f_meneguzzo-sunec_2012-06sep2012

Francesco MENEGUZZO Yu. A. BAUROV

G. M. LANINI

G. TAGLIAFERRI

F. ZABINI

[email protected]

Santa Flavia (PA) – September 6th, 2012

HEATING SYSTEMS FOR BUILDINGS AND

GREENHOUSES IN THE MATURE SOLAR PV

ERA: REQUIREMENTS, INNOVATION

mailto:[email protected]

LAST YEAR MY SPEECH COVERED BASICALLY THREE ISSUES:

1. PEAK OIL AND ECONOMIC DOWNTURN

2. STRONG IMPACT OF THE PV GENERATION

UPON THE ELECTRICITY MARKET

3. ROAD-MAP TO STABLY LOW ELECTRICITY PRICES BY MEANS OF UTILITY-SCALE (SUN-TRACKING) PV INSTALLATIONS

The first two arguments have shown to be definitely true

The road-map revealed at least partially a wishful thinking… at least for the time being

THIS YEAR MY SPEECH WILL COVER THE SUBJECT OF “ELECTRIFICATION OF HEATING”

WITH THE FOLLOWING SPECIFIC ISSUES:

1. TRENDS OF HEATING FUELS AND ELECTRICITY PRICES (IN ITALY)

2. THE NEW (5th) ITALIAN PV INCENTIVES LAW AND THE SHIFT TO THE DIRECT USE OF PV POWER

3. REQUIREMENTS OF HEATING SYSTEMS TO MATCH THE NEW (MATURE?) PV ERA

4. AN INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES DEVELOPED AFTER OUR COOPERATIVE RESEARCH WITH A RUSSIAN TEAM

1. TRENDS OF MOST USED HEATING FUELS AND ELECTRICITY PRICES (IN ITALY)

• FUELS’ PRICES TREND SIGNIFICANTLY

STRONGER THAN ELECTRICITY’S

• MOST OF ELECTRICITY PRICE (decided

in advance for any 3-months period)

INCREASE OCCURRED IN EARLY 2012:

o Worries about rising PV incentives

o Electricity market price spikes

1. TRENDS OF HEATING FUELS AND ELECTRICITY PRICES (IN ITALY)

ITALY – NUMBER OF PV INSTALLATIONS

ITALY – PV CUMULATED POWER (kW) 15 GW

JAN-2007 JUL-2012

• PV «peak-shaving» more and more effective

• Smaller trend of power vs fuels’ prices is expected in future too!

KEY FEATURES OF MINISTERIAL DECREE SIGNED ON JULY 5th, 2012:

• Hereafter, only “ordinary” PV installations over buildings (roofs) with power

between 3 kW and 20 kW will be considered;

• The fraction of PV electricity fed into the grid is given a single comprehensive

remuneration on a kWh basis (constant for 20 years);

• The fraction of PV electricity consumed by in situ loads is given a «premium»,

constant for 20 years (adding to the avoided cost of power that would have

been drawn from the grid);

• Both the single remuneration and the «premium» are defined on a 6-months

basis for new installations, as well as decreasing over time.

• SEPTEMBER, 2012 TO FEBRUARY, 2013 – POWER 320 kW – VALUES:

o SINGLE REMUNERATION = 0.196 €/kWh (+0.02 €/kWh if EU)

o «PREMIUM» FOR IN SITU USE = 0.114 €/kWh (+0.02 €/kWh if EU)

2. NEW (5th) ITALIAN PV INCENTIVES LAW

With peak power price almost

0.20€/kWh, the PV electricity

used by in situ loads has a total

value 0.32 €/kWh

MAXIMIZE IN SITU FRACTION !

In SUMMER, the power load

profile of air conditioning

closely matches the PV

generation hourly curve.

In WINTER, the thermal load

profile usually mismatches the

PV generation NEED FOR

HEAT ACCUMULATION !

2. NEW (5th) ITALIAN PV INCENTIVES LAW

SCHEME OF

PV POWER

INCENTIVES

AS PER 5th

ITALIAN

LAW

KEY REQUIREMENT OF HEATING SYSTEMS TO MATCH PV MATURE ERA:

ELECTRIFICATION Heat from power-fed devices, also because:

a) Shifting final uses from fuels to power pushes RES deployment;

b) In turn, RES expansion decreases power price.

