fïo f;,a iy cid,l oils.pdfwï,hkaf.ka jhq;amkak jq g%hstiagr jeks jvd ixls¾k wkq ms

1 Y%S ,xld újD; úYajúoHd,Sh ksIamdokhls

2016

fïo" f;,a iy CId,l

ridhk úoHd wOHkdxYh Y%S ,xld újD; úYajúoHd,h


2016

fïo" f;,a iy CId,l

ye¢kaùu

wms fuu mdvfï oS ffcj tiagrhka jk f;,a iy fïo ms<sn| ridhkh iy tajdfha

Ndú;hka/fhoSï ms<sn| wOHkh lruq' wdydrhg .; yels fïo ksmoùu fvd,¾ ñ,shk .Kkla

jákd jHdmdrhla ù we;' ta i`oyd iajNdúlj f;,a wka;¾.; jk Ydl j.d lrk yd i;aj

fïoh imhk fndfyda msßila o" ksiaidrKh" ieliSu" .nvd lsrSu iy wjidk ksmehqu fnod

yerSu hk l%shd isÿ lrk l¾udka; /ila o odhl fõ'

fïo (fats) iy f;,a (oil) hkq Ydl iy i;=ka ;=< iajNdúlj yuqjk ,smsvhka (lipids) jk w;r

.a,sifrda,a (glycerol) fyda .a,sirska (glycerin) ys g%hstiag¾ fõ' ,smsv kduh jHq;amkak ù we;af;a

.%Sl jpkhla jk ,sfmdia (lipos), tkï fïo hkafkks' ldfndayhsfâ%g" fm%daàk iy kHIaGsl

wï,hla fuka fkdj ,smsv" O%eùh ødjl ;=< wødjH fõ' kuq;a tajd fylafiaka" laf,darf*daï yd

vhst;s,a B;¾ jeks ks¾O%eùh ødjl ;=< ødjH fõ' bá" iafgfrdhsv (steroids) iy

fm%diag.a,ekaäka (prostaglandins) wdosh o ,smsv f,i i,lkq ,efí' .a,sifrda,a iy fïo

wï,hkaf.ka jHq;amkak jQ g%hstiagr jeks jvd ixlS¾K wKq ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsrSug fmr

ir, ldfndlais,sla wï," we,afldfyd, iy tiagrj, ridhkh iy Ndú;hka ms<sn|j

fláfhka i,ld n,uq'

1. ir, ldfndlais,sla wï," we,afldfyd, iy tiagr

Tn óg by; oS fuu ixfhda. ms<sn| j ldnksl ridhkh hgf;a yodrd we;s w;r tu u;lhka

kej; w¿;a lr .ksuq'

1.1 ldfndlais,sla wï,

wdydrj, weUq,a ri idudkHfhka we;s lrkqfha ldfndlais,sla wï, tlla fyda jeä.Kkla

mej;Su fya;=fjks' úkdlsrsj, weisála (acetic) wï,h o foys" f,uka iy wfkl=;a meÕsrs

m<;=rej, isÜrsla (citric) wï,h wvx.= jk w;r wem,aj, lyg rih we;s lrkqfha ue,sla


2016

(malic) wï,h u.sks' ìhqáßla (butyric) wï,h uqvq jQ ng¾j, wvx.= fõ' th oyäfhys

ix>glhla jk w;r fkdfia¥ fïiaj,ska yuk ÿ.|g o fya;= fõ' ldfndlais,sla wï, wKq

folla yhsv%cka nkaOk u.ska tlg tlaùfuka oaùwjhúlhla iEfoa' ldnksl wï,hkaf.a

(RCOOH fyda RCO2H; R = yhsv%cka fyda ldnksl ldKavhla) ldfndlais,a ldKavhla

[-C(=O)OH] (tkï Tlafid ldKavhla iy yhsfvdlais,a ldKavhla) wka;¾.; fõ' jeo.;a

ldnksl wï, lsysmhla iy tajdfha Ndú;hka 1 j.=fõ olajd we;'

1 j.=j( jeo.;a ldfndlais,sla wï, lsysmhla

fmdÿ kduh IUPAC kduh ridhksl iQ;%h wdfõksl ,laIK iy Ndú;hka

f*dañla wï,h fu;fkdhsla wï,h HCO2H r;= l+ôkaf.a we;s úI ldrlhls' wdydr mrsrCIlhls'

weisála wï,h t;fkdhsla wï,h CH3CO2H úkdlsrsj, wvx.= l%shdldrS ixfhda.hls' wdydr mrsrCIlhls'

fm%dmsfhdksla wï,h

fm%dmfkdhssla wï,h CH3CH2CO2H mqia iEoSu je,elaùug tys ,jK Ndú;d lrhs.

Tlai,sla wï,h tf;akavhsThsla wï,h HO2CCO2H fros iy fmdaisf,aka u; u,lv me,a,ï bj;a lsrSfï øjHh ls.

weämsla wï,h 1,6-fylafiakavhsThsla wï,h

HO2C(CH2)4CO2H frosms<s ksIamdokfha oS Ndú;d lrhs.

isÜrsla wï,h 2-yhsfv%dlais-1,2,3-

fm%dfmakag%hsldfndlais,sla wï,h

1 rEmh n,kak meÕsrs l=,fha m<;=rej, yuqfõ' rildrlh ls'

,elaála wï,h 2-yhsfv%dlaisfm%dmfkdhsla wï,h

CH3CH(OH)CO2H uqojmq lsrsj, yuqfõ' jHdhdu lsrSfï oS udxY fmaYs ;=< ksmo fõ'

1.2 we,afldfyd,a" vhs´,a (diols) iy g%hs´,a (triols)

fu;fkda,a iy t;fkda,a jeks ir, we,afldfyd,hka ys -COH l%shdldrS ldKavh wka;¾.; fõ'

yhsv%cka (H2) iuÕ ldnka fudfkdlaihsâ (CO) m%;sl%shd lrùfuka jd¾Islj fu;fkda,a .e¨ka

ñ,shkhlg jvd ksmojkq ,efí' ma,diaála ksmoùu i|yd Ndú;d lrk f*daue,aäyhsv (HCHO)

ksmoùu fu;fkda,a ys m%Odk Ndú;h fõ' t;s,Ska Rcqj u ic,kh lsrSfuka t;fkda,a ksmojkq


