fmc analytical process map 16 01-01 - georgetown...
TRANSCRIPT
Frameworks, Methods & Contexts
FMC Toolkit
© K.E. Homa
Proprietary Material
Professor Ken HomaGeorgetown University
Analytical Process MapThinking Like a Consultant
Incomplete Without Extensive Oral Elaboration
Analytical Process MapSummary
• Four interconnected case tools:SCQ Analysis (Problem Definition)KIA Analysis (Key Issues Analysis)Work Plan (Responsibilities & Dates)Storyboard (“Ghost” Presentation)
• Geared to problem solving efficiency
• Highly iterative analytical process
• Strong end-product orientation:the final report and presentation
Case starting point is problem definition …
A facilitating tool for problem definition is SCQ Analysis:
Situation, Complication, Question
• Sometimes pronounced “seek analysis”
• Derived from basic story writing method
• Popularized by Pyramid Principle author Barbara Minto (McKinsey)
A facilitating tool for problem definition is SCQ Analysis:
Situation, Complication, Question
Minto, Pyramid Principle
Typical Format
Details
• Contextual … sets the study’s backdrop
• Self-sufficient … a standalone summary
• Fact-based … multi-sourced, verified
• Incontrovertible … elicits broad agreement
• Non-problematic … sets-up the Complication
Situation Complication Question
• Completes the case’s context(by adding a dose of tension)
• Summarizes the disruption to the status quo or the need for change
• Isolates a single key factor or dynamic(which is often a “Disturbing Event”)
Minto, Pyramid Principle
Situation Complication Question
“A Disturbing Event is what happens -- or what could happen or what would be likely to happen --in the near or far future -- to threaten the relatively stable situation described in the Situation, and thus, to potentially trigger an undesired result.”
Minto, Pyramid Principle
Situation Complication Question
A Disturbing Event can be …
• External: a change initiated elsewhere in the environment within which the structure/process takes place, e.g.
– Emergence of a new competitor– Conversion to a new technology– Shift in government or customer policy
Minto, Pyramid Principle
A Disturbing Event can be …
• External: a change initiated elsewhere in the environment within which the structure/process takes place, e.g.
– Emergence of a new competitor– Conversion to a new technology– Shift in government or customer policy
• Internal: a change initiated by the company, e.g.– Revised a business process– Expanded into a new market– Repositioned the product line
Minto, Pyramid Principle
A Disturbing Event can be …
• External: a change initiated elsewhere in the environment within which the structure/process takes place, e.g.
– Emergence of a new competitor– Conversion to a new technology– Shift in government or customer policy
• Internal: a change initiated by the company, e.g.– Revised a business process– Expanded into a new market– Repositioned the product line
• Metrics-revealed: an evident need for change, e.g.– Sub-par operating results– Ineffective policy or process– Shifting customer attitudes.
Minto, Pyramid Principle
As in Jeopardy, always state your answer in the form of a question…
The SCQ’s Complication (or Disturbing Event) tees-up a case’s pivotal Question …
• Captures the scope & essence of the case
• Logically follows from the context established by the Situation and Complication
• Requires validation as the “right” question… type, subject, scope, impact
• Subject to iterative restatement for clarification or redirection … i.e. getting the question right
Situation Complication Question
Some generic questions often get asked:
• Why isn’t what we are doing working?
• In this situation, what should we do?
• Should we do what we’re considering?
• How should we do what we’re considering?
Situation Complication Question
The SCQ can be visualized as the first component on an Analytical Process Map …
Analytical Process Map
© K.E. Homa
The pivotal case Question from the SCQ Analysis is a direct linkage to, and the starting point for, the Key Issues Analysis (KIA) …
KeyQuestion
Details re: the KIA =>
Analytical Process Map
© K.E. Homa
• The linkage between the SCQ and the Key Issues Analysis (KIA) is the SCQ Question.
• The KIA identifies and documents important sub-issues, related hypotheses and required analyses.
• Drill down from the SCQ Question
• MECE: Mutually Exclusive (no overlaps), Collectively Exhaustive (no gaps)
• Several supportive methods, including“5 Whys” and Logic Trees (Mind Maps)
Issues Hypotheses Analyses
Key Issues Analysis (KIA)Key Question:
• For efficiency, consultants’ problem solving methodology is generally hypothesis-driven
• That is, they conjecture likely answers and then try to validate or refute them
• Hypotheses are subject to iterative revision as facts and insights become available.
• Process focuses analytical efforts (versus broad scope exploratory investigations)
Minto, Pyramid Principle
Issues Hypotheses Analyses
Key Issues Analysis (KIA)Key Question:
• Goal: proving or disproving hypotheses
• Fact-gathering via info searches, interviews and raw data collection.