HIGH EFFICIENCY Economy w.r.t. diesel/Gas If “Power To Heat > 1”

LOW INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS Economy if

investment and maintenance are cheap

3. REQUIREMENTS OF HEATING SYSTEMS

• NO SIMPLE ELECTRIC RESISTANCES : EFFICIENCY < 1

• NO HEAT PUMPS : EFFICIENCY > 1 BUT :

1. Performance depending upon environmental conditions (the colder the weather,

the lower the performance);

2. No heat accumulation (storage) due to low to moderate working temperatures

(<50°c) unless expensive equipment is added;

3. Usually high investment cost.

FOUR PATENTS:

• TWO SUBMITTED IN ITALY IN 2011 AND EXTENDED (PCT) IN 2012

• PATENT N°. 1 – HEATING OF LIQUIDS (pools, accumulators, food

liquids, …)

• PATENT N°. 2 – HEATING OF SUBSOIL (greenhouses, floor, …)

• PATENT N°. 3 – NEW PROPULSION ENGINE (traction of spacecrafts,

airplanes, ships and ground means, …)

• PATENT N°. 4 – NEW POWER GENERATOR (stationary generation,

assistance to traction, power services for transportation means, …)

PATENTS AND THEORY

• TWO SUBMITTED IN ITALY IN 2012

4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES

ALL PATENTS BASED UPON THE «NEW FORCE» ARISING FROM THE

«BYUON» THEORY AFTER PROF. Yu. A. BAUROV

PROF. YURIY A. BAUROV

FORMER HEAD OF LABORATORY FOR FRONTIER ENERGY SIYSTEMS at the

COSMIC PHYSICS INSTITUTE OF THE CENTRAL (FEDERAL) RESEARCH INSTITUTE

OF MACHINES CONSTRUCTION

Korolyov Town, Region of Moscow

Non-gauge theory of formation of the physical space and the

elementary particles on the basis of interactions of

unobservable objects named «byuon»

PATENTS AND THEORY


«BYUON» THEORY

NEW FORCE, different from known ones (Electro-Magnetic,

Gravitational, Strong and Weak Nuclear):

1. Generally anisotropic

2. Acts on all scales (10-17 cm 1028 cm)

3. Explains the origin of the «Dark Energy» causing the accelerated

recession of Galaxies – explains, in example, the Motion of Pulsars

4. Determines the formation of masses (as well as charges) of the

elementary particles – offers the chance of extracting energy from a

small fraction of the mass of elementary particles

PATENTS AND THEORY


SINCE 1990: Scientific bases developed In USSR, Russia …

SCIENTIFIC BASES


… As well as in Italy

SCIENTIFIC BASES


«THERMAL» PATENTS INSTALLATIONS’

«CORE» simplified scheme

THERMAL ENERGY


Autonomous

very high

efficiency

electro-thermal

conversion

«THERMAL» PATENTS

SHORTLY, HOW DOES IT WORK?

• Magnetic fields associated with the

electric currents in the plasma, in

turn produced in the liquid’s

cavitation bubbles;

• Change of the gravitational

potential along the vertical section

of the circuit.

THERMAL ENERGY


Autonomous very high efficiency electro-

thermal conversion

Cavitation

Gra

die

nt

of

the

Gra

vity

fie

ld

Gradient of the gravity field

Microscale magnetic fields (plasma bubbles CAVITATION)

Self-energy of an electron neutrino- antineutrino couple which forms the geometrical space of an elementary particle ( 33eV)

2 mve c2

F = х

АAcm

e

2

1

22N

Number of stable elementary particles (electrons) in plasma

Coefficient

CAVITATION (PLASMA)

BUBBLES:

• Shape: Toroidal

• Sizes 1 m

• Temperature > 5,000 °K

• Pressure > 2,000 Atm

• Jet speed > 150 m/s

Space anisotropy

axis

(Ag)

4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES THERMAL ENERGY

The gradient of the

gravity field, along the

given vertical path, is

needed to gain a

significant energy

efficiency!