2016

,efí' j¾;udkfha r:jdyk Odjkh i|yd t;fkda,a Ndú;d lrk w;r j¾I 2000 isg 2007

olajd .ukd.uk bkaOk i|yd f,dal t;fkda,a ksIamdokh ;=ka .=Khlska muK tkï ,Sgr

ì,shk 17 isg ì,shk 52 la olajd jeä ù ;sfí' ffcj t;fkda,a hkq kej; ckkh

^mqk¾ckksh& l< yels Yla;s wdldrhla jk w;r Wla" w¾;dm,a" uC|afC|dlald iy nv brsÕ=

jeks lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok Ndú;fhka ksmojkq ,efí' m%fhdackj;a we,afldfyd, lSmhla iy

tajdfha Ndú;hka 2 j.=fõ olajd we;'

2 j.=j( m%fhdackj;a uOHidr lsysmhla

kduh (fmdÿ kduh) ridhksl iQ;%h m%fhdack

fu;fkda,a (fu;s,a we,afldfyd,a)

CH3OH ødjlhls" bkaOkhls" f*daue,aäyhsâ ksmoùug Ndú;d flf¾.

t;fkda,a (t;s,a we,afldfyd,a)

CH3CH2OH ødjlhls" uOHidr mdkh ls.

2-fm%damfkda,a (whsfidfm%dms,a we,afldfyd,a)

CH3CH(OH)CH3 msrsisÿ ldrlhls" ødjlhls" m%;smQ;lh ls.

1,2-tf;akavhs´,a (t;s,Ska .a,hsflda,a)

HOCH2CH2OH r:jdykj, m%;sysudhk ldrlhls" fmd,stiag¾ ;ka;= úfYaIh ls.

1,2,3-fm%dfmakag%hs´,a (.a,sirska" .a,sifrda,a)

CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH2(OH) wdydrj,g fhdok f;;uk ldrlh ls" ÿïfld, yd wdf,amk j, wvx.= fõ.

ldnksl wKqjlg yhsfv%dlais,a (OH) ldKav 2 la fyda 3 la mj;sk úg ms<sfj<ska —vhs´,a (diol)

iy —g%hs´,a ˜ (triol) f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' jvd;a jeo.;a jk vhs´,a ^Wod( t;s,Ska .a,hsflda,a& iy g%hs´,a ^Wod( .a,sifrda,a& lsysmhl jHqyhka my; olajd we;'


2016

1 rEmh( isÜrsla wï,h" t;s,Ska .a,hsflda,a" .a,sifrda,a" ,elaála wï,h iy weämsla wï,hkays jHqyhka

l%shdldrlï

1' my; i|yka mrsj¾;k isÿ lrkafka flfia o ?

I. t;s,Ska t;s,Ska .a,hsflda,a II. .a,si/,aäyhsâ .a,sifrda,a

1'3 ir, ldnksl tiagr

we,afldfyd, (R1OH) iuÕ ldnksl wï,hka m%;sl%shd lrùfuka tiagr (R2

CO2R1 fyda

R2COOR

1 fyda R2

C(=O)OR1) iEfok nj wms oksuq'

WodyrKhla f,i" t;fkda,a iu. ìhqgfkdhsla wï,h m%;sl%shd lrùfuka t;s,a ìhqgfkdtaÜ

(IUPAC ku) iEfoa'

H O C

O

C H 2 C

C

C H 2

O H

O O H

C O H

O

isÜßla wï,h t;s,Ska .a,hsflda,a .a,sifrda,a

weämsla wï,h ,elaála wï,h


2016

2 rEmh( t;fkda,a iy ìhqÜrsla wï,h u.ska B;hs,a ìhqÜf¾Ü iEoSu

fuu tiagrhka c, úÉfPaokh lsrSfuka wod< we,afldfyd,h iy wï,h ,nd foa'

3 rEmh( tiagrhl c, úÉfPaokh

t;fkda,a ìhqÜrsla wï,h B;hs,a ìhqÜf¾Ü

+H2O

R1 O18

R2

O

R1 OH

O

R2 O18H

Ester Acid Alcohol

R1CO2R2 R1CO2H R2OH

tiagrh wï,h we,afldfyd,h


2016

m%Yakh ^m%&( (i) B;hs,a weisfÜÜ iy

(ii) ó;hs,a fm%dmsfhdafkaÜj, ridhksl iQ;%hka ,shkak'

ms<s;=r ^ms&( B;hs,a weisfÜÜ iy ó;hs,a fm%dmsfhdafkag hk ixfhda. folgu we;af;a tlu

wdkqNúl iQ;%h jk C4H8O2 h' tiagrhl ridhksl iQ;%h ,sùfï § th iE§ we;s

wï,fha iy uOHidrfha jHqy fldgia .ek Tn ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' by;

i`oyka tla tla tiagrhl ridhksl iQ;%h fkdfhl=;a wdldrhg ,súh yel' ldnka

iy Tlaisckaj, ixhqc;djhka ms<sfj<ska 4 yd 2 fõ'

(i) CH3CH2OC(=O)CH3 fyda CH3CO2CH2CH3 fyda EtO2CMe fyda MeCO2Et

(ii)CH3OC(=O)CH2CH3 fyda CH3CH2CO2CH3 fyda EtCO2Me fyda MeO2CEt

Et = B;hs,a ldKavh (-CH2CH3) ; Me = ó;hs,a ldKavh (-CH3)

m% ( t;s,Ska .a,hsflda,a iy weisála wï,h w;r iEfok vhstiagrfha jHqyh w`Èkak'

ms (

4 rEmh( t;s,Ska .a,hsflda,a iya weisála wï,h vhstiagÍlrKh lsÍu

2' fïo wï,

fïo wï,hka hkq fïo yd f;,aj,ska ,nd.kakd ldfndlais,sla wï,hka jk w;r tajdfha ldnka mrudKq 4 ;a 25 ;a w;r m%udKhla wvx.= jQ ldnka odu mj;S' WodyrKhla f,i ìhqghsrsla wï,h flá odu fïo wï,hla jk w;r ng¾j, ,dCIKsl rih we;s lsrSug fya;= fõ' fldf,iagfrda,a (cholesterol) uÜgu my; fy,Sfuys ,d ,sfkdf,hsla ^linoleic acid) wï,h jeo.;a ld¾h Ndrhla bgqlrkq ,efí'


