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FOR FURTHER READING
Agassi, Joseph, Towards a Rational Philosophical Anthropology, The Hague: Nijhoff 1977
Albert, Hans, Tractatus on Critical Reason, Princeton University Press 1985 Asimov, Isaac, I, Robot, New York: New American Library 1950 Ayer, A.J., The Problem of Knowledge, London: Macmillan 1956 Barker, Ernest, Reflections on Government, London: Oxford University
Press 1942 Bartley, III, W. W., 'Achilles, the Tortoise and Explanation in Science and
History', British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 13, 1962, 15-33. Bernays, Paul, 'Concerning Rationality', in P.A. Schilpp, ed., The
Philosophy of Karl Popper, vol. I, La Salle, III.: Open Court, 1974 Borges, Jorge Luis, Labyrinths, New York: New Directions 1962, especially
'Tlan Uqbar, Orbis Tertius', 'The Circular Ruin', 'Avatars of the Tortoise' and 'Borges and I'
Bronowski, J., Science and Human Values, New York: Harper 1956 Bunge, Mario, Metascientific Queries, Springfield, III.: Charles C. Thomas
1959 Collingwood, R.O., Essays in the Philosophy of History, Austin: University
of Texas 1965 Crick, Bernard, In Defence of Politics, University of Chicago Press 1962 Einstein, Albert, 'Physics and Reality' in his Ideas and Opinions, New York:
Crown Publishers, Inc. Evans-Pritchard, E.E., Witchcraft. Oracles and Magic Among the Azande,
Oxford University Press 1937, Part III, ch. 1; Part IV, ch. 2 Evans-Pritchard, E.E., Social Anthropology, London: Cohen and West 1951 Festinger, Leon, Reicken, H.W. and Schacter, S., When Prophecy Fails,
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1956 Feyerabend, P.K., Knowledge Without Foundations, Oberlin College 1961 Firth, Raymond, Human Types, London: Thomas Nelson 1956
Agassi, J. and Jarvie, I.C. (eds.) Rationality: The Critical View © 1987 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
454
Frazer, 1.G., The Golden Bough, Abridged Edition, London: Macmillan 1922, chs. I, III, IV, LXVIII, LXIX
Freud, Sigmund, Civilisation and Its Discontents, London: Hogarth 1930 Gellner, Ernest, Thought and Change, London: Weidenfeld 1964 --, Cause and Meaning in the Social Sciences, London: Routledge and
Kegan Paul 1973 --, Legitimation of Belief, Cambridge University Press 1974 --, Relativism and the Social Sciences, Cambridge University Press 1985 Gluckman, Max, Custom and Conflict in Africa, Oxford University Press
1955 Gombrich, E.H., Art and Illusion, London: Phaidon 1961 Hart, H.L.A., Law, Liberty and Morality, Oxford 1963 Hayek, F.A., The Road to Serfdom, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
1944 Hempel, C.G., 'Rational Action', Proceedings and Addresses of the
American Philosophical Association, vol. XXXV, 1962, 5-23 Horton, W.R.G., 'African Traditional Thought and Western Science',
Africa, 37, 1967, 50-71, 155-87 larvie, I.C., The Revolution in Anthropology, London: Routledge and Kegan
Paul 1964 --, Concepts and Society, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1972 Kaufmann, Walter, Without Guilt and Justice, New York: Wyden 1973 Keynes, 1.M., The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money,
London: Macmillan 1936, final chapter Lakatos, I., Proofs and Refutations, Cambridge University Press 1976 Malinowski, B., Magic, Science and Religion, Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press 1948 Medawar, P.B., The Future of Man, London: The Shenval Press 1960 Musgrave, Alan, 'Logicism Revisited', British Journal for the Philosophy of
Science 28, 1977, 99-127 Neurath, 0., 'The Pseudo-Rationalism of Falsification', in R.S. Cohen and
M. Neurath, eds., Otto Neurath, Philosophical Papers 1913-1946, Dordrecht: Reidel
Oakeshott, Michael, Rationalism in Politics, London: Methuen 1962, pp. 1-36, 80-136
Orwell, George, Collected Essays, New York: Harcourt Brace and World 1968, vol. I, review of Russell's Power, 375-6; vol. IV, 'What is Science?', 10-13, 'Good Bad Books', 19-22; 'Politics vs Literature: an Examination of Gulliver's Travels', 205-223
Polyani, Michael, The Logic of Liberty, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1951
Popper, K.R., The Open Society and Its Enemies, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1945
455
--, Conjectures and Refutations, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1963
Reichenbach, Hans, From Copernicus to Einstein, New York: Philosophical Library 1942
Russell, Bertrand, The Problems of Philosophy, London: Williams and Norgate 1912
--, Mysticism and Logic, London: Longmans Green 1918 --, The Scientific Outlook, London: Allen and Unwin 1931 --, Sceptical Essays, London: Allen and Unwin 1935 --, Portraits From Memory, London: Allen and Unwin 1956 ---, Autobiography, Vol. I, London: Allen and Unwin 1967 Ryle, Gilbert, Collected Papers, Vol. I, London: Hutchinson 1971, chs. 2, 5, 6 Schrodinger, Erwin, Science and Humanities, Cambridge University Press
1967 Shaw, Bernard; Prefaces, London: Constable 1934, 'The Sanity of Art
(1907)" pp. 764-7; preface to 'Back to Methuselah' Watkins, 1.W.N., Science and Scepticism, Princeton University Press 1984 Weber, Max, The Methodology of the Social Sciences, New York: Free Press
1949, esp. 'Objectivity in Social Science and Social Policy', pp. 50-112 Whewell, W., 'On Hegel's Criticism of Newton's Principia', Trans.
Cambridge Phil. Soc., VIII, 698; reprinted as Appendix H to his Philosophy of Discovery, London
Wilson, Bryan, ed., Rationality, Oxford: Blackwell 1970 Wiener, Norbert, God and Golem Inc., A Comment on Certain Points Where
Cybernetics Impinges on Religion, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press 1964 Wisdom, 1.0., The Foundations of Inference in Natural Science, London:
Methuen 1952, Part IV --, 'Metamorphoses of the Verifiability Theory of Meaning', Mind 72,
1963, 335-47.
457
SOURCES
Chapter One, especially written for this volume; Chapter Two, especially written for this volume; Chapter Three, Inquiry, Vol. 22, pp. 201-320; Chapter Four, Philosophy, Vol. 34, 1959, pp. 338-54; Chapter Five, British Journa/for the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 9,1958, pp. 159-163; Chapter Six, Progress and Rationality in Science, edited by G. Radnitsky and G. Andersson, Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1978, pp. 203-220; Chapter Seven, Dialectica, Vol. 32, 1978, pp. 3-28; Chapter Eight, Essays in Memory of Imre Lakatos, edited by R.S. Cohen, P.K. Feyerabend and M.W. Wartofsky, Dordrecht: Reidel, 1976, pp. 161-77; Chapter Nine, blends British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 11, 1960, pp. 244-270 with British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 26, 1975, pp. 144-155; Chapter Ten, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Vol. 58, 1957-58, pp. 79-102; Chapter Eleven, from the Conditions of Rational Enquiry, London: Athlone Press, 1961; Chapter Twelve, Philosophical Forum, Vol. 1, 1968, pp. 136-70; Chapter Thirteen, Ratio, Vol. 9,1967, pp. 67-83; Chapter Fourteen, not previously published; Chapter Fifteen, Planning for Diversity and Choice, edited Stanford Anderson, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1968, pp. 8-31; Chapter Sixteen, not previously published; Chapter Seventeen, Philosophy of the Social Sciences, Vol. 7, 1977, pp. 351-366; Chapter Eighteen, Philosophica, Vol. 22, 1978, pp. 5-22; Chapter Nineteen, especially written for this volume; Chapter Twenty, especially written for this volume; Chapter Twenty-One, The Monist, Vol. 60, 1977, pp. 509-539; Chapter Twenty-Two, Synthese, Vol. 49, 1981, pp. 419-421; Chapter Twenty-Three, Science and Human Knowledge: Essays on Grover Maxwell's World View, Mary Lou Maxwell and C. Wade Savage, editors, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987, forthcoming. Chapter Twenty-Four, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 18, 1967, pp. 55-74; Chapter Twenty-Five, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 24, 1973, pp. 236-245; Chapter Twenty-Six, Hong Kong: A Society in Transition, I.C. Jarvie and J. Agassi, editors, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969, pp.
