Following Directions

• Can you follow Directions?

Scientific Process

DO NOW

• Pick Up both Sheets on the Cart of Science

• Youtube Clips on Variables and Scientific Method – on my website

• Think About – Does water increase growth in plants?

Scientific Inquirysection 1.3

• Scientific inquiry refers to the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence they gather.

The Scientific Method

•A planned organized approach to solving a problem.

Step 1: Question Curiosity about an observation sparks a question.

• Scientific Inquiry begins with a problem, or a question about an observation.

• Some questions can not be investigated by scientific inquiry:

Does water increase growth in plants?

Does my dog eat more food than my cat?

Which makes a better pet – a dog or a cat?

Step 2: Research Has anyone ever tried to answer this question before?• Once you have a question, you will try to gain some

insight into that question by conducting research. • We learn from the work other scientists have done

before us.

Step 3: Hypothesis How could you explain your observation?

•A hypothesis is a testable statement. (If I do this… then this will happen)

• A Hypothesis is an explanation to a question that can be tested and supported with evidence.

• An educated guess.• Once scientists have a hypothesis, they can test it

with an experiment.

Step 4: ExperimentDetermine if your hypothesis is correct.

•Design an experiment.•In every experiment there are variables and controls.•During the experiment scientists must collect data and record the results.

Step 5: AnalyzeInterpret the results of your experiment.

• Once the experiment is over, scientists analyze the data in order to interpret it and reach a conclusion.

• Organize your data and look for trends.• Compare the results with your hypothesis and

predictions.

Step 6: Conclude Summarize what you have learned from the experiment.

• Decide if your results supported your hypothesis.• If not, the hypothesis is rejected.• When a series of related hypotheses have been

tested and confirmed many times, in a variety of experiments ,by a variety of scientists a theory is born.

Step 6: Conclude

• A good scientist will verify their results further by conducting the experiment many times in order to make sure the results are the same each time.

• The final step is to communicate the results to other scientists around the world.

Question

Does Gatorade increase growth in plants?

QuestionResearch

QuestionResearch

Hypothesis

QuestionResearch

HypothesisExperiment

QuestionResearch

HypothesisExperiment

Analysis

QuestionResearch

HypothesisExperiment

Analysis Conclusion

Constants, Controls, and Variables

Control – Not Tested

Variable – The Test

Constants ( stay the same) Independent Variable – Water (what is tested)

Dependent Variable – Growth (cm) (the outcome of the test)

All Good Experiments Have

• Constants – Things that stay the same (time, temp, setting)• Controls – Things that are not tested (normal)

• Variables – Things that change– Independent – what the scientists change or test– Dependent – changes that occur as a result of the test

(measure)

• Hypothesis – If the temperature (independent) is increased then it will be more likely to rain (dependent)

Why do we use only One Variable?

• One Variable • Two Variables

ONE VARIABLE

• If you change two or more variables at the same time, you wouldn't know which one is having an effect on the outcome. There might also be no change - in that case, you don't know which one is affecting the results either way and how. By changing one at a time, you can precisely measure what changes happen and exactly how they are related.

Witch Skit

Brain POP

• http://www.brainpop.com/science/scientificinquiry/scientificmethod/

DO NEXT

• Take a look at the dependent and independent variables sheet

Science That was Proven Wrong

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqaDf2fuUH8

Great Scientific

Discoveries(that were totally wrong)

Earth-centric Universe

Claudius Ptolemy

Galileo

The Planet Vulcan

Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier

Spontaneous Generation

Aristotle

Louis Pasteur

Expanding Earth

Nikola Tesla

Alfred Wegener

Martian Canals

Giovanni Schiaparelli.

Phrenology

Humorism

Hippocrates

Do Now

1) Take out your IDENTIFYING VARIABLES Packet

2) Fill in the blanks below with your neighbor

Every experiment needs to have _____________, ________________ and ____________.