2016

iq,N fïo wï,j, ,ehsia;=jla 3 jk j.=fõ olajd we;' ix;Dma; fïo wï, (SFAs) øjdxlh

32oC g jvd jeä jQ >khka f,i mj;sk w;r wix;Dma; fïo wï, ^UFAs& øjdxlh 16

oC g

jvd wvq øjhka f,i mj;sk nj i,lkak' ix;Dma; fïo wï, ^saturated fatty acids& m%Odk jYfhkau i;aj fïoh u.ska ,nd.kakd w;r, wix;Dma; fïo wï,hka ^unsaturated fatty acids& Ydl m%Njhkaf.ka ,nd .kS' kuq;a fmd,a f;,a iy mdï f;,aj, UFAs m%udKh wvqjk w;r SFAs m%udKh jeä fõ' wix;Dma; fïo wï,hkays mj;akd oaú;aj nkaOk fya;=fjka wKq wdmiaig keùu;a jl% ùu;a isÿjk w;r th ;oska weisrSug ;sfnk yelshdj wvq lsrSug fya;=

fõ' iuyr$we;eï wix;Dma; fïo wï,hka ^Wod: ,sfkdf,hsla wï,h iy -,sfkdf,ksla wï,h& w;HdjYH fïo wï,hka f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' ulaksido h;a, tajd ñksia isrer ;=< ixiaf,aIKh fkdjk neúks'

iEu fïo wï,hl u w.%ia: ldfndlais,a ldKavhla mj;sk nj Tn y÷kd.kakg we;' ix;Dma; fïo wï,hka ^Wod: iaáhrsla wï,h& CH3(CH2)nCO2H hk fmdÿ ridhksl iQ;%h olajk w;r ldnka mrudKq w;r oaú;aj nkaOkhka fkdue;'


2016

3 j.=j ( iuyrla fïo wï,j, flá wxlkhka" m%Njhka iy m%fhdack

fmdÿ kduh ^øjdxlh&

jHqyh$flá wxlkhka m%Odk

m%Njhka m%fhdack

ix;Dma; fïo wï, ^SFAs&

lemarsla wï,h (32

oC)

CH3(CH2)8COOH (10:0) fmd,a f;,a m<;=re rildrl' iqj| ú,jqka

f,darsla wï,h (44

oC)

CH3(CH2)10COOH (12:0) fmd,a f;,a mDIaGSh il%Sh ldrl' wdf,amk lDñkdYl

ñrsiaála wï,h (54

oC) CH3(CH2)12COOH (14:0) fmd,a f;,a inka" wdf,amk

rildrl" ú,jqka

mdñála wï,h (63

oC)

CH3(CH2)14COOH (16:0) iajdNdúl fïo

inka" c, m%;sfrdaOl

iaáhrsla wï,h (70

oC)

CH3(CH2)16COOH (18:0) i;aj fïo inka fmd,sIa" ,sysis f;,a

wix;Dma; fïo wï, ^UFAs&

we/lsäla wï,h (77

oC)

CH3(CH2)18COOH (20:0) rglcq Ydl ,sysis øjHhla jk .%Sia" bá

mdñfgdf,hsla wï,h (0

oC)

CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH (16:1)9 uqyqÿ f;,a ldnksl ixiaf,aIKh

Tf,hsla wï,h (16

oC)

CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH (18:1)9 T,sõ f;,a inka" wdf,amk ú,jqka" ,sysis f;,a

,sfkdf,hssla wï,h (5 o

C) CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

(18:2)9,12

yK f;,a" iQrshldka; f;,a

inka" udcrska" fnfy;a" wdf,am

-,sfkdf,- ksla wï,h (-11

oC)

CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

(18:3)9,12,15

yK f;,a úh<Sfï f;,a ^;Ska;&" fnfy;a

we/lsfvdkslawï,h (-50

oC)

CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2COOH

(20:4)5,8,11,14

f,is;ska" wlaudj

ma,diaála" ,sysis f;,a


2016

tal wix;Dma; ^monounsaturated& fïo wï,j, (MUFAs) ^Wod: Tf,hsla wï,h& ldnka-ldnka

oaú;aj nkaOk tlla muKla mj;sk w;r nyq wix;Dma; ^polyunsaturated& fïo wï, (PUFAs)

^Wod: -,sfkdf,ksla wï,h& j, tla oaú;aj nkaOkhlg jvd oaú;aj nkaOk mj;S' tfiau fuu oaú;aj nkaOk iajdNdúl cis wdldrhg mj;S' fïo wï, lsysmhl jHqyhka my; olajd we;'

5 rEmh( iaáhrsla" Tf,hsla" -,sfkdf,ksla iy ,sfkdf,hsla wï,

2'1 fïo wï,j, IUPAC kdulrKh

ldfndlais,sla ldnka mrudKqj ldnka-1 f,i i,lkq ,efí' fgÜrd ^tetra, 4), fmkagd

(penta,5),……….fvld (deca,10),…..fvdfvld (dodeca,12), ……whsfldid (icosa, 20),……

fvdwhsfldid ^doicosa, 22) jeks Wmi¾.hka ldnka odufha os. úia;r lsrSu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq

,efí' oaú;aj nkaOk ixLHdj oelaùu i|yd Bfkdhsla (enoic), vhsBfkdhsla (dienoic),

g%hsBfkdhsla (trienoic) iy fgÜrdBfkdhsla (tetraenoic) jeks wjidkhka Ndú;d lrkq ,efí'

oaú;aj nkaOk msysá ia:dkh olajk ixLHd IUPAC kdufha bosrsfhka olajkq ,efí' WodyrKhla f,i wix;Dma; fïo wï,hla jk Tf,hsla wï,fha ^CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH), IUPAC

kduh cis-9-octadecaenoic wï,h fõ' fuu kduhg wkqj wï,h i;=j ldnka 18 la mj;sk w;r 9 jk iy 10 jk ldnka mrudKq w;r tla oaú;aj nkaOkhla mj;sk nj olajhs' iajNdjfha yuqjk fïo wï,j, oaú;aj nkaOk jgd cis úkHdih mj;s.