Agassi, J. and Jarvie, I.e. (eds.) Rationality: The Critical View © 1987 Martinus Nijhojj Publishers, Dordrecht
458
129-163; Chapter Twenty-Seven, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 18, 1978, pp. 49-58; Chapter Twenty-Eight, Rationality Today, edited by Theodore F. Geraets, Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1979, pp. 353-62; Chapter Twenty-Nine, Metaphilosophy, Vol. 11, 1980, pp. 127-133.
Our gratitude for permissions to reprint to the editors and publishers of the original versions of the works republished here.
459
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
JOSEPH AGASSI: Professor of Philosophy, Tel Aviv University and York University, Toronto (joint appointment). M.Sc. from Jerusalem; Ph. D. from London School of Economics. His chief concern is to reform the commonwealth of learning so as to combat ist current exclusivity.
Principal Works: Towards an Historiography of Science, 1963, 1967: The Continuing Revolution, A History of Physics From the .Greeks to Einstein, 1968; Faraday as a Natural Philosopher, 1971; Science in Flux, 1975; (with Yehuda Fried) Paranoia: A Study in Diagnosis, 1976; Towards a Rational Philosophical Anthropology, 1977; Science and Society: Studies in the Sociology of Science, 1981; (with Yehuda Fried) Psychiatry as Medicine, 1983; Technology: Philosophical and Social Aspects, 1985; Between Faith and Nationality: Towards an Israeli National Identity, (Hebrew) 1983.
HANS ALBERT: Professor of Sociology and Philosophy of Science at the University of Mannheim/Germany. He is primarily interested in epistemology, social philosophy, the philosopy of the social sciences and of religion.
Principal Works: Okonomische Ideologie and politische Theorie 1954, 19722; Marktsoziologie und Entscheidungslogik 1968; Traktat iiber kritische Vernunft, 1968, 1980"', English translation, Treatise on Critical Reason 1985; Traktat iiber rationale Praxis 1978; Transzendentale Traumerei en 1975; Das Elend der Theologie 1979; Die Wissenschaft und die Fehlbarkeit der Vernunft 1982.
WILLlAMK. BERKSON: Independent writer in Reston, Virginia, U.S.A. Ph. D. London School of Economics. Current work primarily on theory of personal decision-making in the face of opportunity and risk.
Principal Works: Fields of Force; The Development of a World View from Faraday to Einstein (1974): (with John Wettersten) Learning from Error: Karl Popper's Psychology of Learning (1984). (The former was also published in Spanish, the latter in German).
LARRY BRISKMAN: Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland since 1969. Holder of a John Dewey Senior Research Fellowship for academic year 1985-86. M.Sc. in Logic and Scientific Method from the London School of Economics; Ph.D. from the University of Edinburgh. Research interests include theory of rationality, methodology of inquiry, creativity, philosophy of psychology and pilosophy of logic.
Principal Works: "Is a Kuhnian Analysis Applicable Psychology,?", Science Studies (1972);
"Toulmin's Evolutionary Epistemology', Philosophical Quarterly (1974); "Classical Semantics and Entailment", Analysis (1975); "Creative Product and Creative Process in Science and Art", Inquiry (1980) - also in D. Dutton & M. Krausz (eds), The Concept of Creativity in Science and Art (1981; pkb. 1985); "From Logic to Logics (and Back Again)", British Journal for the Philosophy of Science (1982); and "Articulating Our Ignorance: Hopeful Scepticism and the Meno Paradox', Etc. (1985).
460
MARIO BUNGE: Frothingham Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at McGill University, Canada. Ph.D. in physics from the Universidad de la Plata, Argentina. Works in a few sciences and several branches of philosophy. He has written 29 books, over 300 articles, edited 7 volumes, one journal of physics and another on philosophy. His main aim is to reconstruct philosophy in an exact and scientific way.
Principal Works: Causality 1959; Foundations of Physics 1967; Scientific Research (2 volumes) 1967; The Mind-Body Problem 1980; Ciencia y desarrollo 1980; and Treatise on Basic Philosophy (so far 7 volumes) 1974-1985.
EDWARD DAVENPORT: Associate Professor of English at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. Ph.D. from Harvard University. Works on problems of the philosophy of literature and the methodology of literary criticism. Especially interested in connections between literature and science, and the potential of literary criticism as a social science.
Principal Works: "Wilhelm Dilthey Updated: Values and Objectivity in Literary Criticism", Mosaic, 1981; "Literature as Thought Experiment", Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 1983;
"Scientific Method as Literary Criticism: Contemporary Schools of Discourse Theory", Et Cetera, 1985; "The New Politics of Knowledge: Rorty's Pragmatism and the Rhetoric of the Human Sciences", Philosophy of the Social Sciences, forthcoming, 1987; "Progress in Literary Study", PSA 1980.
ERNEST GELLNER: William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology in the University of Cambridge. Fellow of King's College, Fellow of the British Academy. He works within Social Anthropology and in interstices between philosophy and the social sciences.
Principal Works: Words and Things: A Critical Account of Linguistic Philosophy and a Study in Ideology, introduction by Bertrand Russel, Beacon, 1959, republished as Words and Things: Examination of, and an Attack on Linguistic Philosophy, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979; Thought and Change, 1965; Saints of the Atlas, 1969; (editor with Charles Micaud) Arabs and Berbers, 1973; Cause and Meaning in the Social Sciences, 1973; Contemporary Thought and Politics, 1974; The Devil in Modern Philosophy, 1974; Legitimation of Belief, 1975; Patrons and Clients, 1977; Spectacles and Predicaments: Essays in Social Theory, 1980; Muslim Society, 1981;
Relativism and the Social Sciences, 1985; The Psychoanalytic Movement, 1985. Contributor to scholarly and other journals.
J.N. HATTIANGADI; Associate Professor of Philosophy and Natural Science, York University in Canada. M.A. London School of Economics, and Ph.D. Princeton University. He works in philosophy of science, philosophy of language, history of ideas and related areas; he is interested in Reason as understood during the Enlightenment and how it is to be interpreted and evaluated today.
Principal Works: "Mind and the Origin of Language", Philosophical Forum, 1973; "The Structure of Problems", Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 1978; "Meaning, Reference and Subjunctive Conditionals", American Philosophical Quarterly, 1979; "A Methodology without Methodological Rules", Language, Logic and Method, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 1983; "Knowing That, and How: A New Empiricism", Methodology and Science, 1984;
"Essence versus Evolution in Language" (with N. Ziv) Word, 1984.
IAN C. JARVIE: Professor of Philosophy and Social Science, York University, Canada. B.Sc. London School of Economics and Ph. D. London School of Economics. Canada Council research grants; Guggenheim Fellowship. Managing Editor, Philosophy of the Social Sciences.
461
Principal Works: The Revolution in Anthropology, 1964; Hong Kong: A Society in Transition, 1969; Movies and Society, 1970; The Story oj Social Anthropology, 1972; Concepts and Society, 1972; Functionalism, 1973; Movies as Social Criticism, 1978; Rationality and Relativism, 1984; Thinking About Society, Theory and Practice, 1985; Contributor to scholarly and other journals.
JOHN KEKES: Professor of Philosophy and Public Policy at the State University of New York at Albany. Ph.D. The Australian National University, Canberra. His main interests are epistemology and moral philosophy.
Principal Works: A Justification oj Rationality, 1976; The Nature oj Philosophy, 1980; The Morality oj Self-Direction, forthcoming.
N. KOERTGE: Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Indiana University. Ph.D. from Chelsea College (London). She is interested in theories of methodology, past and present, and the role of values in scientific research. She writes novels and breeds performance horses.
Principal Works: "Popper's Metaphysical Research Program for the Human Sciences," Inquiry 1975; "Braucht die Sozialwissenschaft wirklich Metaphysik?" Theorie und ErJahrung, ed. by H. Albert and K.H. Stapf, 1979. Who Was That Masked Woman? 1981; Valley oj the Amazons, 1984.
ABRAHAM MEIDAN: Ph.D. in philosophy from Tel-Aviv University. Works on the Mind-Body problem, on skepticism, and on empirical psychology.
DAVID MILLER: Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Warwick. Ph.D. from London School of Economics. Main interests: probability theory, verisimilitude, taking logic seriously.