All Good Experiments Have

• Constants – Things that stay the same (time, temp, setting)• Controls – Things that are not tested (normal)

• Variables – Things that change– Independent – what the scientists change or test– Dependent – changes that occur as a result of the test

(measure)

• Hypothesis – If the temperature (independent) is increased then it will be more likely to rain (dependent)

ONE VARIABLE

• If you change two or more variables at the same time, you wouldn't know which one is having an effect on the outcome. There might also be no change - in that case, you don't know which one is affecting the results either way and how. By changing one at a time, you can precisely measure what changes happen and exactly how they are related.

DO NEXT

• Take out your Identifying Variables Packet

• Read over the instructions and the example

DO NOW (6 minutes)

• Please pick up Designing a Good Experiment and HEART LAB on the cart in front of the supplies cabinet.

• PUT THIS IN YOUR AGENDA– UNIT 1 ASSESSMENT NEXT FRIDAY 10/3– Study guides will be available next week

• See if you and your neighbor can fill in the blanks on the Designing a Good experiment sheet

Designing A Good Experiment

QuestionWhat is the effect of exercise on heart

rate?Research

Designing A Good Experiment

Once you have conducted your research you need to formulate a

HypothesisYour hypothesis should be an IF - THEN statement that attempts to answer your question… (think about what you know

from your RESEARCH)

Designing a Good Experiment

What is the effect of exercise on heart rate?

HypothesisIF I exercise, THEN my heart rate will go

up.

Experiment

• In a well designed experiment you need to have a control, variable, an constants.

Designing a Good Experiment

the control group• A group of subjects in an experiment that are not

manipulated or given any special treatment.• Everything stays the SAME for this group and it is

used for comparison.

Won’t ExerciseExperimental Group

Will Exercise

Designing a Good ExperimentVariables

•There are two different variables in every experiment, the dependent variable and the independent variable.

VariablesIndependent

• variables that are purposely changed or manipulated in an experiment

• the factor that you wish to test

• usually expressed after the word “if” in the hypothesis

• could be thought of as the “cause” in a cause and effect relationship

Example

The activity level (resting, walking, running)

Dependent

• variables that may change as a result of the independent variable

• the factor you measure to gather results

• usually expressed after the word “then” in the hypothesis

• could be thought of as the “effect” in a cause and effect relationship

Example

The person’s heart rate

Designing a Good Experiment Constants

• Factors in an experiment (both in the experimental and control groups) that are kept the same and not allowed to change.

Examples

1. One minute was consistently the amount of time allotted to perform the necessary activity

2. The type of activity performed

3. The stopwatch used during data collection

4. The method used to measure the heart rate

HEART RATE LAB

• You will be working with your lab partner and another group.

• So go find your lab partner– Read over the lab – Complete up to the Hypothesis– Make certain you can find your pulse– Find your resting Heart rate; (count beats for 10 seconds

and multiply by 6; 11 x 6 = 66 bpm)

Graphing Your Results

• When graphing the results of any experiment, you always put the independent variable on the x axis, and the dependent variable on the y axis. ALWAYS.

DEP

END

ENT

(Hea

rt R

ate)

INDEPENDENT(Activity)

Graphing Your Results

RULES TO GRAPH BY:1.Always label the axis with the appropriate variable.2.Always include the units on each axis.3.Always even space data points.4.Always use as much space as is provided for you.5.Always give the graph a title.

Identify the Variables:

• I want to measure the influence of different quantities of fertilizer on plant growth.

• Dependent Variables:

• Independent Variable:

• Constants:

• Control Group:

Identify the Variables:

• I want to measure the influence of different quantities of fertilizer on plant growth.

• Dependent Variables: growth in height/mass of the plant.

• Independent Variable: amount of fertilizer used.• Constants: type of plant, type of soil, type of

fertilizer, sunlight, size of the pots.• Control Group: a group of plants that gets no

fertilizer.