2016

l%shdldrlï

2' my; i|yka fïo wï,j, IUPAC kï ,shkak

(i) f,dßla wï,h (ii) -,sfkdf,ksla wï,h

(iii) ,sfkdf,hsla wï,h (iv) CH3(CH2)4(CH=CH)CH2)4(CH2)2COOH

2'2 flá wxlkh

úoHd{hka fuu os.= fïo wï,j, kduhka bosrsm;a lsrSu i|yd flá wxlkh Ndú;d lrkq ,efí' WodyrKhla f,i iaáhrsla wï,fha (C18H36O2 fyda CH3(CH2)16CO2H) flá wxlkh (18:0) fõ' fuh u.ska wKqfõ wvx.= iïmQ¾K ldnka mrudKq ixLHdj iy odufha wka;¾.;

oaú;aj nkaOk ixLHdj olajkq ,efí' ,sfkdf,hsla wï,fha flá wxlkh (18:2)9,12 jk w;r th u.ska wKqfõ uq¿ ldnka mrudKq ixLHdj 18 la nj;a ldnka-9 iy ldnka-12 hk ia:dkj, oaú;aj nkaOk folla msysgk nj;a olajkq ,efí'

6 rEmh( iuyrla fïo wï,j, flá wxlkh

2'3 Tfu.d fïo wï, iy Tfu.d ^& wxlkh

Tfu.d-3 ^3& iy Tfu.d-6 ^6& hkq b;d jeo.;a wix;Dma; fïo wï,hka 2 la fõ' fïjd fjk;a fïo wï,hka fyda ffcj wKq Ndú;fhka ñksia mrsjD;a;sh (metabolism) u.ska fuu fïo wï, ksmoúh fkdyels neúka wdydr u.ska ,nd .; hq;= fïo wï,hka fõ' .%Sl wlaIrhla jk Tfu.d" oaú;aj nkaOk msysgk ia:khka y÷kd .ekSug Ndú;d flf¾' we,a*d ldnka

^ldnka& hkq ldfndlais,sla ldKavhg iómj u mj;sk ldnka ^ldnka wxl 2& jk w;r


2016

—Tfu.d ldnka hkq ldnka odufha wjidk ldnka mrudKqj fõ' ulaksid o h;a, Tfu.d hkq .%Sl fydaäfha wjidk wlaIrh neúks'

Tfu.d wxlkh ,sfkdf,hsla wï,h hkq Tfu.d-6 fïo wï,hla fõ' ulaksid o h;a tys oaú;aj nkaOkh —Tfu.d˜ ldnka mrudKqfõ isg ldnka mrudKq yhla ÿrska msysgk neúks' (IUPAC

kdulrKhg wkqj ldnka-18 fyda C-18 ) ,sfkdf,hsla wï,fha oaú;aj nkaOkh —Tfu.d˜ ldnka

mrudKqfõ isg ldnka mrudKq 3 la ÿrska msysgk neúka th Tfu.d-3 fïo wï,hla fõ'

Tfu.d w.h ks¾Kh lsrSu i|yd úoHd;aul kduh Wmfhda.S lr.kafka flfiao@

úoHd;aul kduhg wkqj wjidk oaú;aj nkaOkhg ,nd oS we;s by<u w.h fïo wï,fha we;s iïmQ¾K ldnka ixLHdfjka wvq lsrSfuka wmg Tfu.d w.h ,nd .; yel. ^Tfu.d w.h = iïmQ¾K ldnka ixLHdj - oaú;aj nkaOk i|yd oS we;s by<u w.h&' Tn fuu rS;sh Tf,hsla wï,h i|yd Ndú;d l< úg th Tfu.d-9 fïo wï,hla nj fidhd.; yel (= 18 – 9 = 9)'

fïo iy f;,a

fïo iy f;,a hk foj¾.h u g%hs.a,sirhsâ (triglycerides) fyda g%hstaihs,a.a,sifrda,a (triacylglycerols = TAG) f,i y÷kajk w;r tu fhÿï foflys u wre; .a,sifrda,ays tiagr

;=kla (propane -1,2,3-triol) hkakhs' ldur WIaK;ajfha oS fïo" >k f,i mj;sk w;r f;,a øj f,i mj;S' i;=ka ;=< yuqjk fndfyda g%hs.a,sirhsv fïo jk w;r Ydl ;=< mj;skafka f;,a j¾. fõ' tneúka i;aj fïoh ^ng¾ fïoh& iy t<j¿ f;,a ^fmd,a f;,a " brs.= f;,a & f,i Ndú;d lrkq ,efí'

g%hs.a,sirhsvj, >k;ajh c,hg jvd wvqjk ^tajd c,h u; mdfõ& w;r idudkH ldur WIaK;ajfha oS >k fyda øj f,i mej;sh yel' .a,sifrda,a hkq yhsfv%dlais,a ldKav ;=klska hq;= we,afldfyd,hla jk w;r th fïo wï, 3 la iu`. iïnkaO ù c, wKq ;=kla msglrñka g%hs.a,si/,aäyhsvhla idohs' iaáhrsla wï, ldKav 3 la iys; g%hs.a,sirhsvhla jk g%hsiaáhrska ^tristearin) ys jHqyh my; oS we;'

7 rEmh( g%hsiaáhrskaj, jHqyh

3 x iaáhßla wï, .a,sifrda,a

g%hsiaáhrska 3 x iaáhßla wï,


2016

l%shdldrlï

3' g%hs.a,sirhsvhla c, úÉfPaokh lsrSfuka Tf,hsla wï,h fldgia 2 la iy me,añála wï, fldgia tlla ,nd foa' fuu g%hs.a,sirhsvhg ;sìh yels iudjhúl fol w`oskak'

vhs.a,sirhsv iy fudfkd.a,sirhsv

vhs.a,sirhsv fyj;a vhstaihs,a.a,sifrda,a (diaceylglycerol, DAG) fïo wï, ldKav follska

hqla; jk w;r .a,sifrda,a wKqjg fïo wï, iïnkaO ù we;s wdldrh wKqj 1,2 fyda 1,3 wdldr f,i mj;S'

8 rEmh( RCO2H kï fïo wï,fhka iEfok vhs.a,sirhsv hq.,la

fudfkd.a,sirhsv fyj;a fudfkdtaihs,a.a,sifrda,a (monoacylglycerol, MAG), .a,sifrda,a wKqjg ne÷Kq tla fïo wï, ldKavhlska muKla iukaú; jk w;r .a,sifrda,a wKqfõ m<uq fyda fojk ldnka mrudKqj iu`. fïo wï,h iïnkaO ù we;'

9 rEmh( RCO2H kï fïo wï,fhka iEfok fudfkd.a,sirhsv hq.,

fudfkd.a,sirhsv

CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

+HO C

O

R

HO C

O

R

CH2

CH

CH2OH

CH2

CHOH

CH2

O

O

O

O

C

C

C

C

O

O

O

O

R

R

R

Ror

Glycerol 2 x Fatty acid 1,2 Diglyceride 1,3 Diglyceride.a,sifrda,a 2 x fïo wï, 1,2-vhs.a,sirhsv