Principal Works: Croquet & How to Play It (with Rupert Thorp), 1966; Introduction to Axiomatic Set Theory by J.L. Krivine (translator); A Pocket Popper (editor), 1983; Popper Selections (editor), 1985; articles in logic and philosophy of science.
MARGARETNG: Born and grew up in Hong Kong. B.A., M.A. (University of Hong Kong): Ph.D. (Boston); returned to Hong Kong 1975. Since then a part-time teacher, univ. administrator, Pub. Relations mgr. of an international bank, columnist, political commentator and an editor of a Chinese language newspaper in Hong Kong. Intensely interested and involved in Hong Kong's social and political development in its present period of transition from a British Crown Colony to a Special Admin. Region of China in 1997.
DAVID POLE: Was a Lecturer in Philosophy at King's College, London, when he met an untimely death in 1977. He had a Ph.D. degree from University College, London.
Principal Works: The Later Philosophy oj Wittgenstein, 1954; Conditions oj Rational Inquiry, 1961; Aesthetics, Form & Emotion, 1983.
TOM SETTLE: Professor of Philosophy at the University of Guelph in Canada. Once a preacher and a physics teacher, now watches Christianity and science from the sidelines. Main interest is in the grounds (rational or otherwise) of knowledge, especially moral knowledge.
Principal Work: In Search oj a Third Way: Is a Morally Principled Political Economy Possible? 1976.
462
JOHN WATKINS: Professor of Philosophy at the London School of Economics and Political Science since 1966. Has worked in political philosophy, theory of rationality, the nature of metaphysical ideas, philosophy of social science, historical explanation, methodology of natural science and theory of knowledge, determinism and freedom.
Principal Works: Hobbes's System oj Ideas, 1965, second ed. 1973; Science and Scepticism, 1984.
GERSHON WEILER: Teaches philosophy at Tel-Aviv University. Taught in Ireland and Australia and served as visiting professor at Brandeis and Graz (Austria). His early background is a mixture of neo-Kantianism and analytic philosophy with an Oxford B. Phil. obtained in the hey-day of of the cult of ordinary language. Recent interest mainly in political theory. Currently working on a book on political theology.
Principal Works: Published in various philosophical journals e.g. Mind, Philosophical Quarterly, Philosophy oj the Social Sciences, Inquiry, etc. Mauthner's Critique oj Language, 1971. Books in Hebrew; Jewish Theocracy, 1976; Philosophy oj Everyday Life, 1977; State and Education, 1979; On War, 1984; Philosophical Parables, 1985.
JOHN WETTERSTEN: Currently lives in Mannheim, West Germany. Ph.D. from Boston University. Research is primarily concerned with the growth of knowledge as a problem-seeking activity from the points of view of methodology, sociology, rationality and the personal pursuit of truth and autonomy.
Principal Works: Lemen aus dem Irrtum (with William Berkson), 1982. Among numerous essays are "The Historiography of Scientific Psychology: A Critical Study"; Journal oj the History oj the Behavioral Sciences, 1975; "Against Competence: Towards Improved Standards of Evaluation in Science and Technology", Nature and System, 1979; "Procrustean Beds of Scientific Style'; Dialogos, 1980; and "How is Rational Social Science Possible?', Methodology and Science, 1982.
J .0. WISDOM: Retired University Professor of Philosophy and Social Science at York University, Toronto. Graduated and Ph.D. at Trinity College, Dublin. Studied a short time under Moore at Cambridge. Got a Blue for playing golf for Cambridge against Oxford. Works in Philosophy of Science and Psychoanalysis. Honourable Member and former president of the Psychosomatic Research Society (London). Primarily interested in unsolved and in possibly unsolvable problems.
Principal Works: "The Analyst Controversy: Berkeley's Influence on the Development of Mathematics", Hermathena, 1939; "The Compensation of Errors in the Method of Fluxions", Hermathena, 1941; "The Analyst Controversy: Berkeley as a Mathematician", Hermathena, 1941; The Metamorphosis oj Philosophy, 1947; "A New Model for the Mind-Body Relationship", British Journal jor the Philosophy oj Science, 1952; The Foundations oj Injerence in Natural Science, 1952; The Uncounscious Origin oj Berkeley's Philosophy, 1953; "Scientific Theory: Embedded Ontology & Weltanschauung", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 1972; "Male and Female", International Journal oj PsychoAnalysis, 1983; Philosophy and Its Place in our Culture, 1974; Challengeability in Modern Science, in press.
463
SUBJECT INDEX
Absolute presuppositions, 105-6, 171-2, 174, 176, 325, see also Conceptual frameworks
Absolutism, see Historicist relativism and ahistorical absolutism; Truth
Acceptance or rejection of a hypothesis, 267, 270,275-7,298,302,307, 344, 354-5, 438-9, see also Belief; Credibility; Criticism
Access, 321-14 Action, rational, 252, 255-6, 266, 275, 309,
363ff, 369-74, 376-7, 379, 382, 385-6, 391. See also Thought and action
Activism, 447-9 Ad hoc, 96-7, 137, 139, 165 Aesthetic attitude, 204-5 Aesthetic experience and experiment, 221-4 Aesthetics, 201-16, see also Art criticism Agenda, 283, 285-6, 291, 295, 440 Agnosticism, 219-25, see also Art criticism;
Doubt; Skeptcism Agreement, 21, 26, 32, 378, see also
Consensus; Unanimity Ahistorical absolutism, see Historicist
relativism and ahistorical absolutism Aims, interests, 6, 11, 12, 121-6, 128-34,
326-34, 370-2, 377, 386, 409-10 Basic and surrogate -, 334-8 Practical and intellectual -, 337-8, 39 Sub -, 334, see also Logic of the situation
Alienation, 107-8, 115 Analysis, institutional, 121, 128-9, 354-8 Analysis, linguistic and logical; Analytic
philosophy, 46, 52-3, 59-65, 167, 176 Anarchism, 38, 136, 148 Anthropology, 219, see also Social science Antinomies, 74, 318-19 Anti-rationalism, 85-6 Anti-realism, 72-3, 80 Anti-science, 298
A priori, A priorism, Deductivism, 108, 110, 113, 117, 161-2, 167, 318
Approximation, 71, 77, 79, 100. See also Verisimilitude
Aribitrariness, 173-4 Architecture, 227ff Argument, 343. See also Controversy;
Criticism; Debate; Dialectic Argument from elementary decency, 107-8 Arranged marriages, 409-11, 420 Art criticism, 201-2, 206-9, 211-16, 218-20,
222 Art and science, 202-9, 213, 223 Asymmetry thesis, 438 Ataraxia, 438 Atomism, 92, 101 Attitudes, 249, 269-72
Aesthetic -, 204-5 Critical -, 86, 266 Moral -, 169-70, 178
Authoritarianism, 232-5 Automony, 405, 420 Autonomy of Science, 80 Axioms, 253-4
Background knowledge, 267-.9, 271, 273, 310, 365-6, 375-6
Basic statements, 32, 437 Behaviorism, 12, 54 Belief, 309f, 369-74, 373-7, 379, 382
Rational -, 256, 260-1, 266, 275, 310, 363ff, 385ff Threshold of -, 312-13 - and action, see Thought and Action
Bias, 203-5, 212, 219 Big divide, 114 Book of nature, 108 Bootstrap rationality, 293, 317, 327, 331-8 Business, 412, 414
- ethic, 414
464
Cargo cult, 304-5 Categories, category mistakes, 59-60 Certainty, Certitude, 47-52, 67, 174, 177,
284-5, 350-3. See also Proof Challenge, 46, 49 Change, 13
Social -, 128, 141-3, 395 - of meanings, 178
Charisma, 14lff Chess, 31, 99 Choice, 147-8, 281-2, 293, 323-4, 334
- of a hypothesis, 89-90, 101-2,282, 301, 321, 330, 447, 451 See also Acceptance - of problems, 283, 286, 290-1
Civil war, 196 Classical rationalism, 21-3, 26-7, 36-43, 69,
73,76-7,79,253-5,281,285-6,289, 292-3, 344-6, 353-4, 433-4, 438. See also lustificationism
Class interest, 131 Close-speak, Close world, 112, 114, 117-18 Coincidence, accident, luck and fate, 381,
388. See also Magic Collective bargaining, 129 Collectivism, 119-33, 135, 140, 142-4 Commitment, 22, 26-7, 39, 260 Commonsense, 37, 39, 46, 60, 71-4, 90, 109,
217-18 Communism, 391, 447 Competition, 328-30 Comprehensive rationalism, 70. See also
Classical rationalism Conceptual or intellectual frameworks,
World-views, 37, 39,238,265,271,277, 301, 325, 328-9, 365, 381-2, 432, 446-8
Confirmation, 29, 35-7, 176, 310, 393. See also Corroboration; Empirical support; Reasons
Conflict, 40-1, 130-2, 139, 144,427 - in expectations, 268, 270. See also Contradiction
Conjectures, see Hypothesis Consequences, unintended, see Unintended
consequences Consensus, 76-7. See also Agreement;
Unanimity Conservatism, 85-6, 91, 236-9, 339-41, 413 Conspiracy theory of society, 139-41, 161,
381, 388, 416
Constraints, 26, 28, 31, 34. See also Problems, recurrent
Content, 165, 320 Context, 266, 308, 254. See also Background
knowledge; Conceptual frameworks Contingency planning, 227, 234, 242-3 Continuity, 86, 394 Contradiction, 78, 276, 278, 301-5, 328, 438 Control of technology, 7, 139 Controversy, see Debates; Disagreement Convention, Conventionalism (in ethics and
in science) 73, 83, 90-1, 147-50, 177, 340 Coordination, social, 145-7 Corroboration, 99. See also Confirmation;
Empirical support; Reasons Cosmology, 81-2. See also Conceptual
frameworks Cost of error and rational inquiry, 24-8, 42,
311-14 Courtship, open, 411 Credibility, 310. See also Belief, rational Crime, 152. See also Deviance Criteria, 75, 77, 79, 80, 82, 281-2, 298-30.