THERMAL ENERGY


“EXCESS” POWER IN REGULAR TESTS: 687 W to 1,179 W To be meant as «Pumps’ power in BLANK Test»

THERMAL ENERGY


AVERAGE

POWER

(3 PUMPS)

< 5,500 W

FOR ANY DETAIL: http://www.ijopaasat.in/volumes/vol_11_no_1_july_2012


http://www.ijopaasat.in/volumes/vol_11_no_1_july_2012

http://www.ijopaasat.in/volumes/vol_11_no_1_july_2012

WHAT APPLICATIONS?

• Heating of swimming pools and heat

accumulators;

• Heating of soil and pallets in greenhouses;

• Building’s heating;

• Pasteurization of food liquids.

THERMAL ENERGY


2011 - 2012:

PILOT /

INDUSTRIAL

INSTALLATION

agricultural

greenhouse in

Italy

HEAT DELIVERY

(25 mm PE pipes)

CLAY SUBSTRATE

THERMAL ENERGY


PE PIPES FOR CIRCULATION

AND HEAT DELIVERY

SOIL OR PALLET IN THE GREENHOUSE

BLIND MAIN OUTPUT AND INPUT PIPES

Simple draft of

the greenhouse

installation

4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES THERMAL ENERGY

WHICH ADVANTAGES?

• “Power thermal” conversion factor > 120%

• Completely Autonomous Working (power fed)

• Performances: independent from environment

• Heating Up To Any Temperature (water: 90-100°C)

• Only commercial components

• Cheap, robust, maintenance-free

• Clean heating: no emissions, no fouling

THERMAL ENERGY


MOREOVER …

The efficiency (power to thermal rate) can be further increased

research ongoing!

COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - BUILDINGS


COMPARISON:

NATURAL

GAS

vs

POWER (new technology)

Basic data and assumptions:

ANNUAL POWER INFLATION (both Peak and Off-Peak, incl. VAT) 9.39%

INITIAL UNIT PRICE OF PEAK POWER (incl. VAT) 0.2462 €/kWh

INITIAL UNIT PRICE OF OFF-PEAK POWER (incl. VAT) 0.1732 €/kWh

ANNUAL HEATING NATURAL GAS INFLATION (incl. VAT) 11.45%

INITIAL UNIT PRICE OF HEATING NATURAL GAS (incl. VAT) 0.9022 €/m3

INTERNAL ENERGY CONTENT OF NATURAL GAS 10 kWh/m3

HEATING EFFICIENCY OF NATURAL GAS 80%

ANNUAL PRICES INFLATION 2.50%

NEW TECHNOLOGY: POWER TO HEAT CONVERSION EFFICIENCY 120%




VOLUME OF HEAT STORAGE TANK (water or other liquid) 1,500 liters

NATURAL COOLING OF TANK WATER 2°C/day

COOLING OF TANK WATER – 6 kW AVERAGE THERMAL POWER 40°C / 12 hours

PV NOMINAL POWER 5 kWp

PV ANNUAL EFFICIENCY LOSS 0.50%/year

OWN CAPITAL (Y/N) N

CAPITAL INTEREST RATE IN LOAN PERIOD 6.00%

LOAN PERIOD (years) 10

PRESENT UNIT CAPITAL PV COST (incl. VAT) 2,200 €/kWp

“TURN-KEY” PV INSTALLATION COST € 11,000




PV O&M ANNUAL COST (AS A FRACTION OF INVESTMENT) 1.00% (grows with inflation)

NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV) RATE 5.00%

SINGLE REMUNERATION OF PV ELECTRICITY

(Power: 3-20 kW – 1st six months – made in E.U.) 0.216 €/kWh

“PREMIUM” OF PV ELECTRICITY FOR IN-SITU USE


FRACTION OF PV ELECTRICY FOR IN-SITU USE WITHOUT HEATING 75%

BUILDING HORIZONTAL SURFACE 80 m2

BUILDING HEIGHT 3 m





• HEATING: December 1st – March 31st

• MAX HEATING HOURS PER DAY = 8

• ASSUMED REDUCTION FACTOR = 75% (6 hours)