1,3-vhs.a,sirhsv


2016

.a,sifrda,a yd fïo wï,j, tiagr wfkl=;a ffcj wKq mrsjD;a;shg ,lajk wdldrhg u mßjD;a;shg ,la fõ' fudfkd.a,sirhsv" vhs.a,sirhsv iy g%hs.a,sirhsv hk ish,af,a u .a?ï tll lsf,dacQ,a 38 l (38 kJ/g) Yla;shla wvx.= fõ'

iq,N fïo iy f;,a j¾. lsysmhl ixhq;sh wdikak jYfhka 4 jk j.=fjys olajd we; ^Wm.%ka:h I&' wix;Dma; fïo wï,j,g ix;Dma; fïo wï, wkqmd;h (UFA/SFA) ie,lSfï §

th lefkda,d f;,a i|yd úYd, u ^15.7& jk w;r fmd,a f;,ays wju fõ' ^0.1&

3'2 bá

bá hkq iajdNdúlj Ydl yd i;=ka hk foj¾.fhys u yuqjk wvq øjdxlhla iys; ia:dhs øjHhka fõ' tajd os.= odu iys; fïo wï, iy os.= odu we,afldfyd,j, tiagrhkaf.ka iukaú; fõ' idudkHfhka báj, wvx.= wï, fyda we,afldfyd,a ldnka oduhla ;=< ldnka mrudKq 10 ;a 30 ;a w;r m%udKhla wvx.= fõ' fndfyda Ydl m;% u;=msg bá wdjKhla mj;sk w;r th c,h bj;aùfuka ^úh<Sfuka& iy CIqø cSù wdl%uKhkaf.ka wdrCId ùug WmldrS fõ' óueiaikaf.a bá m%Odk jYfhka u ñrsis,a mdñfÜÜ CH3(CH2)14C(=O)O(CH2)29CH3. jk w;r

th ñrsis,a we,afldfyd,a CH3(CH2)28CH2OH iy mdñála wï,h CH3(CH2)14CO2H w;r iEfok tiagrhls'

wix;Dma; fïo wï,hka yhsv%ckSlrKh

wix;Dma; fïo wï,hka jd;hg ksrdjrKh jQ úg TlaislrKh ùug keUqre jk w;r wm%ikak .kaOhla iy rihla we;s lrhs' yhsv%ckSlrKfha oS tkï W;afm%arlhla f,i Ni mj;sk úg" fïo iuÕ yhsv%cka jdhqj m%;sl%shd lrùfuka wix;Dma;;djh wvqlsrSu ^w¾O$wiïmQ¾K yhsv%ckSlrKh& fyda iïmQ¾Kfhka u bj;a lsrSu isÿ l< yel' iïmQ¾Kfhka u ix;Dma; fïo jvd;a wef,k iq¿ iy >k iajrEmfhka hqla; jk w;r wdydr fyda wdydr wdl,k jYfhka Ndú;d l< yel' fïoj, wiïmQ¾K yhsv%ckSlrKh yd iïnkaO m%Odk .eg¿j jkafka tys § iajdNdúlj mj;sk cis-oaú;aj nkaOkhka iuyrla trans-oaú;aj nkaOk njg yerSuhs' wdydrj,

we;s trans-fïo u.ska wvq->k;aj-,sfmdfm%daàk (LDL) jeä lrk w;r yDohdndO we;sùfï m%jK;dj wvq lrhs. ;jo, trans-fïo u.ska jeä->k;aj-,sfmdfm%daàk (HDL) wvq lrk w;r reêrfha g%hs.a,sirhsv uÜgu by< kxjhs'

3'3 inka iy CId,l

inka hkq Ydl iy i;=ka ;=< yuqjk os.= odu fïo wï,j, fidaähï fyda fmdgEishï ,jK fõ' fmdgEishï inka ûDÿ inka& øj ;;ajfhka mej;Sug keUqre jk w;r tajd /jq, nEu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,efí' fidaähï wvx.= inka >k wjia:dfõ mj;S' ôDv inka& fïo fyda f;,a fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ (NaOH) iuÕ kegùfuka fïo wï,j, fidaähï ,jK înka& iy .a,sifrda,a iEfok wdldrh my; olajd we;'


2016

10 rEmh( inka ksIamdokh

fuh tiagrhl NdIañl c, úÉfPaokh i|yd WodyrKhla jk w;r th iefmdkSlrKh f,i ye|skafõ' inka ksIamdokfha mshjr 4 ls' tkï

I. iefmdkSlrKh II. .a,sirSka bj;a lsrSu

III. inka mú;%lrKh IV. ú,jqka iy j¾Kl tlaa lsrSu

CId,l

CId,lhla (detergent) hkq .%Sia oe,s iy l=Kq bj;a lsrSug fhdod.kakd mú;% ldrlhls' tfia

jqj;a oshruh mú;%ldrlhl CId,l f,i;a, >k mú;%ldrlhl inka f,i;a fmdÿfõ y÷kajkq ,efí' iq,N j yuqjk inka iajdNdúl fïo wï,j,ska ksmojk w;r we,alhs,a i,af*dksla wï, iy we,alhs,a fnkaiSka i,af*dksla wï, jeks lD;Su wï,hka Ndú;fhka CId,l ksmojkq ,efí

11 rEmh: inka iy CId,l wKq

fidaähï iaáhf¾Ü ^inka wKqjls& we,alhs,a i,af*dfkaÜ ^CId,l wKqjls&

we,alhs,afnkaiSkai,af*dfkaÜ ^CId,l wKqjls&

CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

CH2

CH

CH2

O

O

C

C

O

O

R1

R2

Glycerol

O C

O

R3

boil

Triglyceride

R1 C

O

Na

R2 C

O

ONa

R3 C

O

ONa

+

Sodium salts of fatty acids

3 NaOH

g%hs.a,sirhsâ .a,sifrda,a fïo wï,j, fidaähï ,jK


2016

CId,lhka jvd;a m%fhdackj;a ùug fya;=j jkafka tajd c,fha lGsk;ajh we;slsrSug fya;=jk Ca

2+ iy Mg2+ jeks f,day whk iuÕ wjlafIam fkd iEoSu hs' idudkH inka lGsk c,h iuÕ

wjlafIamhla ,nd fok w;r th fmK ^Wvq uxä& f,i ye|skafõ' CId,l b;d lGsk c,h iuÕ mjd wjlafIamhla ,nd fkd foa' laId,lj, msrsisÿ lsrSfï l%shdj,sh inkaj, l%shdldrs;ajhg iudk fõ' l=Kq me,a,ï bj;a lsÍfï §" my; wdldrhg os.= we,alhs,a oduhka Ô%eùh fkdjk j,s.h$c,NS;sl j,a.h& f;,a yd l=Kq iu`. ñfi,a,d idok w;r O%eùh ysi$c,ldó ysi î,af*dfkaÜ" ldfndlaisf,aÜ ldKav& c,fha Èh ù mj;S'