See also Desiderata Critical attitude, 86, 226 Critical rationalism, ix, x, 69-72, 76-7, 79ff,
260-1, 286-7, 292-4, 297ff, 320, 345-6, 433-4, 438-40
Critical tradition, 203, 211-14, 225-6, 350, 352
Critical utopianism, 227, 229, 232-6, 239-40, 242-3
Criticism, ix, x, 3, 9, 19, 36, 70, 77, 79-82, 117-18, 217-18, 243, 258ff, 291, 297ff, 327, 392,426,438-9,447 Constructive -, 388-9 Local and global -, 258-9, 261, 405, 432. See also Duhem-Quine argument, Piecemeal -, 214 - and democracy, 405, 413
Crucial experiment, 29, 101 Cybernetic, 126 Cynicism, 228-9
Data, 102-3, 109-10, 112-13, 115, 232-3, 238, 254. See also Empiricism
Death of God, 200 Debate, 26, 83, 91-4, 96-7, 99, 100, 104,
111,212, 213, 420-2. See also Dialectic; Disagreement
Decidophobia, Indecision, 39-43, 435, 438-9 Decision, 167, 169-79, 232-9, 238-9, 282,
293-4,420 Policy -, 273-5 - methods, 21-5, 28-31, 38-43 - Theory, 14
Deduction, 58, 178-9, 347-8, 354. See also Hypothetico-deductivism
Deductivism, see Apriorism Deep structure, 12 Degrees of rationality, 331-2, 378, 382, 445,
449-50 Demarcation, 3, 319, 321
- of magic, 388-9 - of rationality, 117 - of science, 393
Democracy, 11, 38-9, 104, 151-6, 163-7,214, 405,413
Depth, 101, 284, 291-2, 295 Description and prescription, 70-4, 78,
282-3,294 Desiderata, 100, 281, 291, 330-2, 338, 340 Destinies, 121-2, 126, 128, 143 Deterrence, 144-5, 147, 152 Deviance, 144-5, 147 Dialectic, vii, 13, 29-30, 36, 61. See also
Debate; Disagreement Dictatorial strategy, 97 Disagreement; Dispute; Dissent, 152-8,
162-7, 202-3, 206-11, 217-18, 220, 225, 241, 433: See also Debate, Dialectic
Discovery, the art of, 32 Distrust, 153, 156, 163 Diversity, 317-19, 321, 323-9, 335 bouble-talk and Double-think, 111, 114, 117 Dogmatic temperament, 434-9, 442-3 Dogmatism, 69, 75-7, 80, 82, 172, 174, 177,
223, 229, 258-60, 294, 431, 434ff, 441-2 Mitigated -,21-2,26-7,29, 39 - pro tem, 437-9, 441
Doubt, 255-6. See also Agnosticism; Skepticism
Duhem-Quine argument, 89-90, 166, 258-9, 261,405
Ecstasy, 254, 258 Education, 135-6, 165, 242, 250, 261-2, 409,
411, 415, 418-19, 433. See also Workshop rationality
Elections, 24, 38-9, 163
465
Emotionalism, Emotivism, 40-1, 177,205, 344
Empirical support, 7, 10, 348-50. See also Confirmation; Corroboration; Reasons
Empiricism, 6, 10, 81, 108-18, 151, 156-67, 318
Enlightenment, 256-7 Epiphenomenalism, 54 Epistemology, 5-6, 8-10, 74-5, 79-82, 151-65,
266,441-2 - and methodology, 252-4, 259
Error, 157-63, 165-7, 199,228,238,257-61, 301-3, 312, 352, 356-7, 378, 387, 391, 411-12,420,426,431,441 Cost of -, 311-14 Two types of -, 313
Essence, Essentialism, 53-4, 60, 64, 68, 136, 140
Esthetics, see Aesthetics Ethics, 12, 115, 124-5, 129-31, 133, 149-50,
156, 160-1, 167, 281-4, 290-5 Business -, 414 Cognitive -, 108-9, 116 Language of -, 173, 175 - and science, 107ff
Evil, problem of, 182-9 Evolutionist historicism, 368-9 Exactness, 9-10 Existence of God, 189-99 Existentialism, 53 Explanation, deductive, Explanatory power,
29, 76-8, 81-2, 98-105, 131-3, 136, 149, 166, 177, 329, 365-70, 377, 381, 388, 391-2, 445-6, 449-51
Expression, 242 Symbolic -, 370-7, 386-7, 390-3
Evaluation, see Valuation Evidence, weight of, 310ff
Face, saving and losing, 4Olff, 423ff Fallacies, 305, 308, 346-50
Naturalistic -, 151 Fallibilism, 69, 77, 79, 82, 174,212,215,
229, 320, 431 Falsification, Falsificationism, Refutation,
Refutationism, 3, 8, 10,32-4,36, 117, 134, 138, 165-6, 181, 187-8, 302-3, 308, 393
Fanaticism, 433-4 Fictionalism, see Conventionalism
466
Fideism, 260-2, 286-7, 439, 441, 443, 445-6 Fieldwork, 243 Filial piety, 395, 397,409 Finality, see Certainty; Proof Forecast, 227 Frameworks, see Conceptual frameworks Free will, 182-8, 366 French Revolution, 136 Functionalism, 131-3, 144, 305-6, 391-2
Galileo's Knife, 181-3, 188-9, 193, 199 Golf, 32-3 Good Reasons, 7, 31-4, 84, 353-56 Group-mind, 130, 147 Guarantee, see Certainty; Proof Guidelines, 21-36
Habit, 134, 158, 162 Happiness, 27, 39, 41-3 Harmony, 27, 43, 427 Heaven, 186-8 Hermeneutics, 74, 81 Hero worship, 38, 148 Historical myth, 137-8, 366 Historicism, 128, 152, 229, 233, 368-9, 416 Historicist relativism versus ahistorical
absolutism, 317, 319-20, 323-6, 332-4, 336-8
Historism, 132, 137-8, 140-9 History, 132-4, 143, 224
- of philosophy, 48, 62 - of science, 134, 157,254, 310, 344-5, 369, 373, 379-80, 389
Holism, 119-33, 135, 140, 142-4 Hong Kong, 396ff, 423, 428-9 Human nature, 134-40, 149, 250 Hypostatization, 53 Hypothetico-deductivism, 7, 165 Hypothesis, 58, 60-2, 65-6. See also Theory
Choice of -, 89-90, 101-2, 282, 301, 321, 330,447,451
Idealism, 7, 91-2 Ideal self, 427-9 Ideal society, 127, 133, 135 Ideal type, 141-3, 222 Ideas, 7
Half-baked -, 34 Regulative -, 209, 214, 216
Ideology, 87-8, 106-8, 110-12, 115, 117-18, 310-11,420-1
Idiosyncracy, 392-3 Illusion, 113, 116, 133 Imagination, 157-8, 160, 162, 165, 230-2,
337-8, 267. See also Intuition Immunization to Criticism, 78, 82 Imperatives, see Descriptions and
prescriptions Impersonalism, 405, 408 Implications, pragmatic, 154. See also
Unintended consequences Improved rationality, 331-2. See also
Degrees of rationality Incommensurability, 257-8 Indecision, see Decidophobia Individualism, 12, 119-30, 135-6
Institutional -, 126-30, 143-6 Criticism and -, 405
Induction, 133-4, 140, 222-3, 441 Problem of -, 109, 318-19 Local -, 37
Inductive direction, 58 Inductive logic, 35-7, 256 Inductive psychology, 108-9 Inductivism, 157-8, 165, 239, 256, 262, 344,
369, 379, 385, 393 Inertia, 92-3 Innovation, 100 Instant access, 312-14 Instinct, 158-9, 164 Institutions, 38-9, 154, 211-13, 237, 242-3
Abstract -, 143 Institutional analysis, 121, 128-9, 354-8 Institutional individualism, 126-30, 143-6 Institutional reform, 121, 128-9, 133-6, 143,
