !tr #r$#7s $!% #r(i#s i! %ry, sou!% +oo%. I! 6#$($ti!gthir g$ris, thy o##$sio!$y %is#h$rg o($:sh$'% *#$ 'ts through t&'or$ry o'!i!gs i! th

+oo% sur*$#. Th $)iity o* th %ry+oo% tr&it to i( i! %ry +oo% sur*$#. Th $)iity o* th %ry+oo%tr&it to i( i! %ry +oo% +ithout %ir#t #o!t$#t +ith th soi i!#r$ss its &!$#. 9o+(r, it

r'ro%u#s so+y $!% %os !ot %stroy +oo% $s "ui#7y $s th su)trr$!$! tr&it.

Dampwood Termites * D$&'+oo% tr&its $r $ srious 'st $o!g th P$#i*i# Co$st. Thy %o !ot r"uir

#o!t$#t +ith th soi, )ut %o !% +oo% +ith high &oistur #o!t!t.

nts

C$r'!tr $!ts &$y ) )$#7 or r%. Thy usu$y i( i! stu&'s, trs, or ogs, )ut o*t! %$&$g 'os $r

stru#tur$ ti&)rs st i! th grou!%. E($t% 'ortio!s o* )ui%i!gs, su#h $s +i!%o+sis $!% 'or#h

#ou&!s, $r sus#'ti) to %$&$g. C$r'!tr $!ts us +oo% *or shtr !ot *or *oo%. Thy usu$y 'r*r

+oo% th$t is !$tur$y so*t or h$s )! so*t!% )y %#$y. Th g$ris $r $rg, s&ooth $!%, u!i7

thos o* tr&its, $r *r o* r*us $!% 'o+%ry +oo%. Mou!%s o* s$+%ust i!%i#$t thir 'rs!#.

Beetles

Powder Post or Lyctus Beetles * Po+%r 'ost )ts $tt$#7 )oth *rshy #ut $!% s$so!% h$r%+oo%s $!%

so*t+oo%s. Thy $tt$#7 th s$'+oo% o* $sh, hi#7ory, o$7, $!% othr h$r%+oo%s.

A%uts $y ggs i! th +oo% 'ors. Th $r($ )urro+ through th +oo%, &$7i!g tu!!s *or& 3?3>: to

3?3@:i!#h i! %i$&tr, '$#7% +ith $ *i! 'o+%r. $*tr $ $r($ 'rio% 0*ro& $ *+ &o!ths to $ y$r, or

o!gr : %'!%i!g o! th s'#is5 $!% $ &u#h shortr 'u'$ st$g, !+y *or&% $%uts #h+ hos

through th +oo% sur*$# $!% &rg to $y ggs *or $!othr )roo%. Sig!s o* %$&$g )y 'o+%r 'ost

)ts $r<

s&$ rou!% 3?3>J hos i! th sur*$# o* th +oo% &$% )y &rgi!g $%uts, $!%

*i! 'o+%r th$t *$s *ro& th +oo%.

Anobiid beetles * &$y $tt$#7 so*t+oo%s i! %$&' $!% 'oory (!ti$t% s'$#s )!$th )ui%i!gs.

Ei&i!$ti!g th sour# o* &oistur +i #$us th #oo!y to so+y %i out.

Roundheaded Borers * A o!ghor! )t, #o&&o!y 7!o+! $s th o% hous )orr, %$&$gs s$so!%

'i! ti&)rs. Th $r($ )or through th +oo%. O(r &$!y y$rs thir tu!!i!g #$! +$7! stru#tur$

ti&)rs, *r$&i!g &&)rs, $!% othr +oo%! '$rts o* )ui%i!gs. Co!tr$ry to its !$&, th o% hous )orr

&ost o*t! i!*sts !+ )ui%i!gs. It is *ou!% i! th E$str! $!% Gu* Co$st St$ts. L$r($ r%u# s$'+oo%

to $ 'o+%ry or s$+%usti7 #o!sist!#y. Thy &$y t$7 s(r$ y$rs to #o&'t thir %(o'&!t.

Whi +or7i!g i! th +oo%, thy &$7 $ ti#7i!g or g!$+i!g sou!%. Wh! &$tur, th $%ut )t &$7s

$! o($ &rg!# ho% $)out 3?= i!#h i! %i$&tr i! th sur*$# o* +oo%.

Flatheaded Borers * F$th$%% )orrs i!*st i( trs $s + $s r#!ty *% $!% %$%, st$!%i!g

so*t+oo% trs. Thy #$! #$us #o!si%r$) %$&$g i! rusti# stru#turs $!% so& &$!u*$#tur% 'ro%u#ts

)y &i!i!g i!to s$'+oo% $!% h$rt+oo%. Ty'i#$ %$&$g #o!sists o* r$thr sh$o+, o!g, +i!%i!g

g$ris th$t $r '$#7% +ith *i! 'o+%r. A%uts $r o*t! #$% &t$i# +oo%:)ori!g )ts )#$us

o* thir #oor. Thy $r $)out B?= i!#h o!g, +ith +i!g #o(rs usu$y rough, i7 )$r7.

arine Borers

E6t!si( %$&$g is %o! to su)&rg% 'ortio!s o* &$ri! 'ii!gs, +h$r* ti&rs, $!% +oo%! )o$ts )y $

grou' o* $!i&$ org$!is&s 7!o+! #o#ti(y $s &$ri! )orrs. I! th U!it% St$ts thy $r s'#i$y$#ti( i! th +$r& +$trs o* th P$#i*i#, Gu*, $!% South At$!ti# #o$sts. U!tr$t% ti&)rs #$! )

%stroy% i! ss th$! $ y$r.

Th &$-or &$ri! )orrs $r th shipworm $!% pholad &ous7s 0r$t% to th #$&s $!% oystrs5, $!%

th crustacean borers 0r$t% to th #r$)s $!% o)strs5.



C-.+R-% -( &!S+S +H+ #G! W--#

I* +oo% is to ) us% +hr it +i ) su)-#t to 'st $tt$#7, it &ust ) 'rot#t%. This 'rot#tio! #$! )

$#hi(% )y<

#o!tro o* &oistur #o!t!t

us o* $ +oo% th$t is !$tur$y rsist$!t to th 'sts #h&i#$ tr$t&!t

I! $%%itio!, &#h$!i#$ )$rrirs 0su#h $s &t$ tr&it shi%s $!% #$'s o! 'ii!gs, 'os $!% 'osts5 $r

so&ti&s us%, )ut $r usu$y i!**#ti(.

oisture Control

Th &oistur #o!t!t o* i(i!g trs $!% th +oo% 'ro%u#ts o)t$i!% *ro& th& &$y r$!g *ro& $)out B4

'r#!t to &or th$! @44 'r#!t. Mu#h o* this &oistur &ust ) r&o(% *or &ost uss. Gr!H u&)r

usu$y is %ri%<

to 'r(!t st$i! $!% %#$y

to r%u# %$&$g )y i!s#ts,

to r%u# u!#o!tro% %i&!sio!$ #h$!g 0shri!7$g5,

to r%u# +ight $!% i!#r$s str!gth, $!%

to 'r'$r th +oo% *or tr$t&!t +ith #h&i#$ 'rsr($ti(s.

Th $&ou!t o* +$tr i! +oo% 0its &oistur #o!t!t5 is usu$y 6'rss% $s $ 'r#!t$g o* its o(! %ry

+ight. Th &oistur is &$sur% )y<

th o(!%ryi!g &tho%:$ s&$ s$&' o* +oo% is +igh%, %ri%, $!% r+igh% u!ti it h$s

r$#h% $ #o!st$!t +ight +h! su)-#t% to t&'r$turs o* @3@ %grs : @@4 %grs F.

th #tri#$ &tho% : us o* $ &oistur &tr th$t &$surs &oistur )y #tri#$ rsist$!#.Ti&)r or ogs stor% *or $ o!g ti& )*or 'ro#ssi!g #$! ) 'rot#t% *ro& *u!gi $!% i!s#ts )y<

7'i!g th ogs su)&rg% i! $ 'o!% o* +$tr

7'i!g th& u!%r #o!st$!t +$tr s'r$y

Th +$tr r%u#s th o6yg! #o!t!t $!% t&'r$turs !#ss$ry *or gro+th o* *u!gi.

Seasoning or #rying * Th &oistur #o!t!t o* +oo% is r%u#% )y<

$ir %ryi!g i! $ y$r%, sh% or 'r:%rir

%ryi!g i! $ 7i!, rtort or )y r$%io *r"u!#y

Th &ost **i#i!t $!% &ost +i%y us% syst& is 7i! %ryi!g. It o**rs )ttr #o!tro o* $ir &o(&!t,

t&'r$tur $!% %ryi!g r$t th$! $ir %ryi!g. Athough 7i! %ryi!g is &or 6'!si( i! tr&s o* #$'it$

i!(st&!t $!% !rgy #ost, it is &u#h *$str $!% 'ro(i%s &or u!i*or& $!% )ttr "u$ity %ryi!g. U!ss

u&)r is 'ro'ry st$#7% $!% 'rot#t%, $ir %ryi!g &$y rsut i! sur*$# #h#7i!g, !% #r$#7i!g,

+$r'i!g, st$i!i!g $!% %is#oor$tio! %u to +$thri!g. E(! $*tr )i!g +:s$so!%, +oo% &$y $g$i!

r$#h $ &oistur ( *$(or$) to 'sts i* 6'os% to r$i! or 'roo!g% high hu&i%ity $!% *$(or$)

t&'r$turs.

Storage and Handling

To $(oi% 'st i!%u#% %gr$%i!g o* u&)r %uri!g stor$g or h$!%i!g, you shou%<

Co!(rt ogs i!to u&)r $s "ui#7y $s 'ossi).

Dry th u&)r $s "ui#7y $s 'r$#ti#$, (! $*tr 'rssur tr$t&!t +ith $ 'rsr($ti( #h&i#$, to

'r(!t %gr$%i!g 0sur*$# #h#7i!g, $!% !% #r$#7i!g5.

Lo#$t $ir:%ryi!g y$r%s $!% sh%s o! +:%r$i!% sits +ith goo% $ir #ir#u$tio!, $!% 7' th y$r%s

*r o* +%s.

Pr$#ti# goo% s$!it$tio! )y r&o(i!g %)ris or rott% +oo% +hi#h sr(s $s sour# o* *u!g$

i!*#tio! $!% i!s#ts.

I!s'#t stor% +oo% 'ro%u#ts o*t!. Tr&its, *or 6$&', &$y i!($% u!tr$t% st$#7% u&)r i*

it r&$i!s u!%istur)% *or o!g 'rio%s. A(oi% rough h$!%i!g o* tr$t% +oo%. Chi''i!g, gougi!g, or s'itti!g #$! 6'os u!'rot#t%

i!trior +oo% $!% $o+ $tt$#7 )y %#$y *u!gi.



/se of .aturally Resistant Wood

Th s$'+oo% o* $ !$ti( tr s'#is $!% th h$rt+oo% o* &ost s'#is h$( $ o+ !$tur$ rsist$!# to

%#$y. 9o+(r, th h$rt+oo% o* so& s'#is is "uit rsist$!t. E6$&'s $r th h$rt+oo% o* o%:

gro+th )$% #y'rss 0i&it% su''y5, #%$r, r%+oo%, $!% 'ost o$7. Thy $r rsist$!t )ut %*i!ity !ot

i&&u! to $tt$#7 )y %#$y *u!gi $!% i!s#ts. ;$#7 o#ust $!% rsi!ous southr! 'i! h$rt+oo%, #$%

*$t+oo%H or ightr+oo%H is $so highy rsist$!t to %#$y. U!*ortu!$ty, so& !$tur$y rsist$!t +oo%s

$r 6'!si( or u!$($i$) i! #o&&r#i$ "u$!titis 0i.. #hst!ut5 or i! %i&!sio!s !%%. ;#$us o*

high #osts *or $)or $!% &$tri$s, th ($ri$) $!% u!%'!%$) rsist$!# o* ths s'#is shou%

'r#u% thir us *or &ost high h$/$r% #o!stru#tio! $''i#$tio!s.

Chemical Control

Th 'ro'r $''i#$tio! o* #h&i#$ 'rsr($ti(s #$! 'rot#t +oo% *ro& %#$y $!% st$i! *u!gi, i!s#ts

$!% &$ri! )orrs, thus 'roo!gi!g th sr(i# i* o* +oo% *or &$!y y$rs. Th **#ti(!ss o*

'rsr($ti( tr$t&!t %'!%s o! th #h&i#$ *or&u$tio! s#t%, &tho% o* $''i#$tio!, 'ro'ortio!

o* s$'+oo% to h$rt+oo%, &oistur #o!t!t o* th +oo%, $&ou!t o* 'rsr($ti( rt$i!%, %'th o*

#h&i#$ '!tr$tio! $!% %istri)utio!. S$'+oo% o* &ost #o&&r#i$ s'#is $##'ts 'rsr($ti(s &u#h )ttr th$! h$rt+oo%, $!% so*t+oo% s'#is $r g!r$y &or r#'ti( to i&'rg!$tio! th$! th

h$r%+oo%s. Prsr($ti( tr$t&!t )y 'rssur is usu$y r"uir% *or &ost +oo% 'ro%u#ts us% *or

stru#tur $!% othr $''i#$tio!s 6'os% to high ris7 o* $tt$#7 )y *u!gi, i!s#ts or &$ri! )orrs.

+ype of &reser'ati'es Woo% 'rsr($ti(s *$ i!to thr )ro$% #$tgoris<

#rosot $!% #rosot soutio!s,

oi)or! 'rsr($ti(s, $!% +$tr)or! 'rsr($ti(s.

Creosote and Creosote Solutions * Crosot, $!% oiy )y'ro%u#t o* &$7i!g #o7 *ro& )itu&i!ous #o$, is

+i%y us% $s $ 'rsr($ti( *or su#h 'ro%u#ts $s r$iro$% tis, $rg ti&)rs, *!# 'osts, 'os, $!%

'ii!gs.

d'antages0

1 to6i# to +oo%:%stroyi!g *u!gi, i!s#ts, $!% so& &$ri! )orrs,

o+ (o$tiity,

i!sou)iity i! +$tr,

$s o* h$!%i!g $!% $''i#$tio!.#isad'antages0

%$r7 #oor,

stro!g o%or,

oiy, u!'$i!t$) sur*$#,

t!%!#y to )% or 6u% *ro& th +oo% sur*$#, shou% !ot ) us% i! ho&s or othr i(i!g $r$s )#$us o* to6i# *u&s.

Oilborne Preseraties * Ths #h&i#$s $r g!r$y i!sou) i! +$tr. Thy $r usu$y %isso(% i! 'trou& or othr org$!i# so(!ts i! or%r to '!tr$t +oo%. Rs$r#h %(o'&!ts h$( r#!ty

&$% $($i$) oi)or! 'rsr($ti(s *or&u$t% $s +$tr: i! :oi &usio!s or %is'rsio!s i! +$tr.d'antages0

to6i# to *u!gi, i!s#ts $!% &o%,

#$! ) %isso(% i! ois h$(i!g $ +i% r$!g i! (is#osity, ($'or 'rssur $!% #oor,

o+ sou)iity,

#$! ) gu% %'!%i!g o! th %iu!t or #$rrir, $!% $s o* h$!%i!g $!% us.

#isad'antages<

#$! $( $! oiy, u!'$i!t$) sur*$#, %'!%i!g o! th #$rrir,

*or so& $''i#$tio!s 'ro(i%s so&+h$t ss 'hysi#$ 'rot#tio! to +oo% th$! #rosot,

shou% !ot ) us% i! ho&s or othr i(i!g $r$s )#$us o* to6i# *u&s, $!%, itHs to6i# $!% irrit$ti!g to '$!ts, $!i&$s $!% hu&$!s.

P!t$#horo'h!o 0'!t$5 is th &ost #o&&o!y us% oi)or! 'rsr($ti(. It is us% to #o&&r#i$y

tr$t 'os, u&)r, #ross$r&s, ti&)rs, $!% *!# 'osts.

P!t$ is $so us% )y %o:it:yours*rs to tr$t $ ($rity o* +oo% 'ro%u#ts )y !o!'rssur &tho%s su#h $s

)rushi!g, s'r$yi!g $!% %i''i!g. Ths su'r*i#i$ tr$t&!ts #$! $so t&'or$riy 'rsr( +oo% %uri!g

shi''i!g, stor$g or i! o+ h$/$r% situ$tio!s su#h $s &i+or7 $!% si%i!g. P!t$ is !ot r#o&&!%% *or

&$ri! i!st$$tio!s, us i!si% )ui%i!gs or us #os to '$!ts.



!aterborne Preseraties - This #$ss o* 'rsr($ti(s i!#u%s ($rious &t$i# s$ts $!% othr

#o&'ou!%s. Th 'ri!#i'$ #o&'ou!%s us% $r #o&)i!$tio!s o* #o''r, #hro&iu&, $rs!i# $!% *uori%.

W$tr)or! 'rsr($ti(s h$( g$i!% i!#r$si!gy +i%r us$g *or u&)r, 'y+oo%, *!# 'osts, 'os,

'ii!gs $!% ti&)rs.d'antages0

tr$t&!t 'rs!ts !o h$/$r% *ro& *ir or 6'osio!.

th +oo% sur*$# is *t #$!, '$i!t$) $!% *r o* o)-#tio!$) o%ors. s$* *or i!trior us $!% tr$t&!t o* '$ygrou!% "ui'&!t.

$#h rsist$!t.#isad'antages<

u!ss r:%ri% $*tr tr$t&!t, th +oo% is su)-#t to +$r'i!g $!% #h#7i!g,

%os !ot 'rot#t th +oo% *ro& 6#ssi( +$thri!g.

Woo% tr$t% +ith #o''r::"ui!oi!o$t h$s )! $''ro(% *or *oo% #o!t$#t uss su#h $s *or )o6s,

#r$ts, '$ts, tru#7 %#7i!g $!% r$t% uss i!(o(i!g th h$r(sti!g, stor$g $!% tr$!s'ort$tio! o* *oo%.

&&%IC+I-. -( W--# &R!S!R2+I2!S

&reparation of Wood for +reatment

For &ost o* th #o&&r#i$ +oo% tr$t&!ts i! #o&&o! us, +oo% &ust ) 'r'$r% i! so& +$y )*or

$ 'rsr($ti( is $''i%. This 'r'$r$tio! &$y i!#u% 'i!g, %ryi!g, #o!%itio!i!g, i!#isi!g, #utti!g,

$!% *r$&i!g.

&eeling Th )$r7 $!% #$&)iu& &ust ) #o&'ty r&o(% )*or tr$t&!t. This $o+s th 'rsr($ti( to '!tr$t i!to th +oo%. ;$r7 o)stru#ts '!tr$tio!, rsuti!g i! 6'os% u!tr$t% +oo%.

#rying I! &ost tr$ti!g &tho%s, $ high &oistur #o!t!t 'r(!ts or so+s th !tr$!# o* th

'rsr($ti( i!to th +oo% #s. Dryi!g th +oo% $o+s )ttr '!tr$tio! o* th 'rsr($ti(, r%u#s

'ro%u#t +ight $!% shri!7$g +ith its 'ot!ti$ *or +$r'i!g $!% #h#7i!g $*tr tr$t&!t. Ki! %ryi!g is

o! &tho% *or $##r$ti!g %ryi!g u!%r #o!tro% %ryi!g #o!%itio!s.

Conditioning O'r$tors o* 'rssur tr$ti!g '$!ts #$! us s(r$ othr &tho%s )si%s#o!(!tio!$

%ryi!g to #o!%itio! +oo% *or tr$t&!t. I! th st$&i!g $!% ($#uu& 'ro#ss, gr! +oo% is st$&% i! $

tr$ti!g #yi!%r or rtort *or s(r$ hours $!% th! su)-#t% to $ ($#uu&. Th ($#uu& r%u#s th

)oii!g 'oi!t o* th +$tr i! th +oo% $!% s'%s its r&o($. Th! th ($'or$t% +$tr #$! ) r'$#%

)y th 'rsr($ti(, $''i% u!%r 'rssur. A!othr &tho% o* #o!%itio!i!g gr! +oo% is )oii!g u!%r

($#uu& 0;outo! &tho%5. Th +oo% is '$#% i! $ tr$ti!g #yi!%r $!% su)&rg% i! hot oi. Th! $

($#uu& is $''i%, r&o(i!g +$tr *ro& th +oo%. With this &tho%, +oo% #$! ) #o!%itio!% $t $ o+r

t&'r$tur. Co!s"u!ty, it #$! ) us% to $(oi% %$&$g to $ +oo% s'#is 0su#h $s $ Doug$s *ir5

+hi#h is s!siti( to th highr t&'r$turs o* th st$&i!g $!% ($#uu& 'ro#ss.