• SPECIFIC HEATING POWER = 29 W/m3

PALERMO (38°6’56’’ N) • PV GENERATION PVGIS-CMSAF

• TOTAL PV GENERATION = 7,560 kWh/year

PV POWER = 5 kW


120% efficiency

(80% efficiency)


PV – NO INCENTIVES

PV POWER = 5 kW



• HEATING: November 1st – April 15th


• ASSUMED REDUCTION FACTOR = 75% (9 hours)


ROME (41°54’5’’ N)

• PV GENERATION PVGIS-CMSAF


PV POWER = 5 kW


120% efficiency

(80% efficiency)


PV POWER = 5 kW



• HEATING: October 15th – April 15th


• ASSUMED REDUCTION FACTOR = 75% (10.5 hours)


MILAN (45°27’55’’ N)



PV POWER = 5 kW


120% efficiency

(80% efficiency)


PV POWER = 5 kW

KEY RESULTS :

Southern Italy building heating “free”;

Electrically-powered building heating with new

technology + PV cheapest in central and

northern Italy too;

Removing PV incentives still cheapest after 1 year

working (south), 2 years working (center), 8 years

working (north)

Economy up to 10 years (meaningless price extrapolations

afterwards), but as PV’s loan is paid in 10 years,

economy is likely to improve very much afterwards!





MOREOVER

1. Economy improves further with increasing PV

power (not shown);

2. Economy improves further is LPG is used in

place of natural gas.

3. Energy efficiency of new technology is relevant,

but down to 100% still preserves good economy

(not shown).

COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - GREENHOUSES


COMPARISON:

DIESEL (agricultural use)

vs

POWER (new technology)

Basic data and assumptions (only if different):

INITIAL UNIT PRICE OF PEAK POWER (excl. VAT) 0.2035 €/kWh

INITIAL UNIT PRICE OF OFF-PEAK POWER (excl. VAT) 0.1431 €/kWh

INTERNAL ENERGY CONTENT OF DIESEL 10.03 kWh/liter

HEATING EFFICIENCY OF DIESEL 75%

ANNUAL AGRICULTURAL DIESEL INFLATION (excl. VAT) 15.27%

INITIAL UNIT PRICE OF AGRICULTURAL DIESEL (excl. VAT) 1.1635 €/liter

VOLUME OF HEAT STORAGE TANK (water or other liquid) 4,500 liters

NATURAL COOLING OF TANK WATER 1°C/day

COOLING OF TANK WATER – 16 kW AVERAGE THERMAL POWER 37°C / 12 hours

PV NOMINAL POWER 12 kWp



PRESENT UNIT CAPITAL PV COST (excl. VAT) 2,000 €/kWp

“TURN-KEY” PV INSTALLATION COST(excl. VAT) € 24,000

SINGLE REMUNERATION OF PV ELECTRICITY


“PREMIUM” OF PV ELECTRICITY FOR IN-SITU USE


FRACTION OF PV ELECTRICY FOR IN-SITU USE WITHOUT HEATING 15%

GREENHOUSE HORIZONTAL SURFACE 100 m2

Basic data and assumptions (only if different):



ONLY CENTRAL ITALY

site of most Greenhouse economy in Italy


• HEATING: October – May


• REDUCTION FACTOR = seasonally variable


CENTRAL ITALY



PV POWER = 12 kW



120% efficiency


PV POWER = 12 kW

(75% efficiency)

KEY RESULTS :

Electrically-powered greenhouse heating with new

technology + PV cheapest;

Removing PV incentives still cheaper than diesel

Economy up to 10 years (meaningless price extrapolations

afterwards), but as PV’s loan is paid in 10 years,

economy is likely to improve very much afterwards !



RES deployment power = “primary energy source” in Italy

Long term price trends in Italy power convenient for

heating

«Power to heat» conversion rate is a relevant factor

Matching with PV (in situ use) requires heat storage high

temperature liquid accumulation

Coupling heating and PV cheapest heating

Removing PV incentives still cheaper than traditional fuels

Above conclusions hold for both Buildings and

Greenhouses heating

KEY GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

THANK YOU!!!

Francesco MENEGUZZO Yu. A. BAUROV

G. M. LANINI

G. TAGLIAFERRI

F. ZABINI

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

f_meneguzzo-sunec_2012-06sep2012

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