12 rEmh: inka wKqjl jHQyh

óg by; oS laId,l ksIamdokh lsrSu i|yd Ndú;d l< nyqwjhúl oduhka YdLkh ù ;sîu .eg¿ldrS ;;ajhla we;s lrk ,oS' yhsfv%dldnka wxY oduhka laId,lfha msrsisÿ lsrSfï n,h flfrys n,mEula we;s fkd lrk kuq;a tajd nelaàrshd u.ska oduhkag myroSu iy ì| fy,Su j,lhs' fuhska woyia lrkqfha YdLkh jQ oduhka wka;¾.; jQ CId,lhka b;d fiñka ì| jefgk w;r tajd mrsir ys;ldó fkdjk njhs'

inka l%shdlrkqfha flfia o @

inka hkq uOHu m%udKfha os.ska hq;a ldfndlais,sla wï,j, ,jKhkaf.a ñY%Khls' th whksl iy ldnksl ,laIKhkaf.ka ixhqla; ù we;' tajd i;=j wdfrdams; fkdjk yhsfv%dldnk j,a.hla Ô%eùh fkdjk& iy wdfrdams; ysila Ô%eùh ysi& mj;S' yhsfv%dldnk j,a.h c,NS;sl ^c,hg wlue;s& jk w;r ysi c,ldó ^c,hg leu;s& fõ' .%Sia iy l=Kq me,a,ï iajdNdjfhka u ldnksl fõ' tneúka c,NS;sl j,a.fhka u tajd iuÕ fyd|ska ñY% ùfï yelshdj mj;sk w;r O%eùh ysia c, wKq iuÕ ødjH fõ' Tn inka fyda laId,l f;,a fyda .%Sia me,a,ula u;g tla l< úg O%eùh fkdjk j,a.hka O%eùh fkdjk me,a,u iuÕ ñY% fõ' ;j ÿrg;a inka tl;= lsrSfï oS hïlsis wjia:djl oS wKq tlsfkl tla ùfuka f.dkqjla njg m;ajk w;r th ñfi,a,djla kï fõ'

j,a.hka wdikak f.da,dldr jQ f;,a$.%Sia wKqfõ we,ù mj;sk w;r ysia msg;g úysoS c,Sh udOHhg fhduq ù mj;S'

O%eùh ysi$c,ldó ysi

O%eùh fkdjk j,s.h$ c,NS;sl j,a.h


2016

12 rEmh: .%Sia u; inkaj, l%shdldrS;ajh ksid ñfi,a,d iEoSu

idrdxYh

ir, we,afldfyd, iy ldfndlais,sl wï, fkdfhl=;a ld¾hhka i|yd Ndú;d lrhs'

Ydl iy i;aj fldgiaj, wvx.= fïo iy f;,a" ,smsv f,i y÷kajhs' fïjd c,fha osh fkdjk w;r ks¾O%eùh ødjKj, osh fõ' fïjd ;%s;aj tiagrslrKhg Ndckh jQ .a,sifrda,a f,i o ie,lsh yel'

fïo wï, hkq fïo iy f;,aj,ska ,nd .kakd" ldnka mrudKq 4 ;a 25 ;a w;r m%udKhla wvx.= ldfndlais,sla wï, fõ'

fïo iy f;,a g%hs.a,sirhsv f,i o y÷kajhs' ldur WIaK;ajfha oS fïo >khla f,i o f;,a oshrhla f,i o mj;S'

,sfkdhsla wï,h flá kdulrKhg wkqj (18:2)9"12 f,i olajhs' thska woyia lrkafka uq¿ ldnka ixLHdj 18 la nj;a, oaú;aj nkaOk folla we;s nj;a tajd msysgd we;af;a 9 jk iy 12 jk ldnka mrudKq yd iïnkaOj nj;a h'

ldnka mrudKq 10 lg jeä iy 30 lg wvq os. odu we;s fïo wï, iy we,afldfyd, tiagrSlrKh ùfuka bá iEfoa'

wix;Dma; fïo yhsv%ckSlrKh lsrSu u.ska tys wix;Dma; Ndjh wvq lr .; yel' kuq;a fuu l%shdj,sfha oS fïofha wvx.= iuyrla isia oaú;aj nkaOk g%dkaia njg m;aúh yel'

inka hkq os. odu we;s fïo wï,j, fidaähï fyda fmdgEishï ,jK fõ' fïoj, wvx.= tiagr NdIaóh c,úÉfPaokhg Ndckh lsrSu iefmdkSlrKh f,i y÷kajhs'

laId,lj, we;s jeo.;a ,CIKhla jkqfha tajd c,fha lGsk;ajh we;s lrk Ca2+ iy

Mg2+ whk iu. m%;sl%shd lr wjlafIamhla ,nd fkd oSu h'

inka wKq f;,a ìxÿjla u; ñfi,a,djla idohs' tys wO%eùh j,a. fldgi f;,a ìxÿj we;=<g;a O%eùh ysi c, udOHh foig;a fhduq ù mj;S' wruqKq

fuu mdvu wOHhkh lsrSfuka miq Tng my; i|yka oE lsrSug yelshdj ;sìh hq;= h'

fuu mdvfï i|yka jk ldfndlais,sla wï, iy we,afldfyd,j, m%fhdack meyeos,s lsrSug'

fïo wï,j, ms<sfh< lsrSu" .;s.=K iy fhoSï úia;r lsrSug'

c,Sh udOHfha mj;sk c,ldó ysi

.%Sia me,a,u

.%Sia me,a,u iuÕ ñY% jQ c,NS;sl j,a.h


2016

flá wxlkfhka iy Tfu.d wxlkfhka oS we;s fïo wï,j, IUPAC kï ,sùug'

fïo w¾O fyda mQ¾K yhsv%ckSlrKh lsrSu ksid we;sjk m%;sM,hka úia;r lsrSug'

inka iy bá ksmoùu meyeos,s lsrSug'

f;,a iy .%Sia u; inka$CId,lj, l%shdj,sh meyeos,s lsrSug'

l%shdldrlï

4. weisála wï,fha oaúnyqwjhúlh ^dimer-form& fmkajk jHqyh w|skak'

5. t;s,Ska .a,hsfld,aj, fhoSï fudkjd o?