A thir% &tho% o* #o!%itio!i!g is 7!o+! $s ($'or %ryi!g. I! this 'ro#ss gr! +oo% is 6'os% to hot

($'ors or $! org$!i# #o&'ou!%, su#h $s 6y!, +hi#h gr$%u$y ($'ori/s $!% r&o(s th +$tr.

Incising I!#isi!g #o!sists o* &$7i!g $ sris o* !$rro+ hos or sits i! th +oo% $)out 3?@: to B?=:i!#h %'. This $o+s 'rsr($ti(s to )ttr '!tr$t i&'rg!$tio!:rsist$!t +oo% s'#is 0su#h $s

Doug$s *ir5. I!#isi!g &$7s 'ossi) $ &or u!i*or& '!tr$tio! to $t $st th %'th o* hos.

Cutting and (raming Cutti!g, sh$'i!g or %rii!g +oo% $*tr tr$t&!t #$! 6'os u!tr$t%

+oo%. This 6'osur #$! ) $(oi%% )y #utti!g, sh$'i!g or )ori!g th +oo% *or its i!t!%% us )*or

th 'rsr($ti( tr$t&!t. Th tr$t% +oo% th! #$! ) us% +ithout *urthr &$#hi!i!g.

ethods of pplying Wood &reser'ati'es

Thr h$( )! $&ost $s &$!y &tho%s *or $''yi!g +oo% 'rsr($ti(s $s thr $r %i**r!t

'rsr($ti(s. O!y th o!s i! #urr!t us +i ) %is#uss%. Th tr$ti!g &tho% s#t% %'!%s

gr$ty o! th uti&$t us o* th 'ro%u#t. Th t+o &$-or ty's o* tr$t&!t $r 'rssur $!% !o!:'rssur&tho%s. M$!y ($ri$tio!s o* ths &tho%s $r %s#ri)% i! th st$!%$r%s $!% s'#i*i#$tio!s o* th

A&ri#$! Woo% Prsr(rs Asso#i$tio! 0AWPA5, th F%r$ Go(r!&!t, $!% othr org$!i/$tio!s.

&ressure &rocesses W &ight 6'#t +oo% to tr$t $siy )#$us o* its 'orous stru#tur, )ut

+oo% is sur'risi!gy rsist$!t to %' '!tr$tio! )y 'rsr($ti(s. Th )$si# 'ri!#i' o* 'rssur

'ro#sss i!(o(s th '$#&!t o* +oo% &$tri$s i! $! $irtight, st #yi!%r or rtort $!% i&&rsi!g it

i! $ 'rsr($ti( u!%r 'rssur to *or# th 'rsr($ti( i!to th +oo%. I&'rg!$tio! o* 'rsr($ti(s )y



'rssur is th &ost #o&&o! &tho% us% i! th #o&&r#i$ tr$t&!t o* +oo%. It h$s s(r$

$%($!t$gs<

it gi(s $ %'r $!% &or u!i*or& '!tr$tio!,

it $o+s )ttr #o!tro o(r rt!tio!,

+oo% #$! ) 'r#o!%itio!% i! th #h$&)r,it is "ui#7r $!% &or ri$) th$! !o!:'rssur &tho%s, $!%

it #$! #o&'y +ith th #o% rgu$tio!s $!% !gi!r% s'#i*i#$tio!s.Thr $r t+o )$si# ($ri$tio!s o* th 'rssur tr$t&!t &tho%< th *u:# 'ro#ss $!% th &'ty #

'ro#ss. With ithr &tho%, it is i&'ort$!t to #osy *oo+ st$)ish% st$!%$r%s o!<

'r'$r$tio! o* th +oo% 'ro%u#t to ) tr$t%,

$&ou!t $!% %ur$tio! o* ($#uu& $!% o* 'rssur,

soutio! t&'r$tur 0+h! #riti#$5,

tr$ti!g ti&,

ty' o* 'rsr($ti(, $!%

#o!#!tr$tio! o* th 'rsr($ti(.

.on*&ressure &rocesses No!:'rssur &tho%s &$y ) s$tis*$#tory +hr %' '!tr$tio!, high

(s o* rt!tio! $!% 'r#is tr$t&!t $r !ot r"uir%. Th **#ti(!ss o* !o!:'rssur &tho%s

%'!%s o! th 7i!% o* +oo%, its &oistur #o!t!t, &tho% $!% %ur$tio! o* tr$t&!t $!% th 'rsr($ti(us%.

Thr $r &$!y &tho%s o* $''yi!g 'rsr($ti(s to +oo% +ithout th us o* 'rssur. So& o* th &or

+i%y:us% &tho%s $r %s#ri)%<

Brushin"# Sprayin" and Pourin" Treatments : With ths &tho%s, #rosots:oi:)or! 'rsr($ti(s, or

+$tr:)or! s$ts $r $''i% to th sur*$#s o* th +oo% 'ro%u#t to ) tr$t%. Th +oo% shou% )

thoroughy $ir %ri% )*or tr$t&!t $!%, i* oi )or! 'rsr($ti(s $r us% th +oo% shou% ) +$r&

!ough to $(oi% #o!g$i!g th oi. P!tr$tio! )y %i''i!g or s'r$yi!g is su'r*i#i$, rsuti!g &osty

*ro& #$'i$ry $#tio!, so o!y i&it% 'rot#tio! is $**or%%. Th 'rsr($ti( shou% ) *oo%% o(r th

+oo% sur*$#s $!% ) $o+% to so$7 i!. T+o $''i#$tio!s $r %sir$), )ut th s#o!% shou% !ot )

$''i% u!ti th *irst h$s %ri% $!% so$7% i!to th +oo%. ;rushi!g, s'r$yi!g or 'ouri!g tr$t&!ts

'ro)$)y $r &ost +i%y us% *or 'rot#ti!g $r$s o* 'r(iousy tr$t% +oo% th$t h$( )! #ut or&$#hi!%, thr)y 6'osi!g u!tr$t% sur*$#s or -oi!ts.

Dippin" * Tr$t&!t )y %i''i!g #o!sists o* i&&rsi!g +oo% i! $ 'rsr($ti( soutio! *or s(r$

s#o!%s or s(r$ &i!uts. As +ith )rushi!g : ty' tr$t&!ts, th +oo% shou% *irst ) + %ri% )*or

tr$t&!t. Athough %i''i!g is )ttr th$! )rushi!g *or '!tr$tio! o* 'rsr($ti(s i!to th #h#7s $!%

#r$#7s o* +oo% sur*$#s, $!% &$y $%% @ to = y$rs o* 'rot#tio! o(r u!tr$t% +oo%, %i''i!g isu!s$tis*$#tory *or uss su)-#t to $)r$sio!. Pro)$)y th 'ri!#i'$ us o* %i''i!g is *or +i!%o+ *r$&s

&'oyi!g $! i&&rsio! o* B &i!uts.

Cold Soa$in" * Co% so$7i!g is #o&&o!y us% *or tr$ti!g rou!%, *!# 'osts $!% s$+! ti&)rs usi!g '!t$#horo'h!o or othr (is#ous, oil*borne 'rsr($ti(s. Th 'ro#ss i!(o(s th so$7i!g o* %ri%

+oo% *or @: %$ys i! $ ($t #o!t$i!i!g th u!h$t% i"ui% oi 'rsr($ti(. Co% so$7i!g h$s )! 'o'u$r*or *$r& us )#$us o* its si&'i#ity $!% o+ #ost.

Steepin" * Th st'i!g 'ro#ss &'oys $ +$tr)or! s$t 'rsr($ti( soutio! to ithr %ry or gr!

+oo%. It #o!sists o* su)&rgi!g th +oo% i! $ t$!7*u o* th soutio! $t $t&os'hri# t&'r$tur *or

s(r$ %$ys or +7s 0h$ti!g th soutio! +ou% s'% u' '!tr$tio!5. A)sor'tio! is r$'i% th *irst B

%$ys th! #o!ti!us $t $ %#r$si!g r$t $&ost i!%*i!ity. Wh! tr$ti!g *$t:s$+!, +oo% 'ro%u#ts

s'$# shou% ) 'ro(i%% )t+! $!% $rou!% $#h 'i# o* +oo% to 'r&it #o&'t 6'osur to th

'rsr($ti( &$tri$.

%ot and Cold Bath &Thermal Process' * Th hot $!% #o% )$th or thr&$ 'ro#ss, $so #$% th )oii!g$!%:

#ooi!g or o'!:t$!7 tr$ti!g &tho%, is suit$) +ith oi:)$s% $!% +$tr:)or! 'rsr($ti(s. Wh!

us% 'ro'ry, th &tho% 'ro(i%s $ r$so!$)y **#ti( su)stitut *or 'rssur i&'rg!$tio!.

Th 'ro#ss is "uit si&' i!(o(i!g th us o* o! or t+o t$!7s. With t+o t$!7s th +oo% 'ro%u#t *irstis i&&rs% i!to $ hot soutio! usu$y o* th 'rsr($ti(, its*, or (! )oii!g +$tr, *oo+% )y its

i&&rsio! i!to $ t$!7 o* #o% soutio!. Most 'rsr($ti( $)sor'tio! $!% '!tr$tio! t$7s '$# %uri!g

th #o% )$th. Wh! o! t$!7 is us%, h$ti!g #$! ) %is#o!ti!u%, $o+i!g th +oo% $!% 'rsr($ti( to

#oo togthr.

Double Di((usion * Tr$t&!t )y %ou) %i**usio! is $ t+o st$g %is'rsi!g o* $ 'rsr($ti( i"ui% i!to $

'i# o* +oo%. A! 6$&' o* th 'ro#ss +ou% ) to *irst so$7 $ gr! +oo% 'ro%u#t, su#h $s $ 'ost, i!



$ soutio! o* #o''r su*$t. Wh! $ su**i#i!t $&ou!t o* th #h&i#$ h$s %i**us% i!to th +oo%, it is

th! i&&rs% i! $ s#o!% soutio! #o!sisti!g o* so%iu& $rs!$t $!% so%iu& #hro&$t. Th 'ur'os o*

%ou) %i**usio! is to #o!(rt (ry $#h$), #h&i#$ s$t soutio!s i!to *i6% $!% st$) 'rsr($ti(s

+ithi! th +oo%.

)acuum process * I! th ($#uu& 'ro#ss +oo% 'ro%u#ts $r !#os% i! $! $irtight #o!t$i!r *ro& +hi#h

$ir is r&o(% +ith $ ($#uu& 'u&'. Th #o!t$i!r th! is *i% +ith th 'rsr($ti( +ithout $%%itio!$ 'rssur $!% +ithout th $ir r:!tri!g. Th '$rti$ r&o($ o* $ir *ro& th +oo%, )y th ($#uu&,

*oo+% )y $%%itio! o* th 'rsr($ti( #r$ts $ sight 'rssur th$t %ri(s th 'rsr($ti( i!to th

+oo%. V$#uu& tr$t&!t +or7s + +ith '!t$ $!% $siy tr$t$) +oo%s $!% 'ro%u#ts i7 'i!,

+i!%o+ sto#7.

Preseratie Pads or Banda"es & Treatment on Site) : Thr $r s(r$ ($ri$tio!s o* &'oyi!g this

tr$ti!g #o!#'t< Th 'rsr($ti( #$! ) $''i% to th sur*$#s o* th +oo%, #$! ) i!-#t% i!to th

+oo% or '$#% i!to hos %ri% i! th +oo%. Th 'rsr($ti( us% #$! ) +$tr:)or!, so(!t i! oi or

h$( $ #o!sist!#y o* gr$s or &$yo!!$is. This &tho% is &ost o*t! us% to 6t!% th i* o* st$!%i!g

'os th$t h$% 'r(iousy )! tr$t%. Si!# tr$t% 'os $r #osty, #o!si%r$tio! &ust ) gi(! to

r'$#&!t #osts, i!#u%i!g tr$t&!t $!% i!st$$tio!, so $ 1:y$r i!#r$s o* sr(i# i* +ou% ) $

(ry +orth+hi 6'!%itur *or 'rsr($ti( )$!%$g tr$t&!t. Th &$-or t$s7 o* this tr$ti!g 'ro#ssi!(o(s r&o($ o* soi *ro& $rou!% th 'o *or $ %'th o* $)out 3J. This '$rt o* th 'o, )o+

grou!%, $!% th '$rt 3@J $)o( grou!% is th 'ortio! &ost (u!r$) to %#$y $!% *$iur. A %#$y%

+oo% $!% soi &ust ) r&o(% *ro& th 'o $!% th 'rsr($ti( shou% ) $''i% thoroughy to th

#$!%H 'ortio! o* th 'o. This tr$t% $r$ shou% th! ) +r$''% +ith $ h$(y %uty, +$tr rsist$!t '$'r or '$sti# *i& to #o!*i! th 'rsr($ti( to th 'o.

Sapstain &Blue Stain' Preention * S$'st$i! *u!gi %o !ot %#$y thir +oo% host, )ut thy %gr$% u&)r

$!% othr +oo% 'ro%u#ts $!% o+r thir ($u. Aso, s$'st$i! *u!gi o*t! 'r#% th %#$y *u!gi

)#$us #o!%itio!s *$(or$) *or $tt$#7 0high t&'r$turs $!% hu&i%ity5 $r #o&'$r$) *or )oth ty's

o* *u!gi. To 'rot#t gr! ogs, 'os $!% othr rou!% ti&)rs, thy shou% ) 'ro#ss% soo! $*tr trs

$r *%. I* thy #$!!ot ) 'ro#ss% 'ro&'ty, th ti&)rs shou% ) stor% su)&rg% i! +$tr or )

su)-#t% to $ #o!ti!uous s'r$y o* +$tr. Wh! ths stor$g &tho%s $r !ot *$si), 'rot#tio! *ors(r$ &o!ths #$! ) $**or%% )y $''i#$tio! o* $ #h&i#$ s'r$y #o!t$i!i!g $ soutio! o* )!/!

h6$#hori% $!% '!t$ i! *u oi. Th !tir og $!% s'#i$y th !%s &ust ) s'r$y% thoroughy

soo! $*tr $ tr is *% $!% )u#7% i!to ogs. With rg$r% to u&)r, %uri!g 'roo!g% 'rio%s o* +$r&,

hu&i% +$thr, th 'ros'#t o* st$i!i!g is $&ost i!(it$) i! th s$'+oo% o* u!tr$t%, sus#'ti)

s'#is su#h $s th 'i!s. Si!# st$i! #$! %(o' +ithi! = %$ys, u!%r *$(or$) #o!%itio!s, #h&i#$

tr$t&!t shou% ) $''i% +ithi! @= hours $*tr s$+i!g gr! ogs. S$'st$i! 'r(!ti!g soutio!s $r$($i$) u!%r ($rious tr$% !$&s. Prot#tio! is usu$y 'ro(i%% $t th s$+&i )y #$rryi!g th rough

s$+!, gr! u&)r o! th &o(i!g gr! #h$i!H through $ t$!7 or through th tr$ti!g soutio!. St$i!

tr$t&!ts %o !ot 'ro(i% o!g:$sti!g 'rot#tio!. Co!s"u!ty, $*tr tr$t&!t, th u&)r shou% )

sti#7r% $!% 'ro'ry 'i% *or r$'i% $ir:s$so!i!g or 7i! %ryi!g.

(actors Influencing the !ffecti'eness of Wood &reser'ati'es

F%r$ S'#i*i#$tio!s TT:W:13 $!% th St$!%$r%s o* th A&ri#$! Woo% Prsr(rs Asso#i$tio!

0AWPA5 $r #o&&o!y us% )y th +oo% 'rsr(i!g i!%ustry $!% #o!su&rs o* tr$t% +oo% to rgu$t

th +oo% 'rsr(i!g 'ro#ss $!% )ttr i!sur its suit$)iity *or s'#i*i# $''i#$tio!s.

&enetration Th **#ti(!ss o* $ +oo% 'rsr($ti( %'!%s o! s(r$ tr$t&!t *$#tors, o! o*

+hi#h is th %'th o* its '!tr$tio! i!to th +oo%. I!$%"u$t #h&i#$ '!tr$tio! &$y $o+ *u!gi $!%

i!s#ts to !tr through #h#7s or #r$#7s i! th thi! sh o* tr$t% +oo% i! or%r to r$#h th i!!r,

u!'rot#t% +oo%. Th %'th o* '!tr$tio! $tt$i!$) )y $ +oo% 'rsr($ti( %'!%s o! th +oo%

s'#is, th 'ro'ortio! o* s$'+oo% to h$rt+oo% $!% th tr$t&!t 'ro#ss us%. Th s$'+oo% o* &ost

s'#is is *$iry $siy '!tr$t% +h! +:%ri% $!% 'rssur tr$t%. Th tr$t&!t o* h$rt+oo% is

&u#h &or ($ri$) th$! s$'+oo%. For i!st$!#, th h$rt+oo% o* southr! yo+ 'i! $!% &$' #$! )

i&'rg!$t% to %'ths o* $)out o!:*ourth to o!:h$* i!#h. R% o$7 #$! ) #o&'ty '!tr$t%,

+hr$s it is $&ost i&'ossi) to '!tr$t th h$rt+oo% o* +hit o$7 or +str! r% #%$r +ith

#o&&r#i$ 'rssur tr$ti!g 'ro#sss.

Retention of &reser'ati'es E(! +ith th 'ro'r 'rsr($ti( '!tr$tio!, goo% 'rot#tio! #$!!ot )

$#hi(% u!ss !ough 'rsr($ti( st$ys i! th +oo%. For 6$&', th &i!i&u& rt!tio! o* #rosot



*or u&)r us% i! #o$st$ 0s$t5 +$trs is @1 )s.?#u. *t. 0AWPA C:@5, +hi *or si&i$r +oo% 'ro%u#ts i!

*rsh +$tr o!y 34 )s. o* #rosot? #u. *t. is r"uir%. ;y #o!tr$st, +$tr sou) s$t 'rsr($ti(s o!y

r"uir rt!tio!s o* 4.@ )s. to @.@1 )s.?#u. *t. %'!%i!g o! us.

Selection and Conditioning of Wood F%r$ S'#i*i#$tio!s TT:W413 $!% AWPA St$!%$r%si%!ti*y th +oo% s'#is th$t $r $##'t$) *or tr$t&!t *or ($rious uss. S#tio! o* $ s'#is or

gr$% o* +oo% *or $ '$rti#u$r us shou% ) )$s% o! th $''i#$) gr$%i!g rus. Ths rus t$7 i!to#o!si%r$tio! su#h 'ro'rtis o* th +oo% $s 7!ot si/s, +$r', s'its $!% gr$i! +hi#h &$y i&it so&

uss. Th %ryi!g $!% #o!%itio!i!g o* +oo% )*or tr$t&!t sig!i*i#$!ty i!*u!#s th **#ti(!ss o*

th tr$t&!t, $s %is#uss% $rir i! this #h$'tr.

Handling fter +reatment Tr$t% +oo% shou% ) h$!%% +ith su**i#i!t #$r to $(oi% #utti!g or

)r$7i!g through th tr$t% $r$ $!% 6'osi!g th u!%ryi!g u!tr$t% +oo%. Thro+i!g, %ro''i!g or

gougi!g tr$t% +oo% &$y #$us %$&$g th$t 6'os u!tr$t% +oo%. Wh! %$&$g% i! this +$y, th

6'os% +oo% shou% ) rtr$t%. This is usu$y %o! )y i!:'$# tr$t&!t 0)rushi!g5. Wh! tr$t%

+oo% is &$#hi!%, thr)y 6'osi!g u!tr$t% +oo%, su#h $s )y )ori!g or #utti!g th !%s o* 'is $*tr

%ri(i!g $ 'rs#ri)% 'rsr($ti( shou% ) $''i% to th 6'os% +oo% 0AWPA M= St$!%$r%s5.

!nd /se Tr$t% +oo% th$t is us% *or $ 'ur'os *or +hi#h it +$s !ot i!t!%% &$y rsut i! $!u!s$tis*$#tory sr(i# i*. For 6$&', 'ii!gs tr$t% to &t s'#i*i#$tio!s *or *rsh +$tr shou% !ot

) us% i! &$ri! +$trs. So& !%:uss +i '$# $ gr$tr 'hysi#$ strss o! tr$t% +oo% th$! othr

uss $!% +i rsut i! $ shortr sr(i# i*. Th #ost o* r'$#&!t *or so& !%:uss &$y -usti*y

'rio%i# rtr$t&!t o* +oo%, o! sit, to 'roo!g its sr(i# i*.