• Extensive data set “mashing” and “cutting the data” … e.g. clustering
• Continual 80-20 re-focusing for efficiency
• Mindset: insights, not just calculations
Issues Hypotheses Analyses
Key Issues Analysis (KIA)Key Question:
The Key Issues Analysis (KIA) is often the basis for clarifying or redirecting the SCQ’s pivotal case question …
KeyQuestion
Sub-Issues
ProblemRestatement
Analytical Process Map
© K.E. Homa
And, the Key Issues Analysis (KIA) is the basis for the case’s work plan …
KeyQuestion
Analyses
to Work Plan
Sub-Issues
ProblemRestatement
Analytical Process Map
© K.E. Homa
A case’s work plan can be a “content map” that simply extends the KIA to assign responsibilities and due dates …
Issue Hypothesis Analysis Who / When
Key Issue Analysis – Work Plan
Acid Test: Is the list of KIA Issues Collectively Sufficient to answer the Key Question (and-or the client’s question)
Or, case work plans can be “process maps” that document responsibilities and due dates on Gantt Charts …
Work Plan – Process Map
Regardless of whether the case’s work plan is a content map or a process map, it’s tightly linked to the Key Issues Analysis…
KeyQuestion
Analyses
to Work Plan
Sub-Issues
ProblemRestatement
Analytical Process Map
© K.E. Homa
Further, the Key Issues Analysis (KIA) is foundational to the case storyline …
KeyQuestion
Hypotheses
to Storyline
Sub-Issues
ProblemRestatement
Analyses
to Work Plan
Analytical Process Map
© K.E. Homa
• Initially, a “ghost out” of the final presentation showing logic flows, slide headers & footers, illustrative proof points and charts
• Development starts early on in the process… within the cases first few days
• Generally organized following the “Pyramid Principle” … a conclusions-first hierarchal structure applying inductive & deductive logic
• Key supportive methodology is storyboarding
Case Storyline
Inductive
Deductive
Storyboarding
Eventually, the case storyline evolves to the final report’s pivotal conclusions and actionable recommendations …
KeyQuestion
Hypotheses
to Storyline
Sub-Issues
ProblemRestatement
Analyses
to Work Plan
Final Report
Analytical Process Map
to Final ReportConclusions, Recommendations
© K.E. Homa
Importantly, during the problem solving process, storylining the final report may surface logic gaps or inconsistencies in the Key Issues Analysis …
KeyQuestion
Hypotheses
to Storyline
Sub-Issues
ProblemRestatement
Analyses
to Work Plan
Final Report
Logic Gaps
Analytical Process Map
to Final ReportConclusions, Recommendations
© K.E. Homa
And, storylining the final report may surface “evidence gaps” that call for additional fact-gathering or analyses …
KeyQuestion
Hypotheses
to Storyline
Sub-Issues
ProblemRestatement
Analyses
Final Report
Logic Gaps
to Work Plan
Evidence Gaps
Analytical Process Map
to Final ReportConclusions, Recommendations
© K.E. Homa
Again, the case storyline evolves to the final report’s pivotal conclusions and actionable recommendations …
KeyQuestion
Hypotheses
to Storyline
Sub-Issues
ProblemRestatement
Analyses
to Work Plan
Final Report
Analytical Process Map
to Final ReportConclusions, Recommendations
Logic Gaps
EvidenceGaps
© K.E. Homa
Closing the loop, the final step is verifying that the final report fits the SCQ’s context (Situation and Complication) and answers the Question …
KeyQuestion
Hypotheses
to Storyline
Sub-Issues
ProblemRestatement
Analyses
Final Reportto Final Report
Logic Gaps
toWorkPlan
EvidenceGaps
Analytical Process Map
Answered Question?
Conclusions, Recommendations
© K.E. Homa
Putting it all together…
Analytical Process MapGeneral TakeAways
• Four interconnected case tools:SCQ, KIA, Work Plan, Storyline
• KIA is central to the APM … connectedto SCQ, Storyline and Work Plan
• Geared to problem solving efficiency
• Highly iterative analytical process
• Strong end-product orientation:the final report and presentation
Summarized on the APM =>
KeyQuestion
Hypotheses
to Storyline
Analyses
to Work Plan
Logic Gaps
Evidence Gaps
Sub-Issues
ProblemRestatement
Final Report
Analytical Process Map
to Final Report
AnsweredQuestion?
Conclusions, Recommendations
© K.E. Homa
Frameworks, Methods & Contexts
FMC Toolkit
© K.E. Homa
Proprietary Material
Professor Ken HomaGeorgetown University
Analytical Process MapThinking Like a Consultant
Incomplete Without Extensive Oral Elaboration