145-6, 148-50 Institutionalism, 119-32, 136, 141-2 Instrumentalism, 76, 78, 310, 393 Instrumentality, 370, 372, 377 Instruments, 26, 29 Intellectual frameworks, see Conceptual
framework Intellectual honesty, 181, 189, 193, 199-200,
343. See also Sincerity Intellectualism, see A priorism Interest, 267, 275. See also Problems Interests and aims, see Aims
Class -, 131 Internalization, 424-5, 429 Interpretation, 6, 29 Intuition, Intuitionism, 169, 171-2, 174-9,
220, 222, 254, 258, 262 See also Imagination
Inquisition, 154-7 Irrationalism, Irrationality, ix, 5, 9, 12-13,
19, 30, 77, 134-5, 169, 170, 177, 275-8, 293-4, 301-9, 323-4, 334, 343-4, 363, 366, 370, 377-8, 434, 445ff
Irrefutability, Ill, 117, 381, 391
Judgment, 169 Jury, 24, 311-56 Justification, Justificationism, 18-20, 48-50,
69,70,73,75-7,79,81, 108-9, Ill, 113, 174-5, 177,254,262,265, 277, 281, 283, 286-9, 307, 317-21, 323, 326-7, 340, 345-7, 353-4, 431, 436, 442. See also Classical rationalism
Knowledge, 48-50, 163, 223, 226, 256, 344-5. See also Science - and morality, 107ff
Language, 12, 51-2, 64, 137,278 Language analysis, 46, 52-5, 59-65, 109 Language of ethics, 173, 175 Lawbreaking, see Deviance Learning 157, 250, see also Education;
Psychology Legal reform, 145 Legislature, 38-9 Li, (402), 407, 423 Life problems, 69-74 Limits of reason, 284-5 Linguistic philosophy, see Language
analysis; Logical positivism; Positivism Literature, 217-26, see also Aesthetics Logic, 5-8, 29-30, 35-7, 82, 146, 286, 347-8,
354 Logical positivism, 46, 48, 52, 59, 60-5, 79,
173, 178-9 Logic of situations, 121, 128, 132-3, 135,
139, 146, 328, 332-5, 445-6, 449-51 Love, 224, 411 Love of learning, 250 Luck, 262, 381, 388
Magic, 301, 363ff, 385ff, 405, 432, 446-7 - and religion, 265, 366-7, 370, 376-7 - and science, 365-7, 376-9, 381-2, 386, 394,442
Manifest truth, 157-62, 164, 378, 383, 431. See also Classical rationalism; Justificationism
Marriage, 409-11, 420 Marxism, 131,420 Materialism, 7 Mathematics, 51, 58, 64-7, 90, 146, 253 Meaning, 55-7, 106-8, 117, 173-4, 178-9,
192-3, 373-4 Meaninglessness, 55, 64 Mechanism, 126
467
Metaphysical, Metaphysics, 33-4, 46-7, 55-6, 59,96,103-4,146-7,151-2,167,172,178, 258-9, 282, 285
Metascience, 321-2, 325-6, 336, 338. See also Methodology; Philosophy of science
Methodological individualism, 12, 119ff Methodology, Method, 7, 25, 30, 73, 77-85,
88,90,96, 105, 114, 119ff, 132,277,393, 441-2 - and epistemology, 252-4, 259 Decision -, 21-5, 28, 30-1, 38-43. See also Metascience; Philosophy of science
Mimesis, 224 Mind-body, 7, 10, 12,60 Mind-clearing, 258 Miracles, 160, 192 Misology, 249-50 Mistake, see Error
Category -, 59-60 Moral relativism, 293-4. See also
Historicism; Relativism Moral sentiment, 169-70, 178 Morality, see Ethics Motion, 91-2 Mysticism, 219, 222, 254, 276 Myth, 137-8, 172, 366, 441-2
Naive realism, 72 Nationalism, 416, 419 Natural religion, 387 Natural selection, 113, 132 Naturalism, 7, 111-12, 114-15, 117 Naturalistic fallacy, 151 Nature, 108, 157-9, 164
Human -, 134-40, 149, 250 Neutral-speak, see Naturalism Nihilism, 439, 441, 443 Non-justificationism, 174-5, 177, 320-1, 323,
326-7, 334, 339-441, 345-57 Norms, 409-10
Cognitive -, 116
468
Objectivity, 21, 26, 36, 43, 201-16, 220,225 Obscurantism, 133, 164 Observation, 81, 350-1. See also Basic
statements; Data Occum's razor, 181 Ontological argument, 53, 60, 182-3, 189 Ontology, 7, 9-10, 12,60, 120, 132, 146-7,
151-2 Open endedness, 21-36 Open mindness, 438, 441 Operationalism, 75 Opportunity cost, 42, 285 Optimism, 10, 84, 238 Original sin, 229
Paradigm, 274, 325 Paradox, see Antinomies Parochialism, 364-8, 375, 377-9, 382 Peace of mind, 252, 255-6 Perception, see Observation Personalism, 405, 408, 412-13 Pessimism, 238, 285 Phenomenalism, 54, 102-3 Phenomenology, 62 Philosophy, 61-2
- of science, 49-50. See also Metascience; Methodology - and politics, 151-62 - and science, 82 History of -, 48, 62 Prior -, 115-16
Physics, 10-11, 58, 60, 66, 92-101 Piecemeal, 11, 233, 292, 294
- criticism, 214 - social engineering, 38
Planning, 227, 230-2, 234-5, 242-3 Plenism, 92, 101 Pluralism, 103,257,263,340 Pointillism, 133, 140, 149 Policy, 31, 273-5, 441-2 Political theory; Politics, 87-8, 134-5, 151-67
- and philosophy, 151-62. See also Radicalism; Reformism; Traditionalism
Positivism, logical, 114, 117-18, 258, 272, 274, 324, 443. See also Linguistic philosophy; Verification
Practical and valuational rationality, 6, 11-12
Pngmatic evidence approach, 312-14
Pragmatic implication, 154 Pragmatism, 76, 113,256-7,271-2,274, 301 Preferentialism, 321-3, 326 Prejudice, 161-164. See also Superstition Prescriptions, 70-4, 78, 282-3, 294. See also
Valuation Presuppositions, absolute; Principles, 105-6,
171-2, 174, 176, 325 Priorities, 31, 34-5 Probability, 14, 19, 35-7, 159-60, 165,
348-50, 441 Problems, Problem-solving, Problem
situations, 22-3, 29, 30, 34, 39, 59, 79-80, 82,217,223-4,243,266-77,329-30, 339-41, 431-40 Choice of -, 283, 286, 290-1 Discriminatory -,90-1,94-101, 104 Enduring, removable and recurring -, 272-4,278 Philosophical -, 59 Structure of -, 89-91, 94, 100-1, 104 Unifying -, 99-100 Unit -, 89-90, 101 - of evil, 82-9 - of induction, 109, 318-19 - of life and of reflection, 269-74 - of rationality, 281, 431, 443
Progammes, see Research programmes Progress, intellectual and scientific, 82, 139,
208, 237-8, 291, 320-1, 329 Proof, 66-8, 101, 253-4, 259 Protocol statements, 11. See also Basic
statements Pseudo-problems, 61, 64-5 Pseudo-rationality, 13-14 Pseudo-science, 259, 319 Psychoanalysis, 154-5 Psychologism, 119-30, 133, 135-44
Vulgar -, 137, 139, 141 Psychology, 12-13, 48, 81, 108-9, 250-2, 451 Public opinion, 148 Punishment, 144-5, 147, 152
Questions, 286, 308, 381
Radicalism, 84-5, 134-6, 291, 339-41 Rational action, see Action, rational. See
also Thought and action Rational belief, see Belief, rational. See also
Acceptance; Credibility; Probability