&R-+!C+I.G H/. H!%+H

Most #h&i#$s us% to 'rot#t +oo% *ro& i!s#ts $!% %#$y $r to6i# i! or%r to ) **#ti(. Th go$ is

to s#t #h&i#$s $!% &tho%s th$t +i #o!tro th 'sts +ithout h$r&i!g th $''i#$tor, th usr, th

'u)i#, or 'ts. It is th rs'o!si)iity o* th &$!$g&!t o* $!y +oo% 'rsr(i!g o'r$tio! to !sur th$t

th 'ro'r h$!%i!g 'ro#%urs, 'rot#ti( #othi!g $!% $!y !#ss$ry "ui'&!t 0su#h $s rs'ir$tors5 $r

su''i% to +or7rs i! #o!*or&$!# +ith $) i!stru#tio!s to 'rot#t thir h$th.Th EPA:$''ro(% $)i!g o! 'sti#i% 'ro%u#ts, i!#u%i!g +oo% 'rsr($ti(s, is th primary sour#

o* i!*or&$tio! o! $''i#$tio! &tho%s, 'r#$utio!$ry &$surs *or +or7rs, &rg!#y *irst $i% *or high( 6'osurs, $!% %is'os$ i!stru#tio!s *or us% 'sti#i% &$tri$s $!% #o!t$i!rs. Th $) h$s th

*or# o* $+, $!% it is th 'ro(isio!s o* th $) +hi#h $r !*or#% )y st$t rgu$tory $g!#is. Thus,

th $) *or $#h *or&u$t% 'ro%u#t us% $t $ +oo% tr$t&!t o'r$tio! shou% ) r$%iy $($i$), $!%

$ rs'o!si) 'rso!! shou% ) *$&ii$r +ith thir #o!t!ts.

Ha3ards to pplicators

A h$!%rs o* +oo% 'rsr($ti(s !% to 7!o+ $)out 'ot!ti$ h$/$r%s $!% !#ss$ry 'r#$utio!s.

Si!# ris7s $r %ir#ty r$t% to %gr o* 6'osur, &ost o* th ris7s $sso#i$t% +ith +oo% 'rsr($ti(s#o&s *ro& thir $''i#$tio! $!% th (o$tii/$tio! th$t o##urs soo! $*tr tr$t&!t, r$thr th$! *ro& us

o* th tr$t% +oo% its*. Th %#isio! )y EPA to #$ssi*y thr o* th &$-or +oo% 'rsr($ti(s,

#rosot, i!org$!i# $rs!i#$s, $!% '!t$#horo'h!o, *or rstri#t% us +$s )$s% o! th 'ot!ti$ hu&$!

ris7 *ro& #hro!i# to6i#ity 06'osur o(r $ o!g 'rio% o* ti&5. A''i#$tors $s $ grou' $r th 'o'

&ost i7y to ) 6'os% o(r o!g 'rio%s, $!% #o!s"u!ty !% to t$7 'r#$utio!s $s $ !or&$ $!%

routi! '$rt o* +or7i!g +ith +oo% 'rsr($ti(s. E6'osur to +oo% 'rsr($ti(s #$! o##ur i! $ ($rity

o* +$ys< %uri!g h$!%i!g $!% &i6i!g th #h&i#$s, !tri!g 'rssur: tr$t&!t #yi!%rs, +or7i!g

$rou!% s'r$y or %i' o'r$tio!s, h$!%i!g *rshy tr$t% +oo%, #$!i!g?sr(i#i!g "ui'&!t or %is'osi!go* +$sts. Cos% syst&s *or h$!%i!g th #h&i#$s $!% &#h$!i#$y h$!%i!g tr$t% +oo% h' to

r%u# 'ot!ti$ 6'osur, )ut %o !ot i&i!$t th 'ossi)iity o* so& routi! or $##i%!t$ 6'osur *or

+or7rs.

Woo% 'rsr($ti(s, i7 othr 'sti#i%s, #$! !tr th )o%y i! thr +$ys.or$

%r&$

rs'ir$tory

Si!# &$!y +oo% 'rsr($ti(s h$( $ stro!g o%or $!% t$st, it is u!i7y $ 'rso! +ou% s+$o+ $

%$!grous $&ou!t. Th &or i7y *or&s o* 6'osur $r %r&$ 0s7i!5 #o!t$#t, or i!h$$tio! o* ($'ors,

%ust or '$rti#s, '$rti#u$ry i* 'rot#ti( #othi!g $!% othr 'r#$utio!s $r !ot o)sr(%.



+o$icity

Th %#isio! )y th E!(iro!&!t$ Prot#tio! Ag!#y to #$ssi*y *or rstri#t% us th thr 'ri!#i'$

+oo% tr$t&!t 'rsr($ti(s is )$s% o! (i%!# th$t<

3. #rosot #$uss #$!#r i! $)or$tory $!i&$s $!% h$s )! $sso#i$t% +ith s7i! #$!#r i! so&

+or7rs o##u'$tio!$y 6'os% to #rosot8@. #rosot $!% i!org$!i# $rs!$s $so #$us mutagenic **#ts 0g! %*#ts5 i! )$#tri$ $!%

$)or$tory $!i&$s8

B. $rs!i# h$s )! sho+! i! 'i%&ioogy stu%is to ) $sso#i$t% +ith #$!#r i! hu&$!s +ho ithr

%r$!7 +$tr #o!t$&i!$t% +ith $rs!i# or +ho )r$th% $ir #o!t$i!i!g $rs!i#.

=. '!t$#horo'h!o h$s 'ro%u#% %*#ts to th o**s'ri!g o* $)or$tory $!i&$s8 $!%

1. $ %io6i! #o!t$&i!$t 096CDD5 i! '!t$#horo'h!o h$s )! sho+! to #$us #$!#r i! $)or$tory

$!i&$s.

;#$us o* th 'ot!ti$ h$/$r% o* ths 'rsr($ti(s, thr $r !+ EPA $) r"uir&!ts *or thir

h$!%i!g $!% !% us. I! $%%itio! to th 'ot!ti$ h$/$r%s o* #hro!i# to6i#ity, $ si!g or short tr&6'osur #$! #$us th *oo+i!g $#ut h$th **#ts.

Creosote#$! #$us s7i! irrit$tio!8 ($'ors $!% *u&s $r irrit$ti!g to th ys $!% rs'ir$tory tr$#t8 $!%

'roo!g% $!% r'$t% 6'osur &$y $% to %r&$titis.

&entachlorophenol0Irrit$ti!g to ys, s7i! $!% rs'ir$tory tr$#t.

I!gstio! o* '!t$ soutio!s, i!h$$tio! o* #o!#!tr$t% ($'ors or 6#ssi( s7i! #o!t$#t &$y $% to

*(r, h$%$#h, +$7!ss, %i//i!ss, !$us$, $!% 'ro*us s+$ti!g. I! 6tr& #$ss, #oor%i!$tio! oss

$!% #o!(usio! &$y o##ur< high (s o* 6'osur #$! ) *$t$.

Proo!g% 6'osur #$! $% to $! $#!:i7 s7i! #o!%itio! or othr s7i! %isor%rs, $!% &$y #$us

%$&$g to th i(r, 7i%!ys or !r(ous syst&.

Inorganic arsenicals06'osur to high #o!#!tr$tio!s o* $rs!i#$ #o&'ou!%s #$! #$us !$us$, h$%$#h, $)%o&i!$

'$i! 0i* &$tri$ +$s s+$o+%58 6tr& sy&'to&s #$! 'rogrss to %i//i!ss, &us# s'$s&s, %iriu&

$!% #o!(usio!.

Proo!g% 6'osur #$! 'ro%u# #hro!i#, 'rsist!t sy&'to&s o* h$%$#h, $)%o&i!$ %istrss,

s$i($tio!, o+:gr$% *(r, $!% u''r rs'ir$tory irrit$tio!.o!g tr& **#ts #$! i!#u% i(r %$&$g, oss o* h$ir $!% *i!gr!$is, $!&i$ $!% s7i! %isor%rs.

(irst id

Si!# $##i%!ts %o h$''!, *irst $i% i!*or&$tio! o! th #h&i#$0s5 i! us &ust ) r$%iy $($i$).Th 'ro%u#t $) gi(s )$si# *irst $i% %ir#tio!s, $s %o M$tri$ S$*ty D$t$ shts su''i% )y #h&i#$&$!u*$#turrs. Th *oo+i!g g!r$ st's $r $''i#$) *or $##i%!t$ 6'osur to +oo% 'rsr($ti(s.

I! #$ss o* s7i! #o!t$#t, *irst r&o( #o!t$&i!$t% #othi!g th$tHs i! #o!t$#t +ith th s7i!,

i&&%i$ty +$sh th $**#t% $r$s +ith &i% so$' $!% +$tr. Do!Ht irrit$t th s7i! +ith (igorous

s#ru))i!g. L$tr, i* you !oti# i!*$&% s7i!, r%!ss or it#hi!g i! th $**#t% $r$, #o!sut $ %o#tor.

I! #$ss o* y #o!t$#t, i&&%i$ty *ush th ys +ith ru!!i!g +$tr. Li*t th u''r $!% o+r

yi%s *or #o&'t irrig$tio! $!% #o!ti!u *or *i*t! &i!uts, th! s $ %o#tor.

I* $##i%!t$ i!h$$tio! h$s o##urr%, &o( th (i#ti& to *rsh $ir $!% $''y $rti*i#i$ rs'ir$tio! $s

!%%. Gt &%i#$ h' i&&%i$ty. I* #h&i#$ 'rsr($ti( h$s )! s+$o+%, #$ &%i#$ h'

i&&%i$ty<

i* #rosot or '!t$ +$s s+$o+%, *irst gi( o! or t+o g$sss o* +$tr, i!%u# (o&iti!g, th!

$%&i!istr t+o t$)s'oo!s o* USP Drug Gr$%H $#ti($t% #h$r#o$ i! +$tr. I* $! $rs!i#$ #h&i#$ h$s )! s+$o+%, %ri!7 $rg "u$!titis o* +$tr, or &i7 i* $($i$).

Gt 'ro*ssio!$ &%i#$ h' i&&%i$ty.

N(r $tt&'t to gi( $!ythi!g )y &outh to $! u!#o!s#ious 'rso!.

N(r i!%u# (o&iti!g i! $! u!#o!s#ious 'rso!.



&rotecting the pplicator

General

1 Goo% +or7 h$)its $r r*#t% i! th g!r$ 'r#$utio!s i!#u%% o! $ +oo% 'rsr($ti( $)s.

Ths )$si#, #o&&o!:s!s hygi! rus #$! sig!i*i#$!ty r%u# ris7s o* #hro!i# 6'osur to +oo%

'rsr($ti( #h&i#$s.For 6$&'<

Do!Ht $t, %ri!7 or s&o7 i! th +or7 $r$ : +or7rHs h$!%s #$! tr$!s&it rsi%us to +h$t (r thy

tou#h.

W$sh h$!%s o*t!, s'#i$y )*or usi!g th rstroo&, s&o7i!g or $ti!g. go(s, )oots $!%

goggs $!% h$% #o(ri!g5 i&'r(ious to th +oo% tr$t&!t *or&u$tio! .

E6'osur to '!t$#horo'h!o %uri!g 'rg!$!#y shou% ) $(oi%%.

rsenicals0

A 6'os% $rs!i# tr$t&!t '$!t +or7rs +i ) r"uir% to +$r $ rs'ir$tor i* th ( o*$&)i!t $rs!i# is u!7!o+! or 6#%s $ Pr&issi) E6'osur Li&it 0PEL5 o* 34 &i#rogr$&s 'r #u)i#

&tr o* $ir 0ug?&B5 $(r$g o(r $! hour +or7 %$y. This PEL is th s$& $s th st$!%$r% r"uir% )y

th O##u'$tio!$ S$*ty $!% 9$th A%&i!istr$tio!. Pro#sss us% to $''y i!org$!i# $rs!i#$ *or&u$tio!s sh$ $( !o (isi) sur*$# %'osits o!

th +oo%. S&$ iso$t% or i!*r"u!t s'ots o* #h&i#$ o! othr+is #$! +oo% sh$ ) $o+%.

%imitations on /se

R#!t EPA rgu$tio!s o! +oo% 'rsr($ti(s i!#u% so& i&it$tio!s o! tr$ti!g +oo% i!t!%% *or

#rt$i! uss, $!% o! #rt$i! uss o* tr$t% +oo%. ; sur th$t th $) $o+s you to us th 'rsr($ti(s

*or th s'#i*i# us you i!t!%. Not $ o* ths i&it$tio!s $r th rs'o!si)iity o* #o&&r#i$ tr$trs,

)ut ths i&it$tio!s shou% ) 7!o+!. Th *oo+i!g is $ su&&$ry o* +oo% 'rsr($tio!s us i&it$tio!s.

P!t$#horo'h!o $!% #rosot #$!!ot ) $''i% i!%oors.

P!t$#horo'h!o:or #rosot:tr$t% +oo% &ust !ot ) us% +hr thr &$y ) #o!t$&i!$tio!o* *%, *oo%, %ri!7i!g or irrig$tio! +$tr.

1 &entachlorophenol #$!!ot ) $''i% to wood intended for use in interiors, 6#'t *or &i+or7

0+ith out%oor sur*$#s5 $!% su''ort stru#turs +hi#h $r i! #o!t$#t +ith th soi i! )$r!s, st$)s, $!%

si&i$r sits $!% +hi#h $r su)-#t to %#$y or i!s#t i!*st$tio!. sealer must be applied in those

instances)

1 Creosote #$!!ot ) $''i% to +oo% i!t!%% to ) us% i! i!triors 6#'t *or thos su''ort

stru#turs +hi#h $r i! #o!t$#t +ith th soi i! )$r!s, st$)s, $!% si&i$r sits $!% +hi#h $r

R&o( go(s to h$!% '$'r +or7, 'ho!s or "ui'&!t +hi#h othrs &$y h$!% +ith

u!'rot#t% h$!%s.

At #o&&r#i$ tr$t&!t '$!ts, 'rot#ti( #othi!g &ust ) *t $t th '$!t. I* +or7 #oths &ust ) $u!%r% $t ho&, +$sh th& s'$r$ty *ro& othr $u!%ry.

Prot#ti( #othi!g r"uir&!ts +i ) s'#i*i% o! th $). Ths +i i!#u% us o*i&'r&$) go(s *or $''yi!g th 'rsr($ti(s $!% i! $ situ$tio!s +hr %r&$ 0s7i!5 #o!t$#t is

6'#t% 0.g. h$!%i!g *rshy tr$t% +oo% $!% &$!u$y o'!i!g 'rssur tr$t&!t #yi!%rs5. I!

#rt$i! situ$tio!s su#h $s s'r$yi!g th #h&i#$s $!% +or7i!g $rou!% 'rssur tr$t&!t "ui'&!t,

$%%itio!$ #othi!g &$y ) r"uir%. Su#h #othi!g &$y i!#u% o(r$s, -$#7ts, )oots, rs'ir$tors

0'ro'ry *itti!g $!% &$i!t$i!%, $''ro(% )y MS9A?NIOS95 goggs $!% h$% #o(ri!g.

I!%i(i%u$s +ho !tr 'rssur tr$t&!t #yi!%rs $!% othr r$t% "ui'&!t th$t is #o!t$&i!$t%

+ith th +oo% tr$t&!t soutio! 0su#h $s #yi!%rs th$t $r i! o'r$tio! or $r !ot *r o* th soutio!5

&ust +$r 'rot#ti( #othi!g, i!#u%i!g o(r$s, -$#7t, go(s, $!% )oots, i&'r(ious to th +oo%

tr$t&!t soutio!, $!% $ rs'ir$tor.

Special &recautions

&entachlorophenol0 For 'ri%, 'o+%r% or *$7% *or&u$tio!s o* '!t$#horo'h!o< U!ti August B3, 3, $ #os%

&'tyi!g $!% &i6i!g syst& &ust ) us% or 'rot#ti( #othi!g, i!#u%i!g rs'ir$tor, go(s, o!g:

s(% shirt $!% o!g '$!ts or %is'os$) #o(r$s, &ust ) +or! +h! &'tyi!g $!% &i6i!g 'ri%,

'o+%r% or *$7% *or&u$tio!s o* '!t$#horo'h!o. A*tr S't&)r 3, 3 $ #os% syst& &ust )

us% +h! &'tyi!g $!% &i6i!g su#h *or&u$tio!s o* '!t$#horo'h!o.



For th s'r$y &tho% o* $''i#$tio!, s'r$y $''$r$tus &ust 035 ) o'r$t% so $s to &i!i&i/

o(rs'r$y 0i.., !o (isi) &ist5 $!% 0@5 ) *r o* $7s i! th syst&. Shou% thr ) $ (isi) &ist, s'r$y

$''i#$tors i! th /o! i! +hi#h &ist is (isi) &ust +$r rs'ir$tors $!% 'rot#ti( #othi!g 0i!#u%i!g

o(r$s, -$#7t, su)-#t to %#$y or i!s#t i!*st$tio!s. T+o #o$ts o* a sealer must be applied)

Th $''i#$tio! o* '!t$#horo'h!o to ogs *or #o!stru#tio! of log homes is prohibited)

I* #rosot or '!t$#horo'h!o is $''i% to +oo% i!t!%% to ) us% +hr it +i ) 6'os% to

)o%y #o!t$#t, s$$!ts &ust ) $''i%.

aterial Safety #ata Sheet 4S#S5

M$tri$ S$*ty D$t$ Shts $r $($i$) *ro& th &$!u*$#turrs $!% %istri)utors o* th +oo%

'rsr($ti(s thy s. Ths shts #o!t$i! i!*or&$tio! o! su#h to'i#s $s to6i#ity $!% *irst $i%, 'rso!$

'rot#tio! $!% #o!tros, stor$g $!% h$!%i!g 'r#$utio!s, s'i:$7 %is'os$ 'r$#ti#s, tr$!s'ort$tio!,

'hysi#$ %$t$ $!% r$#ti(ity %$t$. You shou% h$( $ MSDS o! *i *or $#h %i**r!t *or&u$tio! th$t you

us. So& st$ts &$y h$( right:to:7!o+H $+s th$t +i r"uir you to %o this.

2oluntary Consumer wareness &rogram

I! or%r to $''ris th #o!su&r o* th 'ro'r uss o* tr$t% +oo% $!% th 'ro'r 'r#$utio!$ry

&$surs to t$7 +h! usi!g su#h +oo%, th tr$t% +oo% i!%ustry h$s %(o'% $ (ou!t$ry Co!su&r

A+$r!ss Progr$& 0CAP5. Th tr$t% +oo% i!%ustry is #o&&itt% to th i&'&!t$tio! o* th CAP

$!% th %u#$tio! o* th #o!su&i!g 'u)i#. Th tr$t% +oo% i!%ustry +i %(o' $ &o% Co!su&r

I!*or&$tio! Sht 0CIS5 #o!t$i!i!g us sit 'r#$utio!s $!% s$* +or7i!g 'r$#ti#s *or $#h o* th thr

ty's o* 'rsr($ti(s. Th CIS +i sr( $s th &$i! (hi# *or #o!(yi!g i!*or&$tio! $)out tr$t%

+oo% to #o!su&rs. Th *o#us o* th CAP +i ) o! !suri!g th %iss&i!$tio! o* th CIS $t th ti& o*s$ or %i(ry to !% usrs. Th i!%i(i%u$ +oo% tr$trHs CIS +i, $t $ &i!i&u&, #o!t$i! th $!gu$g

$gr% to )y AWPI, SAWP, NFPA, $!% EPA o! th &o% CIS to th 6t!t it $''is to th +oo%

'rsr(rHs 'ro%u#t. Woo% tr$trs +i ) *r to $%% othr i!*or&$tio! to thir CISHs su#h $s th

&&)rHs !$&, $%%rss, $!% ogo8 )ut i! $ #$ss, th us sit 'r#$utio!s $!% th s$* h$!%i!g

'r$#ti#s i!*or&$tio! +i ) s'$r$t, gi), $!% 'ro&i!!t. Th 'ri&$ry rs'o!si)iity *or !suri!gth$t th CIS is %iss&i!$t% to th #o!su&i!g 'u)i# +i rsi% +ith th +oo% tr$trs. This (ou!t$ry

'rogr$& &$y ) &o%i*i% )y EPA $t $ $tr %$t.

