food grain performance india

8/12/2019 food grain performance india

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INDIAN AGRICULTURE SCINARIO

Agriculture is an important sector of the Indian economy,

accounting for 14% of the nations GDP, about 11% of its exports,

about half of the population still relies on agriculture as its principal source ofincome and it is a source of raw material for a large number of industries.

Although its share in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has declined from over

half at Independence to less than one-fifth currently, agriculture remains the

predominant sector in terms of employment and livelihood with more than half of

Indias workforce engaged in it as the principal occupation. Agriculture still

contributes significantly to export earnings and is an important source of raw

materials as well as of demand for many industries.

Indias agriculture sector has an impressive long-term record of taking the

country out of serious food shortages despite rapid population increase. This was

achieved through a favourable interplay of infrastructure, technology, extension,

and policy support backed by strong political will. The main source of long-run

growth was technological augmentation of yields per unit of cropped area. This

resulted in tripling of foodgrain yields, and foodgrain production increased from 51

million tonnes in 195051 to 250.15 million tonnes in 201213.

The important factors that influence production of agricultureproduction are, the nature of soil, rainfall and weather variables and the new

technology.

The major cropping seasons in India are Kharif and Rabi. The Kharif season

crops (rice, sorghum, maize, pigeon pea and black gram) are grown during the

summer monsoon (JuneSeptember) period and harvested in the autumn or early

winter months. The Kharif crop production is >50% of the total annual foodgrain

production and constitutes the principal source of food supply. The Rabi cropping

(wheat and chickpea) season starts after the summer monsoon and continues up tothe spring or early summer months. The rainfall, which occurs towards the end of

the summer monsoon, provides soil moisture for the Rabi crop, which is sown in

the post-monsoon season. Therefore, the summer monsoon is mainly responsible

for both Kharif and Rabi food grain production in India (Parthasarathyet al.,

1988a).


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Food grains production in India

Year Production

(million tones)

1950-51 50.821960-61 82.02

1970-71 108.42

1980-81 129.59

1990-91 176.39

1997-98 192.43

1998-99 195.25

2001-02 209

2008-09 226

2009-10 2352011-12 246.2

2012-13 250

(Agricultural statistics at a glance.)

Production and Productivity Trends of Indian agriculture has not been

consistent over time. Agriculture production with emphasis on foodgrains weclassify it into four distinct phases.

Phase 1 (1947/48-1965-66):

The first phase stretching from Independence to midsixties, emphasized on

Consolidation and organization of agricultural sector. Development was

spearheaded through industrial front and it was expected to have a spread- effect

on agriculture. The increase in agricultural production at the annual rate of about

3% was dominated by growth in non-foodgrains. A slower increase in foodgrain

production came about due to shift in cropping pattern in favour of superior

cereals (wheat and rice) particularly in the better endowed regions. The share of

rice and wheat in production of total foodgrain increased from 52.5 percent in TE

1952-53 to 57.5 percent in TE 1965-66, but the yield remained low at 991 and 823


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kg./hectare (TE 1965-66) for rice and wheat, respectively. The lack of emphasis on

technological change during this phase culminated in extreme food scarcity in mid-

sixties.

Phase 2 (1966/67-1979/80):

It is phases of green revolution, the advent of new technology changed the

situation dramatically in the second phase spanning mid-sixties to decade of 70s.

The growth rate of foodgrains was impressive (over 3%) and it came about

partly due to improvement in yield of rice and wheat (by 26 and 87 percent,

respectively during TE 1965/66- TE 1980/81) and partly due shift in area towards

these major cereal crops. During this period, the area under rice and wheat

increased by 11.5 and 70 percent, respectively, while a corresponding decline took

place in the area under coarse cereals and pulses. From the situation of acute food

shortages at the beginning of the phase, the country surged ahead in achieving self-

sufficiency in food-grain production. The per capita domestic production of food

grains was about 186.5 kg/annum during the 70s. Besides the new technology,

the strengthening of the institutional backup also contributed to the

productivity growth, and the transformation in the agrarian structure was an

important component of agricultural development in the second phase.

Phase 3 (1980/81-1989/90):

During the decade of 80s, the growth rate of crop production touched an all-

time high of 3.2 percent. The two distinct features of this third phase were,

increased foodgrain production coming almost entirely from productivity

enhancement and diversification towards non-foodgrain crops. The area under boththe major foodgrain crops, viz. rice and wheat nearly stagnated but the average

annual production growth was over 3.5% on account of substantial yield

improvement. Even in case of coarse cereals and pulses, the increase in yield

more than compensated for the decline in acreage under these crops, to

register a positive growth in production, marginally for coarse cereals and


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moderately for pulses. The net sown area nearly stagnated at the decadal

average of 140.5 million hectares but there was some increase in cropping

intensity from 123.30 percent in 1980-81 to 128.05 percent by the end of

the decade. The total cropped area under non-foodgrain crops, specially

oilseeds and sugarcane registered over 1 percent growth. Together with acreageexpansion, the yield level of non foodgrain crops also increased at a compound

annual growth rate of 2.31 percent. However, except for cotton, the rate of

yield growth for all other major non-foodgrain crops was lower than what

was achieved for rice and wheat.

Phase 4 (1990/91 onwards):

The growth momentum observed in the third phase could not be sustained in

the subsequent period . Thus, the fourth phase, from the beginning of 90s,

has been marked by considerable slackening of agricultural output due to

continuous deceleration in rate of production growth of most of the food and

non-food grain crops. The observed trends after 2000/01 are particularly

worrisome with virtual stagnation in production of rice, wheat and total food

grains. Among the non food grain-crops, there has been a quantum jump in the

productivity of cotton, after introduction of BT cotton in the country. But for the

other non foodgrain crops, the yield growth has been moderate for oilseeds

and declined marginally for sugarcane.


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Current agriculture scenario

During 2011-12, there was record production of foodgrains at 259.32 million

tonnes, of which131.27 million tonnes was during Kharif season and 128.05

million tonnes during the Rabi season. Out Of the total foodgrains production,production of cereals was 242.23 million tonnes and pulses 17.09 million

tonnes. For 2012-13, total foodgrains production is estimated at 250.14 million

tonnes (124.68 million tonnes during Kharif and 125.47 million tonnes during

Rabi seasons). the 6.59 million tonnes (about 5.02 per cent) decline in

kharif production has been on account of late onset of monsoon and deficient

rainfall in several states affecting kharif production in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,

Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and West

Bengal.

the production of rice (both kharif and rabi) is estimated at101.8 million

tonnes, pulses at 17.58 million tonnes, oilseeds at 29.46 million tonnes,

Though, production of rice during kharif 2012-13 has been lower than that of the

last year, these are better than the average production during the last five

years. Production of coarse cereals has been severely affected by the deficient

monsoon in Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Rajasthan, with

the result that the overall production of Coarse Cereals has been lower by

3.95 million tonnes as compared to kharif 2011-12.