Rationalism, ix, 6-15 Classical -,21-3,26-7, 36-43,69, 76-7, 79, 253-5, 281, 285-6, 289, 292-3, 344-6, 353-4, 433-4, 438 Critical -, vii, viii, 69-72, 76-7, 79ff, 260-1,286-7,292-4, 297ff, 320, 345-6, 433-4, 438-40 Modified -, 21 Public and private -, 28ff, 38-9 Skeptical -, 27-8, 37-8. See also J ustificationism; Non-justificationism
Rationality, 6, 11-12, 274-5, 277, 281-2, 300, 431 Degrees of -, 331-2, 378, 382, 445, 449-50 Kinds of -, 6, 11-12, 363, 377, 380, 382, 389, 391-2, 432 Limits of -, 284-5,431 Non-scientific -, 274 Problem of -,281,431,443 Pseudo -, 13-14 Scientific -, 28ff, 36, 38, 83, 86-8, 103-4 Standards of -, 5ff, 21-36, 100, 107-8, 181, 200, 265, 268, 274, 277-8, 389, 446, 451 Valuational and practical -, 274 - and democracy, 117 - as meaning, 373-4
Rationality principle, 121, 128, 132-3, 135; 139, 146, 328, 332-5, 445-6, 449-51
Realisrv, 92. Naive -,72
Reality and appearances, 91 Reason, Reasoning, Good reasons, 7, 31, 34,
84, 343-55 Reason and passion, 344 Reductionism, 55, 110, 123-30 Rejection, see Acceptance or rejection Reform, institutional, 121, 128-9, 133-6,
143-6 Reformism, 291, 339-41, 449-50 Regress, vicious and benign, 288-90 Regulative ideas, 209, 214, 216. See also
Verisimilitude Reification, 259 Relativism, 201, 205-6, 212, 214, 219-20,
224,268,293-4,297, 302-3, 317, 319-27, 332-4, 336-8
Religion, 117, 130-1, 134,257-8,260, 366, 414-15, 441 Natural -, 387
469
- and art, 219-222 - and magic, 265, 366-7, 370,376-7 - and science, 208, 366-7, 387
Repeatability, 32 Researc.h, Research programme, 28-30, 34,,_
103, 130, 132, 143, 146, 251-2, 442 Reponsibility, 227-9, 231-2, 420 Revolution, 319
French -, 136 Political -, 161 Scientific -, 83-4, 86-7, 116-17
Risk, 14, 165-6 Romanticism, 39-42 Rules, 321, 329-30
Science, ix, x, 10-11, 70-3, 76-9, 114, 134-5, 138-9, 223, 274, 344-5. See also Knowledge Proto -, 386, 390, 393 Social -, 12, 34, 39, 85, 293 Comparative -, 243 Sociology of -, 34, 87 Unity of -, 54-5, 292 - and magic, 365-7, 376-9, 381-2, 386, 394,442 - and philosophy, 82 - and religion, 208, 366-7, 387 - and technology, 379-82, 447 - textbook, 261
Scientific publications, 28-9, 34, 261 Scientific rationalism, 28ff, 36, 38, 83, 86-8,
103-4 Shame, 424, 427-9 Show trials, 391 Simplicity, 89-90, 146 Sincerity, 155, 205, 212, 215. See also
Intellectual honesty Sin, original, 229 Situational logic, see Logic of situations Skills, 61-2 Skeptical rationalism, 27-8, 37-8 Skepticism, 9, 12, 45-50, 69, 73, 75-7, 79,
81, 318-20, 327,431-3,439,448 Ancient -, 254-5 Mitigated -, 21-2, 26-7, 29, 35-8, 43 Modern -, 17-20, 255
Social change, 128, 141-3, 395 Social control, 134, 137, 140-1, 147 Social dynamics, 28, 141-3 Social engineering, 38
470
Social harmony, 27, 43 Social mobility, 230 Social pressure, 59 Social reform, 449-50 Social science, 12, 34, 39, 85, 293
Comparative -, 243 Social stability, 141-2, 145, 147, 149, 391-2,
409, 412, 427 Social status, 402, 411, 415 Sociology, 11-12, 13lff, 395ff
- of science, 34, 87 Society, 120-1, 229-33
Abstract -, 405, 408, 413 Ideal -, 127, 133, 135. See also Utopianism
Solipsism, 47-8 Stability, social, 141-2, 145, 147, 149, 391-2,
409, 412, 427 Standards, 212, 214-15, 219, 221-2, 268, 271,
283-4,289,297,300,307,321-7,329-30, 334-6, 338, 392, 409ff, 427-9, 432-3, 438
State, 134-5 Statement, see Basic statements; Protocol
statements Statistics, 37, 159-60 Subjectivism, 14, 201-15, 225 Suez affair, 154, 402 Supernaturalism, 7 Superstition, 133-5, 164, 381, 388 Support, 7, 10, 348-50. See also
Confirmation; Corroboration Survey, 30, 33 Survival, 132, 134, 138, 261-2, 337-8, 388 Symbolic expression and representation,
370-7, 386-7, 390-3
Taste, 209-10, 216, 222-3, 252 Technology, 7, 80, 139, 208, 256, 274, 366,
378-82, 416-17, 419, 447 Temperament, dogmatic and skeptic, 434-8,
442-3 Tentativity, 290, 431, 440, 443. See also
Skepticism Test, Testability, 8, 31-4, 36, 77-8, 99, 108,
110,117-18,131,203,338,355,361,393, See also Falsification
Theism, 191, 200 Theology, 181-200 Theory, 74, 76, 78, 267-70, 273-4, 276-7. See
also Hypothesis
- ladedness, 109 Thought and action, 281-2, 308-9, 369-74,
376-7, 379, 446 Tradition, critical, rational, scientific, 85-8,
101, 103-4, 203, 209-14, 224-6, 268, 350, 352
Traditionalism, 39-41, 13\ 291 Transcendentalism, Transcendental proof,
47-9,70,77,80-1,175,179,282,293 Trobriand, 305-6 Truth, 13, 21, 26-30, 35, 39, 43, 66-8, 84,
89-91, 117,219,225,229, 251, 254, 258, 261-2,298, 301, 303, 351-7 Manifest -, 157-62, 164, 378, 383, 431 Regulative idea of -, 73-8 - directedness, 278-9 - likeness, see Verisimilitude
Trust, 153, 156, 163 Tu quoque, 448-9 Tyranny, 148
Ultimate principles, 171-2, 174, 176 Unanimity, 154-6, 160, 164-7, 177,207, 222,
241, 258, 286, 290, 310 Unifying problems, 99-100 Unintended consequences of individual
actions, 128, 141-4, 147, 239, 409-13 Unit problems, 89-90, 101 Unity of science, 54-5, 292 University, 235-7 Use of words, 57-8 Utilitarianism, 38, 41, 156, 161 Utopianism, 70, 79, 164, 229-35, 241, 252
Critical -, 227, 229, 232-6, 239-40, 242-3 Liberal -, 135-6, 139
Valuation, Values, 7, 9, 201-2, 205-9, 212-14,219,222,224-5, 283, 323, 325-7, 329-38, 434, 451
Valuational and practical rationality, 6, 11-12
Verifiability, Verication, Verification principle, 46, 52, 55-8, 66, 78-9, 117, 173, 178-9
Verisimilitude, 79, 100, 278-9, 285-6, 289-90, 292. See also Progress
Via negativa, 258, 261 Voluntarism, 174-7
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 148
Way of life, 172, 265 Weight of evidence, 310ff Westernization, 395ff Will, free, 182-8, 366 Wishful thinking, 310-11, 313
471
Witches, 308. See also Magic Words, 57-8. See also Analysis, linguistic;
Language Worldviews, see Conceptual frameworks
473
NAME INDEX
Agassi, Joseph, 4, 29, 33, 72n, 99n, 103n, 157,247,249-63,281-97,291, 299, 317, 327, 361, 363-451, 389, 390n, 398n, 423-9