Inorganic rsenical &ressure*+reated Wood

Th *oo+i!g +or%i!g +i $''$r o! th Co!su&r I!*or&$tio! Sht 0CIS5 *or i!org$!i# $rs!i#$

'rssur:tr$t% +oo%<

Consumer *n(ormation

This +oo% h$s )! 'rsr(% )y 'rssur:tr$t&!t +ith $! EPA:rgistr% 'sti#i% #o!t$i!i!g

#rosot to 'rot#t it *ro& i!s#t $tt$#7 $!% %#$y. Woo% tr$t% +ith #rosot shou% ) us% o!y +hr

su#h 'rot#tio! is i&'ort$!t. Crosot '!tr$ts %'y i!to $!% r&$i!s i! th 'rssur:tr$t% +oo% *or$ o!g ti&. E6'osur to #rosot &$y 'rs!t #rt$i! h$/$r%s. Thr*or th *oo+i!g 'r#$utio!s

shou% ) t$7! )oth +h! h$!%i!g th tr$t% +oo% $!% i! %tr&i!i!g +hr to us th tr$t% +oo%.

+se site Precautions (or *nor"anic Arsenical Pressure-Treated !ood

Woo%, 'rssur:tr$t% +ith +$tr)or! $rs!i#$ 'rsr($ti(s, &$y ) us% i!si% rsi%!#s $s o!g $s

$ s$+%ust $!% #o!stru#tio! %)ris $r #$!% u' $!% %is'os% o* $*tr #o!stru#tio!.

Do !ot us tr$t% +oo% u!%r #ir#u&st$!#s +hr th 'rsr($ti(s &$y )#o& $ #o&'o!!t o*

*oo% or $!i&$ *%. E6$&'s o* su#h sits +ou% ) stru#tur$ or #o!t$i!rs *or stori!g si$g or *oo%.

Do !ot us tr$t% +oo% *or #utti!g:)o$r%s or #ou!trto's.

O!y tr$t% +oo% th$t is (isi)y #$! $!% *r o* sur*$# rsi%u shou% ) us% i! '$tios, %#7s

$!% +$7+$ys. Do !ot us tr$t% +oo% *or #o!stru#tio! o* thos 'ortio!s o* )hi(s +hi#h &$y #o& i!to #o!t$#t

+ith th ho!y. Tr$t% +oo% shou% !ot ) us% +hr it &$y #o& i!to %ir#t or i!%ir#t #o!t$#t +ith

'u)i# %ri!7i!g +$tr, 6#'t *or uss i!(o(i!g i!#i%!t$ #o!t$#t su#h $s %o#7s $!% )ri%gs.

%andlin" Precautions (or *nor"anic Arsenical Pressure-Treated !ood

Dis'os o* tr$t% +oo% )y or%i!$ry tr$sh #o#tio! or )uri$. Tr$t% +oo% shou% !ot ) )ur!% i!

o'! *irs or i! sto(s, *ir'$#s, or rsi%!ti$ )oirs )#$us to6i# #h&i#$s &$y ) 'ro%u#% $s '$rt



o* th s&o7 $!% $shs. Tr$t% +oo% *ro& #o&&r#i$ or i!%ustri$ us 0.g.,#o!stru#tio! sits5 &$y )

)ur!% o!y i! #o&&r#i$ or i!%ustri$ i!#i!r$tors or )oirs i! $##or%$!# +ith St$t $!% F%r$

rgu$tio!s. A(oi% *r"u!t or 'roo!g% i!h$$tio! o* s$+%ust *ro& tr$t% +oo%. Wh! s$+i!g $!%

&$#hi!i!g tr$t% +oo%,, +$r $ %us7 &$s7. Wh!(r 'ossi), ths o'r$tio!s shou% ) 'r*or&%

out%oors to $(oi% i!%oor $##u&u$tio!s o* $ir)or! s$+%ust *ro& tr$t% +oo%.

Creosote &ressure*+reated Wood

Th *oo+i!g +or%i!g +i $''$r o! th Co!su&r I!*or&$tio! Shts 0CIS5 *or #rosot 'rssur

tr$t% +oo%<

Consumer *n(ormation : This +oo% h$s )! 'rsr(% )y 'rssur tr$t&!t +ith $! EPA:rgistr%

'sti#i% #o!t$i!i!g #rosot to 'rot#t it *ro& i!s#t $tt$#7 $!% %#$y. Woo% tr$t% +ith #rosot

shou% ) us% o!y +hr su#h 'rot#tio! is i&'ort$!t. Crosot '!tr$ts %'y i!to $!% r&$i!s i!

th 'rssur tr$t% +oo% *or $ o!g ti&. E6'osur to #rosot &$y 'rs!t #rt$i! h$/$r%s. Thr*or

th *oo+i!g 'r#$utio!s shou% ) t$7! )oth +h! h$!%i!g th tr$t% +oo% $!% i! %tr&i!i!g +hr

to us th tr$t% +oo%.

+se Site Precautions (or Creosote Pressure-Treated !ood Woo% tr$t% +ith #rosot shou% !ot ) us% +hr it +i ) i! *r"u!t or 'roo!g% #o!t$#t +ith )$r

s7i! 0*or 6$&', #h$irs $!% othr out%oor *ur!itur5 u!ss $! **#ti( s$r h$s )! $''i%.

Crosot:tr$t% +oo% shou% !ot ) us% i! rsi%!ti$ i!triors. Crosot:tr$t% +oo% i! i!triors o*

i!%ustri$ )ui%i!gs shou% ) us% o!y *or i!%ustri$ )ui%i!g #o&'o!!ts +hi#h $r i! grou!% #o!t$#t

$!% $r su)-#t to %#$y or i!s#t i!*st$tio!, $!% *or +oo% )o#7 *oori!g. For su#h uss, t+o #o$ts o* $!

$''ro'ri$t s$r &ust ) $''i%. S$rs &$y ) $''i% $t th i!st$$tio! sit. Woo% tr$t% +ith

#rosot shou% !ot ) us% i! th i!triors o* *$r& )ui%i!gs +hr thr &$y ) i! %ir#t #o!t$#t +ith

%o&sti# $!i&$s or i(sto#7 +hi#h &$y #ri) 0)it5 or i#7 th +oo%. I! i!triors o* *$r& )ui%i!gs,

+hr %o&sti# $!i&$s or i(sto#7 $r u!i7y to #ri) 0)it5 or i#7 th +oo%, #rosot:tr$t% +oo%

&$y ) us% *or )ui%i!g #o&'o!!ts +hi#h $r i! grou!% #o!t$#t $!% $r su)-#t to %#$y or i!s#t

i!*st$tio!, i* t+o #o$ts o* $! **#ti( s$r $r $''i%. S$rs &$y ) $''i% $t th i!st$$tio! sit.

Do !ot us #rosot tr$t% +oo% *or *$rro+i!g or )roo%i!g *$#iitis.Do !ot us tr$t% +oo% u!%r #ir#u&st$!#s +hr th 'rsr($ti( &$y )#o& $ #o&'o!!t o*

*oo% or $!i&$ *%. E6$&'s o* su#h us +ou% ) stru#turs or #o!t$i!rs *or stori!g si$g or *oo%.

Do !ot us tr$t% +oo% *or #utti!g:)o$r%s or #ou!trto's. O!y tr$t% +oo% th$t is (isi)y #$!

$!% *r o* sur*$# rsi%us shou% ) us% *or '$tios, %#7s $!% +$7+$ys.

Do !ot us tr$t% +oo% *or #o!stru#tio! o* thos 'ortio!s o* )hi(s +hi#h &$y #o& i!to #o!t$#t

+ith th ho!y. Crosot:tr$t% +oo% shou% !ot ) us% +hr it &$y #o& i!to %ir#t or i!%ir#t#o!t$#t +ith 'u)i# %ri!7i!g +$tr, 6#'t *or uss i!(o(i!g i!#i%!t$ #o!t$#t su#h $s %o#7s $!%

)ri%gs.

Do !ot us #rosot:tr$t% +oo% +hr it &$y #o& i!to %ir#t or i!%ir#t #o!t$#t +ith %ri!7i!g

+$tr *or %o&sti# $!i&$s or i(sto#7, 6#'t *or uss i!(o(i!g i!#i%!t$ #o!t$#t su#h $s %o#7s $!%

)ri%gs.

%andlin" Precautions (or Creosote Pressure-Treated !ood


o'! *irs or i! sto(s, *ir'$#s, or rsi%!ti$ )oirs, )#$us to6i# #h&i#$s &$y ) 'ro%u#% $s '$rt

o* th s&o7 $!% $shs. Tr$t% +oo% *ro& #o&&r#i$ or i!%ustri$ us 0.g., #o!stru#tio! sits5 &$y )

)ur!% o!y i! #o&&r#i$ or i!%ustri$ i!#i!r$tors or )oirs i! $##or%$!# +ith St$t $!% F%r$

rgu$tio!s.

A(oi% *r"u!t o* 'roo!g% i!h$$tio! o* s$+%ust *ro& tr$t% +oo%. Wh! s$+i!g $!% &$#hi!i!g

tr$t% +oo%, +$r $ %ust &$s7. Wh!(r 'ossi), ths o'r$tio!s shou% ) 'r*or&% out%oors to

$(oi% i!%oor $##u&u$tio!s o* $ir)or! s$+%ust *ro& tr$t% +oo%.

A(oi% *r"u!t or 'roo!g% s7i! #o!t$#t +ith #rosot:tr$t% +oo%. Wh! h$!%i!g th tr$t% +oo%,

+$r o!gs(% shirts $!% o!g '$!ts $!% us go(s i&'r(ious to th #h&i#$s 0*or 6$&', go(sth$t $r (i!y:#o$t%5. Wh! 'o+r:s$+i!g $!% &$#hi!i!g, +$r goggs to 'rot#t ys *ro& *yi!g

'$rti#s. A*tr +or7i!g +ith th +oo%, $!% )*or $ti!g, %ri!7i!g, $!% us o* to)$##o 'ro%u#ts, +$sh

6'os% $r$s thoroughy.

I* oi 'rsr($ti( or s$+%ust $##u&u$t o! #oths, $u!%r )*or rus. W$sh +or7 #oths s'$r$ty

*ro& othr housho% #othi!g. Co$ t$r 'it#h $!% #o$ t$r 'it#h &usio! $r **#ti( s$rs *or

#rosot:tr$t% +oo%:)o#7 *oori!g. Urth$!, 'o6y $!% sh$# $r $##'t$) s$rs *or $ #rosot:

tr$t% +oo%.



&entachlorophenol &ressure*+reated Wood

Th *oo+i!g +or%i!g +i $''$r o! th Co!su&r I!*or&$tio! Shts 0CIS5 *or '!t$#horo'h!o

'rssur:tr$t% +oo%<

Consumer *n(ormation- This +oo% h$s )! 'rsr(% )y 'rssur:tr$t&!t +ith $! EPA:rgistr%

'sti#i% #o!t$i!i!g '!t$#horo'h!o to 'rot#t it *ro& i!s#t $tt$#7 $!% %#$y. Woo% tr$t% +ith '!t$#horo'h!o shou% ) us% o!y +hr su#h 'rot#tio! is i&'ort$!t. P!t$#horo'h!o '!tr$ts

%'y i!to $!% r&$i!s i! th 'rssur:tr$t% +oo% *or $ o!g ti&. E6'osur to '!t$#horo'h!o &$y

'rs!t #rt$i! h$/$r%s. Thr*or, th *oo+i!g 'r#$utio!s shou% ) t$7! )oth +h! h$!%i!g th

tr$t% +oo% $!% i! %tr&i!i!g +hr to us $!% %is'os o* th tr$t% +oo%.

+se Site Precautions (or Pentachlorophenol Pressure-Treated !ood * Logs tr$t% +ith

'!t$#horo'h!o shou% !ot ) us% *or og ho&s. Woo% tr$t% +ith '!t$#horo'h!o shou% !ot )

us% +hr it +i ) i! *r"u!t or 'roo!g% #o!t$#t +ith )$r s7i! 0*or 6$&', #h$irs $!% othr

out%oor *ur!itur5, u!ss $! **#ti( s$r h$s )! $''i%. P!t$#horo'h!o:tr$t% +oo% shou%

!ot ) us% i! rsi%!ti$, i!%ustri$, or #o&&r#i$ i!triors 6#'t *or $&i!$t% )$&s or )ui%i!g

#o&'o!!ts +hi#h $r i! grou!% #o!t$#t $!% $r su)-#t to %#$y or i!s#t i!*st$tio! $!% +hr t+o

#o$ts o* $! $''ro'ri$t s$r $r $''i%. S$rs &$y ) $''i% $t th i!st$$tio! sit.Woo% tr$t% +ith '!t$#horo'h!o shou% !ot ) us% i! th i!triors o* *$r& )ui%i!gs +hr thr

&$y ) %ir#t #o!t$#t +ith %o&sti# $!i&$s or i(sto#7 +hi#h &$y #ri) 0)it5 or i#7 th +oo%.

I! i!triors o* *$r& )ui%i!gs +hr %o&sti# $!i&$s or i(sto#7 $r u!i7y to #ri) 0)it5 or i#7 th

+oo%, '!t$#horo'h!o:tr$t% +oo% &$y ) us% *or )ui%i!g #o&'o!!ts +hi#h $r i! grou!% #o!t$#t

$!% $r su)-#t to %#$y or i!s#t i!*st$tio! $!% +hr t+o #o$t o* $! $''ro'ri$t s$r $r $''i%.

S$rs &$y ) $''i% $t th i!st$$tio! sit.

Do !ot us '!t$#horo'h!o:tr$t% +oo% *or *$rro+i!g or )roo%i!g *$#iitis.

Do !ot us tr$t% +oo% u!%r #ir#u&st$!#s +hr th 'rsr($ti( &$y )#o& $ #o&'o!!t o*

*oo% or $!i&$ *%. E6$&'s o* su#h sits +ou% ) stru#turs or #o!t$i!rs *or stori!g si$g or *oo%.

Do !ot us tr$t% +oo% *or #utti!g )o$r%s or #ou!trto's. O!y tr$t% +oo% th$t is (isi)y #$!

$!% *r o* sur*$# rsi%u shou% ) us% *or '$tios, %#7s $!% +$7+$ys.

Do !ot us tr$t% +oo% *or #o!stru#tio! o* thos 'ortio!s o* )hi(s +hi#h &$y #o& i!to #o!t$#t+ith th ho!y. P!t$#horo'h!o:tr$t% +oo% shou% !ot ) us% +hr it &$y #o& i!to %ir#t or

i!%ir#t #o!t$#t +ith 'u)i# %ri!7i!g +$tr, 6#'t *or uss i!(o(i!g i!#i%!t$ #o!t$#t su#h $s %o#7s $!%

)ri%gs.

Do !ot us '!t$#horo'h!o:tr$t% +oo% +hr it &$y #o& i!to %ir#t or i!%ir#t #o!t$#t +ith

%ri!7i!g +$tr *or %o&sti# $!i&$s or i(sto#7, 6#'t *or uss i!(o(i!g i!#i%!t$ #o!t$#t su#h $s

%o#7s $!% )ri%gs.

%andlin" Precautions (or Pentachlorophenol Pressure-Treated !ood


o'! *irs or i! sto(s, *ir'$#s, or rsi%!ti$ )oirs )#$us to6i# #h&i#$s &$y ) 'ro%u#% $s '$rt

o* th s&o7 $!% $shs. Tr$t% +oo% *ro& #o&&r#i$ or i!%ustri$ us 0.g., #o!stru#tio! sits5 &$y ) )ur!% o!y i! #o&&r#i$ or i!%ustri$ i!#i!r$tors or )oirs r$t% $t @4 &iio! ;TU?hour or gr$tr

h$t i!'ut or its "ui($!t i! $##or%$!# +ith St$t $!% F%r$ rgu$tio!s.

A(oi% *r"u!t or 'roo!g% i!h$$tio! o* s$+%ust *ro& tr$t% +oo%. Wh! s$+i!g or &$#hi!i!g tr$t%

+oo%, +$r $ %ust &$s7. Wh!(r 'ossi), ths o'r$tio!s shou% ) 'r*or&% out%oors to $(oi%

i!%oor $##u&u$tio!s o* $ir)or! s$+%ust *ro& tr$t% +oo%.A(oi% *r"u!t or 'roo!g% s7i! #o!t$#t +ith '!t$#horo'h!o:tr$t% +oo%8 +h! h$!%i!g th

tr$t% +oo%, +$r o!g:s(% shirts $!% o!g '$!ts $!% us go(s i&'r(ious to th #h&i#$s 0*or

6$&', go(s th$t $r (i!y:#o$t%5. Wh! 'o+r:s$+i!g $!% &$#hi!i!g, +$r goggs to 'rot#t ys

*ro& *yi!g '$rti#s.

A*tr +or7i!g +ith th +oo%, $!% )*or $ti!g, %ri!7i!g $!% us o* to)$##o 'ro%u#ts, +$sh 6'os%

$r$s thoroughy. I* oiy 'rsr($ti(s or s$+%ust $##u&u$t o! #oths, $u!%r )*or rus. W$sh

+or7 #oths s'$r$ty *ro& othr housho% #othi!g. Urth$!, sh$#, $t6 'o6y !$& $!% ($r!ish$r $##'t$) s$rs *or '!t$#horo'h!o:tr$t% +oo%.



&R-+!C+I.G +H! !.2IR-.!.+

Waste #isposal

W$st *ro& 'rsr($ti( tr$ti!g o'r$tio!s #$! 7i '$!t i* $!% h$r& $"u$ti# i* i* $o+% to !tr

+$tr+$ys. Ois $!% org$!i# soi%s %$&$g $"u$ti# i* )y r%u#i!g o6yg! su''is.So& tr$ti!g '$!ts %is#h$rg thir +$sts i!to $''ro(% &u!i#i'$ s+r syst&s *or 'ro#ssi!g $o!g

+ith &u!i#i'$ +$sts. M$!y '$!ts us #os% #h&i#$ $!% +$st+$tr r#o(ry syst&s to #o!t$i!

+$sts th$t #ou% ) h$r&*u. R#o(r% soutio!s &$y ) us% $g$i!. I* thy $r #o!t$&i!$t%, thy #$!

) *itr% to r&o( soi% +$sts. Li"ui% +$st &$tri$s &$y ) %i(rt% to stti!g 'o!%s.

Door su&'s shou% ) us% u!%r 'rssur:#h$&)r %oors $!% u!%r h$r%:sur*$#% %r$i!$g $r$s.

Thy +i #h$!! i!to th +$st or r#o(ry syst& $!y 6#ss #h&i#$s th$t %ri' or $r ri!s% *ro&

*rshy tr$t% &$tri$. It is $so i&'ort$!t to #o!t$i! th ru!o** *ro& $r$s +hr to6i# #h&i#$s $r

us% to 'rot#t stor% ogs, 'os, or u&)r )*or 'ro#ssi!g or %uri!g s$so!i!g.

Th U.S. E!(iro!&!t$ Prot#tio! Ag!#y r"uirs tr$t&!t *$#iitis to &t #rt$i! %is'os$ st$!%$r%s$!% to o)t$i! 'r&its *or %is#h$rg o* 6#ss #h&i#$s. Co&'i$!# +ith ths rgu$tio!s shou% $ssur

'ro'r !(iro!&!t$ 'rot#tio!.

R&&)r to r$% th $) #$r*uy *or %is'os$ i!*or&$tio! *or th 'ro%u#ts you $r usi!g.

Storage and #isposal of Containers

P$#7$g% #h&i#$s shou% ) stor% i! $ %ry, +:(!ti$t%, s#urity o#7% $r$. K' th& i! +:

s$% #o!t$i!rs +h!(r 'ossi). Prot#t i"ui% stor$g $g$i!st t$!7 ru'tur.

Wh!(r s'is, $7s, or *oo%i!g #ou% o##ur, ) sur th$t ru!o** +i %r$i! i!to $ r#o(ry or %is'os$

syst& 0S$*gu$r% #o!#rt ($ts *ro& *r/i!g, #r$#7i!g $!% s'i$g5.

Co!t$i!rs shou% ) thoroughy ri!s% $!% &'ti% i!to stor$g or tr$ti!g t$!7s )*or %is'os$.

;ury th #o!t$i!rs i! $! $''ro(% $!%*i or %is'os o* th& )y othr $''ro(% &$!s. ; '$rti#u$ry

#$r*u !ot to #o!t$&i!$t str$&s or grou!% +$tr.