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The drastic change observed in the agricultural output after the adopting new

agricultural techniques during the mid 1960s. This expansion of agricultural

techniques continued till initiation of economic reforms but the sharp of

techniques becomes lower after the reform period. Therefore, agricultural

performance during last three decades is more unstable rather than earlier period.

The compound growth rate of area, production and yield of crops has shown in the

Table 1.2. From this table we found that there is rising trend in growth of

area under crops. Whereas annual growth rate of production of major crops

found contrary that it was declining. Moreover, the level of yield remained

unstable over the years. The growth rate of agricultural production is

deteriorating over the years. The area under cultivation of main crops was

remained increasing trend but it was low than growth in production and yieldat

national level . Moreover, the growth in cultivation was higher of non food

crops than food crops during the last three decades. There were few crops who

recorded growth in cultivation. Except rice and wheat crop, all of foodgrain

crops area was recorded negative and minor growth during the three decades.

It was more negative in last decade (2001-2010). It means that, the cultivation

area of maximum crops was declining and especially the area under food

crops was more negative which matter of concern is. Moreover, the 6 picture

of growth in cultivation area was contrary of non food crops because


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maximum non food crops were recorded positive and significant growth in area

under cultivation, Out of them, sunflower, soyabean, oilseeds and sugarcane

were the highest cultivated area but the trend was declining of all crops during the

last three decades. The agricultural are after the green revolution was raised even it

was positive but low till 90s after this, it could record minor and negativewhich leads to conclusion that it was declining during the post reform period. As

far as growth in agricultural production is concerned, the concentration still is on

selected f ood and non food crops therefore remained maximum crops are

excluded from the technological support. In turn, the growth rates of

production of few crops are higher than maximum crops. Some states are

producing maximum food crops like wheat, rice due to having resources and some

states are producing pulses, oilseeds and cotton which are unstable due to less

endowment of resources. The performances of rice and wheat crops among thefoodgrain crops are higher, whereas soyabean, sunflower among cash crops

were performing well in producing in agricultural development over years.

Moreover, the growth rates of principal crops shown in table 1.2 were

recorded decreased continuously whereas the production growth rate of food

and non food crops in India was decreasedbut it was worst about the food crops

during last three decades. The maximum crops were recorded positive and higher

growth rate in production during the 1981-90 i.e. before reform period but the few

crops were recorded positive and higher growth in production during the

1991-2000 and 2001-2010 i.e. post reform period. It means that the

agricultural development was not taken place during the post reform period.


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(Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics,

Ministry of Agriculture)

Rates of Growth in Area, Production and Yield

Given the limitations in the expansion of acreage, the main source of long-

term output growth is improvement in yield. A comparative picture in average

annual growth rates of area, production and yield of different crops for two

periods, 2002-03 to 2006-07 (the 10thPlan period) and 2007-08 to

2011-12 (the 11th Plan period) is given in table 1.2. The area under Jowar, Bajra,

small millets has have witnessed a negative growth during the 11th Plan.Yields of all the major crops have recorded positive growth during the 11th

Plan period. Average Annual Growth Rates in area, production and yields of

major crops at all India level during 11th Plan and a comparison of annual

average growth in yield rates during the 10th and 11th Plan periods are

summarized in below figures . Impressive rates of growth (more than 4 percent per


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annum) in production were observed in the case of wheat, Bajra, maize, coarse

cereals, Gram, Tur, total pulses, Groundnut, sesame, soybean, total oilseeds and

cotton. the increases in production in the case of wheat, Bajra, maize, groundnut

and total oilseeds can mainly be attributed to increase in yields, whereas the

growth in production in the case of gram, tur, total pulses, soybean and cottonis driven by a combination of both expansion in area and increase in

productivity/yield.

A perusal of the rates of growth in yield reveals that most of the crops have

recorded higher growth during the 11th Plan than that during the 10th Plan.

However, sugarcane, and rapeseed & mustard, soybean and cotton recorded lower

ratesof growth in yield during the 11thplan than that of the 10thPlan. Growth in

yields of sugarcane and rapeseed & mustard suggest that their yields seem to have

attained the plateau and need renewed research to boost their productivity

levels.


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MAHARASHTRA

The geographical area of Maharashtra state is 3.8 lakh sq.km., out of which

the net area under agriculture is about 1.77 lakh sq.kms. I.e. 57-50%. This

proportion of the national level is less at 43.4%. However, the proportion of gross

irrigated area to gross cropped area at national level is 39.7% while in Maharashtra

state it is only 17.5%. Thus, 82.5%, of the area under agriculture in the state

is directly dependent on monsoon. Nearly one third area of the state falls under

rain shadow region where the rains are not only scanty but also erratic.

No.Items

unit Maharashtra(Million ha)

India(Million ha)

ComparisonWith India (%)

1 Net area sown 17,478 1,40,298 12.5

2 Gross cropped area 22,557 1,93,723 11.6

3 Gross irrigated area 3,958 85,783 4.6

Area under principal crops

5 Rice 2806 thousandtonnes

105.30 milliontonnes

6 Wheat 1313 thousandtonnes

94.88 milliontonnes

7 Jowar 1935 thousandtonnes

5281.5 thousandtonnes

8 Bajara 502 thousandtonnes

8742.0 thousandtonnes

9 TOTALFOODGRAINS

12316 thousandtonnes

250 milliontonnes

(Economic survey of Maharshtra2012-13)

(Handbook of statistics of RBI 2012-13)


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Maharshtra is key contributor to the agriculture sector in India. It remains

predominantly an agrarian economy, with about two-third of the population

engaged in agriculture accounting for 12.4% of the net sown area of India.However, agriculture contributes only about 11% to the GSDP

. The results show that, there was declining trend of area under food crops. Among

the all food crops, Rice, Bajara, Tur showed higher growth in area undercultivation. Growth in area of rice was higher during the period II (1971-80),

after the growth in area under cultivation was declining. The same condition

was of Tur, Pulses and total food grains. It may be cause the period-II was of

green revolution in Maharashtra and after this decade, the low growth had


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recorded because the place of food grain was taken by the non -food crops. Out of

all

The total food grain recorded negative growth in the period-I (1961-70) but

after that, it could record positive growth. During the period II (1971-80),

there was higher growth rate rather than other decades and overall period. It was

10.9% per annum, the area and yield, which are the sources of output growth,

were strongly supported during this period the rate of growth in area and yield

during this period was 1.5 and 9.4% per annum respectively. Out of total food

crops the Gram, and Wheat recorded higher growth in overall period (1961-2010). But their trend of growth was not consistent. The growth of production of

Wheat, Kharip Jowar was higher during the Period-II (1971-80)

and it was declined and increased in little amount after the period II. This

period was more suitable for the food grain production because, almost all food


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crops were recorded satisfactory and higher growth rate. The growth in

production of Rice, Kharip Jowar, Rabbi Jowar, Total cereals was 6.5%, 17.4%,

8.7% and 11.2% per annum respectively

As per the above analysis of growth in area and production of main crops

in Maharashtra, it could shows that, the production was higher when area

was declined while productivity or yield was increased. The growth in

productivity excepting few crops remained higher than period-I (1961-70)

because it was pre-green revolutionperiod. After adopting High yield variety

seeds technology, irrigation and use of other agricultural inputs, the productivity

was increased. The productivity growth of sugarcane, wheat, cotton and

safflower was higher than other crops productivity growth during overall

period (1961-2010).