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 84 Albert, Hans, 3, 69-82, 77n, 81n Alciphron, 65 Anderson, Hans Christian, 249 Anselm, St., 53, 182 and n, 183, 190, 191,
192, 198 Anthony, Mark, 138 Ape!, Karl-Otto, 76 and n, 77n Aquinas, St. Thomas, 53, 366-7 and n Aristotle, 9, 69n, 84, 102, 146, 181,218,
221,223,224,225,251,254,258,275 and n,289
Asimov, Isaac, 240 and n Atkinson, G.A., 240n Augustine, St., 366, 367 Ayer, Sir Alfred Jules, 3, 45-50, 254, 392n
Bach, Carl Philip Emmanuel, 209, 211, 212 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 201, 205, 207, 210,
211, 212 Bacon, Sir Francis, 83, 84, 85, 86, 103,
133-4, 140, 154, 157, 161, 163,204,256, 258, 259, 433, 438
Bagehot, Walter, 153n Balfour, Arthur James, Lord, 153, 163 Banton, Michael, 149-50 Barbour, Ian G., 182 and n Barker, Andrew, 343n Barnett, K.M.A., 418n Barraclough, June, 161n Barth, E.M., 70n Barth, Karl, 111 Bartley, Ill, W.W., 70n, 117, 260, 261,265,
287, 289,290, 297,345, 347, 357, 363n, 377n, 380, 448
Bayle, Pierre, 255, 256
Beattie, J.H.M., 371 and n-382, 385 and n-394
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 210 Bendixson, Terence, 231n Berkeley, Bishop George, 53, 62, 65 Bernanos, Georges, 206 Berkson, William, 3, 21-43 Black, Max, 345, 350, 355, 357 Bloodworth, Dennis, 397n Bolyai, John, 392 Boole, George, 253 Borger, Robert, 449n Borges, Jorge-Luis, 224 Boulding, Kenneth E., 405n Boyle, The Honourable Robert, 261, 387 Bradley, F.H., 60 Bragg, William, 260
Brahms, Johannes, 312 Braybrooke, David, 38 Bresson, Robert, 206 Briskman, Larry, 247, 343n, 345, 357 Broad, C.D., 51 Brodbeck, May, 142n Bromberger, Sylvain, 286 Brouwer, L.E.J., 284 Buhler, Karl, 74n Bunge, Mario, 3, 5-15, 291, 363n Butler, Samuel, 152, 238 Burnet, John, 229n
Calder, Nigel, 227n Cantor, Georg, 96 Carlyle, Thomas, 137-8 Carnap, Rudolf, 205 Carroll, Lewis, 347 Chandler, Raymond, 225 Chiang Kai-Shek, Generalissimo, 420 Chomsky, Noam, 5, 11, 12-13, 109 Clagett, Marshall, 136n
474
Cioffi, Frank, 449n Cleopatra, 138 C<>hen, R.S., 433n Collingwood, R.G., 326 Comte, Auguste, 136 Condorcet, Marquis de, 154, 161-2, 163 Confucius, 423-9 Cooke, Alistair, 240 and n Copernicus, Nicholas, 100 Creon, 200 Crew, H., 181n Cullen, Gordon, 236 and n
Dalton, John, 58, 345 Darwin, Charles, 10, 100, 261 Daube, David, 129n Davenport, Edward, 4, 217-26 Democritos, 92 Demosthenes, 310 Descartes, Rene, 69n, 83, 84, 85, 86, 100,
103, 113, 157, 250, 253, 345 Devonshire, Andrew Robert Buyton
Cavendish, Duke of, 413 Dewey, John, 76n, ""'1. 272 and n Dickens, Charles, 211
Dingler, Hugo, 69n, 76n Donne, John, 224 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, Drake, Stillman, 181n Dufay, Charles, 101 Duhem, Pierre, 83, 86 and n, 89-91, 101,
102, 103, 166, 257, 258, 259 Durkheim, Emile, 140, 144, 293, 370 and n
Edwards, Paul, ix, 433n Einstein, Albert, 10, 58, 96, 99, 100, 257,
261, 285, 286, 328, 387, 442n Elegant, Robert S., 397n Eliot, T.S., 211, 219, 224 Elliott, D.W. 313, 315 Empedocles, 92 Epicurus, 12, 158 Etzioni, A." 38 Euclid, 146, 253, 261 Evans, Claude, 69n Evans-Pritchard, Sir Edward E., 257, 258,
276 and n, 370n, 371 and n, 376, 377, 381 and n, 382, 390 and n, 391 and n, 405 and n, 432, 447
Feigl, Herbert, 142n Feuer, Lewis, 442 and n Feyerabend, Paul K., 80, 81, 103,257,258,
300, 344, 432-3 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 343 Findlay, J.N. 182 and n., 183, 190, 191, 192 Firth, Sir Raymond, 304, 305, 373, 375n,
378,42On Fitzgerald, C.P., 407n Flew, A.G.N., 182 and n, 183 and n, 185,
187, 345, 357 Fortes, Meyer, 391 Franklin, Benjamin, 366 Frazer, Sir James Gwrge, 365-70, 371, 372,
374, 376, 377, 378 and n, 379, 380, 381, 382, 386, 387, 388, 390, 393, 432, 433, 443
Freedman, Maurice, 361, 395n, 398n, 414n Frege, Gottlob, 100, 393 Fresnel, A.J. 97, 98, 99 Freud, Sigmund, 58, 137, 250, 311 Fritz, Kurt von, 69n Frye, Northrop, 217 and n, 222, 230 and n
Galilei, Galileo, 10, 53, 181 and n-183, 188, 189, 193, 199, 253
Galvani, Luigi, 96 Gardiner, Patrick, 136n, 143n Gellner, Ernest A., 4, 125, 132, and n, 136
and n, 229n, 392 and n Geiger, Theodor Julius, 311 Geyl, Pieter, 165n Giedymin, Jerzy, 97 and n Gilbert, William, 96 Godel, Kurt, 253, 285, 286 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 209 Goldberg, Johann Gottlieb, 207 Good, I.J., 350, 357 Grant, C.K., 154, 155 Greco, El (Domenico Theotocopuli), 208 Gumbel, Emil J., 233 Guthrie, W.K.C., 229n, 352
Habermas, Jiirgen, 76 and n, 335 Hamblin, C.L., 347, 357 Hanson, N.R., 81 Hare, R.M., 171 and n-179 Hartshorne, Charles, 182 and n, 183, 191,
192, 195, 198 and n, 199
Hattiangadi, J.N., 4, 83-104, 291 Hayek, F.A., 120 Hegel, G.W.F., 53, 254, 366 and n Heidegger, Martin, 14, 74n Heisenberg, Werner, 287 Hempel, Carl G., 370n Hick, John, 183n, 188 Holbach, Paul Henri Thiry, Baron d', 181n Horowitz, Vladimir, 374 Hu Hsien-Chin, 402 and n Hubert, Sir Francis, 211 Hudson, J .L., 350, 357 Hume, David, 46, 47, 53, 62, 85, 134, 148,
151 and n, 153, 154, 157-61, 163, 164, 170,222,250, 252, 255, 265, 318, 344, 357
Huxley, Aldous, 238 Huygens, Christiaan, 95, 97
Jackson, Bernard S., 129 n James, Henry, 217 James, William, 256 Jarvie, I.C., 4, 201-16, 225, 227-43, 301,
302, 303-7, 361, 363-451, 369n, 389, 392n, 398n, 405n, 423-9, 445n
Jeffrey, R.C., 350, 357 Jellicoe, G.A., 236 and n-237, 241 Jenner, Edward, 379 Jones, Rev. James, 309 Joyce, James, 211, 217 Jung, Carl Gustav, 126, 127 Jungk, Robert, 442n
Kant, Immanuel, 47, 49, 53, 62, 70n, 80n, 81, 164, 173, 223, 250, 259, 265, 281, 282, 292, 300, 308, 318, 343
Kahn, Herman, 243 Kaufmann, Walter, 74n, 435 and n Kekes, John, 247, 265-79 Kelvin, William Thomson, 1st Baron, 329 Kepler, Johannes, 345 Keynes, J.M., 58 Keynes, J.N., 347 Khruschev, Nikita Sergeevich, 232 Kierkegaard, Sf1Iren, 14 Kirk, G.S., 229n Koertge, Noretta, 247, 309-15 Koestler, Arthur, 393n Kokoschka, Oscar, 312 Kopper, Joachim, 80n