; sur to r$% $!% *oo+ $) r"uir&!ts $!% s$*ty %$t$ shts *or $#h 'rsr($ti(. I* you $r i!%ou)t $)out ho+ to s$*y stor $ 'ro%u#t or %is'os o* th &'ty #o!t$i!rs, #o!t$#t th su''ir $!%

*oo+ his r#o&&!%$tio!s.

Spills

Corr#t #$!u' 'ro#%urs %'!% o! th #h&i#$ i!(o(%. Tr$ti!g '$!t 'rso!! shou% 7!o+ +h$t

#h&i#$s $r )i!g stor% $!% us% $!% shou% h$( $! $%($!# '$! *or h$!%i!g s'is. A +or7rs

+ho &ight ) i!(o(% shou% 7!o+ +h$t h' is $($i$) $!% +ho to !oti*y i! #$s o* $ &$-or s'i.

!n'ironmental !$posure

&enta

P!t$ is !ot u!#o&&o! i! th $"u$ti# !(iro!&!t. Cir#u&st$!ti$ (i%!#, i!#u%i!g th i%!ti*i#$tio!

o* '!t$ i! r$i! +$tr, i!%i#$ts th$t '!t$ &$y o##$sio!$y ) 'rs!t i! $&)i!t $ir. Lo+ (s o* this

#o&'ou!% h$( )! %t#t% i! )oth +$st+$tr $!% sur*$# +$tr. Whi th sour# o* ths rsi%us is

o*t! u!#$r, it h$s )! suggst% th$t, i! $%%itio! to %ir#t #o!t$&i!$tio! o* +$tr )y '!t$,

%gr$%$tio! o* othr org$!i# #o&'ou!%s or #hori!$tio! o* +$tr &$y rsut i! th #h&i#$ 'ro%u#tio! o*

th #o&'ou!%. P!t$ is &o%r$ty 'rsist!t i! th $"u$ti# !(iro!&!t. It +$s r'ort%y %t#t% i!$7 +$tr $!% *ish > &o!ths $*tr $! $##i%!t$ s'i. Th 'r($ii!g us '$ttr!s o* '!t$, 'ri&$riy $s $

+oo% 'rsr($ti(, shou% 'r#u% sig!i*i#$!t #o!t$&i!$tio! o* +$tr $s o!g $s s'is $!% i!%ustri$

$##i%!ts $r $(oi%%.P!t$ is &o%r$ty 'rsist!t i! th soi. Pu)ish% %$t$ r'orts th$t 'rsist!# r$!gs *ro& @3 %$ys to 1

y$rs. U!%r &ost #o!%itio!s, '!t$ +i s%o& 'rsist i! th soi *or 'rio%s 6#%i!g &o!ths $!% its

h$*:i* +i *r"u!ty ) *$r ss th$! this. Nu&rous stu%is h$( i%!ti*i% soi &i#roorg$!is&s

#$'$) o* %gr$%i!g '!t$, )ut th 6t!t o* thir %istri)utio! is u!7!o+!. Si!# th &$-or us o* '!t$

0+oo% 'rsr($ti(5 %os !ot i!(o( $''i#$tio! to th soi, th i7ist sour# o* soi #o!t$&i!$tio! is

th $#hi!g or )%i!g o* th 'rsr($ti( *ro& tr$t% +oo%. Su#h 'h!o&!$ &$y rsut i! o+ (s

o* '!t$ #o!t$&i!$tio! i! th i&&%i$t (i#i!ity 0+ithi! s(r$ i!#hs5 o* th tr$t% +oo%.



A($i$) %$t$ i!%i#$t th$t '!t$ is !ot r$%iy tr$!so#$t% )y '$!ts $!% th$t th #o&'ou!% i! r$'i%y

i&i!$t% )y &$&&$s *oo+i!g 6'osur.

Sig!i*i#$!t $##u&u$tio! i! '$!ts $!% &$&&$s is !ot i7y to o##ur.

rsenicals

No 'ro)&s h$( )! *ou!% i! th itr$tur $s to th **#ts o* $rs!i#$ +oo% 'rsr($ti(s o! th

!(iro!&!t. Ars!$t, th *or& 'rs!t i! $ro)i# sois, is )ou!% tighty to th soi #o&'o!!ts $!% )#o&s u!$($i$) *or '$!t u't$7 or $#hi!g.

Creosote

Thr $r !o r#or%% r'orts o* +i% or %o&sti# $!i&$s )i!g i!-ur% )y #rosot. Th $&ou!t o*

#rosot $s $ i"ui% th$t !trs th !(iro!&!t is r$ti(y s&$. Th *$t o* #rosot i! th !(iro!&!t

is !ot 7!o+!, )ut &ost o* its #o&'o!!ts $r "ui#7y )io%gr$%%.

ir Seasoning 4#rying5 of Wood

#rying, 0$ir s$so!i!g5 +oo% #$! ) #o&'6. Th 'ur'os o* this gui% is to outi! so& o* th

i&'ort$!t 'oi!ts i! %ryi!g s&$ "u$!titis o* +oo%. Po' +ho )uy gr! u&)r *ro& o! o* th &$!y

s&$ s$+&is i! Missouri $r o*t! i!trst% i! %ryi!g $!% 'ossi)y sur*$#i!g th u&)r. S$+&i

o'r$tors $!% %$rs +ho +ish to $''ro$#h th su)-#t o! $ $rgr, &or 'ro*ssio!$ s#$ $r r*rr% to

USDA Agri#utur 9$!%)oo7 Nu&)r =4@. Air Dryi!g o* Lu&)r.

Reasons for air drying wood

Thr $r &$!y r$so!s *or %ryi!g +oo%. Four &$i! r$so!s i!#u%<To i!#r$s %i&!sio!$ st$)iity. Woo% shri!7s $#ross th gr$i! 0!ot $o!g th gr$i!5 +h! it %ris.

I* +oo% is #ut to si/ )*or it is s$so!%, it +i shri!7 %uri!g %ryi!g $!% thus ) u!%rsi/% i! its *i!$

*or&.

To r%u# or i&i!$t $tt$#7 )y %#$y or st$i!. Woo% th$t is %ri% )o+ @4 'r#!t &oistur

#o!t!t is !ot sus#'ti) to %#$y or s$' st$i!i!g.

To r%u# th +ight. Th +ight o* u&)r +i ) r%u#% )y B1 'r#!t or &or )y r&o(i!g

&ost o* th +$tr i! th +oo% or, $s + s$y, )y s$so!i!g.

To i!#r$s th str!gth. As +oo% %ris, th sti**!ss, h$r%!ss $!% str!gth o* th +oo% i!#r$ss.

Most s'#is o* +oo% i!#r$s thir str!gth #h$r$#tristi#s )y 14 'r#!t or &or %uri!g th 'ro#ss o*

%ryi!g to 31 'r#!t &oistur #o!t!t.

&iling %umber for ir #rying

Th o)-#ti( o* $ir %ryi!g +oo% is to r&o( th +$tr i! +oo% )y 6'osi!g $ sur*$#s o* $#h 'i# o*

+oo% to #ir#u$ti!g $ir. I! Missouri, +oo% #$! ) $ir %ri% to $ &i!i&u& o* $)out 31 'r#!t &oistur#o!t!t, 'ro(i%% th %ryi!g ti& is su**i#i!ty o!g. It is $so !#ss$ry to su''ort th +oo% %uri!g

%ryi!g to 'r(!t th u&)r *ro& +$r'i!g %uri!g th %ryi!g 'ro#ss. Lu&)r is 'i% i! $ s'#i$ +$y to

&$6i&i/ th sur*$# 6'osur o* $#h 'i# o* u&)r to th $ir $!% $t th s$& ti& to su''ort $#h

'i# so it +i %ry str$ight $!% +ithout u!!#ss$ry +$r'i!g.Th *irst #o!si%r$tio! is to 'r'$r $ stro!g *ou!%$tio!, 3 to @ *t $)o( th grou!%, o! +hi#h to 'i th

u&)r. Th grou!% )!$th th *ou!%$tio! shou% ) 7't *r o* (gt$tio! or %)ris th$t +ou% hi!%r

$ir #ir#u$tio! u!%r th 'i.

Your u&)r 'ro)$)y +i ) #ut i! r$!%o& !gths $!% +i%ths. For )st rsuts, 'i $#h #ours so th$t

$#h )o$r% +ithi! $ $yr is + su''ort% $!% %os !ot 'rotru% $t ithr !% o* th 'i 0Figur 35.This syst& o* 'ii!g is #$% )o6 'ii!g $!% h$s 'ro(! to ) th )st &tho% o* 'ii!g r$!%o& !gth

u&)r. Th outsi% )o$r%s o* $#h tir $r *u !gth. This is i&'ort$!t to ti th 'i togthr $!% &$7

it ss su)-#t to titi!g or *$i!g o(r. L$( s'$#s )t+! $%-$#!t )o$r%s $''ro6i&$ty "u$ to th

thi#7!ss o* th )o$r%s.



U!su''ort% !%s o* )o$r%s '$#% o! th i!si% o* th 'i +i %ry +ith ss %*#t th$! i* $o+% to

6t!% o(r th !% o* th 'i.

A! $%"u$t su''y o* +oo%! sti#7s 0s'$#rs5 +i ) !%% to s'$r$t $#h $yr. It is (ry i&'ort$!t

th$t th sti#7s ) u!i*or& i! thi#7!ss. Sti#7s usu$y $r #ut B?=:i!#h thi#7. Not th$t th sti#7rs $r#$r*uy $ig!% (rti#$y 0Figur @5 so th$t $#h $yr o* u&)r +i ) su''ort% *ro& th )$s o* th

'i. I* th sti#7rs $r !ot 'ro'ry $ig!%, *or#s +i ) #r$t% i! th %ryi!g u&)r th$t +i rsut i! 'r&$!!t 7i!7i!g o* th u&)r.

Fi!$y, #o(r th 'i +ith o% )o$r%s, 'y+oo%, #orrug$t% &t$ or $!y &$tri$s th$t +i 'rot#t th

to' $yrs o* u&)r *ro& su! $!% r$i!. It is $so $ goo% i%$ to +ight th to' )y '$#i!g h$(y o)-#ts

su#h $s #o!#rt )o#7s or sto!s o! th roo*. This +i r%u# +$r'i!g i! th to' tirs o* th 'i $s +

$s s#ur th roo* o! th 'i.

#rying time

I! +$r& +$thr 0A'ri through O#to)r5, 3:i!#h u&)r #$! ) %ri% to 31 or @4 'r#!t &oistur

#o!t!t i! =1 to >4 %$ys 0@:i!#h u&)r i! >4 to 4 %$ys5. I! th +i!tr &o!ths, u&)r +i r"uir t+i#

$s o!g to %ry. Lu&)r $t 31 'r#!t to @4 'r#!t &oistur #o!t!t is $%"u$t *or )ui%i!g u!h$t%

stru#turs su#h $s g$r$gs or )$r!s. I* th +oo% is to ) us% i!si% $ h$t% stru#tur, *urthr %ryi!g i! $#o&&r#i$ 7i! is !#ss$ry 0> 'r#!t to 'r#!t &oistur #o!t!t *or i!%oor us i! Missouri.5

Wood #rying and Seasoning

Ki! %ri%, $ir %ri%, gr!, s$so!%< $ +or%s us% to %s#ri) th #o!%itio! o* +oo%. ;ut, +h$t %o thy&$! Whi#h is th )st *or &

6iln dried0 9$t $!% $ir *o+ is i! $! !#os% s'$# is us% to %ry out $ th +$tr #o!t!t (ry

"ui#7y. This $so h$s th si% **#t o* r&o(i!g ($rious ois $!% rsi!s. Whi this &$y ) OK *or

#o!stru#tio! gr$% &$tri$s, *i! +oo%+or7i!g &$tri$s +i su**r *ro& th 'ro#ss.

ir dried0 As th !$& i&'is, this is +oo% th$t is %ri% )y $ir $o!. No $rti*i#i$ h$t sour# is

us% i! th 'ro#ss.

Green0 Frshy #ut +oo%. O''osit o* s$so!%.

Seasoned0 Woo% th$t h$s )! %ri% +hi rt$i!i!g ($rious ois $!% rsi!s. Ths ois $!% rsi!su!%rgo $ #h&i#$ tr$!s*or&$tio! +hr thy h$r%! th +oo% *i)rs, 'ro%u#i!g $ stro!gr 'i# o*

+oo%.

I! )oth 7i! %ri% $!% $ir %ri% +oo%, youJ s shri!7$g o* th +oo% *i)rs, rsuti!g i! +$r'$g o* th

+oo%. Pro'r st$#7i!g $!% sti#7ri!g h's to $(oi% this +$r'$g. 9o+(r, +ith $ir %ri% +oo%, th

+$r'$g is g!r$y ss s(r.

Ki! %ri% +oo% h$s $!othr %isti!#t %is$%($!t$g< #h&i#$s r&o(% i! th r$'i% %ryi!g 'ro#ss $r ois

th$t $o+ +oo% &o(&!t. No+, g!r$y, +oo%+or7rs %o!Jt i7 +oo% &o(&!t i! thir 'ro-#ts.

9o+(r, this is &o(&!t o* $ %i**r!t !$tur. Th &o(&!t IJ& t$7i!g $)out hr is th 7i!% th$t$o+s th +oo% *i)rs to si' '$st $#h othr $!% ri( strss i! th +oo%. Th &$-ority o* us h$(

h$r% +$r storis o* #$s h$r%!% 'i#s o* +oo% )i!g ri''% o! th t$)s$+, +$r'i!g +ithout+$r!i!g, $!% th! #$usi!g $ s(r 7i#7:)$#7.

Air %ri% +oo%, o! th othr h$!%, th$!7s to th s$so!i!g 'ro#ss, is &u#h &or st$). It t!%s to )

ss )ritt, t$7 $ )ttr *i!ish, $!% i! g!r$ ) $sir to +or7 +ith. Th %o+!si%, o* #ours, is th$t $ir

%ryi!g t$7s &u#h o!gr $!% thr*or is &u#h &or 6'!si(.



COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESMINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY – MAIN CAMPUS

MARAWI CITY

R!2I!W 7/!S+I-.S I. W--# &R!S!R2+I-. .# S!S-.I.G

by (orester #eborah C) chas

3. Th )$si# +oo% # is o*t! r*rr% to $s $ *i)r or $ o!gitu%i!$ tr$#hi%.

A. Tru

;. F$s

@. C +$s o* +oo% *i)r $r &$% u' o*<

A. S&$ )its o* #uos

;. A &$tri6 o* h&i#uos

C. Thi! $yr o* ig!i!

D. A o* th $)o(

B. Th 'its i! +oo% # stru#turs $r i&'ort$!t *or<

A. W$tr &o(&!t i! i(i!g trs *ro& # to #

;. Mo(&!t o* +$tr i! %ryi!g u&)r

C. Mo(&!t o* #h&i#$ soutio!s i! i&'rg!$tio! o* +oo%D. A o* th $)o(

=. A +oo% s'#is h$( s&$ tissus #$% r$ys th$t +$( thir +$y )t+! th o!gitu%i!$ *i)rs

*ro& th )$r7 to+$r% th 'ith.

A. Tru

;. F$s

1. S$'+oo% is<

A. Woo% th$t is o#$t% !$r th #$&)iu& $yr

;. M$% u' o* i!$#ti( #s

C. Mor %!s $!% %rir th$! h$rt+oo%

D. A o* th $)o(

>. 9$rt+oo%<

A. Co!sists o* i!$#ti( #s

;. I!#u%s +$st &$tri$ +hi#h %$r7!s +oo%

C. Is &or %!s $!% %rir +oo%

D. A o* th $)o(

. Fu!gi, +hi#h $r $ si&' ty' o* !o!:#horo'hy #o!t$i!i!g '$!ts, #$us +oo% %#$y.

A. Tru

;. F$s

. Fu!g$ gro+th st$rts *ro& ti!y $ir)or! s'ors. To #o!ti!u gro+th o* *u!gi, thy !%<

A. Co% t&'r$turs

;. 31:31:31 *rtii/r

C. 9igh !itrog! *rtii/r

D. Lo+ (s o* /i!#

E. No! o* th $)o(

. Th gr&i!$ti!g *u!g$ s'ors #$us %$&$g to +oo% )y<

A. M$7i!g +$tr #ir#s i! th +oo%;. D(o'i!g &i#ros#o'i#, root:i7 thr$%s, #$% hy'h$

C. Ao+i!g i!s#ts to #h+ i!to th +oo%

D. A o* th $)o(



34. Thr $r t+o &$-or grou's o* +oo% i!h$)iti!g *u!gi. ;$s% o! th ty' o* %$&$g thy #$us< +oo%:

%stroyi!g $!% +oo%:st$i!i!g.

A. Tru

;. F$s

33. Th #h$r$#tristi#s o* %#$y *u!gi 0+oo% %stroyi!g *u!gi5 $r<

A. ;oth s$'+oo% $!% h$rt+oo% #$! ) $**#t%;. Fu!gi &$y gro+ i! th i!trior o* th +oo% or $''$r o! th +oo% sur*$# $s *$!:sh$'% '$t#hs

C. Th #oor o* ths gro+ths r$!g *ro& +hit through ight )ro+!

D. Th %#$y +i sto' +h! t&'r$turs $r ithr too hot or #o% $!% &oistur ( too %ry or +t

E. A o* th $)o(

3@. Whi#h *u!gi $r $) to )r$7 %o+! th #uos #o&'o!!t o* +oo% *or *oo%

A. ;ro+! rot

;. Whit rot

C. So*t rot

D. No! o* th $)o(

3B. Th *i!$ st$g o* +oo% %#$y )y )ro+! rot #$! ) i%!ti*i% )y<A. Th %$r7 )ro+! #oor o* th +oo%

;. E6#ssi( shri!7$g

C. Cross:gr$i! #r$#7i!g

D. Th $s +ith +hi#h th %ry +oo% su)st$!# #$! ) #rush% to 'o+%r E. A o* th $)o(

3=. Whi#h rot #$! )r$7 %o+! )oth ig!i! $!% #uos $!% h$( $ )$#hi!g **#t 0#$usi!g th +oo% to

$''$r +hitr th$! !or&$5

A. ;ro+! rot

;. Whit rot

C. So*t rot

D. Gut rot

31. Whi#h rot $tt$#7s gr! +oo%A. ;ro+! rot

;. Whit rot

C. So*t rot

D. Foot rot

3>. Th *u!gi +hi#h #$us +oo%:st$i!i!g $r<

A. S$' st$i!i!g *u!gi

;. ;ro+! rot

C. Mo% *u!gi

D. Whit rotE. ;oth A C

3. S$':st$i!i!g *u!gi<

A. 9$( itt **#t o! th str!gth o* th +oo%

;. Dstroy th +oo%s $''$r$!# *or su#h thi!gs $s si%i!g $!% *ur!itur

C. C$! ) st$)ish% i! s$'+oo% o* st$!%i!g trs, s$+ogs, u&)r $!% ti&)rs $s soo! $s thy $r #ut.

D. A o* th $)o(

3. Wh$t $r so& o* th %i**r!#s )t+! $!ts $!% tr&its

A. A!ts %o !ot $t +oo%, tr&its %o

;. A!ts h$( )o+ $!t!!$, tr&its %o !ot

C. A!ts h$( !$rro+ +$ists, tr&it )o%is $r )ro$%D. A o* th $)o(

3. Th su)trr$!$! tr&it #oo!y 'ro%u#s +i!g% &$s $!% *&$s th$t )gi! $ !+ #oo!y i! th

soi.

A. Tru

;. F$s



@4. Wh$t $r so& o* th +$ys su)trr$!$! tr&it 'rs!# #$! ) !ot%

A. Th s+$r&i!g o* +i!g%, $!t:i7 i!s#ts $!% th %is#$r%% +i!gs

;. Th $rth! shtr tu)s )uit o(r &$so!ry or othr *ou!%$tio!s to sour# o* +oo%

C. Th 'rs!# o* +hit +or7rs +h! shtr tu)s $r )ro7!

D. Th hoo+%:out #o!%itio! o* )$%y i!*st% +oo% 'ro%u#tsE. A o* th $)o(

@3. Dry +oo% tr&its $tt$#7 %ry +oo% +ithout %ir#t #o!t$#t +ith th soi.

A. Tru

;. F$s

@@. D$&' +oo% tr&its r"uir &oist +oo%.

A. Tru

;. F$s

@B. C$r'!tr $!ts us +oo% *or shtr, !ot *or *oo%.