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Rice

B. N. - Oryz sativa

Origin - Indo-Burma

Nutional value - major source of carbohyadtes (80gm/100gm)

Major producing states India - UP, Punjab, Haryana, MP, Rajasthan, Bihar

Gujarat, Maharshtra

Rice is the most important cereal grown globallyMajor staple food for about half of the world populationToday, around 600 million tons of Rough rice are produced each yearCultivated in 113 countries in the worldAnd also, a way of life and a cultural heritage: Life without rice is not

conceivable in most Asian countries

A Staple food crop that holds the key for food security (43%)20% of word productionOccupies 44 M. ha (22% of cropped area)Annual production of 99 M tA source of livelihood for millionsEarns foreign exchange of 7000 croresLow Productivity compare to global standard.


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Avg. Productivity ( India) 2.9 Mt / Ha.Avg. Productivity (Global) 3.9 Mt / Ha.Avg. Productivity (China) - 6.0 Mt / Ha.The Rice Challenge: Feeding a growing world populationDemand in rice expected to increase by 30% in next 15-20 years (FAO,

IRRI)

Consumption already above productionDecline in growth rate of rice yield with traditional varieties (yield

plateauing)

Pressure on arable land and water supplyNeed for further yield enhancement and preservationMeeting consumer preferences on quality by adopting new technologies


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WORLD

Production and consumption of rice are concentrated in Asia, NorthernAfrica, and Middle Eastern regions. Five major rice production areas of

the world are 1. China 2. India 3. Indonesia 4. Bangladesh 5. Japan!

The tropical region of Asia or Monsoon Asia is the largest rice-producingarea. The countries of this region together produce 90 per cent of the

global output of rice.

Major rice-producing countries are China, India, Indonesia, Thailand,Bangladesh, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Korea, Japan and

Philippines.Besides these South-East Asian countries, rice is also

produced in Brazil, USA, France, Venezuela, Columbia, Egypt, Spain,

etc.

Top 10 Countries with Most Rice Production in the World 2012

(million metric ton)

Rank county production

1 China 204.3

2 India 152.6

3 Indonesia 69.0

4 Vietnam 43.7

5 Thailand 37.8

6 Bangladesh 33.9

7 Burma 33.0

8 Philippines 18.0

9 Brazil 11.510 Japan 10.7

(Source: Food and Agriculture Organization)


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World production of rice has risen steadily from about 200 million tonnesof paddy

rice in 1960 to over 678 million tonnes in 2009. The three largest producers of rice

in 2012 were China (197 million tonnes), India (131 Mt), and Indonesia (64 Mt).

Among the six largest rice producers.


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INDIA

Worldwide, India stands first in rice area and second in rice production,after China. It contributes 21.5 percent of global rice production.

India had the largest farm area under rice production in 2012. The rice farmproductivity in India were about 45% of the rice farm productivity in China,

and about 60% of the rice farm productivity in Indonesia

India is the second largest rice-producing country in the world. Its averageannual production is 95 million metric tons, which is about 20 per cent of the

world total. Rice is the staple food and cultivated in most of the states of

India. Among the regions Ganga-Brahmaputra valley contributes the largest

amount of rice followed by coastal regions.

The major rice-producing states in India are West Bengal, Bihar, TamilNadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Assam

and Odisha.

With the help of irrigation, improved seeds, use of fertilizers, multiplecropping, the production of rice is increasing but its average yield is still low

in comparison to other important rice-producing states

Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh have assumed considerable importanceafter the introduction of the Green Revolution. It is clear that about half ofrice production in India is contributed by four states namely W. Bengal,Punjab, U.P, Andhra Pradesh. The other major producers are Tamil Nadu,Bihar, Assam, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Karnataka, Jharkhand andMaharashtra in order of importance


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Maharashtra:

Rice is grown in the Konkan coastal area, on the Ghats and in some eastern parts.

Chandrapur, Raigad, Thane, Bhandara, Kolhapur, etc. are important rice producingdistricts.


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Ghansal variety rice is grown in over 2,200 hectares of land in Ajara tehsil, which

is surrounded by Sahyadri mountainous range or the Western Ghat. The variety

being a traditional one has lower productivity than its hybrid advanced varieties,

Naik said.

The report of the district agriculture officer states that the rice variety has

productivity of around 45-55 quintals per hectare. The hybrid varieties of rice have

productivity of 75-85 quintals per hectare. Despite demands from various urban

areas, the farmers do not get very good returns for their produce, the report stated.

A senior agriculture officer from Pune, who attended the meeting, said, "Farmers

from Ajara tehsil do questioned the purpose behind continuing Ghansal variety

cultivation when other varieties have higher production. The hybrid varieties do

not have the aroma of Ghansal and agriculture department wants farmers to encash

it. If it is properly branded and marketed, the variety can be sold at a higher price."

There are some farmers' groups formed by the state government, which are beingtrained for marketing the rice variety. The GI accreditation is part of the entire

programme, he added


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International trade

World trade figures are very different to those for production, as less than8% of rice produced is traded internationally. In economic terms, the globalrice trade was a small fraction of 1% of world mercantile trade. Manycountries consider rice as a strategic food staple, and various governmentssubject its trade to a wide range of controls and interventions.

Developing countries are the main players in the world rice trade,accounting for 83% of exports and 85% of imports. While there arenumerous importers of rice, the exporters of rice are limited. Just fivecountries Thailand, Vietnam, China, the United States and India indecreasing order of exported quantities, accounted for about three-quartersof world rice exports in 2002However, this ranking has been rapidlychanging in recent years. In 2010, the three largest exporters of rice, in

decreasing order of quantity exported were Thailand, Vietnam and India. By2012, India became the largest exporter of rice with a 100% increase in itsexports on year to year basis, and Thailand slipped to third position.Together, Thailand, Vietnam and India accounted for nearly 70% of theworld rice exports.

Primarily exports from India included aromatic Basmati variety. Accordingto a USDA report, the world's largest exporters of rice in 2012 were India(9.75 million tonnes), Vietnam (7 million tonnes), Thailand (6.5 milliontonnes), Pakistan (3.75 million tonnes) and the United States (3.5 milliontonnes).