6. ,elaála wï,fha IUPAC ku ,shkak'

7. fïo iy f;,a ms<sn| flá igykla ,shkak.

8. my; i|yka fïo wï,j, flá wxlkh ,shkak.

(i) CH3(CH2)18COOH

(ii) CH3(CH2)6CH=CH(CH2)8COOH

9. fmd,af;,aj, wvx.= ix;Dma; fïo wï, foll kï ,shkak'

10. ng¾j, uqvq Ndjhg fya;= jk wï,h l=ula o?

11. ld¾ñlj fu;fkda,a ksmojkafka flfia o?

12. my; flá wxlkfhka olajd we;s fïo wï,j, ridhksl iQ;%hka ,shkak.

(i) (12:0) (ii) (14:0) (iii) (18:2)9,12

(iv) (18:1)ω9 (v) (18:3)ω3,6,9

l%shdldrlïj,g wdo¾Y ms<s;=re

1. (i) t;Ska (CH2=CH2) ic,kh lsrSfuka (ii) LiAlH4 u.ska .a,si/,aäyhsâ TlaisyrKh lsrSfuka

2. (i) fvdfvlfkdhsla wï,h (ii) 9,12,15-Tlagdfvldg%hshSfkdhsla wï,h (iii) 9,12-TlagdfvldvhshSfkdla wï,h (iv) 5,8,11,14-whsfldhdifgÜrdhSfkdhsla wï,h


2016

3. iudjhúl fol jkqfha,

4. (i)

(ii) (a) PCl5 weisála wï,h iuÕ m%;sl%shdfjka

(b)

5. 2 j.=j n,kak'

6. 2-yhsfv%dlaisfm%dmfkdhsla wï,h" 1 j.=j n,kak'

7. 3 jk fldgi n,kak'

8. (i) (20:0) iy (ii) (18:1)10

9. lemarsla wï,h" f,drsla wï,h iy ñrsiaála wï,h

CH2

CH

O

CH2

C

O

O

C

(CH2)14CH3

O

C

(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH3

O

O


CH2

CH

O

CH2

C

O

O

C


O

C

(CH2)14CH3

O

O


CH3 C

O

O

H

H

O

O

C CH3

CH3CO2H

h

Cl2ClCH2CO2H

conc NH3

Chloroacetic acid Glycine

H2NCH2CO2H + NH4Cl

laf,dfrdaweisála wï,h .a,hsiSka


2016

10. ìhqghsla wï,h

11. H2 iuÕ CO m%;sl%shd lsrSfuka MeOH idohs.

CO(g) + 2 H2(g) → CH3OH(l)

12. (i) CH3(CH2)10CO2H

(ii) CH3(CH2)12CO2H

(iii) CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H

(iv) CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H

(v) CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)6CO2H


2016

wdo¾Y m%YaK

1. fïoh hkq l=ula o?

2. —fïo wï,˜ hkqfjka woyia lrkafka l=ula o ?

3. fïo iy f;,a w;r m%Odk fjki olajkak.

4. lefkd,d f;,aj, wvx.= wix;Dma; fïo wï, foll kï ,shkak.

5. Ydlj,ska ,nd.kakd ix;Dma; fïo wï, ;=kl kï ,shkak.

6. (18:2)9,11 f,i olajk fïo wï,fha ku ,shkak'

7. (18:3)6,9,11 f,i olajk fïo wï,fha ku ,shkak.

8. my; i|yka fïo wï,j, IUPAC kï ,shkak.

(i) CH3(CH2)14COOH

(ii) CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

9. ld¾ñlj EtOH ksmojkafka flfia o?

10. iaáhrsla wï,h (RCOOH) wvx.= fudfkd" vhs iy g%hs.a,sirhsvj, ish,q u jHqyhka

w|skak.

11. g%hs.a,sirhsvhl ìhqghsla iy iaáhrsla wï, 2:1. wkqmd;fhka wka;¾.; fõ' mej;sh yels

ish,q u iudjhúlj, jHqyhka w|skak'


2016

Wm.%ka:h-I

4 j.=j. wdydrhg .kakd fïo wï, lsysmhl ixhq;sh

m%Njh

wix;Dma;/ix;Dma;

nr wkqj uq¿ fïo wï, m%;sY;h

l

emaßl

a wï,h

(10:0

)

f,dß

la w

ï,h

(12:0

)

ñrsiaál

a wï,h

(14:0

)

mdñ

ál

a wï,h

(16:0

)

iaáhßl

a wï,h

(18:0

)

Tf,hsl

a wï,h

(18:1

)

,sfk

df,hsl

a wï,h (

18:2

)

-,

sfk

df,k

sla

wï,h

(1

8:3

)

.j f;,a 0.9 - - 3 24 19 43 3 1

ng¾ fïoh ^.j lsrs&

0.5 3 3 11 27 12 29 2 1

ng¾ fïoh ^uõlsrs&

1.0 2 5 8 25 8 35 9 1

lefkda,d f;,a 15.7 - - - 4 2 62 22 10

fmd,a f;,a 0.1 6 47 18 9 3 6 2 -

W!re f;,a ^iQlr fïo&

1.2 - - 2 26 14 44 10 -

T,sõ f;,a 4.6 - - - 13 3 71 10 -

mdï f;,a 1.0 - - 1 45 4 40 10 1

mdï l¾k,a f;,a

0.2 4 48 16 8 3 15 2 -

ie*au,a f;,a 10.1 - - - 7 2 13 78 -

fidahd f;,a 5.7 - - - 11 4 24 54 7

iQßhldka; f;,a

7.3 - - - 7 5 19 68 1


2016

Glossary/.egmo újrKh

Alcohol - A compound in which an OH group is connected to an aliphatic carbon atom

uOHidr - we,s*eál ldnka mrudKqjlg OH ldKavhla ne£fuka ,efnk ixfhda.h

Butterfat - The fat in mammalian milk, from which butter is made. It is rich in

glycerides of oleic, stearic and palmitic acid ng¾ fïoh - ng¾ iE§ug .kakd laISrmdhS lsßj, we;s fïohhs. fuys Tf,hsla,

iaáhßla iy mdñála wï,j, .a,sirhsâ nyq, fõ.

Carboxylic ester - A compound with C(=O)OR functional group

ldfndlai,sla tiagr - C(=O)OR hk l%shdldÍ ldKavh iys; ixfhda. fõ.