A. Tru

;. F$s

@=. Sig!s o* %$&$g )i!g %o! )y 'o+%r'ost )ts $r<A. S&$ rou!% 3?3> hos &$% i! sur*$# o* +oo%

;. Fi! 'o+%r th$t *$s *ro& th +oo%

C. Th 'rs!# o* +hit +or7rs

D. ;oth A $!% ;

@1. Moistur #o!t!t o* i(i!g trs is $''ro6i&$ty 144 'r#!t.

A. Tru

;. F$s

@>. Th &$i! r$so!s th$t &oistur &ust ) r&o(% *ro& gr! +oo% $r<

A. To 'r(!t st$i! $!% %#$y

;. To r%u# %$&$g )y i!s#tsC. To r%u# shri!7$g

D. To r%u# +ight $!% i!#r$s str!gthE. A o* th $)o(

@. For stori!g ti&)r or ogs *or $ o!g ti& )*or 'ro#ssi!g $!% 'rot#ti!g th& *ro& *u!gi $!%

i!s#ts, ogs shou% )<A. St$#7% o! %ry ots (ry tighty

;. S'r$y% +ith *u oi

C. D)$r7%

D. Su)&rg% i! $ 'o!% o* +$tr

E. No! o* th $)o(

@. For s$so!i!g or %ryi!g, th &ost **i#i!t $!% +i%y us% syst& is 7i! %ryi!g.

A. Tru

;. F$s

@. I! stori!g u&)r, o! &$!$g&!t 'r$#ti# is to o#$t $ir:%ryi!g y$r%s $!% sh%s o! $ +:%r$i!%

sit +ith goo% $ir #ir#u$tio!.

A. Tru

;. F$s

B4. Rott% +oo% shou% ) r&o(% *ro& th stor$g y$r% )#$us it #$! h$r)or i!s#t $!% *u!g$ 'sts.

A. Tru

;. F$s

B3. Whi#h o* th *oo+i!g tr s'#is h$( $ !$tur$ rsist$!# to $! $tt$#7 )y %#$y *u!gi

A. M$'

;. Ash

C. ;$#7 Lo#ust

D. Whit Pi!

E. ;o6%r



B@. To %tr&i! th **#ti(!ss o* $ #h&i#$ tr$t&!t o! +oo%, you shou% #o!si%r th<

A. Ag o* th tr

;. Ch&i#$ *or&u$tio! s#t%

C. Moistur #o!t!t o* th +oo%D. ; C $)o(

E. No! o* th $)o(

BB. Woo% 'rsr($ti(s #$! *$ i!to th *oo+i!g #$tgoris<

A. Crosot

;. Oi)or! 'rsr($ti(s

C. Org$!i# #$r)o! 'rsr($ti(s

D. A o* th $)o(

E. No! o* th $)o(

B=. Crosot is o*t! #$% #o$ t$r )#$us o* its #os r$tio!shi' to +hi#h #o&'ou!%s

A. Tou!;. ;!/!

C. T$r

D. A o* th $)o(

B1. Crosot gi(s o** ($'ors +hi#h 'ro%u# $ su!)ur!:i7 r$sh o! hu&$! s7i!.

A. Tru

;. F$s

B>. Wh$t #h$r$#tristi#s &$7 #rosot $ 'o'u$r 'rsr($ti( *or th r$iro$% $!% utiity #o&'$!is

A. It is u!'$i!t$)

;. It is to6i# to %#$y

C. It +i !ot $#hD. It is to6i# to i!s#ts

E. ;oth ; $!% D

B. P!t$, +hi#h #$! ) "u$ to #rosot $s $ 'rsr($ti(, #$! ) &$% )y %isso(i!g 1 'r#!t '!t$

s$t i!<

A. W$tr ;. A#oho

C. Li"ui% *$t

D. Ptrou& oi

E. ;!o&y

B. P!t$ &$y ) us% to tr$t +oo% to ) us% $s<A. Foo% #r$ts

;. Utiity 'os

C. F% troughs

D. No! o* th $)o(

B. Th o!y 'rsr($ti( $''ro(% *or +oo% +hi#h is to %ir#ty #o& i! #o!t$#t +ith hu&$! *oo% is<

A. Co''r !$'hth!$t

;. Qi!# !$'hth!$tC. A#i% #o''r #hro&$t

D. Co''r: "ui!oi!o$t

E. No! o* th $)o(

=4. Wh$t is $ %is$%($!t$g o* +$tr)or! 'rsr($ti(s

A. Thy $( $! oiy, u!'$i!t$) sur*$#

;. Thy $r to6i# $!% irrit$ti!g to '$!ts $!% $!i&$s

C. Thy h$( %$r7 #oor

D. Thy %o !ot 'rot#t th +oo% *ro& 6#ssi( +$thri!g

E. No! o* th $)o(



=3. Woo% &ust ) 'r'$r% 'ro'ry )*or $ 'rsr($ti( is $''i%.

A. Tru

;. F$s

=@. Th )$r7 $!% #$&)iu& $yrs &ust ) #o&'ty r&o(% )*or thorough '!tr$tio! o* th 'rsr($ti(s #$! o##ur.

A. Tru;. F$s

=B. Prsr($ti( tr$t&!ts $r &or **#ti( i* th +oo% is %ri% 'rior to tr$t&!t )#$us<

A. Thr is &or s'$# i! +oo% #s *or 'rsr($ti(s

;. Ch#7s *or& )*or tr$t&!t, *$#iit$ti!g '!tr$tio! o* 'rsr($ti( i!to th +oo%

C. Th #h$!# o* #h#7s o##urri!g $*tr tr$t&!t 6'osi!g u!tr$t% +oo% is &u#h ss

D. A o* th $)o(

==.With th !o!:'rssur &tho% o* )rushi!g, s'r$yi!g $!% 'ouri!g tr$t&!ts, o! o* th &$-or #o!#r!s

+ith th +oo% is<

A. Th +oo% &ust ) %ry;. Th +oo% &ust ) high i! &oistur #o!t!t

C. Th +oo% &ust ) i&&rs% i! oi 'rior to th tr$t&!t

D. A o* th $)o(

=1. With th !o!:'rssur tr$t&!t o* )rushi!g, s'r$yi!g $!% 'ouri!g, th s#o!% $''i#$tio! shou% )

$''i% )*or th *irst #o$t is %ry.

A. Tru

;. F$s

=>. Th tr$t&!t o* %i''i!g #o!sists o* i&&rsi!g +oo% i! $ 'rsr($ti( soutio! *or s(r$ s#o!%s to

s(r$ &i!uts.

A. Tru;. F$s

=. Co% so$7i!g is #o&&o!y us% *or tr$ti!g rou!% *!# 'osts $!% s$+! ti&)rs usi!g +hi#h

'rsr($ti(s

A. Crosot

;. Co''r::"ui!oi!o$t

C. Oi:)or! 'rsr($ti(s

D. A o* th $)o(

=. Th st'i!g 'ro#ss i!(o(s +hi#h 'rsr($ti(s

A. W$tr:)or! 'rsr($ti(s

;. Oi:)or! 'rsr($ti(C. Crosot 'rsr($ti(

D. No! o* th $)o(

=. O! o* th &tho%s o* 6t!%i!g th i* o* st$!%i!g 'os th$t h$( )! 'r(iousy tr$t% is #$%<A. St'i!g

;. Co% so$7i!g

C. Di''i!g

D. Prsr($ti(s '$%s

14. Woo% 'rsr($ti(s #$! !tr th )o%y through<

A. Mouth

;. S7i!C. Lu!gs

D. A o* th $)o(

13. Th &or i7y *or&s o* 6'osur $r %r&$ #o!t$#t $!% i!h$$tio! o* ($'ors or %ust '$rti#s.

A. Tru

;. F$s



1@. Crosot ($'ors #$! #$us<

A. S7i! irrit$tio!s

;. Ey +$tri!g

C. Rs'ir$tory 'ro)&s

D. A o* th $)o(

1B. P!t$#horo'h!o !ot o!y irrit$ts th ys, s7i! $!% rs'ir$tory tr$#t, )ut $so<A. C$uss +$7!ss

;. C$uss !$us$

C. C$uss s7i! %isor%rs

D. M$y #$us %$&$g to i(r, 7i%!ys or !r(ous syst&

E. A o* th $)o(

1=. Th o!g tr& **#ts o* i!org$!i# $rs!i#$s $r i(r %$&$g, oss o* h$ir $!% *i!gr!$is, $!&i$

$!% s7i! %isor%rs.

A. Tru

;. F$s

11. I* #rosot or '!t$ +$s s+$o+% you +ou% *irst h$( th (i#ti& %ri!7 $rg "u$!titis o* &i7.A. Tru

;. F$s

1>. P!t$#horo'h!o $!% #rosot #$! ) $''i% i!%oors.A. Tru

;. F$s

1. P!t$#horo'h!o or #rosot tr$t% +oo% &$y ) us% $rou!% $!i&$ *%, *oo%, %ri!7i!g or

irrig$tio! +$tr su''is.

A. Tru

;. F$s

1. Crosot #$!!ot ) $''i% to +oo% i!t!%% to ) us% i! i!triors 6#'t *or thos su''orti!g

stru#turs +hi#h #o& i! #o!t$#t +ith th soi, i! +hi#h o* th *oo+i!g stru#turs<A. Log ho&s

;. Rst$ur$!ts

C. ;$r!s

D. 9os'it$sE. A o* th $)o(

1. A##or%i!g to CIS, i!org$!i# $rs!i#$ 'rssur:tr$t% +oo% #$! !ot ) us% *or +hi#h o* th

*oo+i!g<

A. Foo% stor$g

;. Cutti!g )o$r%sC. ;ur!i!g i! *ir'$#

D. Si$g

E. A o* th $)o(

>4. I!org$!i# $rs!i#$ 'rssur:tr$t% +oo% h$s )! 'rsr(% )y 'rssur:tr$t&!t +ith $! EPA:

rgistr% 'sti#i%.

A. Tru

;. F$s

>3. To ) $) to us #rosot 'rssur:tr$t% +oo% *or out%oor *ur!itur $! **#ti( s$r &ust )

$''i%.

A. Tru;. F$s

>@. Crosot:tr$t% +oo% shou% !ot ) us% i!<

A. Rsi%!ti$ i!triors

;. F$r& )ui%i!gs

C. W$tr troughs

D. A o* th $)o(



>B. Crosot tr$t% +oo% #$! ) )ur!% i! o'! *irs, sto(s $!% *ir'$#s.

A. Tru

;. F$s

>=. You %o !ot !% to +orry $)out +$shi!g $*tr +or7i!g +ith #rosot:tr$t% +oo%.

A. Tru;. F$s

>1. Urth$!, 'o6y $!% sh$# $r $##'t$) s$rs *or $ #rosot:tr$t% +oo%.

A. Tru

;. F$s

>>. Logs tr$t% +ith '!t$#horo'h!o &$y ) us% *or og ho&s.

A. Tru

;. F$s

> A(oi% *r"u!t or 'roo!g% s7i! #o!t$#t or i!h$$tio! o* s$+%ust *ro& '!t$#horo'h!o tr$t%+oo%.

A. Tru

;. F$s

>. Ois $!% org$!i# soi%s *ro& +oo% 'rsr($ti(s %$&$g $!% 7i $"u$ti# i* )y r%u#i!g th o6yg!

i! th +$tr.

A. Tru

;. F$s

>. Th U.S. E!(iro!&!t$ Prot#tio! Ag!#y r"uirs tr$t&!t *$#iitis to &t #rt$i! %is'os$

st$!%$r%s $!% o)t$i! 'r&its *or %is#h$rg o* 6#ss #h&i#$s i!to th !(iro!&!t.

A. Tru;. F$s

4. A 'sti#i% stor$g $r$ shou%<

A. 9$( $ %sig!$t% sh* *or stori!g 'rot#ti( #othi!g $!% "ui'&!t.

;. ; +:i!su$t% $!% (!ti$t%.

C. Not h$( $!y ty' o* #o!stru#t% *oori! #$s o* $ s'i or $7, $ 'sti#i% +i ) $)sor)% &ost**i#i!ty )y th soi its*.

D. A o* th $)o(.

3. A su)st$!# +hi#h +h! $%%% to +oo% 'ro(i%s %i&!sio!$ st$)iity.

A. Fir rt$r%$!t #h&i#$

;. Woo% 'rsr($ti(C. )u7i!g $g!t

D. *u!gi#i%

@. This 'rsr($ti(, +h! tr$t% to +oo%, #$!!ot ) '$i!t% o(r s$tis*$#toriy.A. A#i% #o''r #hro&$t

;. Chro&$t% #o''r $rs!$t

C. #rosot

D. C$#it

B. Th &ost **#ti( &tho% o* 'rot#ti!g +oo% $g$i!st $ ty's o* &$ri! )orrs is<

A. %u$ tr$t&!t +ith CCA *oo+% )y #rosot

;. si!g tr$t&!t +ith CCAC. si!g tr$t&!t +ith #rosot

D. si!g tr$t&!t +ith )or$6

=. L$( th sur*$# #o&'$r$ti(y #$!, '$i!t$) $!% *r *ro& o)-#tio!$) o%or $*tr tr$t&!t<

A. oi:)or! 'rsr($ti(s

;. +$tr:)or! 'rsr($ti(s

C. t$r



D. #o$ t$r

1. V$'ors *ro& this 'rsr($ti( $r h$r&*u to gro+i!g '$!ts<

A. Pr&ithri!

;. ;or$6C. CCA

D. Crosot

>. Frshy #rosot% ti&)r is sus#'ti) to<

A. W$thri!g

;. ;r$7$g

C. Fir

D. R$i!

. Wh! &$6i&u& $)sor'tio! o* 'rsr($ti( is %sir% i! +oo%, th 'ro#ss us% is<

A. Fu:# 'ro#ss

;. E&'ty:# 'ro#ssC. V$#uu& 'ro#ss

D. Lo+ry 'ro#ss

. This 'ro#ss $i&s $t &$6i&u& '!tr$tio! +ith $ &i!i&u& !t $)sor'tio! )y 'rsr($ti(<A. Fu:# 'ro#ss

;. E&'ty:# 'ro#ss

C. O! #o&'ou!%

D. ;th 'ro#ss

. A t$r:oi 'rsr($ti(<

A. #rosot

;. '!t$#horo'h!oC. )oro! #o&'ou!%

D. sy!thti# 'yr!throi%s

4. A *u!gi#i% +hi#h is )$!!% i! %(o'% #ou!tris<

A. #rosot


D. sy!thti# 'yr!throi%s

3. A +$tr:)or! 'rsr($ti(<A. #rosot


D. #o''r !$'h$!$t

@. This 'rssur tr$t&!t 'ro#ss is us% +h! th rt!tio! o* &$6i&u& "u$!tity o* 'rsr($ti( is

%sir%<

A. ;th 'ro#ss

;. Lo+ry 'ro#ss

C. Ru'i!g 'ro#ss

D. Os#i$ti!g 'rssur &tho%

B. A !o!:'rssur 'rsr($ti( tr$t&!t o* +oo%<

A. ;th 'ro#ss;. E&'ty:# 'ro#ss

C. %i' %i**usio!

D. os#i$ti!g 'rssur &tho%

=. This &tho% #$! ) us% *or )oth gr! $!% +:s$so!% +oo%<

A. St'i!g

;. Di' %i**usio!



C. Co$ so$7i!g

D. Di''i!g

1. I!(o(s th i&&rsio! o* s$so!% +oo% *or &$ttr o* hours, i! su##ssi( )$ths o* hot $!%

r$ti(y #o% 'rsr($ti(<A. hot $!% #o% )$th

;. gross $)sor'tio!C. hot $!% #o% so$7i!g

D. %i''i!g

>. Th $&ou!t o* 'rsr($ti( r&$i!i!g i! th +oo% i&&%i$ty $*tr #o&'tio! o* th tr$t&!t

'ro#ss is #$%<

A. $)sout $)sor'tio!

;. gross $)sor'tio!

C. rt!tio!

D. '!tr$tio!

. Tr$t&!t o* ti&)r u!%r s'#i*i% #o!%itio! u!ti th "u$!tity o* 'rsr($ti( $)sor)% i! $ gi(!

ti& is !ot &or th$! $ 'rs#ri) 'r#!t$g o* th $&ou!t $r$%y i!-#t% is<A. rt!tio!

;. '!tr$tio!

C. r*us$ tr$t&!t

D. tr$t&!t 'rssur

. Vou& o* ti&)r o$%% i!to $ #yi!%r or t$!7 *or tr$t&!t $t $ ti&<

A. Ch$rg

;. P$#7t

C. ;u!%

D. Cor%

. Th 'ri&i!$ry tr$t&!t o* u!s$so!% or '$rti$y s$so!% ti&)r to r%u# its &oistur #o!t!t$!% i&'ro( its $)sor'ti( 'ro'rtis is<

A. S#tio!

;. Co!%itio!i!g

C. Sorti!g

D. S'$#i!g

4. A g!ri# tr& $''i% to %isti$ts o* t$rs +ithi! s'#i*i% t&'r$tur #$r)o!i/$tio! o* )itu&i!ous

#o$ is<

A. Crosot

;. Ch$r#o$C. C$#it

D. ;or$6

3. A 'rsr($ti( th$t is $''i% to +oo% i! th *or& o* soutio! i! oi<

A. +$tr:)or! 'rsr($ti(

;. )!%i!g 'rsr($ti(

C. oi:)or! 'rsr($ti(

D. 'rssur 'rsr($ti(

@. Th$t 'ortio! o* $ tr$ti!g o'r$tio! %uri!g +hi#h th +oo% $!% 'rsr($ti( i! $ #yi!%r $r

su)-#t% to 'rssur i! 6#ss o* $t&os'hri# or i!iti$ $ir 'rssur +hi#h h$( )! us% *or th 'ur'os

o* *or#i!g th 'rsr($ti( i! th +oo%<

A. Prssur 'rio%

;. I!iti$ $ir C. R*us$ 'rio%

D. Rt!tio! 'rio%

B. C$! i!#r$s 'rsr($ti( '!tr$tio! i! +oo%<A. I!#isi!g

;. Cu''i!g

C. ;!%i!g



D. St$&i!g

=. A tr$t&!t 'ro#ss +hi#h r"uirs 'os to ) i! gr! #o!%itio! 'rior to tr$t&!t<

A. Co! 'ro#ss

;. ;ou#hri 'ro#ssC. Ru'i!g 'ro#ss

D. St$&i!g

1. Th FPRDI high –'rssur – s$' %is'$#&!t 09PSD5 'ro#ss o* tr$ti!g *rshy:#ut 'os is

)$si#$y $<

A. Co! 'ro#ss

;. ;ou#hri 'ro#ss

C. Ru'i!g 'ro#ss

D. ;outo! 'ro#ss

>. 9$rt+oo% o* this s'#is is $sy to tr$t<

A. M$!giu&

;. D$oC. Agoho

D. Gu)$s

. C$ssi*i% $s %i**i#ut to tr$t<A. Toog

;. Liusi!

C. M$!giu&

D. A&$#ig$

. 9$rt+oo% o* this s'#is h$s #o&'t '!tr$tio! o* 'rsr($ti( )y *u:# 'ro#ss<

A. P$r$ ru))r

;. P$os$'isC. ;$gr$s

D. Tu$i

. Ths $r *u!gi +hi#h *%s o! $siy:%igst% org$!i# su)st$!#s *ou!% i! th r$y #s $!% +oo%

'$r!#hy&$<

A. Mo%s;. St$i!i!g *u!gi

C. Whit rot *u!gi

D. ;ro+! rot *u!gi

344. Fu!gi th$t $ttr$#t th #uos $!% its $sso#i$t% '!tos$!s $(i!g $ rsi%u o* &o%i*i% '$rti$y

%gr$%% ig!i!<A. Mo%s

;. St$i!i!g *u!gi

C. Whit rot *u!gi

D. ;ro+! rot *u!gi

343. Att$#7s th s#o!%$ry # +$s o* th +oo% 'ro%u#i!g #$(itis or rosio! '$ttr!s<

A. Mo%s

;. St$i!i!g *u!gi

C. Whit rot *u!gi

D. ;ro+! rot *u!gi

34@. Most *$(or$) &oistur #o!%itio! *or *u!g$ gro+th i! +oo%<A. O(!:%ry #o!%itio!