Major importers usually include Nigeria, Indonesia, Bangladesh, SaudiArabia, Iran, Iraq, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brazil and some African andPersian Gulf countries. Although China and India are the two largest

producers of rice in the world, both countries consume the majority of therice produced domestically, leaving little to be traded internationally

Low prices along with a weak rupee helped India export over 10 million tonsin the calendar year 2012, the highest ever for the country, according to theUSDA. In the process, India also became the top rice exporter in 2012,ahead of Vietnam (around 7.7 million tons of rice exports) and Thailand

(about 6.9 million tons of rice exports).Much of surge in Indias rice exports last year was due to an increase in

basmati rice exports driven by demand in Iran and Iraq. In the marketingyear 2011-12 (September to August), India shipped about 3.18 million tonsof basmati rice (up about 34% from around 2.37 million tons in 2010-11),helped by significant increases in exports to almost all regular destinationsof Indian basmati rice.


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Traditionally, about 50-70% of Indias basmati rice exports reach SaudiArabia, the U.A.E., the U.K., and Kuwait. In 2011-12, these countriesaccounted for about 1.8 million tons or 56% of total basmati rice exports byIndia. Exports were boosted by demand from Iran (almost 615,000 tons, up35% from the previous year) and Iraq (about 152,000 tons, up 400% from

previous year). Indias non-basmati rice exports also remained strong at almost 4 million

tons in 2011-12, but were about 5% lower than around 4.2 million tonsexported in 2007-08, the last year before the Indian government placed theexport ban in 2008. While rice exports to neighboring Bangladesh in 2011-12 declined to about 144,700 tons, less than a tenth of over 1.9 million tonsin 2007-08, rice exports to most African nations increased significantly.

Africa, along with countries in the Middle East and Gulf, accounted forabout 86% of total non-basmati rice exports by India in 2011-12. There were

nine African nations among the top 15 importers of Indian non-basmati riceand together, Nigeria, Senegal, Cte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Benin, Somalia, Togo,Kenya, and Cameroon accounted for about 2.4 million tons or almost 60%of total non-basmati rice exports by India. Indonesia, the U.A.E.,Bangladesh, Nepal, Singapore, Yemen and Iraq were also prominentimporters of Indian non-basmati rice in 2011-12.

In 2013, Indias rice exports are forecast to decline about 20% as suppliesare likely to increase in the international market while high domestic pricesare expected to make Indian rice less competitive than it was last year


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Basmati...

Nature's gift to India, India's gift to the World.

The scented pearl from India

Grown only in Himalayan Region of India and nurtured by snow fed rivers, Basmati is without ashadow of doubt the King of all Rices in the world. Its long slender shape and an unmatchedfragrance and aroma are reflective of the age old civilization that cultivates it.

A rice of the connoisseurs, Basmati is non-glutinous and has a fine, smooth and silky texture.The rice has been favored by emperors and praised by poets for hundreds of years. In the oldertimes, Basmati could only be grown in the special fields for the kings and was always treasuredand guarded by nobles. Ordinary people were not allowed in the vicinity of the fields and taking

Basmati grain was a punishable offence.

The supremacy of Basmati over other varieties is predominantly due to its unique and delicatelybalanced combination of a number of characteristics such as superfine (long slender) kernels,exquisite aroma, sweet taste, soft texture and delicate curvature, all of which makes it excellentfor cooking. Its nut-like flavor and aroma is unique in the world. Like all naturally beautifulproducts Basmati Rice cannot be artificially created. It is Mother Nature (the soil and climaticconditions of the Himalayan foothills) that itself provides for its unique aroma and taste. There isno surprise that Basmati world over draws the highest premium because of its specialcharacteristics. So it is said that - "Basmati is to rice what Champagne is to wine and Scotch is towhisky". With the passage of time, several varieties of Aromatic Rice have been developed but

the mystique of Basmati remains eternal.

The Indian heritage

Basmati, the highly aromatic rice is nature's gift to the Indian sub-continent and it is India's giftto the whole world. Farmers in the northern parts of the country, at the foot of the Himalayanmountain ranges have been growing this scented rice for centuries. Basmati grown in India, theysay, is as great as the land and as old as the civilization itself.

The tropical climate and soil prevailing at the foothills of the Himalayas is perfect for Basmatirice cultivation. Basmati from India is a perfect treat for the connoisseurs of sumptuous food, all

over the world!

Bringing you the Best

Basmati has been cultivated in the Indian sub-continent for ages and is still grown undercompletely natural conditions to imbibe all the goodness that nature has to offer. However,present Indian companies who are growing, processing and exporting Basmati are at par with thebest in the world and are using the State of the Art technology in their Mills. The demands and


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needs of the modern day consumers are kept in mind as every grain of rice, that is exported,follow pre-defined process under close supervision of experts who ensure that only the best grainis brought to you.

Transforming simple dishes into delicacies

Cooking with Basmati is real fun as the ingredient in itself is a delicacy. Initially it was onlyeaten by the ethnic population, Basmati is now finding favors with consumers from all over theworld and various studies show that the market for Basmati has been growing at the rate of 20%per annum. Basmati is also fast becoming a part of Chefs world over are using Basmati totransform simple dishes into sumptuous delicacies ranging from indulgent ethnic Biryani toSeafood Pulaos for the health conscious.

Basmati mystique

Basmati is typically characterized by its superfine kernels, exquisite aroma, great taste, silky

texture, delicate curvature and linear kernel elongation. The poets for many countries findsmention in texts from the sixteen century onwards. Basmati continuously finds mention in textsfrom the 16th century onwards.

The aroma of Basmati is unique and imparts its novel characteristic that is unmatched by anyother grain elsewhere in the world.

Export of Rice & Wheat

5.34 Export of wheat and non-basmati rice on

private account was banned w.e.f. 09.02.2007

and 01.04.2008 respectively. However, export of

rice and wheat has been allowed on diplomatic

considerations and humanitarian ground. the

Government, on 08.09.2011, permitted export of

non-basmati rice and 20 lakh tonnes of wheat

under open General Licence (oGL) by private

parties out of privately held stocks through EDI

ports. As on 19.11.2012, a quantity of 77.25 lakh


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tones of non-basmati rice and 35.95 lakh tones of

wheat have been exported under oGL. In view

of record production of foodgrains in the recent

years and comfortable stock position of wheat

and non-basmati rice in the Central Pool far in

excess of buffer norms/strategic reserve and

also to offload the excess stocks of wheat due

to constraints in storage space with FCI/State

Agencies, the government has on 03.07.2012

approved export of 2 million tonnes of wheat

from Central Pool Stocks through CPSUs of

the Department of Commerce at the cost to be

determined by individual tender subject to floor

price of US$228 per metric ton. the Government

has approved on 29.11.2012, the continuation of

the unrestricted export of wheat and non-basmati

rice, in view of the adequate availability of wheat

and non-basmati rice in the domestic market.

Further, with effect from 26.03.2012, export of 6.5lakh tonnes of flour (Maida), Samolina (Rava/Sooji), Whole meal Atta andresultant Atta on private account allowed in the year 2009 has been put on OGL up to 31.03.2012.