Variables

• If you are confused try using this sentence…• How tall the plants will grow DEPENDS on how

much fertilizer I give them.• The amount of fertilizer is independent (you are

manipulating it)• The height is dependent (effected by what you do)

Identify the Variables:

• I want to study how different doses of a drug affect the severity of symptoms

• Dependent:

• Independent:

• Constants:

• Control Group:

Identify the Variables:

• I want to study how different doses of a drug affect the severity of symptoms

• Dependent: The severity and frequency of the symptoms.

• Independent: The amount of drug per dose• Constants: The type of drug, the type of disease,

the types of symptoms.• Control Group: A group of sick people who get no

drug, or a placebo.

• How severe will the patients symptoms be? It DEPENDS on how much medicine I give them.

Graphing Your Results

• When graphing the results of any experiment, you always put the independent variable on the x axis, and the dependent variable on the y axis. ALWAYS.

DEP

END

ENT

INDEPENDENT

Graphing Your Results

RULES TO GRAPH BY:1.Always label the axis with the appropriate variable.2.Always include the units on each axis.3.Always even space data points.4.Always use as much space as is provided for you.5.Always give the graph a title.

Identify the Variables:

• I want to measure the influence of different quantities of fertilizer on plant growth.

• Dependent Variables:

• Independent Variable:

• Constants:

• Control Group:

Plant 1 Plant 2 Plant 3 Plant 4

Amount of

fertilizer given (cups)

0 cups ½ cup 1cup 1 ½ cups

Growth of Plant (inches)

2 in. 4in. 6in. 8in.

RESULTS

DO NOW

Work with your lab partner to obtain the following materials quickly and in an organized manner.

1.2 lab sheets from the do now basket (one for each of you)

2.1 meter stick (in the box by the sink)3.1 small piece of red string (next to the sink)4.1 piece of wax paper labeled as shown.5.Gum (From Mrs. Burke)6.Get back to your seat and wait for verbal

directions. A B

DO NOW

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

Control Constants

Quickly draw this table in your notebook:

Take a bean lab from the do now basket.

BEAN LAB

Question: What variables can affect the growth of a bean?

TYPE OF BEAN

TYPE OF SOIL

SUNLIGHT

WATER

BEAN LAB: TODAY’S GOALS

• You will choose a variable that you wish to investigate and fill out the chart you copied into your notebook.

• Next you will write a hypothesis.• Next you will complete the procedure.

Hints:

1) Number the steps

2) Be Detailed

3) Someone must be able to follow them.

4) Think of a recipe

BEAN LAB: TODAY’S GOALS

• Once Mrs. Burke has approved your procedure you may use the materials set up in the back of the room to set up your experiment.

•The procedure should be followed EXACTALY•Materials need to be carefully measured.•All cups should be labeled and set up in an appropriate location in the classroom

DO NOW

•Take out your bean lab.•Put all of your books and other

belongings off to the side of the room (near the net books, on the heater, or under the red cat)

•DO NOT TOUCH ANYTHING IN THE LAB STATIONS UNTIL YOU ARE INSTRUCTUED TO DO SO!

• Observe your beans and record your observations.• Get a lab sheet from the do now basket.

Measuring Liquid Volume

How well can you follow directions?

Bean Conclusion:•Paragraph 1:

•Explain the variable you were testing. Summarize your experiment. (What did you do, constants, control, set up.)

•Paragraph 2:•Summarize your results. Look at all of

your observations and explain what happened over the course of the experiment.

•Discuss possible sources of error.DUE TUESDAY

10/15one separate sheet of

paper

How to make a wet mount slide…

•You will need a clean slide, a clean cover slip, a pipette and a beaker of water.

•Obtain a small, THIN, sample of onion skin. Using tweezers, place the skin on the slide. (the more purple the better)

•Add ONE drop of water on top of the skin.•Drag the cover slip along the slide at a 45

degree angle until you reach the edge of the specimen, then carefully drop it into place.

•Absorb any excess water.

How to make a wet mount slide…