;. 3442 MC

C. FSP 0@1:B@2 MC5

D. EMC

34B. Att$#7s u&)r +ith &oistur #o!t!t o* =42 $!% $)o(<

A. A&)rosi$ )t



;. Po+%r 'ost )t

C. Ly#ti%$

D. Dry +oo% tr&its

34=. C$uss 'i!hos i! ogs or ti&)r<A. Tr&its

;. A&)rosi$ )tsC. Mo%s

D. Mous7s

341. St$i! #$! ) 'r(!t% )y<

A. $''i#$tio! o* i!s#ti#i%

;. $''i#$tio! o* *u!gi#i%

C. st$&i!g

D. i!#isi!g

34>. This gu #o&'o!!t is #$ssi*i% $s $ #$r#i!og! )y th Euro'i$! U!io!<

A. Ph!o

;. For&$%hy%

C. M$&i!D. Ur$

34. Th #hi* #$us o* %#$y i! +oo%<

A. Fu!gi;. I!s#ts

C. Mous7s

D. Pho$%s

34. Rt!tio! o* +$tr:)or! 'rsr($ti( is #$#u$t% $s<

A. 7iogr$& 'r #u)i# &tr

;. 7iogr$& o* th %ry s$t 'r #u)i# &tr

C. 7iogr$& o* th $#ti( i!gr%i!t 'r #u)i# &tr D. 7iogr$& o* th +t soutio! 'r #u)i# &tr

34. 9$r%+oo%s %o !ot tr$t + )y this !o!:'rssur &tho%<

A. ;rushi!g

;. Di''i!g

C. St'i!gD. Co% so$7i!g

334. Woo% $!% +oo% 'ro%u#ts 'rsr($ti( tr$t&!t &ust )<

A. *r o* s$'+oo%;. *r o* &oistur

C. *r *ro& )&ishD. *r *ro& %#$y $!% i!s#t $tt$#7

333. This %*#t #$! ) $siy +i'% or '$!% o** $ 'i# o* u&)r<

A. D#$y *u!gi

;. St$i!

C. Mo%s

D. I!s#t $tt$#7

33@. A! 6$&' o* $ &o% th$t $tt$#7s u&)r<

A. Pinicelium s''.

;. Ceratocystis s''.

C. Lenzites s''.D. Polyporus s''.

33B. A +hit rot *u!gus th$t $tt$#7s +oo%<

A. Fomes s'';. Fusarium

C. Diplodia s''.

D. Cluvularian s''.



33=. Moistur oss i! +oo% )o+ *i)r s$tur$tio! 'oi!t is o*t! $##o&'$!i% )y<

A. Shri!7$g

;. Wight g$i!

C. Fu!gi $tt$#7 D. D#$y

331. Us% to &o!itor 'rogrss o* %ryi!g o* $ 7i! o$%<

A. S$&' )o$r%

;. F$s#i$ )o$r%

C. Mo!itor )o$r%

D. Sti#7r )o$r%

33>. S$&' )o$r% shou% ) s#t% *ro&<

A. *$stst %ryi!g u&)r i! th 7i! o$%

;. $(r$g %ryi!g u&)r i! th 7i! o$%

C. so+st %ryi!g u&)r i! th 7i! o$%

D. thi!!st %ryi!g u&)r i! th 7i! o$%

33. Gro+th o* %#$y *u!gi i! ogs #$! ) 'r(!t% )y<

A. Log 'o!%i!g

;. ;o#7 'ii!g

C. Air %ryi!gD. Dhu&i%i*yi!g

33. A )$#7ish or )ro+!ish 'rsr($ti( &$% )y %istii!g #o$ t$r<

A. Crosot

;. PCP

C. ;or$6

D. CCA

33. R#o&&!%% *or tr$t&!t o* &$ri! 'is<

A. Crosot

;. P!t$#horo'h!o

C. ;or$6

D. Cisi!

3@4. Whi#h is $sir to $''y ($r!ish $!% othr #o$ti!g

A. Woo% +ith highr &oistur #o!t!t

;. Woo% +ith o+r &oistur #o!t!t

C. Woo% +ith o+ s'#i*i# gr$(ityD. Woo% +ith high s'#i*i# gr$(ity

3@3. A #h$!g i! th MC o* +oo% *ro& FSP to o(! %ry #o!%itio! +i<

A. I!#r$s its #tri#$ rsist$!# $!% thr&$ i!su$ti!g #$'$#ity

;. %#r$s its !$i:ho%i!g #$'$#ity

C. i!#r$s its rsist$!# to sho#7

D. rsist$!t to st$i! $!% $tt$#7 )y i!s#t

3@@. It is ss!ti$ to s$so! +oo% to its 6'#t% EMC to<

A. i&'ro( its $!$to&i#$ 'ro'rtis

;. &i!i&i/ shri!7$g $!% s+i!g

C. i!#r$s rsist$!# to '!tr$tio! o* #h&i#$s

D. o+r $)sor'tio! o* *i!ishi!g oi

3@B. A thorti#$ st$t o* +hi#h $ *r +$tr h$s ($'or$t% $(i!g )ou!% +$tr i! th # +$<

A. EMC

;. FSP

C. Moistur #o!t!tD. Shri!7$g



3@=. Th r$tio o* th +ight o* $ gi(! (ou& o* +oo% to th +ight o* th s$& (ou& o* +$tr $t

t&'r$tur o* = %gr Csius is<

A. s'#i*i# gr$(ity

;. %!sity

C. EMCD. &oistur #o!t!t

3@1. Th &oistur #o!t!t $t +hi#h $ 'i# o* +oo% !ithr g$i!s !or oss &oistur +h! surrou!%% )y

$ir $t $ gi(! r$ti( hu&i%ity $!% t&'r$tur is<

A. s'#i*i# gr$(ity

;. %!sity

C. EMC

D. $!isotro'y

3@>. W$tr *ou!% i! th # #$(itis is #$%<

A. )ou!% +$tr

;. *r +$tr

C. hygros#o'i# +$tr

D. i&)i)% +$tr

3@. I!tr!$ s'itti!g i! +oo% th$t %(o's i! %ryi!g #$us% )y i!tr!$ strsss or )y #osi!g o* sur*$#

#h#7s<

A. ho!y #o&)i!g;. #$s h$r%!i!g

C. #u''i!g

D. +$r's

3@. A!y %istortio! i! $ 'i# o* +oo% *ro& its tru '$! th$t &$y o##ur i! s$so!i!g<

A. +$r'i!g

;. )ur

C. sh$7sD. )r$sh!ss

3@. A tr& $''i% to %ry u&)r +ith !$ry u!i*or& &oistur #o!t!t )ut #h$r$#tri/% )y th 'rs!#

o* rsi%u$ strsss, t!sio! i! th i!trior o* th 'i# $!% #o&'rssio! i! th outr $yrs o* #s<

A. #$sh$r%!i!g

;. r(rs #$sh$r%!i!gC. h$rt sh$7

D. *rost #r$#7s

3B4. It r*rs to th %$% i!!r #or o* +oo%, usu$y %isti!guish$) )y its %$r7r #oor<A. h$r%+oo%

;. h$rt+oo%C. hurt +oo%

D. s$'+oo%

3B3. Fu!gi th$t '!tr$t i!to th s$'+oo% $!% #$us% st$i!i!g too %' to ) $siy r&o(%<

A. tru st$i!

;. &o%s

C. )ro+! rot

D. %ry rot

3B@. Woo% %stru#tio! th$t &$y ) #$us% )y As#o&y#ts $!% Fu!gi i&'r*#ti<

A. +hit rot

;. )ro+! rotC. so*t rot

D. '#7y %ry rot

3BB. Poi!ts +hr th +$tr is ($'or$t% *ro& th # #$(itis<A. FSP

;. EMC

C. S+i!g



D. Shri!7$g

3B=. Ty' o* +oo% %stroyi!g *u!gi th$t $tt$#7 )oth #uos $!% ig!i!<

A. '#7y %ry rot

;. +hit rotC. )ro+! rot

D. r% rot3B1. Rots th$t $tt$#7 th # +$ #$r)ohy%r$ts<

A. +hit rot

;. )ro+! rot

C. so*t rot

D. '#7y %ry rot

3B>. It r*rs to th %#r$s i! %i&!sio!s %u to th +$tr oss<

A. Shri!7$g

;. S+i!g

C. D!sity

D. Cryi!g

3B. It r*rs to th %istortio!s o* +oo% *ro& th tru '$! %uri!g Co$'s %ryi!g s$so!<

A. #$sh$r%!i!g

;. ho!y#o&)i!g

C. s+i!gD. +$r'i!g

3B. Su%%! #h$!gs o* +oo% h$''! $t o! #or!r )ut !ot o! th othr<

A. Cu''i!g

;. Di$&o!%i!g

C. T+isti!g

D. ;o+i!g

3B. R*rs to th $s +ith +hi#h $ s'#is o* +oo% t$7 si! i"ui% #h&i#$s usi!g ($#uu& or 'rssur

'ro#ss<

A. 9ygros#o'i#ity

;. Dur$)iity

C. A##ssi)iity

D. Tr$t$)iity

3=4. R%u#tio! i! %i&!sio!s %u to o+ri!g th &oistur #o!t!t )o+ *i)r s$tur$tio! 'oi!t<

A. S+i!g

;. Dsor'tio!C. Co!%u#tio!

D. Shri!7$g

3=3. Th &#h$!i#$ $!% #h&i#$ %isi!tgr$tio! $!% %is#oor$tio! o* th +oo% sur*$#<

A. W$thri!g

;. D#$y

C. St$i!i!g

D. Do/

3=@. Srious %#$y o##urs o!y +h! th MC o* +oo% is<

A. )o+ FSP

;. +ithi! FSP

C. $)o( FSP

D. $t FSP

3=B. Th *i)r s$tur$tio! 'oi!t 0FSP5 o* +oo% is r$#h% +h!<

A. )oth # u&! $!% # +$s $r s$tur$t% )y +$tr

;. )oth # +$s $!% # u&! $r +ithout +$tr C. # +$s $r s$tur$t% +ith +$tr $!% !o +$tr i! th u&!

D. $ o* ths



3==. W$tr *ou!% i! # #$(itis is<

A. #$(ity +$tr

;. # +$tr

C. )ou!% +$tr

D. *r +$tr

3=1. Th +oo% +ith gr$tr # +$ $!% s&$r # #$(itis h$(<A. gr$tr $&ou!t o* +oo% &!ts

;. s&$ $&ou!t o* +oo% &!ts

C. gr$tr $&ou!t o* +oo% su)st$!#s

D. +oo% su)st$!#s $!% # #$(itis $r "u$

3=>. W us% (ry &i% 7i! s#h%us *or<

A. )$gr$s, )$ti!o, )it$og

;. y$7$, %u!go!, )i!gg$s

C. $&$#ig$, %it$, gu)$s

D. toog, &$$7$u$y$!, ig&

3=. This grou' o* s'#is is (ry %i**i#ut to tr$t<A. $&$#ig$, )oo!, iusi!

;. A*ri#$! tui', )$t $!% toog

C. !$rig, )it$og $!% )o7)o7

D. $goho, 7$t&o!, $!% i'i

3=. Wh! 7i! %ryi!g r*r$#tory s'#is, #h$!g i! 7i! s#h%u shou% ) )$s% o!<

A. $(r$g MC o* $ s$&' )o$r%s

;. $(r$g MC o* B +ttst s$&' )o$r%s

C. $(r$g MC o* B %rist s$&' )o$r%s

D. MC o* th +ttst s$&' )o$r%

3=. This 'ro#ss is us% +h! &$6i&u& $)sor'tio! o* th 'rsr($ti( is %sir%<A. Lo+ry 'ro#ss

;. Fu:# 'ro#ss

C. E&'ty:# 'ro#ss

D. V$#uu& 'ro#ss

314. R$'i% %ryi!g i! 7i! is $#hi(% )y th us o*<A. high t&'r$tur $!% high r$ti( hu&i%ity

;. o+ t&'r$tur $!% high r$ti( hu&i%ity

C. o+ t&'r$tur $!% o+ r$ti( hu&i%ity

D. high t&'r$tur $!% o+ r$ti( hu&i%ity

313. Th r$tio o* $ gi(! +ight o* $ gi(! (ou& o* +oo% to th +ight o* th gi(! (ou& o* +$tr<A. s'#i*i# gr$(ity

;. "uii)riu& &oistur #o!t!t

C. Moistur #o!t!t

D. D!sity

31@. A!y su)st$!# th$t, *or $ r$so!$) !gth o* ti&, is **#ti( i! 'r(!ti!g th %(o'&!t $!%

$#tio! o* +oo%:rotti!g *u!gi, )orrs o* ($rious 7i!%s $!% h$r&*u i!s#ts th$t %trior$t +oo% is<

A. $%hsi(

;. 'rsr($ti(

C. 6t!%r

D. *ir

31B. ;io%trior$tio! i! +oo% is #$us% )y th *oo+i!g $g!ts ECEPT *or<

A. *u!gi

;. +$r $!% t$r

C. i!s#tsD. &$ri! )orr



31=. Th %tr&i!$tio! o* 'rsr($ti( rt!tio! i! $ s'#i*i# /o! o* tr$t% +oo% )y $ttr$#tio! or

$!$ysis o* s'#i*i% s$&'s<

A. s'#tro&tr

;. #utur

C. rt!tio! )y $ss$yD. '!tr$tio! )y )ori!g

311. M$surs th $&ou!t o* +$tr ($'or i! th $t&os'hr<

A. %+ 'oi!t

;. 'sy#hro&tr

C. +t:)u) thr&o&tr

D. %ry:)u) thr&o&tr

31>. L$( th sur*$# #o&'$r$ti(y #$!, '$i!t$) $!% *r *ro& o)-#tio!$) o%or $*tr tr$t&!t<

A. +$tr:)or! 'rsr($ti(

;. t$r

C. oi:)or! 'rsr($ti(

D. #o$ t$r

31. Woo% %ri% to $ r$ti(y #o!st$!t t&'r$tur i! $ (!ti$t% o(! $t 34B @ %grs Csius<

A. shi''i!g %ry +oo%

;. o(!%ry +oo%

C. 7i!:%ri% +oo%D. $ir:%ri% +oo%

31. So*t!i!g +oo% )y hot +$tr, st$& or #h&i#$ tr$t&!t<

A. st$&i!g

;. '$sti#i/i!g

C. si/i!g

D. #oo7i!g

31. Woo% 'ro#ss% to i&'$rt 'ro'rtis "uit %i**r!t *ro& thos o* th origi!$ +oo% )y &$!s o*

#h&i#$ tr$t&!t, #o&'rssio!, or tr$t&!t +ith or +ithout h$t<

A. &o%i*i% +oo%

;. st$y'$#7

C. '$'rg

D. $&i!$t% +oo%

3>4. A 'ro#ss o* tr$ti!g +oo% +ith '$r$**i! or $ #o7:o(! #o$ t$r to i!#r$s its rsist$!# to $#i%s<

A. ;outo!

;. Ru'i!gC. Niggri/i!g

D. Lo+ry



.SW!RS +- 7/!S+I-.S I. W--# &R!S!R2+I-. 8 S!S-.I.G

by (orester #eborah C) chas

3. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< E(! though +oo% &$y s& to ) $ soi% &$tri$, it is $ '$!t &$tri$ &$% u' o* '$!t#s. Th )$si# +oo% # is o*t! r*rr% to $s $ *i)r or o!gitu%i!$ tr$#hi%.

@. Correct nswer0 #

E6'$!$tio!< A o* th $)o( $r #o&'o!!ts o* $ +oo% #Hs +$. Th +$s $r &$% u' o* s&$ )its

o* #uos i&)%%% i! $ &$tri6 o* h&i#uos. A o* this is #&!t% togthr )y $ $yr o* ig!i!.

B. Correct nswer0 #

E6'$!$tio!< A o* th $)o( $r i&'ort$!t. Th #$(itis )t+! #s $r i!tr#o!!#t% )y

'$ss$g+$ys #$% 'its. Pits $r i&'ort$!t '$ss$g+$ys *or +$tr to &o( *ro& # to # i! i(i!g trs.

Ths '$ss$g+$ys $r $so i&'ort$!t i! 'ro#sss su#h $s %ryi!g +oo% $!% i&'rg!$tio! o* +oo% +ith

#h&i#$ soutio!s.

=. Correct nswer0 ,

E6'$!$tio!< Th $!s+r is tru. Th r$ys h' #o!%u#t s$' r$'i%y $#ross th gr$i!.

1. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< S$'+oo% is o#$t% !$r th #$&)iu& $yr $!% is i!(o(% i! th stor$g o* !utri!ts *or th

tr $s + $s i! th &#h$!i#$ tr$!s'ort$tio! o* +$tr *ro& th root syst& to th #ro+!.

>. Correct nswer0 #

E6'$!$tio!< 9$rt+oo% is $ %is'os$ sit *or +$st 'ro%u#ts o* rs'ir$tio! #$rri% o! i! othr '$rts o* th

tr. R$ys s&, to ) $ &$!s o* tr$!s'orti!g ths 'ro%u#ts i!to th h$rt+oo%. 9$rt+oo% is &$% u'

o* i!$#ti( #s th$t h$( )! #h$!g% ithr #h&i#$y or 'hysi#$y, *ro& thir s$'+oo% # origi!.

Ths #h$!gs #$us th #s !ot to ) $) to #o!%u#t s$'. Ths #s +i so&ti&s #o!t$i! %'osits

o* ($rious &$tri$s +hi#h +i #$us th h$rt+oo% to h$( $ &u#h %$r7r #oor.

. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< Woo% %#$y is #$us% )y th gro+th o* *u!gi. Fu!gi $r 6tr&y s&$ '$!t:i7

org$!is&s th$t !or&$y #$! !ot ) s! +ithout th $i% o* $ &i#ros#o', 6#'t +hr thr &$y )

6t!si( gro+th o! th sur*$# o* +oo%. Fu!gi #$! !ot 'ro%u# its o+! *oo%8 thr*or, it ris o! th

sug$rs o* th +oo% # +$ *or its sur(i($. I! th 'ro#ss o* gtti!g th sug$rs, it )r$7s %o+! th #

+$.

. Correct nswer0 !

E6'$!$tio!< Fu!gus is $ *or& o* '$!t i*. Gro+th is i!iti$t% )y &o(&!t o* th $ir)or! s'ors )y th

+i!%. Th s'ors gr&i!$t i7 othr '$!t s%s. Co!ti!u% gro+th %'!%s o! *$(or$) !(iro!&!t

su#h $s +$r& t&'r$turs $!% &oist #o!%itio!s. Co% t&'r$tur $!% %ry +oo% 'r(!t th gro+th o*

*u!gi.

. Correct nswer0 B

E6'$!$tio!< Fu!gi %(o' &i#ros#o'i# root:i7 thr$%s +hi#h '!tr$t th +oo% $!% $o+ !/y&s

to )r$7 th # +$ o* th +oo% #s.

34. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< Thr $r o!y t+o ty's o* *u!gi th$t $**#t +oo%8 +oo%:%stroyi!g 0%#$y *u!gi5 $!%

+oo% st$i!i!g 0s$'st$i!i!g *u!gi, &o% *u!gi5.

33. Correct nswer0 !

E6'$!$tio!< Woo% %stroyi!g *u!gi +i $tt$#7 )oth th s$'+oo% $!% h$rt+oo% o* &ost trs. Th *u!gi

&$y gro+ i! th i!trior o* th +oo% $!% 'ro%u# *$!:sh$'% '$t#hs o* *i! thr$%i7, #otto!y gro+ths

or $s rooti7 sh$'s. Th #oors o* ths gro+ths &$y $''$r +hit, yo+ or %$r7 )ro+!. Fi!$y,

t&'r$turs $!% &oistur +i $**#t th gro+th $s +.



3@. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< ;ro+! rot is $) to )r$7 %o+! #uos *or *oo%, $(i!g $ )ro+! rsi%u o* ig!i!.

3B. Correct nswer0 !

E6'$!$tio!< A o* th $)o( $r '$rt o* th *i!$ st$gs o* +oo% %#$y )y )ro+! rot.

3=. Correct nswer0 BE6'$!$tio!< Gut rot is +h$t h$''!s +h! you $t your o+! #oo7i!g. Th #orr#t $!s+r is +hit rot.

Whit rot *u!gi +i )r$7 %o+! )oth th ig!i! $!% #uos. Whit rot $so )$#hs th +oo%, #$usi!g

th +oo% to t$7 $ +hit $''$r$!#.