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Wheat

Wheat (Triticum spp.) is worlds most widely cultivated agronomic cereal

crop; about 40 percent of worlds population depends upon Wheat as staple food.

Wheat accounts for the greatest volume of international trade. it is grown all over

the world,. In 2012, the worlds main wheat producing regions were China, India,

United States, Russian Federation, France, Australia, Germany, Ukraine, Canada,

Turkey, Pakistan, Argentina, Kazakhstan and United Kingdom (FAO, 2013).

The production and productivity of Wheat crop in India were quite low up

to 1964-65 i.e. up to 10-12 million tonnes. Country used to import large quantity of

Wheat for fulfilling the need of peoples from many countries. The Green

Revolution was initiated in India in the 1960s to increase food production.

Introduction of new technology and semi dwarf varieties during the fourth five

year plan (1969-74) had changed share of Indian agriculture. Now India achieved

remarkable progress in Wheat production during the last four decades.

The production of wheat in the country has increased significantly from

8 million MT in 1955-56 to an all-time record high of 94.88 million MT in

2011-12. The productivity of wheat which was 708 kg/hectare in 2004-05

has increased to 3140 kg/hectare in 2011-12. The major increase in the

productivity of wheat has been observed in the states of Haryana, Punjab and Uttar

Pradesh. Higher area coverage is reported from MP in recent years.


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The major Wheat producing states in India is placed in northern

region of country. In India Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana contributing nearly80% of total Wheat production. During year 2011-12, India has 29.25 million ha

area under Wheat crop while production of 93.9 million tonnes and productivity

2938 kg /ha. In India, Uttar Pradesh rank first regarding to area and production of

19.32 million ha and 43.20 million tonnes respectively, however Punjab have

highest productivity of Wheat 4144kg\ha. (agricoop.nic.in)

Current scenario

Production in 2012-13 fall by 2.42 mt in comparison to 2011-12

owing to the productivity decline by 58 kg/ha (1.84 %) followed by marginal

reduction in area by 0.22 mha (0.73 %). Weather parameters that favored last crop


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season didnt go well with this season bringing down the countrys production at

92.46 mt. State wise analysis indicates that Uttar Pradesh grows more wheat

(9.73 mha), followed by Madhya Pradesh (5.30 mha) and Punjab (3.52

mha). Uttar Pradesh again holds the prime position in wheat production (32.77 %

of Indias production). The state has produced 30.30mt, followed by Punjab

(16.11 mt) and Madhya Pradesh (13.13 mt). In comparison to 2011-12,

current year productivity declined due to significant reduction in yield of major

wheat growing states. Haryana and Punjab which registered record yield in

2011-12, failed to continue the spurt momentum. Productivity declined by

578 kg/ha in Haryana and 325 kg/ha in Punjab. Consequent to this, Punjab

replaces Haryana in highest productivity. However, Uttar Pradesh and

Rajasthan maintain their productivity level. Despite a fall in yield, states located in

north eastern plains zone like Assam, Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal shows a

significant increase in the crop yield ranging from 221 kg/ha (Bihar) to 28 kg/ha

(Odisha). Productivity decline was highest in Haryana, followed by Andhra

Pradesh and Punjab. Interestingly, states that are grouped under others category

indicate a productivity increase of 1594 kg/ha which is a huge figure by any

yardstick. The reason was the placement of many of the north eastern states

like Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura that

yielded more wheat in the current crop season owing to several developmental and

extension programmes targeted for that region.


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As an integral part of the Indian food security system, the Indian Government

owned Food Corporation of India (FCI) maintains a buffer stock of wheat,

procured from the farmers at the Minimum Support Price (MSP) of Rs.1175 per

quintal (applicable for 2012/13 crop year) to meet the mounting requirements

of the country-wide Fair Price Shops, Food for Work Programme and other

socioeconomic welfare projects for the economically vulnerable sections of

society.

Buffer stocks are required to

(i) feed the population under Targeted Public Distribution System(TPDS) and other welfare schemes,

(ii) (ii) ensure food security during the periods when production is short ofnormal demand during bad agricultural years and

(iii) stabilize prices during period of production shortfall through open marketsales.

(iv) The buffer norm for wheat w.e.f 20.04.2005 is 8.2 mt (Jan), 4 mt (Apr),17.1 mt (July) and 11 mt (Oct). In addition to buffer norms,


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Government has prescribed a Strategic Reserve of 30 lakh tonnes

of Wheat w.e.f. 01.07.2008. Stock of wheat in central pool is 42.40 mt as

on 01.07.2013 (Storage: 42.14 mt and Transit: 0.26 mt). Stock of wheat in FCI

is 13.76 mt as on 01.07.2013 (Storage: 13.50 mt and Transit: 0.26 mt).

Maharshtra

it is important rabi crop cultivated in Maharshtra. During year 2010-

11, area under Wheat crop is 12.69 lakh ha, production of 22.58 lakh metric

tonnes, and productivity is 1730kg/ha. The area under high yielding Varities is

12.53 lakh ha. In Maharashtra, coverage under Wheat crop is maximum in

Ahmednagar district followed by Parbhani, Hingoli, Pune, Nashik district. While

as production concerned Jalgaon district rank first tailed by Hingoli, Buldhana

district. (Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2010-11)


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Wheat export performance

India wheat export performance since 2000

Market Year Exports Unit of Measure Growth Rate

2000 1569 (1000 MT) 684.50 %

2001 3087 (1000 MT) 96.75 %

2002 4850 (1000 MT) 57.11 %

2003 5650 (1000 MT) 16.49 %

2004 2120 (1000 MT) -62.48 %

2005 801 (1000 MT) -62.22 %

2006 94 (1000 MT) -88.26 %

2007 49 (1000 MT) -47.87 %

2008 23 (1000 MT) -53.06 %

2009 58 (1000 MT) 152.17 %

2010 72 (1000 MT) 24.14 %

2011 891 (1000 MT) 1,137.50 %

2012 6824 (1000 MT) 665.88 %

2013 6500 (1000 MT) -4.75 %

(Source:United States Department ofAgriculture)


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Major wheat exporters are USA, Russia, Australia, Canada, Argentina, Ukraine

and Kazakhstan. India has just entered in global wheat market after six-

seven years gap. However, increasing production has provided opportunity for

India to be a regular exporter. The below given table shows the export

performance, year wise, for major exporters, and projection for ongoing season.

Export: At present export of wheat is free


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SORGHAMMillets are coarse grains and serve as food for a large number of people in

India. They are kharif crops and grow in less rainy areas in the following

order Ragi (damp areas), Jowar (moist areas) and Bajra (dry areas). They

require high temperature and less rainfall. They are alternative to rice as

rainfall decreases

B.N. Sorghum bicolorOrigin: Sorghum originated in north-eastern Africa

strong resistance to harsh environments such as dry weather and high

temperature in comparison with other crops.

limited use of pesticides.