Korda, Vincent, 234 Kraft, V., 75n, 76n Kruif, Paul de, 249
475
Kuhn, Thomas S., 30, 81, 83, 86 and n, 87-8, 103 and n, 104, 257, 258, 274 and n, 290, 291, 326, 344
Kiilpe, Otto, 70n, 72n, 78n, 80n Kvan, Erik, 409
Ladd-Franklin, Christine, 346, 358 Lakatos, Imre, 70n, 88n, 103 and n, 104,
253, 254, 274n, 344, 359, 363n Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de, 254 Lawrence, D.H., 211, 217 Leach, Sir Edmund, 306, 368n Leeuwenhoek, Antoon van, 249 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 126 Leukippos, 92 Levi, Isaac, 350, 357 Lewis, C.I., 350 Lewis, H.D., 152n Lieberson, Jonathan, 343n, 345, 358 Lienhardt, Godfrey, 371 and n, 377, 378
and n Lin Yutang, 402 and n, 408n Lindblom, C.E., 38 Lister, Joseph, 1st Baron, 389 Locke, John, 65, 154, 167,250 Lorenz, Konrad, 76n Lucky Jim, 205 Lugg, Andrew, 345, 358
Mabbott, J.D., 152n Macdonald, James, 397n Mach, Ernst, 52 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 182n, 183n Mackie, J.L. 182, 183, and n, 184, 187 MacNie, John, 230 and n Magee, Bryan, 298 Mahler, Gustav, 312 Malcolm, Norman, 193, 195 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 305, 306, 373 Malter, Rudolf, 80n Manuel, Frank E., 230n Martindale, Don, 392n Marx, Karl, 140, 152 Matson, W.I., 185 Maxwell, Grover, 343n, 358 Maxwell, James Clerk, 58 Maxwell, Mary Lou, 343n
476
Mead, Margaret, 424n Meidan, Abraham, 3, 17-20 Meno,352-3 Menzies, William Cameron, 228 Mill, James, 154 Mill, John Stuart, 136, 138, 154, 156, 167,
433 Miller, David, 247, 343-59 Milton, John, 225 Mises, Ludwig von, 58, 119, 120 Mittelstrass, J., 76n Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo, 234 Montaigne, Michel de, 84 Moore, G.E., 51, 58 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 205, 209, 210 Murasaki, Lady, 220-1,223,225 Musgrave, Alan, 88n, 274n, 363n
Nadel, S.F., 373 Napoleon Bonaparte, 165n Newton, Sir Isaac, 58, 95, 100, 104, 134,
208, 253, 261, 328, 345, 373 Newton-Smith, W., 345, 358 Ng, Margaret N., 361, 423-9 Nowell-Smith, P.H., 169, 170n
Oakeshott, Michael, ix Occam, William of, 181n O'Neill, John, 142n, 143n Orwell, George, 238, 261 Owen, Robert, 139
Papineau, David, 344, 358 Pappus of Alexandria, 253 Pareto, Vilfredo, 79 Parmenides, 91, 92, 93, 102, 253 Parsons, Talcott, 142-3, 363n Pascal, Blaise, 138, 255, 388 Pasteur, Louis, 389 Peter of Spain, King, 347 Picasso, Pablo, 215 Pierce, C.S., 261, 346, 358 Plato, 38, 84, 92, 126, 152, 188, 230, 247,
249,251,253,254, 258, 261, 289, 290, 345, 352, 358, 439, 440-1
Pocock, D.F., 371n Poincare, Henri, 25~ Polanyi, Michael, 30, 32-4, 257, 367 and n Pole, David, xi, 4, 169-79 Popkin, Richard, 432, 433 al).d n, 434, 438,
439
Popper, Sir Karl R., ix, 3, 5, 11-12,29, 32-4, 38, 56, 59, 66, 70n, 71, 72n, 80, 81, 86 and n, 87, 88 and n, 98 and n, 99 and n, 100, 103 and n, 104, 108, 117, 119, 120, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 137, 144, 146, 150, 157, 162, 165, 170 and n, 171, 173, 174, 177n, 203, 229, 230,247,250,251,254, 255, 256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 266, 271, 272, 274 and n, 286, 287, 290, 291, 293, 298-9, 302, 303, 309, 314, 317, 320, 322, 339-40, 434n, 344, 345, 346, 350, 354, 358, 359, 363n, 380, 382, 388, 432, 434, 435, 437, 438,439,441,442: 449
Price, F.W., 416 Price, H.H.,llO, 166n Priestley, Joseph, 213 Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus), 93
Quine, W.V.O., 59, 83, 90 and n, 91, 115, 116, 258, 259, 265
Rasmussen, T., 48 Raven, J.E., 229n Reese, W., 198n Richards, I.A., 218, 223 Rorty, Richard, 272n· Ross, W.D., 275n Roth, Joseph, 257 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 38, 134-5, 148, 163 Russell, Bertrand, 51, 53, 57-8, 63, 67, 76n
96, 100, 149 and n, 151,251,253,254
Salmon, Wesley, 345, 348, 349, 358 Sand, Georges, 164 Santayana, George, 439 Savage, C. Wade, 343n Schilpp, P.A., 88n 103 Schlick, Moritz, 52, 56, 272 and n Schrodinger, Erwin, 58 Schwartz, Benjamin, 416n Seeger, Pete, 314 Selby-Bigge, L., 344 Settle, Tom, 4, 181-200, 343n, 385 and n,
445 and n Sextus Empiricus, 254, 431, 433, 434, 438 Shakespeare, William, 208, 211 Shapiro, H.L., 371n Shaw, George Bernard, 261 Shea, William, 101
Shils, Edward, 363n Smart, J.J.C., 188 Smith, Adam, 135, 147 Smith, Arthur, 401n Socrates, 258, 352-3, 408, 440-41 Spinoza, Benedict (Baruch), 10, 250, 255,
261,262,281,282,387 Stark, Werner, 311, 315 Sterne, Lawrence, 224 Stove, David, 344, 345, 358 Stover, Leon, 402n Sun Yat Sen, 414, 415 and n-418, 419, 420 Swift, Jonathan, 238
Taine, Hippolyte, 218 Tarski, Alfred, 52, 66, 75n Thales, 181n Therese the Little Flower, St., 429 Tinbergen, Nikolaas, 250 Tolstoy, Leo, 138 Topley, Marjorie, 398n, 420n Toulmin, Stephen, 178, 179, 317 Trigg, Roger, 277 and n, 297, 298, 301 Tryon, Vice-Admiral Sir George, 309 Tsang Tzu, 425, 426 Tylor, Sir Edward, 378
Verne, Jules, 240 Vesselo, A., 240n
Waismann, F., 59 Wartofsky, M.W., 433n
477
Watkins, J.W.N., 4, 59, 103, 120, 125, 135, 139, 141-2 and n, 143 and n, 151-67,287, 309, 315, 345, 449 and n
Weber, Max, 6, 119, 120, 141-3, 146, 282, 293
Weiler, Gershon, 247, 297-308 Welch, Colin, 241 and n Wellmer, Albrecht, 71n Wells, H.G., 227 and n, 228, 230, 236,
240-2 Wettersten, John, 247, 281-97 Whewell, William, 258, 259 Wiener, P.P., ix Williams, L. Pierce, 135-6 and n, 385n Winch; Peter, 265 Winnicott, D.W., 48 Wisdom, J.O., 4, 45-68 Wittgenstein, L., 3, 45-68, 106, 265 Woolf, Virginia, 211 Wootton, Barbara, 162-3 Wordsworth, William, 221
Xenophanes, 229
Yeats, W.B., 211 Yamey, A.D., 311, 315 Yaemy, Basil S., 420n Young, Michael, 238 Young, Thomas, 97, 98, 99
Zabarella, Giacomo, 253 Zahar, Eli, 345, 358 Zeno, 92, 281
NIJHOFF INTERNATIONAL PHILOSOPHY SERIES
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