31. Correct nswer0 C

E6'$!$tio!< So*t rot $tt$#7s gr! +oo% 0u!%ri% +oo% +hi#h #o!t$i!s s$'5. This rot #$uss $ gr$%u$

so*t!i!g *ro& th sur*$# i!+$r% $!% thus rs&)s )ro+! rot.

3>. Correct nswer0 !

E6'$!$tio!< Th t+o +oo% st$i!i!g *u!gi $r s$'st$i!i!g $!% &o% *u!gi. S$'st$i!i!g *u!gi '!tr$t

$!% %is#oor th +oo%, '$rti#u$ry th so*t+oo% s'#is. Mo% *u!gi *irst $''$r $s gr!, )ro+!, or

)$#7, *u//y or 'o+%ry gro+ths o! th +oo% sur*$#. Eithr o* ths &o%s $**#ts th str!gth o* th+oo% )ut %o o'! th %oor *or 'ossi) $tt$#7 *ro& %#$y *u!gi.

3. Correct nswer0 #

E6'$!$tio!< S$'st$i! *u!gi h$( itt **#t o! th str!gth o* +oo% )ut #$! %stroy its $''$r$!#.

3. Correct nswer0 #

E6'$!$tio!< So& o* th *yi!g $!ts $!% tr&its oo7 (ry si&i$r. ;ut thr $r so& %i**r!#s th$t

#$! %isti!guish th& $'$rt. A!ts %o !ot $t +oo%8 tr&its %o. Wh! oo7i!g $t th h$% o* $! $!t, thy

h$( )o+ $!t!!$ +hr tr&its %o !ot. A!ts $''$r #o!stri#t% or 'i!#h% i! th +$ist #o&'$r% to

$ tr&itHs )ro$% )o%y.

3. Correct nswer0 E6'$!$tio!< Su)trr$ri$! tr&its r'ro%u# this +$y. Th +i!g% $%uts $r o!y 'ro%u#% $t #rt$i!

ti&s o* th y$r. Thy s+$r&, &$t, os thir +i!gs $!% )gi! $ !+ #oo!y i! th soi.

@4. Correct nswer0 !

E6'$!$tio!< A o* th it&s ist% $r +$ys to %tr&i! 'rs!# o* tr&its.

@3. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< Th $)iity o* th %ry +oo% tr&it to i( i! %ry +oo% +ithout #o!t$#t +ith th soi &$7 it

&or &!$#i!g. 9o+(r, it r'ro%u#s so+y $!% %os !ot %stroy +oo% $s "ui#7y $s th su)trr$!$!

tr&it.

@@. Correct nswer0 E6'$!$tio!< D$&' +oo% tr&its $r $ srious 'st $o!g th P$#i*i# Co$st. Ths tr&its %o !ot

r"uir soi )ut !% +oo% +hi#h is high i! &oistur #o!t!t.

@B. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< C$r'!tr $!ts #$us $ ot o* %$&$g $s thy )urro+ tu!!s i! so*t or %#$yi!g +oo%. Thy

#$! %$&$g 'os, stru#tur$ ti&)rs, %$&$g +oo% i! trs, $!% $rou!% +i!%o+ *r$&s, $s thy &$7

g$ris *or thir ho&s.

@=. Correct nswer0 #

E6'$!$tio!< Th 'o+%r 'ost )ts $tt$#7 *rsh #ut +oo% or s$so!% h$r%+oo% $!% so*t+oo%s. Th

$%ut )t $ys ggs i! th +oo% 'ors $!% $r($ )urro+ through th +oo%, &$7i!g tu!!s *ro& 3?3>

to 3?3@ i!#h i! %i$&tr. As th $%uts &rg *ro& th sur*$# o* th +oo%, thy $( s&$ 03?3>5 i!#hsi/ 6it hos $!% $ *i! 'o+%r *$s *ro& th hos.

@1. Correct nswer0 B

E6'$!$tio!< Moistur #o!t!t &$y r$!g *ro& $)out B42 to &or th$! @442.



@>. Correct nswer0 !

E6'$!$tio!< Moistur #o!t!t o* i(i!g trs &ust ) %ri% to r&o( th !(iro!&!t *or th %i**r!t

*u!gi $!% i!s#ts +hi#h $tt$#7 th ti&)r. R&o(i!g &oistur $so r%u#s shri!7$g $!% +ight o* th

ti&)r $!% 'r'$rs th +oo% *or #h&i#$ tr$t&!t.

@. Correct nswer0 #

E6'$!$tio!< Logs )i!g stor% *or $ o!g 'rio% o* ti& )*or thy +i ) 'ro#ss% !% to ) ithrsu)&rg% i! $ 'o!% o* +$tr or u!%r #o!st$!t +$tr s'r$y. This h's r%u# th o6yg! #o!t!t $!%

t&'r$turs !#ss$ry *or *u!gi gro+th.

@. Correct nswer0 ,

E6'$!$tio!< Ki! %ryi!g is th +i%y us% syst& *or s$so!i!g u&)r )#$us it o**rs )ttr #o!tro

o* $ir &o(&!t, t&'r$tur $!% %ryi!g r$ts.

@. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< Stor$g o* #ut u&)r i! $ +:%r$i!% sit +ith goo% $ir &o(&!t +i h' 7' +oo% i!

goo% sh$'.

B4. Correct nswer0 E6'$!$tio!< Pr$#ti# goo% s$!it$tio! )y r&o(i!g %)ris $!% rott! +oo% 0+hi#h sr( $s sour#s o*

*u!g$ i!*#tio! $!% i!s#ts5.

B3. Correct nswer0 C

E6'$!$tio!< ;$#7 Lo#ust is highy rsist$!t to %#$y.

B@. Correct nswer0 #

E6'$!$tio!< Ch&i#$ *or&u$tio! $!% &oistur #o!t!t o* th +oo% $r -ust $ *+ o* th 'ossi) *$#tors

$**#ti!g th su##ss o* th tr$t&!t.

BB. Correct nswer0 B

E6'$!$tio!< Th thr )ro$% #$tgoris o* +oo% 'rsr($ti(s $r< #rosot, oi)or! 'rsr($ti(s $!%

+$tr)or! 'rsr($ti(s.

B=. Correct nswers0 #

E6'$!$tio!< Crosot is o*t! #$% #o$ t$r #rosot )#$us o* its #os r$tio!shi' to tou!,

)!/! $!% t$r. I! th 'ro#ss o* &$7i!g #o7 *ro& #o$ *or th st i!%ustry, )!/!, tou!, t$r $!%

#rosot $r 'ro%u#%. Crosot is th *r$#tio! th$t #o!%!ss +ithi! #rt$i! t&'r$tur i&its st )y th

A&ri#$! Woo% Prsr(rs Asso#i$tio!.

B1. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< Frshy #rosot% 'os $!% ti&)rs +i gi( o** ($'ors +hi#h h$( stro!g o%ors, $!% #$us

su!)ur!:i7 r$shs o! so& hu&$!s. Ths ($'ors +i $st u' to s(r$ y$rs. This )#o&s $ r$%is$%($!t$g *or #rosot.

B>. Correct nswers0 !

E6'$!$tio!< CrosotHs to6i# **#t to )oth i!s#ts $!% %#$yi!g *u!gi &$7 it )!*i#i$ *or )oth th

r$iro$% $!% utiity #o&'$!is. I! $%%itio!, r$i! $!% grou!%+$tr +i !ot $#h #rosot *ro& th +oo%,

so it is (ry 'r&$!!t.

B. Correct nswer0 #

E6'$!$tio!< P!t$#horo'h!o 0P!t$5 #$! ) 'ro%u#% )y %isso(i!g '!t$ s$t i! 'trou& oi. It is

r$ti(y i!sou) i! +$tr. ;#$us o* th oi #$rrir, it $(s $! u!'$i!t% 0!$tur$ oo75 to th +oo%

sur*$#.

B. Correct nswer0 B

E6'$!$tio!< P!t$ is r#o&&!%% *or us o! utiity 'os, *!# 'ost, #ross$r&s $!% ti&)rs. P!t$ &$y!ot ) us% $rou!% *oo% or *% 'ro%u#ts. Not ;#$us o* !(iro!&!t$ $!% h$th #o!#r!s, '!t$

h$s )! r'$#% +ith +$tr)or! 'rsr($ti(s.

B. Correct nswer0 #

E6'$!$tio!< O!y #o''r: "ui!oi!o$t h$s )! $''ro(% *or *oo% #o!t$#t uss su#h $s *or )o6s,

#r$ts, '$ts, tru#7 %#7i!g $!% r$t% uss i!(o(i!g th h$r(sti!g, stor$g $!% tr$!s'ort$tio! o* *oo%.



=4. Correct nswer0 #

E6'$!$tio!< O! o* th %is$%($!t$gs o* +$tr)or! 'rsr($ti(s is th$t thy %o !ot 'rot#t +oo% *ro&

6#ssi( +$thri!g.

=3. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< Th +oo% !%s to ) 'r'$r% 'ro'ry )*or $!y #o&&r#i$ +oo% tr$t&!ts #$! )

$''i%. So& o* th 'r'$r$tio! th$t !%s to ) %o! i!#u% 'i!g, %ryi!g, #o!%itio!i!g, i!#isi!g,#utti!g, $!% *r$&i!g.

=@. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< Th )$r7 $!% #$&)iu& $yrs &ust ) r&o(% )*or tr$t&!t. This $o+s th

'rsr($ti( to ) $) to '!tr$t th +oo%.

=B. Correct nswer0 #

E6'$!$tio!< It is i&'ort$!t *or th +oo% to ) 'ro'ry s$so!% 0%ri%5 )*or $''yi!g 'rsr($ti(s.

Dryi!g th +oo% r&o(s +$tr *ro& th # #$(itis to $o+ s'$# *or 'rsr($ti(s. Dryi!g $so $o+s

*or so& #h#7i!g i! th +oo% +hi#h $o+s )ttr '!tr$tio! o* th 'rsr($ti(.

==. Correct nswer0 E6'$!$tio!< Th +oo% &ust ) #o&'ty $ir %ri% )*or tr$t&!t, $!% i* oi:)or! 'rsr($ti(s $r

to ) us%, th +oo% shou% ) +$r&% !ough to $(oi% #o!g$i!g th oi.

=1. Correct nswer0 B

E6'$!$tio!< ;*or $''yi!g th s#o!% #o$t o* ithr #rosot:oi:)or! 'rsr($ti(s or +$tr:)or!

s$ts th *irst #o$t &ust ) %ry.

=>. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< Th %*i!itio! o* %i''i!g $s $ !o!:'rssur tr$t&!t is i&&rsi!g th +oo% i! $

'rsr($ti( soutio! *or s(r$ &i!uts.

=. Correct nswer0 CE6'$!$tio!< P!t$#horo'h!o or oi:)or! 'rsr($ti(s $r us%. Th 'ro#ss i!(o(s so$7i!g th

%ri% +oo% i! $ ($t #o!t$i!i!g th u!h$t% oi 'rsr($ti( *or @: %$ys.

=. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< Th 'ro#ss #$! ) us% o! ithr gr! or %ri% +oo%. Th 'ro#ss i!(o(s su)&rgi!g

th +oo% i! $ t$!7*u o* soutio! $t $t&os'hri# t&'r$tur *or s(r$ %$ys or +7s.

=. Correct nswer0 D

E6'$!$tio!< This 'ro#ss )#o&s $! #o!o&i#$ %#isio! o! +hthr to r'$# th 'os or to 6t!%

th i* o* th 'o )y th 'ro#ss o* 'rsr($ti( '$%s. Th 'ro#ss i!(o(s r&o($ o* th soi $rou!%th 'o to $ %'th o* 3 *t. Th tr$t&!t th! i!(o(s tr$ti!g th$t 'ortio! $s + $s 3@ *t $)o(

th grou!% ( $s th$t is +hr &ost o* th$t %$&$g o##urs. A*tr th tr$t&!t thr &ust ) $ '$sti##o$ti!g '$#% $rou!% th tr$t% $r$ )*or th soi is rtur!%.

14. Correct nswer0 #

E6'$!$tio!< Th *our routs through +hi#h +oo% 'rsr($ti(s #$! !tr th )o%y $r %r&$, or$,

rs'ir$tory $!% ys.

13. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< ;#$us +oo% 'rsr($ti(s h$( su#h $ stro!g o%or $!% t$st, it is u!i7y $ 'rso! +ou%

s+$o+ $!y. Thr*or, %r&$ or i!h$$tio! $r th o!y ogi#$ +$ys +oo% 'rsr($ti(s #ou% !tr th

)o%y.

1@. Correct nswer0 #E6'$!$tio!< Crosot ($'ors #$! #$us $ o* th ist% 'ro)&s.

1B. Correct nswer0 !

E6'$!$tio!< P!t$#horo'h!o #$uss $ o* th ist% r$#tio!s.



1=. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< Lo!g tr& 6'osur to i!org$!i# $rs!i#$ #$! i!#u% i(r %$&$g, oss o* h$ir, $!% *i!gr

!$is, $!&i$ $!% s7i! %isor%rs.

11. Correct nswer0 B

E6'$!$tio!< First $%&i!istr o! or t+o g$sss o* +$tr, i!%u# (o&iti!g, th! $%&i!istr @ t$)s'oo!s

o* ISP Drug Gr$%H $#ti($t% #h$r#o$ i! +$tr. I* thr is $!y "ustio! #$ &%i#$ h' i&&%i$ty.

1>. Correct nswer0 B

E6'$!$tio!< U!%r th i&it$tio! us s#tio!, '!t$ or #rosot shou% !ot ) $''i% i!%oors. It is

$+$ys i&'ort$!t to t$7 ti& to r$% th $).

1. Correct nswer0 B

E6'$!$tio!< P!t$#horo'h!o or #rosot #$! !ot ) us% i! su#h $''i#$tio!s. ; sur to $+$ys r$%

$!% *oo+ th $).

1. Correct nswer0 C

E6'$!$tio!< Crosot #$! !ot ) $''i% to +oo% i!t!%% to ) us% i! i!triors 6#'t *or thos su''ortstru#turs +hi#h $r i! #o!t$#t +ith th soi i! )$r!s, st$)s, $!% si&i$r sits.

1. Correct nswer0 !

E6'$!$tio!< A o* th $)o( $r $r$s +hr i!org$!i# $rs!i#$ 'rssur tr$t% +oo% &$y !ot ) us%.I!org$!i# $rs!i#$ 'rssur:tr$t% +oo% #$! ) us% *or '$tios, %#7s $!% +$7+$ys i* it is (isi)y #$!

$!% *r o* sur*$# rsi%u. I!org$!i# $rs!i#$ 'rssur:tr$t% +oo% &$y !ot ) us% $rou!% *oo% *or

hu&$!s or *% *or $!i&$s.

>4. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< This is ho+ th 0CIS5 Co!su&r I!*or&$tio! Sht ists i!org$!i# $rs!i#$ 'rssur tr$t%

+oo%.

>3. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< Woo% tr$t% +ith #rosot shou% !ot #o& i! #o!t$#t +ith )$r s7i!8 thr*or, th !% o*

$! **#ti( s$r.

>@. Correct nswer0 #

E6'$!$tio!< Crosot shou% !ot ) us% i! th i!triors o* rsi%!ti$ )ui%i!gs, i!%ustri$ )ui%i!gs, or*$r& )ui%i!gs. I! #o&&r#i$ or *$r& )ui%i!gs it #$! ) us% *or )ui%i!g #o&'o!!ts +hi#h $r i!

grou!% #o!t$#t $!% $r su)-#t to %#$y. It shou% !(r ) us% i! #o!!#tio! +ith %ri!7i!g +$tr.

>B. Correct nswer0 B

E6'$!$tio!< Crosot tr$t% +oo% shou% !(r ) )ur!% i! o'! *irs, +oo% sto(s or *ir'$#s

)#$us o* th 'ossi) to6i# #h&i#$s th$t &$y ) 'ro%u#% $s s&o7 $!% $shs.

>=. Correct nswer0 B

E6'$!$tio!< It is (it$y i&'ort$!t to +$sh $*tr +or7i!g +ith #rosot:tr$t% +oo% )*or $ti!g,

%ri!7i!g or usi!g to)$##o 'ro%u#ts. ; sur to us othr 'rot#ti( "ui'&!t, su#h $s $ %ust &$s7 to

'r(!t )r$thi!g %ust '$rti#s $!% us goggs to 'rot#t th ys.

>1. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< Urth$!, 'o6y $!% sh$# $r $##'t% s$rs *or #rosot tr$t% +oo%.

>>. Correct nswer0 B

E6'$!$tio!< P!t$#horo'h!o tr$t% +oo% shou% !(r ) us% *or og ho&s.

>. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< You !% to t$7 6tr$ #$r +h! +or7i!g $rou!% '!t$#horo'h!o tr$t% +oo%. ; sur

to h$( th right 'rot#ti( "ui'&!t, o!g s(% shirts $!% o!g '$!ts, y 'rot#tio!, %us7 &$s7, $!%(i!y #o$t% go(s.



>. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< Ois $!% org$!i# soi%s #$us %$&$g to th $"u$ti# !(iro!&!t )y r%u#i!g o6yg! (s

i! th +$tr. Thr*or, th !% to 7' s'is $!% %is#h$rgs out o* str$&s $!% othr )o%is o* +$tr.

>. Correct nswer0

E6'$!$tio!< ;*or r$si!g $!y #h&i#$ rsi%us i!to th !(iro!&!t, 'ro'r 'r&its !% to )

o)t$i!% *ro& th U.S. EPA.

4. Correct nswer0 B,

E6'$!$tio!< Psti#i%s shou% ) stor% i! $ %ry, + (!ti$t%, s#ur% $r$.

3. B 4wood preser'ati'e5

@. C 4creosote5

B. 4dual treatment with CC followed by creosote5

=. B 4water*borne preser'ati'es5

1. # 4Creosote5

>. C 4(ire5

. 4(ull*cell process5

. B) 4!mpty*cell process5. 4creosote5

4. B 4pentachlorophenol5

3. C 4boron compound5

@. 4Bethel process5

B. C 4dip diffusion5

=. B 4#ip diffusion5

1. 4hot and cold bath5

>. C 4retention5

. C 4refusal treatment5

. 4Charge5

. B 4Conditioning5

4. 4Creosote53. C 4oil*borne preser'ati'e5

@. 4&ressure period5

B. 4Incising5

=. B 4Boucherie process5

1. B 4Boucherie process5

>. # 4Gubas5

. C 4angium5

. 4&ara rubber5

. B 4Staining fungi5

344. # 4Brown rot fungi5

343. # 4Brown rot fungi5

34@. C 4(S& 49:*;9< C5534B. 4mbrosia beetle5

34=. B 4mbrosia beetles5

341. B 4application of fungicide5

34>. B 4(ormaldehyde5

34. 4(ungi5

34. B 4kilogram of the dry salt per cubic meter5

34. 4Brushing5

334. # 4free from decay and insect attack5

333. C 4olds5

33@. 4 Pinicelium spp)5

33B. 4Fomes spp5

33=. 4Shrinkage5331. 4Sample board5

33>. C 4slowest drying lumber in the kiln load5

33. ) 4%og ponding5

33. 4Creosote5

33. 4Creosote5

3@4. B 4Wood with lower moisture content5

3@3. 4Increase its electrical resistance and thermal insulating capacity5



3@@. B 4minimi3e shrinkage and swelling5

3@B. B 4(S&5

3@=. 4specific gra'ity5

3@1. C 4!C5

3@>. B 4free water5

3@. 4honey combing5

3@. 4warping53@. 4casehardening5

3B4. B 4heartwood5

3B3. 4true stain5

3B@. C 4soft rot5

3BB. 4(S&5

3B=. B 4white rot5

3B1. B 4brown rot5

3B>. 4Shrinkage5

3B. # 4warping5

3B. C 4+wisting5

3B. # 4+reatability5

3=4. # 4Shrinkage53=3. 4Weathering5

3=@. C 4abo'e (S&5

3=B. 4both cell lumen and cell walls are saturated by water5

3==. # 4free water5

3=1. 4greater amount of wood elements5

3=>. B 4yakal, dungon, binggas5

3=. # 4agoho, katmon, and ipil5

3=. B 4a'erage C of ; wettest sample boards5

3=. B 4(ull*cell process5

314. # 4high temperature and low relati'e humidity5

313. 4specific gra'ity5

31@. B 4preser'ati'e531B. B 4wear and tear5

31=. C 4retention by assay5

311. 4dew point5

31>. B 4tar5

31. B 4o'endry wood5

31. B 4plastici3ing5

31. 4modified wood5

3>4. 4Boulton5

forest products engineering with q&a

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