Nature-cared Crop as it requires little artificial care such as irrigation and

insect removal.

suitable alternative food for people with wheat gluten allergies.

staple food for millions of the poorest and most food-insecure people in thesemi-arid tropics of Africa, Asia and Central America.

Sorghum grain contains 11.3% protein, 3.3% fat and 5673% starch. It is

relatively rich in iron, zinc, phosphorus and B-complex vitamins. Tannins,

found particularly in red-grained types, contain antioxidants that protect

against cell damage, a major cause of diseases and aging.


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WORLD

Sorghum worlds fifth major cereal in terms of production and acreage.

It is dietary staple of more than 500 million people in 30 countries. It is a

leading cereal grain produced in Africa and is an important food source in

India

grown on 40 million ha in 105 countries of Africa, Asia, Oceania and the

Americas.

The USA, India, Mxico, Nigeria, Sudan and Ethiopia are the major

producers. Other sorghum producing countries include Australia, Brazil,

Argentina, China, Burkina Faso, Mali, Egypt, Niger, Tanzania, Chad and

Cameroon.

It has increasingly important source of dry season fodder for livestock,

especially in Asia.

The United States is the world's largest producer of grain sorghum followedby India, Nigeria, and Mexico.

Leading exporters are the United States, Australia and Argentina In 2010,

the USA was the worlds largest producer of sorghum (8.8 million metric

tons annually), followed by India (7.0), Mexico (6.9), Nigeria (4.8) and

Argentina (3.6).

Over the past 30 years, annual world production and the area planted to

sorghum have both decreased marginally from 62.8 to 59.3 million metric

tons and 44.5 to 41.9 million hectares. Yields in 197880 and 20082010were virtually the same (1400 and 1412 kilograms per hectare). However,

these global figures mask wide variations at the national level. In India, for

example, between 1978 and 2010 the area planted to sorghum fell from 16. 1

to 7.7 million hectares and annual production fell from 11.4 to 7.0 million


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metric tons, but yields increased by 40% from 689 (in 197880) to 965

kilograms per hectare (in 200810).

Global sorghum area trends indicate that area increased from 45 million hain the 1970s to 51 million ha in the 1980s. Later, there was fluctuation in

area by 4 to 10 million ha and it declined to 40 million ha by 2009. Grainyields have increased from 1200 kg/ha in the 1970s to 1400 kg/ha in 2009

Jowar occupies about 8% of the total area of the food grains and 10% of thecereals. Similarly its output is 4.1 % of the total production of food grainsand 4.3% of the cereals in the country. Except between 1950-51 and 1960-61 there has been steady decline in the area of Jowar.


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INDIA

Jowar is essentially a crop of the Peninsular India. Three leading

producers include Maharashtra, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh whichtogether account for 78 per cent of the total area and about 81 per cent of the

total production of jowar in the country. Three northern states of Uttar

Pradesh, Rajasthan and Haryana collectively occupy about 10 per cent of the

total area and 5 per cent of the total output of the crop in the countryThe sorghum area in India was more than 16 million ha in 1981, but has

gradually decreased to 7.8 million ha in 2007-08 (still 20% of the worlds

sorghum area). Of this, 3.5 million ha was grown in the rainy (kharif) season

and 4.3 million ha in the postrainy (rabi) season. Production increased from9 million tons in the early 1970s to 12 million tons in the early 1980s and

maintained this level for over a decade until the early 1990s, followed by a

steep decline to 7.3 million tons. Despite the decrease in area over the years,

production has been sustained at 7.3 million tons (2009) due mainly to

adoption of improved varieties and hybrids. Sorghum grain yields in India

have averaged 1170 kg/ha in the rainy season and 880 kg/ha in the post rainy

season in recent years.The area has declined from 184 lakh hectares in 1960-61 to 92 lakh hec-taresi n 2002-03 at an average annual rate of 1.13 per cent. On the other hand the

production trend has been very fluctuating between 1950-51 and 2002-03.


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MAHARSHTRA

Maharashtra is the leading producer of Jowar in the country. Both in terms

of area and production its share has been half of the country. The area,

production and yield have shown wide fluctuations. While the area has

increased from 65.61 lakh hec-tares in 1983-84 to 66.26 lakh hectares in

1985-86 it has fallen down to 48 lakh hectares in 2002-03.

It is being cultivated in Maharashtra both for grain and fodder during kharif

(area 13.84 lakh ha) and rabi (area 30.17 lakh ha). The percentage area under

rabi sorghum (64 %) is more than kharif sorghum (36 %) area.

Contrary to this, production and average yields of kharif sorghum are higher

(more than 1 tonnes/ha) than the average yield in rabi (0.6 tonne/ha). In

kharif cultivation, the major constraints are lower profit and non-competitiveness than cotton, sunflower, castor and pulses; grain mould

susceptibility during the years of extended monsoon at grain maturity and

susceptibility to stem-borer under dry weather condition, and inadequate

availability of seeds of improved dual-purpose varieties and hybrids of

sorghum in time at fair price.

The production increased from 46.78 lakh tones in 1983-84 to a record high

of 66.68 lakh tonnes in 1992-93 and to fall back a low of 37.80 lakh tones in

1997-98. Jowar occupies about 31% of the total cropped area of the state.The crop is mainly grown in the central parts of the state with Jalgaon,

Buldhana, Akola, Amravati, Yeotmal. Aurangabad, Ahmadnagar, Beed,

Usmanabad, Nanded, Solapur, Nagpur and Sangli districts being the

important producers.


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TRADE

World trade in sorghum is dominated by the largest producer of the crop in theworld i.e. U.S.A as most of the production in the country accounts for export in theforeign market. The total exports summed up to 5626000 metric tons in the year2005-06 with USA contributing around 88% of the worlds total exports.Argentina, Australia, Nigeria, China and India are the other important exporters ofthe cereal grain. The scenario of the world imports are depicted in the form of atable below showing the major sorghum importers of the world along with theirimport figures

Mexico (3000000 metric tons) Japan (1393000 metric tons)

Sudan (250000 metric tons) European Union (150000 metric tons) Somalia (75000 metric tons) Chile (65000 metric tons) Israel (50000 metric tons) Niger (50000 metric tons) Taiwan (50000 metric tons) Eritrea (25000 metric tons

Sorghum producing countries

Sorghum is produced mainly for feeding purposes. Due to a very similar nutritional

value and growth pattern as of maize, it also serves as a substitute to it. The world

production of this cereal grain in 2005-06 was 58.9 million metric tons, the

production being stable over a long period of time. The list showing the major

global producers of sorghum with their production figures relating to the year

2005-06 is given below

United States of America (9847680 metric tons)

Nigeria (8028000 metric tons)


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India (8000000 metric tons)

Mexico (6300000 metric tons)

Sudan (4228000 metric tons)

Argentina (2900000 metric tons)

China (2952800 metric tons)

Ethiopia (1800000 metric tons)

Australia (1748000 metric tons)

Brazil (1529600 metric tons)

Burkina Faso (1399302 metric tons)

Egypt (950000 metric tons)

Tanzania (800000 metric tons)

Mali (664083 metric tons)

Cameroon (600000metric tons)

Venezuela (565000 metric tons)

Niger (500000 metric tons)

Chad (449427 metric tons)

Uganda (420000 metric tons)

Ghana (399300 metric tons)

The top spot in the list is bagged by the United States though Nigeria is too close to

its production figure and is giving a tough competition for the first place. The

world acreage of area pertaining to sorghum production sums up to around 440000

square kilometers.


