Foreign Policy Foreign Policy

1991-Today 1991-Today

After the fall of the Soviet Union After the fall of the Soviet Union

No common enemy for democratic No common enemy for democratic world governments to focus on. world governments to focus on.

No focus for American foreign policyNo focus for American foreign policy Soviet nuclear weapons spread to Soviet nuclear weapons spread to

many unknown placesmany unknown places Since the Cold War targets of Since the Cold War targets of

American foreign policy have been American foreign policy have been sporadic and inconsistent. sporadic and inconsistent.

Main Foreign Policy Issues Main Foreign Policy Issues

1. National Security1. National Security: : protection of a protection of a nation’s borders nation’s borders and territories and territories against invasionagainst invasion

Military defenseMilitary defense Security of Security of

international international economic interestseconomic interests

Main Foreign Policy IssuesMain Foreign Policy Issues

2. 2. International SecurityInternational Security:: creation of world stabilitycreation of world stability

Facilitated through: Facilitated through: AlliancesAlliances Bilateral treatyBilateral treaty: :

international agreement international agreement signed by two nations. signed by two nations.

Multilateral treatiesMultilateral treaties: : international international agreements signed by agreements signed by many nationsmany nations

Main Foreign Policy IssuesMain Foreign Policy Issues

3. 3. Securing Democracy:Securing Democracy: The U.S. is safer if moreThe U.S. is safer if more

countries arecountries are

democracies. democracies. Officials are more Officials are more

accountable if they accountable if they are elected are elected

Democracies have Democracies have free-markets which free-markets which help to increase world help to increase world trade trade

Main Foreign Policy IssuesMain Foreign Policy Issues

4. 4. Foreign AidForeign Aid: T: To establish o establish friendly relations and help friendly relations and help nations emerge as eventual nations emerge as eventual economic partners. economic partners.

Humanitarian aidHumanitarian aid: used to : used to increase the standard of increase the standard of living. living.

Development AssistanceDevelopment Assistance: : used to develop a nations used to develop a nations economic base and economic base and infrastructure. infrastructure.

Security Security Assistance: used Assistance: used to strengthen the armed to strengthen the armed forces of friendly forces of friendly governments. governments.

Main Foreign Policy IssuesMain Foreign Policy Issues

5.5. The Global The Global EnvironmentEnvironment: solutions : solutions to problems such as, to problems such as, Ozone depletion, Acid Ozone depletion, Acid Rain, Global Warming, Rain, Global Warming, Storing Nuclear Waste, Storing Nuclear Waste,

Environmental Treaties: Environmental Treaties: Earth SummitEarth Summit Kyoto ProtocolKyoto Protocol

Main Foreign Policy IssuesMain Foreign Policy Issues

6. Weapons Non-Proliferation: 6. Weapons Non-Proliferation: stop the build up of armsstop the build up of arms

Today’s concerns are over Today’s concerns are over nuclear, chemical and nuclear, chemical and biological weaponsbiological weapons

Those who have them, Those who have them, have powerhave power

Those who don’t, want Those who don’t, want them them

Nuclear Non-proliferation: Nuclear Non-proliferation: Trying to stop new Trying to stop new countries from creating countries from creating nuclear weapons so the nuclear weapons so the world is safer. world is safer.

Main Foreign Policy IssuesMain Foreign Policy Issues

7. 7. International TradeInternational Trade: used to protect : used to protect and support a nation’s economy or and support a nation’s economy or relationship with others.relationship with others.

Usually promote free tradeUsually promote free trade US is currently in a trade deficit:US is currently in a trade deficit: Import Import

more then we export.more then we export. Protection MeasuresProtection Measures: : try to restrict trade try to restrict trade

to protect American jobs.to protect American jobs.

Trade ToolsTrade Tools

Tools: Tools: Tariffs: taxes on imports that increase price of Tariffs: taxes on imports that increase price of

foreign goodsforeign goods Quotas: limits amount of specific importQuotas: limits amount of specific import Subsidies: government economic support for Subsidies: government economic support for

certain industries (farming!) certain industries (farming!) Anti-dumping rules: prohibit nations from selling Anti-dumping rules: prohibit nations from selling

below real-market valuebelow real-market value Embargoes: bans on trade used to change a Embargoes: bans on trade used to change a

nation’s behavior (Cuba)nation’s behavior (Cuba) Agreements: used between friendly countries to Agreements: used between friendly countries to

reduce trade barriers reduce trade barriers

Trade BlocsTrade Blocs

NAFTA – NAFTA – North North American Free Trade American Free Trade Agreement Agreement

European Union European Union CAFTA - CAFTA - Central Central

American Free Trade American Free Trade Agreement. This is in Agreement. This is in process and has not process and has not been completedbeen completed

Tools to achieve goals Tools to achieve goals Diplomacy – meetings with other heads of Diplomacy – meetings with other heads of

state to reach an agreementstate to reach an agreement Aid: give or deny aid to coerce a country to Aid: give or deny aid to coerce a country to

follow certain rules. follow certain rules. Sanctions: withdrawal or denial of benefits to Sanctions: withdrawal or denial of benefits to

force a country to comply. force a country to comply. • can include trade restrictions, denial of arms, can include trade restrictions, denial of arms,

loans and economic aidloans and economic aid• Ex. Sanction imposed on North KoreaEx. Sanction imposed on North Korea

Military Force: use of armed troops to achieve Military Force: use of armed troops to achieve a certain foreign policy goala certain foreign policy goal• Can be full declaration of war to Can be full declaration of war to

police/peacekeeping forces.police/peacekeeping forces.• Can be used as intimidation (building up forces Can be used as intimidation (building up forces

on the coast.) on the coast.)