Complex lipid - Esters made by alcohols, fatty acids and other components ixlS¾K ,smsv - we,afldfyd,hka, fïo wï,hka iy fjkia ix>gl iys;

tiagÍlD; ,smsv.

Detergent - A cleansing agent, especially a surface-active chemical such as an alkyl suphonate, widely used in industry, laundering, shampoos and they are derived from organic acids.

laId,l - msßisÿldrl fõ. úfYaIfhkau u;=msg l%shdldÍ ridhksl øjH fõ. WodyrK f,i we,als,a i,af*dfkag

Essential fatty acid - A fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the body w;HdjYH fïo wï, - YÍrh ;=< ksmojd.; fkdyels fïo wï, fõ. Esterification - The process of forming an ester tiagÍlrKh - tiagr iE§fï l%shdj,shhs. Ester linkage - The carbonyl carbon-oxygen single bond of ester group tiagr nkaOk - tiagr ldKavfha ldfndkhs,a ldnka iy Tlaiscka mrudKqj w;r

we;s nkaOkh.

Fat - A triglyceride that is a solid at room temperature fïoh - ldur WIaK;ajfha >k f,i mj;sk g%hs.a,sirhsv fõ. Fatty acid - A long chain carboxylic acid found in fats. fïo wï, - fïoj, m%Odk ix>glhla jk È.= odu ldfndlai,sla wï,.


2016

Glyceride - An ester formed between one or more fatty acids and glycerol. .a,sirhsv - .a,sifrdaia wKqjla iy ldfndlai,sla wKq 1 la fyda jeä .Kkla

w;r we;s jk tiagr fõ. Hydrogenation - A reaction in which the addition of hydrogen takes place. yhsv%ckSlrKh - yhsv%cka wdl,kh isÿjk m%;sl%shd.

Hydrogen bonding - The result of attractive dipolar forces between molecules in which hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to very electronegative atoms.

yhsv%cka nkaOk - yhsv%cka mrudKq by< úoaHq;a iDK;djla iys; mrudKqjlg ne£fuka iEfok wKq - wKq w;r we;sjk oaúO%ej wdl¾IK n,

Hydrophobic - Molecules or parts of molecules that repel (are insoluble) water. c, NS;sl - c,fha Èh fkdjk fyda c, wKq úl¾IKh lrk wKq fyda tajdfha

fldgia fõ. Lard - The rendered fat of hogs, especially the internal fat of the abdomen W!re f;,a - Worfhka ,nd .kakd fïo j¾.h ls. Lipid - A biological compound that is soluble only in non-polar solvents. ,smsv - ks¾O%eùh ødjKj, muKla Èhjk ffcùh ixfhda. fõ. Micelle - A spherical cluster of molecules in which the polar portions of the

molecules are on the surface and the non-polar portions are located in the interior.

ñfi,a,dj - O%eùh fldgi msg;g fhduqjk f,i o ks¾O%eùh fldgi we;=<g fhduq jk f,i o ieliqKq f.da,dldr wKq iuqyh.

Nutrition - An applied science that studies food, water and other nutrients and the ways in which living organisms use them.

fmdaIKh - wdydr, c,h iy wfkl=;a fmdaIK øjHhka ms<sn|j iy tajd Ôù foay ;=< m%fhdackhg .kakd wdldrh ms<sn|j wOHhkh.

Oil - A triglyceride that is a liquid at room temperature f;,a - ldur WIaK;ajfha § øj wjia:dfõ mj;sk g%hs.a,sirhsv fõ. Saponification - The basic cleavage of an ester linkage iefmdkSlrKh - tiagr nkaOkhla NIauhla yuqfõ ì£u. Simple lipid - An ester containing lipid with just two types of components-an

alcohol, and one or more fatty acids ir, ,smsv - ixrpl 2 lska iukaú; ,smsv fõ. uOHidr wKqjla iy fïo wï, 1

la fyda lSmhla tl;= ù iE§ we;.


2016

Soap - A salt of a fatty acid often used as a cleaning agent. inka - fïo wï, j, ,jK, msßisÿldrl f,i Ndú;d fõ. Tallow - Hard fat obtained from parts of the bodies of cattle, sheep, or

horses, and used in foodstuffs or to make candles, leather dressing, soap, and lubricants.

.j f;,a - .jhka, neg¿jka fyda wYajhskaf.a YÍr fldgiaj,ska ,nd .kakd >k fïoh fõ. wdydr j¾., iï NdKav, inka iy ,sysis øjH ksIamdokhg fhdod .efka.

Triglyceride - A triester of glycerol in which all three alcohol groups are esterified g%hs.a,sirhsv - .a,sifrda,a iu`. fïo wï, wKq 3 la tiagÍlrKh ùfuka iEfok

tiagr fõ. Wax - An ester of a long-chain fatty acid and a long-chain alcohol bá - È.= odu fïo wï,hla iy È.= odu uOHidrhla tl;= ù iEfok

tiagr fõ.

Y%S ,xld újd; úYajúoHd,hSh m%ldYkhls

2016 26

iïmdol uKav,h

l¾;D úIh ixialrKh ^bx.%Ssis msgm;& uydpd¾h fla. ir;a ã. fmf¾rd wdpd¾h pdkaokS rKisxy

mßj¾;kh NdId ixialrKh uydpd¾h fla. ir;a ã. fmf¾rd ks¾u,S lkkaka.r tÉ. tka. ta. fmf¾rd

.%e*sla ks¾udKlrKh mß.Kl ks¾udKlrKh wd¾. tï. mS. tia. kjr;ak whs tï mS tia kjr;ak mS ä wd¾ jreKs mS ä wd¾ jreKs

fjí wka;¾.;h ixj¾Ol mo ieliSu mS ä wd¾ jreKs p,ks Todrd whs tï mS tia kjr;ak biqrs chiQrsh b|qks,a chùr

m%:u uqøKh 2016

Y%S ,xld újD; úYajúoHd,h kdj," kqf.af.dv" Y%S ,xld'

OER mrsj¾;kh 2016

2014" Y%S ,xld újD; úYajúoHd,h (OUSL), wOHdmk ;dCIK yd udOH uOHia:dkh

úiska újD; wOHdmk iïm;la f,i ks¾udkh lr "Creative Commons Attribution-

Non-Commercial-ShareAlike 3.0" n,m;%h hgf;a m%ldY lrk ,§'

fïo f;,a iy cid,l oils.pdfwï,hkaf.ka jhq;amkak jq g%hstiagr jeks jvd ixls¾k wkq ms

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