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Production of sorghum in India

India has ever been among the major producers of sorghum in the world. The

country has been able to maintain its position among the top three producers of thecrop. As already mentioned, sorghum is produced both as a summer and a winter

crop i.e khariff and rabi crops in the country. Indian production hovers around an

average of 9 million metric tons but since last few years a slow downfall in the

production as well as in the area covered for sorghum production has been

observed. The 2005-06 Indian sorghum production figures were 8 million metric

tons. Area wise, India accounts for around 20% of the world total area used for the

crop production. The major states in the country where this cereal grain is

produced are

Maharashtra

Karnataka

Gujarat

Madhya Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh

Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

Maharashtra produces the maximum sorghum in India, production being supported

by the districts Solapur, Pune, Bijapur, Nanded, Akola and Maboobnagar.

Indian sorghum or jowar market


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Sorghum is popularly known as "Jowar" in India. The crop in the country stands at

the third place in context of importance after wheat and rice. The grain had been

used for consumption of both humans and livestock and also different genes of the

plant serve many other important uses. The crop was introduced in India in the first

millennium and since then it has been actively cultivated in the subcontinent. Theproduction of sorghum in India reaches up to 9 million metric tons mark each year

but last few years have shown a marginal but gradual decline in the production and

productivity of the crop. The area under cultivation of the crop too has had a steep

decline in the last 15 years i.e. 50% and 25% in the khariff and rabi season

respectively.

India also maintains a place in the top ten consumers of sorghum in the world witha 2005-06 consumption figure of 7.7 million metric tons. Indian demand for the

grain is on an increase due to the combined increase in the demand of various

sectors using sorghum. The rural per capita annual consumption has reduced a bit

as compared to the 1961 figure, but still this decline cannot hide sorghums

national importance. India is capable of satisfying the domestic consumption

demand and hence it emerges out to be a net exporter of the crop exporting the

balance stocks. In 2005-06, the country made exports of 25000 metric tons of

jowar and stood at the 6th position among the worlds major exporters of theworld. The exports are expected to rise in the coming time.

Market Influencing Factors

Change in taste and preferences

Farming system changes

Payment of labor involved in the production of sorghum

Alternative cropping strategies depending upon the factors like irrigation etc.


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Demand from fodder industries in the country

Major trading centers of sorghum or jowar

In India, sorghum or jowar is being traded at the following primary markets

Akkalkot (Mahrashtra)

Mohol (Mahrashtra)

Barsi (Mahrashtra)

Pandharpur (Mahrashtra)

Kurduwadi (Mahrashtra)

Mumbai (Mahrashtra)

Kolhapur (Mahrashtra

HOPE has become reality for 25,000 farmers in dryland Marathwada and Western

Maharashtra regions of the state of Maharashtra, known as the Sorghum Bowl ofIndia. Initial assessments indicate that their grain yields rose by 40% and fodderyields by 20% on average over the past three seasons (2010-2012) due to improvedsorghum varieties and crop management practices, along with improved marketlinkages. About half of these farmers operate on a very small scale, withlandholding size of two hectares or less. Net income (the income that farmers


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retain after their costs of cultivation are paid for) has increased by 50%, to anaverage of US$78 per hectare of sorghum grown.

HOPE stands for Harnessing Opportunities for Productivity Enhancement ofSorghum and Millets in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The ICRISAT-HOPE project is led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in close partnership with several state and nationalinstitutions on sorghum in India: Marathwada State Agricultural University,Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth State Agricultural University (MPKV), and the

National Directorate of Sorghum Research.

HOPE focuses its efforts in six target areas in the Sorghum Bowl that containespecially large areas of post-rainy-season sorghum. About one-third of thetargeted area is now sown to improved varieties, compared to just 10% before the

project began its work. In a recent project planning meeting Dr. T. A. More, Vice-Chancellor of MPKV praised the results to date, and stressed the need for a GreenRevolution through major improvements like these in rainfed crops.

The cropping system in the Sorghum Bowl is unique. Instead of growing the cropin the warm summer rainy season it is sown after the rains end inSeptember/October, and harvested in January/February. Farmers plant the crop onheavy clay soils that retain large amounts of the seasons excess rainwater; thesorghum roots then extract that water to support plant growth. The new varietieshave been especially taken up by the poorest farmers because they depend the most

on rainfed cropping, being least able to afford irrigation water.

The sorghum varieties that are delivering these impressive gains were developedby Indian institutions by improving the traditional Maldandi type of varietiescultivated in this area. These new varieties are well adapted to the coldtemperatures and short daylength of the winter months, and are tolerant or resistantto drought and to the pests and diseases prevalent during this season such asaphids, shoot fly and charcoal rot.

Varieties are currently being developed that will yield larger, brighter grains toattract higher market prices. They derive from crosses made at ICRISAT betweenthe Maldandi types and durra sorghum types from East Africa. Hybrid varietiesalso under development are expected to raise yield by another 20-30 percent. DrWilliam Dar, Director General of ICRISAT, explained that "Our international roleis to encourage South-South sharing of promising technologies such as the durra


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sorghums of Africa, and the hybrid sorghum technology of India. The benefitsflow both ways."

Farmers typically keep about two-thirds of the sorghum crop for home use, and sellthe rest. Farmers prize both the grains and the stalks of sorghum. The grains are forhuman consumption, while the stalks are fed to cattle. The two portions of the cropare about equal in economic value. Small-scale farmers typically own 2-3 cattlethat they depend on to produce milk and to pull plows and cartloads.

Sorghum stalks are fed to livestock; when used in this way the stalks are referred toas fodder. Growing demand for fodder to feed dairy cattle is expected for years tocome, because Indians are consuming more dairy products as their incomes rise.Demand for fodder is especially strong in the parched northern states of Gujaratand Rajasthan, but those areas lack sufficient rainfall to grow enough fodder.

The demand for grain will also increase, but less rapidly. Indias National Food

Security Mission recently announced that it will buy and distribute sorghum grain

to Indias poor, expanding market opportunities for farmers. To better access grain

markets, ICRISAT-HOPE is helping farmers improve the cleaning, grading and

packing of grain, and connecting them to sources of up-to-date information on

market prices anddemand volumes.


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Pearl millet

B. N. Pennisetum glaucumOrigin Abyssinia

Pearl millet is the most drought tolerant warm season coarse graincereal

Pearl millet is often grown on infertile soils and under water-limited conditions where no other cereal crop can be successfullygrown.

Its grains have high protein content, balanced amino acid profile,and high levels of iron, zinc and insoluble dietary fiber.

Grown annually on more than 29 million ha in the arid and semi-arid tropical regions of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

It is grown in around 40 countries around the worldThe other major producing countries are Senegal, Mali, Niger,

Nigeria, and Sudan.India is the largest producer of Bajra in the world. Bajra is the fifth

most important cereal crop in India Rajasthan is the largestproducer of Bajra with a market share of 42.33%.

The other major producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat,Haryana and Maharashtra

India has the largest area (varying between 9-10 million ha) underpearl millet which is at third rank after rice and wheat. Its is valued

for both grain and stover as its grain is the major source of dietary

carbohydrates of human diet in western India and stover forms the

basis of livestock ration during the dry period of year in north

Indian states.


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WORLD

Pearl millet is planted on 14 million ha in Africa and 14 million ha inAsia. Global production of its grain probably exceeds 10 million tons ayear, to which India contributes nearly half. At least, 500 million peopledepend on pearl millet for their lives. Approximately one-third of theworlds millet is grown in Africa and Asia, about 70% of it in WestAfrica. Major producing countries in Africa include Nigeria, Niger,Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritius and Senegal in the west, and Sudanand Uganda in the east.

Six countries (China, Ethiopia, India, the Niger, Nigeria and the formerSoviet Union) are estimated to account for about 80% of global milletutilisation. Of the 30 million tons of millet produced in the world, about90% is utilised in developing countries, and only a tiny volume is usedin the developed countries. The exact statistical data are unavailable formost countries, but it is estimated that a total of 20 million tons areconsumed as food, the rest being equally divided between feed and otheruses such as seed, the preparation of alcoholic beverages and waste.

World consumption of millet as food has only grown marginally duringthe recent past in contrast to the significant increase in consumption ofother cereals


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India

India is the largest producer of pearl millet in Asia, both in terms of area(about 9 million ha) and production (8.3 million tons) with an averageproductivity of 930 kg/ha during the past three years. From the early1980s, the pearl millet area in India declined by 22%, but productionincreased by 36%, due to a 75% increase in productivity (from 530kg/ha during 1981-1983 to 930 kg/ha during 2008-2010).

There has been gradual decline in the area of Bajra. The downy mildewepidemics in 1970s and 1980s that threatened the sustainability of pearlmillet The area has decreased from 114.69 lakh hectares in 1960-61 to89 lakh hectares in 1999-00 at an average annual rate of 0.57 per cent.On the contrary despite wide fluctuations its production has increased atan average annual rate of 1.89 per cent during these years. This was due


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to more use of HYV seeds and higher input facilities. The researchefforts were targeted to enhance productivity through breeding highyielding cultivars and refinement in production and protectiontechnologies. High yielding cultivars suited to arid and semi-arid

environments have been developed and quality seed of these cultivarshas been made available to farmers that resulted into increase inproductivity from 323 kg/ha (1950-54) to 991 kg/ha (2010). The totalproduction has almost doubled from 3.42 m tones to 8.83 m tones. theHYVs cover about 50% of total pearl millet area, which is highestamong coarse cereal crops.

Rajasthan ranks first in Indian states in area and fourth is production of

Bajra. The state records the lowest per hectares yield of Bajra in thecountry. Area under HYVs is highest in Gujarat where almost wholearea (>90%) has come under hybrid coverage. Although Rajasthan hasthe highest area under pearl millet, adoption of HYVs in this state hasbeen very low (25-30%).

Due to its low per hectare yield and less remunerative prices, is findingless popularity amongst farmers. Although a number of HYV (HB-1,BH-2, BJ-104, BK-560, Pusa-23, KMH-451, HHB-67, ICTP-8203,

ICMS-7703, HC-4) of the crop have been developed the need is topopularise these varieties amongst farmers and promote bajra cultivationin dry farming areas.

Trade

In India large quantities of pearl millet are traded from the major pearl

millet growing areas to urban centres and to non-pearl millet growing

areas. The trade is mainly to meet demand of pearl millet from urban


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consumers and to meet requirements of consumers from different

income groups. The importance of pearl millet as cattle feed is

increasing in recent years. Major portion of the bajra production is con-

sumed locally and only a small quantity (about 3 lakh tonnes) enters theinter-state market. A very small quantity of the produce is exported to

the countries of east Africa, Middle East and Europe. Trade of Pearl

Millet At international level is around less than 1% of global production.


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Crop Profile

Q.1. What is the normal area of Pearl millet in India?

Ans. The normal area of Pearl millet in India is 9.42 million ha. Out of

which about 9.20 million ha is cultivated during Kharif season, 0.05

million ha during Rabi season and 0.17 million ha during summer

season.

Q.2. What is the normal production of Pearl millet in India?

Ans. The normal production of Pearl millet in India is 6.97 milliontonnes. Out of which 6.57 million tonnes is produced during Kharif

season, 0.10 million tonnes in Rabi season & 0.30 million tonnes in

Summer season.

Q.3 What is the Average Productivity of Pearl millet in India?

Ans. The Average Productivity of Pearl millet in India is 738 Kg/ha

which is 719 Kg/ha during Kharif season, 1920 Kg/ha in Rabi season

and 1937 Kg/ha in Summer season.

Q.4. What is the share of Pearl millet in total food grains production

in the country?


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Ans. 3.94% (2001-02).

Q.5. What is the share of Pearl millet in total food grains area in

the country?

Ans. 7.83% (2001-02).

Q.6. Which State ranks first in Area & Production of Pearl millet?

Ans. Rajasthan State.

Q.7. Which State ranks first in Productivity of Pearl millet?

Ans. Tamilnadu State.

Q.8. Which are major Pearl millet growing States during Kharif

season?

Ans. Rajasthan followed Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana,

Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh & Andhra Pradesh.

Q.9. Which are major Summer Pearl millet growing States?

Ans. Gujarat.

Q.14. What is the Minimum Support Price (MSP) of Pearl millet for

the current year?


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Ans. Rs.515/qtl.

Q. 15. Name the States in which Pearl millet grain is used as staple

food?Ans. Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, parts of Uttar Pradesh &

Haryana.


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Maharashtra

Maharashtra occupies second place in respect of area (20.36%) and fristplace in respect of production of bajra (24.74%) in the country. The crop

is grown in the hilly and dry areas of the central plateau on poor soils inthe districts of Nasik, Dhule, Satara, Pune, Sangli, Aurangabad, Solapur,Jalgaon, Ahmadnagar. The per hectare yield is second lowest afterRajasthan (441 kg/ha).

food grain performance india

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